Article(id=1244336744573813573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, issueId=1244336743298740932, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1676476800000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-16, revisedDate=1678636800000, revisedDateStr=2023-03-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774602598564, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774602598564, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774602598564, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774602598564, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244336743298740932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='855', pageEnd='1056', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774602598261, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774603435030, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244340253042000577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, issueId=1244336743298740932, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244340253042000578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, issueId=1244336743298740932, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=944, endPage=950, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244336745219736394, articleId=1244336744573813573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, language=EN, title=Prediction Models of Airflow Resistivity of Kapok Felt Having Two Fiber Cross‑Sectional Shapes, columnId=1244336744728998604, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration,Measurement and Diagnosis, columnName=PAPER, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the inadequacy of existing models for predicting the flow resistivity of kapok felt,the airflow resistivity of kapok felt with different bulk densities is tested. Initially,the airflow resistivity of kapok felt is calculated using empirical and theoretical models commonly used in fibrous materials. Subsequently,a new empirical model suitable for predicting the flow resistivity of kapok felt is developed by fitting the experimental data. Finally,considering the cross-sectional geometries and arrangement of kapok fibers at different bulk densities,theoretical models for the flow resistivity of kapok felt are derived by determining the average velocity and frictional force within micro-units,for both circular and flattened fiber cross-sections,based on the Tarnow model and the Hagen-Poiseuille flow assumption. The models are further modified using a flattening ratio parameter. Results demonstrate that compared to the measured values,the prediction accuracy of existing models for kapok felt flow resistivity is low. The modified model is applicable to transitional states between the two cross-sectional geometries. Within the bulk density range of 20 to 180 kg/m³,the modified model exhibits high prediction accuracy.

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针对现有模型不适用于木棉纤维材料流阻率预测的问题,测试了不同体密度的木棉毡。首先,使用已有的预测模型计算了木棉毡的流阻率;其次,通过对测试值拟合,给出了适用于木棉毡流阻率预测的经验模型;最后,考虑不同体密度下木棉纤维的截面形状与排布,基于Tarnow模型和哈根‑泊肃叶流动假设,通过推导微单元中的平均速度和摩擦力,给出了纤维圆形截面和扁平截面下木棉毡流阻率的分析模型,并使用压扁率对模型进行了修正。结果表明:与测试值对比,已有模型的木棉毡流阻率预测精度较低;修正模型适用于介于两种截面之间的过渡状态,修正后的模型在体密度20~180 kg/m3范围内具有较高的预测精度。

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李旻,男,1974年8月生,博士、教授。主要研究方向为现代设计理论与方法。 E‑mail:
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谢新星,男,1986年10月生,博士。主要研究方向为汽车新型声学材料开发、仿真与测试技术。曾发表《车用轻量化ABA材料吸隔声特性的计算方法研究》(《湖北汽车工业学院学报》2018年第32卷第4期)等论文。 E‑mail:

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谢新星,男,1986年10月生,博士。主要研究方向为汽车新型声学材料开发、仿真与测试技术。曾发表《车用轻量化ABA材料吸隔声特性的计算方法研究》(《湖北汽车工业学院学报》2018年第32卷第4期)等论文。 E‑mail:

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谢新星,男,1986年10月生,博士。主要研究方向为汽车新型声学材料开发、仿真与测试技术。曾发表《车用轻量化ABA材料吸隔声特性的计算方法研究》(《湖北汽车工业学院学报》2018年第32卷第4期)等论文。 E‑mail:

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caption=修正模型的计算值和测试值的对比, figureFileSmall=H0ryABCFQC2oVJ8ziDvDvg==, figureFileBig=kuGSXj5lsyIP7xe+qTJNkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244351838254904133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, articleId=1244336744573813573, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Information of different bulk density kapok felt

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样品名称体密度/(kg⋅m-3)厚度/mm
低密度木棉毡2035
中密度木棉毡7010
高密度木棉毡1505
), ArticleFig(id=1244351838338790217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, articleId=1244336744573813573, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同密度的木棉毡信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称体密度/(kg⋅m-3)厚度/mm
低密度木棉毡2035
中密度木棉毡7010
高密度木棉毡1505
), ArticleFig(id=1244351838401704781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, articleId=1244336744573813573, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameters of kapok fiber

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
木棉纤维参数分布范围平均值
外径/μm16~2420.64
内径/μm14~2218.64
纤维壁厚度/μm0.8~1.21.0
纤维长度/mm8~34[16]21
), ArticleFig(id=1244351838506562386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, articleId=1244336744573813573, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

木棉纤维参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
木棉纤维参数分布范围平均值
外径/μm16~2420.64
内径/μm14~2218.64
纤维壁厚度/μm0.8~1.21.0
纤维长度/mm8~34[16]21
), ArticleFig(id=1244351838582059861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, articleId=1244336744573813573, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Summary of empirical models for airflow resistivity prediction

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模型K1K2纤维类型
文献[4]模型1.5303.18×10-9玻璃纤维
文献[5]模型1.4042.83×10-8PET纤维
文献[6]模型1.5301.50×10-8PET纤维
文献[7]模型1.5161.94×10-8热黏合棉纤维
文献[8]模型1.5651.339 5×10-8PET纤维
), ArticleFig(id=1244351838670140247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, articleId=1244336744573813573, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

流阻率预测经验模型汇总表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型K1K2纤维类型
文献[4]模型1.5303.18×10-9玻璃纤维
文献[5]模型1.4042.83×10-8PET纤维
文献[6]模型1.5301.50×10-8PET纤维
文献[7]模型1.5161.94×10-8热黏合棉纤维
文献[8]模型1.5651.339 5×10-8PET纤维
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考虑纤维截面形状的木棉毡流阻率的分析模型
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谢新星 1 , 李旻 1 , 上官文斌 1 , 杨杉苗 2 , 张曲 2
振动、测试与诊断 | 论文 2025,45(5): 944-950
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振动、测试与诊断 | 论文 2025, 45(5): 944-950
考虑纤维截面形状的木棉毡流阻率的分析模型
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谢新星1 , 李旻1 , 上官文斌1, 杨杉苗2, 张曲2
作者信息
  • 1华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院 广州,510641
  • 2宁波拓普集团股份有限公司 宁波,315800
  • 谢新星,男,1986年10月生,博士。主要研究方向为汽车新型声学材料开发、仿真与测试技术。曾发表《车用轻量化ABA材料吸隔声特性的计算方法研究》(《湖北汽车工业学院学报》2018年第32卷第4期)等论文。 E‑mail:

通讯作者:

李旻,男,1974年8月生,博士、教授。主要研究方向为现代设计理论与方法。 E‑mail:
Prediction Models of Airflow Resistivity of Kapok Felt Having Two Fiber Cross‑Sectional Shapes
Xinxing XIE1 , Min LI1 , Wenbin SHANGGUAN1, Shanmiao YANG2, Qu ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering,South China University of Technology Guangzhou,510641,China
  • 2.Ningbo Tuopu Group Co.,Ltd. Ningbo,315800,China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.012
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针对现有模型不适用于木棉纤维材料流阻率预测的问题,测试了不同体密度的木棉毡。首先,使用已有的预测模型计算了木棉毡的流阻率;其次,通过对测试值拟合,给出了适用于木棉毡流阻率预测的经验模型;最后,考虑不同体密度下木棉纤维的截面形状与排布,基于Tarnow模型和哈根‑泊肃叶流动假设,通过推导微单元中的平均速度和摩擦力,给出了纤维圆形截面和扁平截面下木棉毡流阻率的分析模型,并使用压扁率对模型进行了修正。结果表明:与测试值对比,已有模型的木棉毡流阻率预测精度较低;修正模型适用于介于两种截面之间的过渡状态,修正后的模型在体密度20~180 kg/m3范围内具有较高的预测精度。

木棉毡  /  纤维截面形状  /  分析模型  /  修正模型  /  流阻率预测

To address the inadequacy of existing models for predicting the flow resistivity of kapok felt,the airflow resistivity of kapok felt with different bulk densities is tested. Initially,the airflow resistivity of kapok felt is calculated using empirical and theoretical models commonly used in fibrous materials. Subsequently,a new empirical model suitable for predicting the flow resistivity of kapok felt is developed by fitting the experimental data. Finally,considering the cross-sectional geometries and arrangement of kapok fibers at different bulk densities,theoretical models for the flow resistivity of kapok felt are derived by determining the average velocity and frictional force within micro-units,for both circular and flattened fiber cross-sections,based on the Tarnow model and the Hagen-Poiseuille flow assumption. The models are further modified using a flattening ratio parameter. Results demonstrate that compared to the measured values,the prediction accuracy of existing models for kapok felt flow resistivity is low. The modified model is applicable to transitional states between the two cross-sectional geometries. Within the bulk density range of 20 to 180 kg/m³,the modified model exhibits high prediction accuracy.

kapok felt  /  fiber cross-sectional shape  /  theoretical models  /  modified model  /  airflow resistivity prediction
谢新星, 李旻, 上官文斌, 杨杉苗, 张曲. 考虑纤维截面形状的木棉毡流阻率的分析模型. 振动、测试与诊断, 2025 , 45 (5) : 944 -950 . DOI: 10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.012
Xinxing XIE, Min LI, Wenbin SHANGGUAN, Shanmiao YANG, Qu ZHANG. Prediction Models of Airflow Resistivity of Kapok Felt Having Two Fiber Cross‑Sectional Shapes[J]. Journal of Vibration,Measurement and Diagnosis, 2025 , 45 (5) : 944 -950 . DOI: 10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.012
电动汽车动力总成噪音频率以中高频为主1,车内高频噪声的吸收和衰减主要依靠多孔吸声材料,其透气性能一般采用空气流阻来表示,单位厚度下空气流阻称为流阻率2。流阻率越大,表示空气通过多孔材料时的阻力越大。多孔纤维材料因其优异的吸声特性在汽车领域得到了广泛应用。多孔纤维材料多为各项异性,流阻与气流通过材料的方向相关。流阻率是表征纤维材料声学性能的重要指标,是多孔材料本构模型中的一个必要参数,其用于多孔材料声学特性和整车统计能量法的建模与计算3
针对多孔纤维材料流阻率的预测研究,现有的预测模型可分为经验模型和理论模型两类。Bies等4提出了预测玻璃纤维材料流阻率的经验模型,该模型适用于直径相同的纤维材料,模型参数为纤维毡体密度和纤维直径。文献[58]对上述模型进行了修正,将其扩展到不同的材料情形。其中,文献[7]的模型包含了3种情形,分别对应纤维黏合、机械黏合和树脂黏合3种棉纤维材料结构。
在理论模型方面,Tarnow9假设材料厚度方向的压强梯度为常数,通过简化不可压缩流体的纳维尔‑斯托克斯方程,求解了气流的平均流速,得到了流阻率理论模型。Pelegrinis等10基于哈根‑泊肃叶流动理论,通过修正Kozeny‑Carman方程,得到了纤维材料流阻率的预测模型,模型参数为纤维直径和孔隙率。彭锋等11使用多孔材料吸声系数的实测结果作为响应函数,计算了静态流阻率,并验证了计算方法的有效性。Yang等12考虑纤维黏结剂的影响,建立了一个预测的理论模型,用来预测玻璃纤维棉和黏结剂形成的复合纤维的流阻率。Hirosawa等13提出了流阻率随纤维毡材料压缩率变化的预测公式。Dunne等14使用现有的流阻率预测经验公式,拟合了一个适用范围更广的经验公式。
多孔材料根据结构可分为纤维状、颗粒状和泡沫状15。木棉纤维毡属于一种可再生的纤维状声学材料,因其优良的吸声特性以及质轻等特点,在降噪领域得到了较多的应用。木棉纤维是一种具有薄壁中空结构的天然纤维,其中空率高达80%16,远高于聚酯中空纤维的30%~40%。因纤维自身密度较低,其比表面积也远高于常规的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(polyethylene terephthalate,简称PET )纤维和棉纤维17。当声音入射到木棉纤维材料时,因其特殊的结构可带来材料内部更多的声波能量的耗散。
目前,预测流阻率的模型多用于玻璃纤维、聚酯纤维及棉纤维材料,纤维的截面形状多数为实心。已有的理论模型仅考虑了气流流过纤维与纤维之间的孔隙,尚未考虑气流流过纤维内部孔隙的情形,而木棉纤维的高中空率结构会带来更多的能量耗散。针对此问题,笔者制备了木棉毡。首先,在扫描电镜下观察了不同体密度木棉毡的木棉纤维的截面形态,测试了木棉毡的流阻率,根据测试值拟合了预测流阻率的经验公式;其次,建立了计算流阻率圆管叠加模型和扁平叠加模型,使用测试值对两个模型的计算值进行了验证;最后,根据木棉纤维的压扁率曲线,对计算模型进行了修正。
木棉毡由木棉纤维、低熔点PET纤维和粗PET纤维组成,三者的配方比例分别为50%、30%和20%。采用气流成网工艺制成蓬松的毛毡,经过加热‑模压‑冷却,可制成不同体密度的木棉毡。在扫描电镜下观察了不同体密度的木棉毡的微观结构,3种体密度的木棉毡的纤维排布和断面电镜图分别如图1~3所示。不同密度的木棉毡信息见表1
图1可知,密度为20 kg/m3时大部分木棉纤维均保持了较完好的圆形中空结构,纤维与纤维之间比较疏松。木棉纤维参数见表2。其中,木棉纤维的直径、壁厚在扫描电镜下测量得到。
对于体密度为70 kg/m3的木棉毡,已有较多的纤维被压缩,一部分纤维横截面呈椭圆形状,另一部分纤维完全被压扁,截面呈扁平形状。当木棉毡的体密度为150 kg/m3时,几乎全部木棉纤维均被压扁,相比20和70 kg/m3体密度的木棉毡,此时纤维间的孔隙已大幅变小。
木棉毡在不同体密度时有不同的内部作用力,对于纤维有不同的截面形状。截面形状发生变化会影响气流流过材料时的阻力,进而对流阻率产生较大的影响。
在稳定的气流状态下,将材料两面的压力差与气流线流速之比定义为材料的流阻。单位材料厚度的流阻称为流阻率,其计算公式2
其中:为材料两面的压力差;为材料中通过气流的线速度;为材料的厚度。
本研究通过Mecanum SAR测量仪测试木棉毡的流阻率,该仪器采用直流法。流阻率测试原理如图4所示。通过多孔吸声材料控制单向恒定的气流,将测量得到的材料两面的压力差以及气流量、材料厚度和材料表面积代入式(1)即可求得流阻率。流阻率只有在低速层流时有稳定数值,因此通常采用的气流速度为5×10-4
不同体密度木棉毡的流阻率测试值如图5所示。由图可知,木棉毡的流阻率与体密度呈现较好的线性对数关系。
流阻率的预测模型分为经验模型和理论模型。文献[4]拟合的纤维材料流阻率的经验公式为
其中:D为纤维外径;为纤维毡的体密度;K1K2为常数。
文献[58]对文献[4]模型进行了修正,将其扩展到了不同的纤维类型。流阻率预测经验模型汇总表见表3
文献[910]通过简化多孔材料中的流体流动,提出了流阻率预测的理论模型。Tarnow9根据不同的纤维排布和气流方向,给出了4个预测模型。其中:考虑纤维随机图案分布、气流垂直于纤维轴向方向对应的模型称为Tarnow_R模型;考虑纤维正方形图案分布、气流垂直于纤维轴向方向对应的模型称为Tarnow_S模型。
Tarnow_R模型建立了小面积单元内损耗的能量与流阻率的函数关系,求出Voronoi多边形单元的平均损耗能量,得到了流阻率的计算式为
bm的计算式为
其中:为空气黏度;为孔隙率;为2根纤维中轴线之间的平均距离;为微小等效单元内纤维的横截面面积占总面积百分比;D为纤维外径。
Tarnow_S模型设定通过材料两端的气流压强差为常数,通过简化不可压缩流体的纳维尔‑斯托克斯方程,得到了简化的流速方程。结合边界条件,求解得到单根纤维组成的小单元的流速分布。根据流量求解平均流速,再根据流阻率定义计算得到流阻率的计算式为
Pelegrinis等10将Kozeny–Carman方程中的参数等效为纤维材料的结构参数,得到
笔者使用以上5个经验模型和3个理论模型,分别计算了木棉毡的流阻值。不同模型的流阻率计算值与测试值的对比如图6所示。由图可知,8个模型的计算值均大大低于测试值,说明其均不适用于预测木棉毡的流阻率。为此,基于式(2)并考虑木棉纤维被压扁的密度范围,对测试数据进行拟合,得到了木棉毡流阻率预测经验模型,即
其中:为体密度低于70 kg/时的流阻率拟合值;为体密度高于70 kg/时的流阻率拟合值。
木棉毡流阻率拟合值与测试值对比见图7
Tarnow_R模型和Tarnow_S模型虽然预测误差较大,且均低于测试值,但两者预测曲线的斜率和测试值曲线斜率基本一致,即在对数坐标下两个模型的走势趋势与测试值一致。
本研究基于Tarnow_R模型和Tarnow_S模型,考虑木棉纤维的截面形状随体密度的变化,针对低密度和高密度两种情形,分别建立木棉毡流阻率的分析模型。
由扫描电镜照片可知:当体密度低于70 kg/m3时,木棉纤维为圆形中空管状结构;当体密度高于70 kg/m3时,木棉纤维开始被压扁,呈现扁平窄缝结构。根据木棉纤维的特性,在分析模型中作如下假设:
1) 纤维具有相同的直径和长度,纤维呈直线状无卷曲,木棉纤维被融化的低熔点PET纤维黏结固化后是静止的,木棉纤维之间不产生滑移;
2) 通过材料的气流流速非常小,为低雷诺数,近似满足不可压缩牛顿流体的层流运动,即为哈根‑泊肃叶流动;
3) 由于纤维毡中木棉纤维数量占总纤维数量的91%,木棉纤维的表面积占总纤维表面积高达92%,木棉毡的流阻特性完全由木棉纤维决定,低熔点PET纤维和粗PET纤维的影响忽略不计,木棉纤维壁表面无孔且光滑。
假设流过木棉毡的流速恒定,将气流穿过木棉毡的表面积S分解为N个理想区域,每个区域有其特有的孔隙结构,可产生对应的压强差,则材料的总流阻率与各区域流阻率的关系式为
其中:为平均流速;为第i区域的材料两端表面的压强差;Si为第i区域面积;为第i区域流阻率。
气体在多孔材料中流动,其能量来源是材料两端表面的压强差。由于能量守恒,该能量一部分转换为流体的动能,体现在流速上,其余的能量消耗体现为气体流过材料时所受的阻力。当流速恒定时气体所含动能为常数,若材料内部的阻力越大,则产生的压强差更大。分别计算出各区域的摩擦阻力,即可算出材料的总流阻率。
为简化建模,将复杂的孔隙结构简化为Tarnow_R模型和圆管模型两种简单情形的线性叠加,叠加后的模型称为圆管叠加模型。当木棉毡的体密度较低、纤维结构杂乱蓬松并呈随机排布时,圆管叠加模型与Tarnow_R模型假设较为一致。圆管叠加模型可以写成
圆管模型假设木棉纤维平行于xyz这3个方向分布,每个方向均有相同数量的木棉纤维。圆管模型中纤维排布简化示意图如图8所示。当气流沿着z方向流过材料时,气流流入的木棉纤维数量为总数量的1/3,其余2/3的木棉纤维无气流流入,该部分纤维的内表面无黏滞摩擦力。
由于纤维直径远小于纤维长度,气流流过某一木棉纤维时的流动形态可近似为无限长圆管的黏性不可压缩流体的哈根‑泊肃叶流动。
通过建立不可压缩牛顿流体的运动方程,根据哈根‑泊肃叶流动特性,流体在长直圆管中由流向压降驱动,气流流向是单向的平行流动,结合边界条件,其运动方程的表达式可简化为
其中:为木棉纤维长度;为纤维两端的压强差;为柱坐标系中圆管截面上垂直于管壁的坐标,在截面中心点
对式(11)求积分2次可得速度方程,根据边界条件,求得速度场公式为
其中:u为木棉纤维内径。
可知,木棉纤维截面上的速度沿径向呈抛物线分布。在纤维圆管截面上进行积分,可求得体积流计算式为
根据流量公式,可得空气在纤维截面上的平均速度为
根据层流流动的特性,气体在单根纤维内表面处产生的黏性摩擦阻力可根据牛顿黏度定律计算。为圆管截面方向的速度梯度,当时,表面摩擦阻力与速度梯度的关系为
因此,面积为S、厚度为H的木棉毡中木棉纤维总数量Nf
其中:为木棉纤维壁的体密度;为木棉毡的体密度;为木棉纤维占木棉毡的质量百分比,为50%。
木棉毡中总的内摩擦力为
圆管模型的流阻率计算式为
将式(3)、式(18)代入式(10),即可得到圆管叠加模型的流阻率计算公式。
笔者使用圆管叠加模型计算了木棉毡的流阻率,并将计算值与测试值进行了对比,如图9所示。在20~65 kg/m3体密度范围内,圆管叠加模型的计算值与测试值吻合较好;高于65 kg/m3时,计算值低于测试值;随着体密度增大,误差也变大。可知,圆管叠加模型只适用于预测低密度木棉毡的流阻率。
高密度木棉毡中的纤维被压扁时成扁平状,压扁后木棉的中空形态不会完全消失,这是因为纤维壁存在弹性回复力,因此依旧存在窄缝,平均窄缝高度约为4 μm。纤维被压扁后,其排布与低密度木棉毡的杂乱随机状态不同,呈现相对有序的排列。为简化分析模型,假设:
1) 木棉纤维只有被压扁和圆形中空结构两种结构形态,没有介于两者之间的过渡形态,压扁后纤维中的窄缝高度均匀,窄缝平均高度约为4 μm;
2) 考虑到木棉纤维壁的表皮层比内侧层有更高的原纤维聚集密度,假设压扁后的木棉纤维外表面的面积保持不变,挤压带来的压缩变形发生在内表面,压扁前后纤维壁厚度保持不变;
3) 压扁后的纤维呈紧密排列,纤维与纤维之间间距相等,呈方形排列,气流垂直于纤维的扁平表面流入材料。
基于上述假设,将复杂的孔隙结构简化为Tarnow_S模型和扁平模型两种简单情形的线性叠加,叠加后的模型称为扁平叠加模型。简化的扁平木棉纤维排布示意图如图10所示。其中:b为相邻纤维中轴线之间的距离;a为扁平纤维截面的宽度。扁平叠加模型可以写成
压扁后的木棉纤维截面示意图如图11所示。其中:纤维断面外周长保持不变,纤维断面的两端各是一个内径为2R、外径为2(h+R)的半圆环;h为木棉纤维壁厚度;2R为扁平纤维内部的缝隙高度。
对于扁平纤维,纤维的窄缝高度远小于纤维的宽度,当气流经过纤维内部时,简化为平面泊肃叶流动。根据泊肃叶流动特性,其速度场计算式为
在纤维截面上进行积分,可得体积流量Q的计算式为
空气在纤维截面上的平均速度为
根据牛顿黏度定律,气流在单根纤维内表面的摩擦阻力与速度梯度关系式为
木棉毡总的内摩擦力为
扁平模型的流阻率公式为
将式(5)、式(25)代入式(19),即可得到扁平叠加模型的流阻率计算公式。
笔者使用扁平叠加模型计算了木棉毡的流阻率,扁平叠加模型的计算值与测试值的对比如图12所示。由图可知,扁平叠加模型在木棉毡的体密度小于150 kg/m3时预测精度较低,高于150 kg/m3时预测精度较好。
将圆管叠加模型和扁平叠加模型的计算值和测试值进行对比,结果如图13所示。由图可知,两个模型在体密度低于70 kg/m3和高于150 kg/m3时预测精度较好,在70~150 kg/m3区间预测精度较低。
通过扫描电镜可知:木棉纤维体密度为70 kg/m3时,其纤维开始被压扁;当体密度为150 kg/m3时,木棉纤维100%被压扁。在圆管叠加模型和扁平叠加模型中,分别将圆管中的纤维全部视为中空结构和扁平窄缝结构,这是两种理想的情形。实际上木棉毡在压缩成不同密度的过程中存在过渡阶段,即纤维的截面同时存在圆管中空结构和扁平窄缝结构。为此,使用木棉纤维的压扁率指标定量描述过渡阶段纤维被压扁的情况。压扁率指已被压扁纤维数量占木棉总纤维数量的百分比。
假设体密度为70 kg/m3的木棉纤维的压扁率为0,纤维呈圆管中空结构;体密度为150 kg/m3时压扁率为100%。介于70~150 kg/m3体密度范围时,压扁率呈线性分布。使用压扁率对2个模型进行修正,修正后的流阻率计算式为
其中:为修正后的流阻率;N为木棉纤维压扁率。
笔者使用修正后的模型计算了木棉毡的流阻率,修正模型的计算值和测试值的对比如图14所示。由图可知,修正后的模型在20~180 kg/m3体密度范围内均可以取得较好的预测精度,预测误差均在10%以内。
1) 木棉纤维的截面形状随着纤维毡体密度的变化而变化。当木棉毡体密度低于70 kg/m3时,木棉纤维保持圆形中空结构;当体密度大于70 kg/m3时,木棉毡内部的作用力变大,木棉纤维开始被压扁;随着纤维毡体密度的增加,被压扁的纤维数量更多。当纤维被压扁后,气流流过的阻力变大,流阻率快速增大,呈现非线性变化特征。
2) 已有的预测模型的精度较低,预测结果精度大幅低于测试值,不适用于木棉毡流阻率的预测。通过对实测数据进行拟合,给出了用于预测木棉毡流阻率的经验公式。
3) 圆管叠加模型在20~70 kg/m3体密度范围内的预测精度较高,适用于低密度木棉毡的流阻率预测;扁平叠加模型在体密度高于150 kg/m3时的预测精度较高,适用于高密度木棉毡的流阻率预测。使用木棉纤维压扁率曲线修正了预测模型,修正的模型在较宽的体密度范围内均具有较好的预测精度。
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2025年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.012
  • 接收时间:2023-02-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-16
  • 修回日期:2023-03-13
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    1华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院 广州,510641
    2宁波拓普集团股份有限公司 宁波,315800

通讯作者:

李旻,男,1974年8月生,博士、教授。主要研究方向为现代设计理论与方法。 E‑mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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