Article(id=1244336744032744132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, issueId=1244336743298740932, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756915200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-04, revisedDate=1758470400000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774602598436, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774602598436, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774602598436, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774602598436, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244336743298740932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='855', pageEnd='1056', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774602598261, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774603435030, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244340253042000577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, issueId=1244336743298740932, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244340253042000578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, issueId=1244336743298740932, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=855, endPage=868, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244336744284402377, articleId=1244336744032744132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244311425741537314, language=EN, title=Advances in Design Methods for Quasi‑zero Stiffness Vibration Isolation, columnId=1244336744208904903, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration,Measurement and Diagnosis, columnName=TECHNICAL COMMENT, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Quasi-zero stiffness (QZS) vibration isolation,by introducing stiffness nonlinearity,effectively addresses the inherent contradiction between load-bearing capacity and isolation bandwidth in conventional linear isolators. As a result,it exhibits superior low-frequency isolation performance. The core challenge in realizing QZS isolation lies in designing mechanical structures whose force-displacement curves simultaneously demonstrate high static stiffness and low dynamic stiffness. Focusing on QZS isolation design methodologies,this paper first outlines the fundamental principles of QZS isolation and categorizes the traditional approaches according to the means of stiffness nonlinearization into four groups: geometric motion nonlinearity,geometric deformation nonlinearity,magnetic nonlinearity,and stress-strain nonlinearity. Subsequently,it introduces emerging design strategies based on nonlinear positive-stiffness structures,including hardening and softening types,and compares them with conventional approaches,with particular attention to their differences in static and dynamic behavior. Finally,the paper summarizes and discusses future directions from the perspectives of negative-stiffness structure design,QZS characteristic tuning,and potential applications,aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest research progress and to offer insights into future development trends of QZS isolation systems.

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准零刚度(quasi‑zero stiffness,简称QZS)隔振通过引入刚度非线性,有效解决了传统线性隔振在承载能力与隔振带宽之间的固有矛盾,展现出优异的低频隔振性能。如何设计力学结构,使隔振器力‑位移曲线同时具备高静刚度与低动刚度特征,是实现准零刚度隔振的核心问题。围绕准零刚度隔振设计方法,首先,阐述了准零刚度隔振的基本原理,并根据刚度非线性化的实现途径,将传统设计方法归纳为几何运动非线性法、几何变形非线性法、磁非线性法以及应力‑应变非线性法;其次,介绍了基于非线性正刚度结构的新兴准零刚度设计方法,包括渐硬型与渐软型非线性正刚度结构,并与传统方法进行了对比分析,讨论了二者在静力学与动力学行为上的差异;最后,从负刚度结构设计、准零刚度特性调控以及应用场景等方面进行了总结与展望,全面梳理了准零刚度隔振设计方法的最新研究进展,为未来的发展方向提供参考。

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卢佳佳,男,1996年8月生,博士。主要研究方向为准零刚度隔振、隔振与驱动一体化等。E-mail:
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张文明,男,1978年5月生,博士、教授、博士生导师。国家青年科学基金项目A类获得者,科技部中青年科技创新领军人才,万人计划中组部青年拔尖人才,上海市青年优秀学术带头人。主要研究方向为航天装备、智能系统动力学与振动控制等。主持国家重大科研仪器研制项目、国家自然科学基金重点项目、国家“两机”专项等项目20余项。在《Nature Communications》、《Science Advances》、《Physical Review Letters》、《Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids》及《Journal of Sound and Vibration》等期刊发表论文200余篇,SCI他引8000余次。授权国家发明专利50余项、软件著作版权9项,出版学术专著4部。获国家教学成果一等奖、教育部自然科学一等奖。兼任中国力学学会常务理事、中国振动工程学会常务理事,《力学季刊》、《Science China-Physics Mechanics & Astronomy》等国内外期刊副主编和编委。 E-mail:

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张文明,男,1978年5月生,博士、教授、博士生导师。国家青年科学基金项目A类获得者,科技部中青年科技创新领军人才,万人计划中组部青年拔尖人才,上海市青年优秀学术带头人。主要研究方向为航天装备、智能系统动力学与振动控制等。主持国家重大科研仪器研制项目、国家自然科学基金重点项目、国家“两机”专项等项目20余项。在《Nature Communications》、《Science Advances》、《Physical Review Letters》、《Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids》及《Journal of Sound and Vibration》等期刊发表论文200余篇,SCI他引8000余次。授权国家发明专利50余项、软件著作版权9项,出版学术专著4部。获国家教学成果一等奖、教育部自然科学一等奖。兼任中国力学学会常务理事、中国振动工程学会常务理事,《力学季刊》、《Science China-Physics Mechanics & Astronomy》等国内外期刊副主编和编委。 E-mail:

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张文明,男,1978年5月生,博士、教授、博士生导师。国家青年科学基金项目A类获得者,科技部中青年科技创新领军人才,万人计划中组部青年拔尖人才,上海市青年优秀学术带头人。主要研究方向为航天装备、智能系统动力学与振动控制等。主持国家重大科研仪器研制项目、国家自然科学基金重点项目、国家“两机”专项等项目20余项。在《Nature Communications》、《Science Advances》、《Physical Review Letters》、《Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids》及《Journal of Sound and Vibration》等期刊发表论文200余篇,SCI他引8000余次。授权国家发明专利50余项、软件著作版权9项,出版学术专著4部。获国家教学成果一等奖、教育部自然科学一等奖。兼任中国力学学会常务理事、中国振动工程学会常务理事,《力学季刊》、《Science China-Physics Mechanics & Astronomy》等国内外期刊副主编和编委。 E-mail:

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准零刚度隔振设计方法研究进展
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张文明 1 , 卢佳佳 2 , 颜格 1
振动、测试与诊断 | 专家论坛 2025,45(5): 855-868
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振动、测试与诊断 | 专家论坛 2025, 45(5): 855-868
准零刚度隔振设计方法研究进展
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张文明1 , 卢佳佳2 , 颜格1
作者信息
  • 1上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院 上海,200240
  • 2香港理工大学工程学院 香港,999077
  • 张文明,男,1978年5月生,博士、教授、博士生导师。国家青年科学基金项目A类获得者,科技部中青年科技创新领军人才,万人计划中组部青年拔尖人才,上海市青年优秀学术带头人。主要研究方向为航天装备、智能系统动力学与振动控制等。主持国家重大科研仪器研制项目、国家自然科学基金重点项目、国家“两机”专项等项目20余项。在《Nature Communications》、《Science Advances》、《Physical Review Letters》、《Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids》及《Journal of Sound and Vibration》等期刊发表论文200余篇,SCI他引8000余次。授权国家发明专利50余项、软件著作版权9项,出版学术专著4部。获国家教学成果一等奖、教育部自然科学一等奖。兼任中国力学学会常务理事、中国振动工程学会常务理事,《力学季刊》、《Science China-Physics Mechanics & Astronomy》等国内外期刊副主编和编委。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

卢佳佳,男,1996年8月生,博士。主要研究方向为准零刚度隔振、隔振与驱动一体化等。E-mail:
Advances in Design Methods for Quasi‑zero Stiffness Vibration Isolation
Wenming ZHANG1 , Jiajia LU2 , Ge YAN1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering,Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai,200240,China
  • 2.Faculty of Engineering,Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong,999077,China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.001
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准零刚度(quasi‑zero stiffness,简称QZS)隔振通过引入刚度非线性,有效解决了传统线性隔振在承载能力与隔振带宽之间的固有矛盾,展现出优异的低频隔振性能。如何设计力学结构,使隔振器力‑位移曲线同时具备高静刚度与低动刚度特征,是实现准零刚度隔振的核心问题。围绕准零刚度隔振设计方法,首先,阐述了准零刚度隔振的基本原理,并根据刚度非线性化的实现途径,将传统设计方法归纳为几何运动非线性法、几何变形非线性法、磁非线性法以及应力‑应变非线性法;其次,介绍了基于非线性正刚度结构的新兴准零刚度设计方法,包括渐硬型与渐软型非线性正刚度结构,并与传统方法进行了对比分析,讨论了二者在静力学与动力学行为上的差异;最后,从负刚度结构设计、准零刚度特性调控以及应用场景等方面进行了总结与展望,全面梳理了准零刚度隔振设计方法的最新研究进展,为未来的发展方向提供参考。

准零刚度  /  低频隔振  /  刚度非线性  /  非线性正刚度

Quasi-zero stiffness (QZS) vibration isolation,by introducing stiffness nonlinearity,effectively addresses the inherent contradiction between load-bearing capacity and isolation bandwidth in conventional linear isolators. As a result,it exhibits superior low-frequency isolation performance. The core challenge in realizing QZS isolation lies in designing mechanical structures whose force-displacement curves simultaneously demonstrate high static stiffness and low dynamic stiffness. Focusing on QZS isolation design methodologies,this paper first outlines the fundamental principles of QZS isolation and categorizes the traditional approaches according to the means of stiffness nonlinearization into four groups: geometric motion nonlinearity,geometric deformation nonlinearity,magnetic nonlinearity,and stress-strain nonlinearity. Subsequently,it introduces emerging design strategies based on nonlinear positive-stiffness structures,including hardening and softening types,and compares them with conventional approaches,with particular attention to their differences in static and dynamic behavior. Finally,the paper summarizes and discusses future directions from the perspectives of negative-stiffness structure design,QZS characteristic tuning,and potential applications,aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest research progress and to offer insights into future development trends of QZS isolation systems.

quasi-zero stiffness  /  low-frequency isolation  /  stiffness nonlinearity  /  nonlinear positive stiffness
张文明, 卢佳佳, 颜格. 准零刚度隔振设计方法研究进展. 振动、测试与诊断, 2025 , 45 (5) : 855 -868 . DOI: 10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.001
Wenming ZHANG, Jiajia LU, Ge YAN. Advances in Design Methods for Quasi‑zero Stiffness Vibration Isolation[J]. Journal of Vibration,Measurement and Diagnosis, 2025 , 45 (5) : 855 -868 . DOI: 10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.001
振动普遍存在于航空航天1、高端制造2、精密检测3及交通运输4等工程领域,其强烈作用会显著缩短装备服役寿命,削弱运行性能,甚至导致严重的安全失效。因此,振动控制技术是推动装备器件实现尖端、精密和可靠性能的核心基础5
被动振动隔离是振动控制的有效手段之一,其通过弹性元件变形、惯性元件运动或阻尼元件耗散的方式转移或消耗振动能量,从而实现振动的无源抑制,具有结构简单、可靠性高及实施成本低等优势6。然而,被动线性隔振器利用恒刚度元件承载,起始隔振频率为自身固有频率的倍。降低隔振器刚度可减小固有频率,提高低频隔振性能,但低刚度会导致隔振器承载能力变差,重载下产生较大静变形,甚至引起隔振系统失稳,因此线性隔振器难以有效衰减低频振动。作为非线性隔振器的典型代表,准零刚度隔振器兼具高静刚度与低动刚度特性(简称高静低动刚度特性),其中高静刚度提供了高承载能力,低动刚度确保了低频隔振性能,有效解决了承载能力和低频隔振性能之间的矛盾7。准零刚度的本质是非线性刚度,通过采用非线性负刚度抵消线性正刚度进行刚度非线性化,是设计准零刚度隔振器的经典手段。历经长期研究,已有多种形式的非线性负刚度结构,如斜弹簧结构8、杆簧结构9、X形结构10、凸轮‑滚子机构11、柔性大变形结构12及磁体对13等。近年来,自然界生物启发的仿生结构14及模仿纸片折叠原理的折纸结构15亦逐渐兴起,进一步拓展了准零刚度隔振的设计体系。
但是,基于非线性负刚度抵消线性正刚度的方法存在设计约束,例如要求负刚度和正刚度在较大位移范围内保持良好的线性匹配,从而限制了非线性正刚度结构在准零刚度隔振器中的应用。为突破这一局限,一些学者推动了渐硬或渐软正刚度结构在准零刚度隔振设计中的应用,从理论和实验角度验证了渐硬或渐软正刚度在实现准零刚度特性方面的有效性,并将排斥磁体对16与柔性梁17等非线性正刚度结构与负刚度结构并联,提出并发展了一系列新型准零刚度隔振设计方案。
准零刚度隔振技术的发展极大地提升了传统线性隔振器的性能,其核心在于通过合理的力学设计实现隔振系统的准零刚度特性。本研究阐述了准零刚度隔振的基本原理,系统综述了准零刚度隔振设计方法,包括经典的准零刚度构型以及不断涌现的创新性设计思路,旨在全面呈现准零刚度隔振技术的最新研究进展,并对其未来的发展方向进行展望。
线性隔振器和准零刚度隔振器如图1所示。由图1(a,c)可知,线性隔振器由于自身固有频率的限制,难以实现优异的低频振动衰减。降低承载元件刚度可减小隔振器固有频率,从而拓宽隔振频带,但小刚度会导致隔振器产生大静变形,造成系统稳定性变差。如图1(b,d,e)所示,为了提高隔振器低频抑振性能并兼顾承载能力,学者们对恒刚度元件进行了非线性化处理,使隔振器力‑位移曲线表现出准零刚度特征,即同时具有高静刚度与低动刚度。当隔振器被加载至具有接近零刚度的平衡位置处时,其固有频率较小,因而具有出色的低频抑振性能。
准零刚度隔振器具有硬化型和软化型2种典型形式。图1(d)为硬化型准零刚度隔振器,其特征在于随着位移增加,刚度逐渐减小至最低刚度,平衡位置定义在最低刚度处;当位移越过平衡位置时,刚度逐渐增大,表现出硬化特性。图1(e)为软化型准零刚度隔振器,其刚度随位移单调递减至最低刚度,表现出软化特性,平衡位置定义在最低刚度点附近。按照非线性诱因,现有刚度非线性化手段可分为以下4种:几何运动非线性法、几何变形非线性法、磁非线性法和应力‑应变非线性法。根据非线性化过程,刚度非线性化又有直接和间接2种。间接刚度非线性化需要先产生双稳态或单稳态非线性负刚度,然后通过与恒正刚度并联将负刚度非线性引入恒正刚度,进而实现刚度非线性化。
间接刚度非线性化原理及其隔振设计如图2所示。经典的负刚度结构包括基于几何运动非线性法的斜弹簧结构、杆簧结构、凸轮‑滚子机构、X形结构、仿生结构及折纸结构等,以及基于几何变形非线性法的柔性大变形结构和基于磁非线性法的磁体对。直接刚度非线性化则不需要设计特殊的负刚度结构,可直接产生高静低动刚度特性。经过优化设计的凸轮‑滚子机构、杆簧结构、X形结构和柔性大变形结构等均可不依赖负刚度结构直接实现准零刚度特性。下面将按照非线性诱因介绍不同的准零刚度隔振设计方法。
几何运动非线性法利用刚体运动学几何关系,使承载元件弹性变形与载荷运动位移之间以及承载元件恢复力与承载力之间呈现非线性相关性,从而构造出隔振器力‑位移曲线的准零刚度特征。基于几何运动非线性法的准零刚度隔振设计主要有三弹簧结构、杆簧结构、X形结构、仿生结构、折纸结构及凸轮滚子机构。
将斜弹簧结构与恒刚度弹簧并联形成的三弹簧结构是几何运动非线性法中最具代表性的准零刚度隔振设计。三弹簧结构包括1个竖向恒刚度弹簧和2个预压恒刚度斜弹簧。当施加递增载荷时,斜弹簧压缩量随之变化,且与载荷运动位移具有变三角几何关系,同时斜弹簧恢复力与其竖向承载力也具有变三角几何关系,使得斜弹簧承载力与载荷运动位移之间呈现双稳态非线性关系,即斜弹簧具有双稳态负刚度。当最大负刚度接近竖向弹簧正刚度时,双稳态负刚度抵消竖向弹簧正刚度,引起竖向弹簧的有益非线性化,从而使三弹簧结构表现出准零刚度特性。Carrella等8建立了三弹簧结构的静力学模型,研究了竖向弹簧与斜弹簧刚度比和斜弹簧初始倾斜角度对其力‑位移特性的影响,发现当设置合适的刚度比和倾斜角度时,三弹簧结构力‑位移曲线表现出高静低动刚度特性,并指出可用缺少常数项和平方项的三次多项式拟合该力‑位移曲线。文献[18]研究了三弹簧结构在载荷干扰力和基础激励位移作用下的动力学响应特性,推导了集总参数动力学方程,采用谐波平衡法导出了近似解析解,并计算了力传递率和位移传递率。结果表明,相较于线性隔振器,三弹簧结构具有优异的低频振动隔离性能。Kovacic等19将三弹簧结构看作Duffing系统,求解了其在非对称载荷干扰力作用下的动力学响应,发现非对称载荷激励力会导致系统出现倍周期分岔、混沌等复杂动力学行为。Lan等20采用平面弹簧替代螺旋弹簧,设计了一种基于平面弹簧的紧凑型三弹簧结构,如图3所示。Sun等21基于三弹簧结构的振动衰减特性,提出了一种绝对式基础振动位移测量装置设计方法,其原理在于三弹簧结构可有效隔离振动传递,使得隔振负载可被当作静态参考系,对隔振器负载进行相对位移测量即可获得绝对位移测量结果。Ding等22将三弹簧结构应用于输液管路的基础振动隔离,建立了耦合准零刚度隔振器的输液管道非线性强迫振动动力学模型,研究了准零刚度隔振器对管道振动特性与振动传递的影响,以及流体流速和隔振器系统参数对隔振性能的作用。
当准零刚度隔振器的低刚度区间较窄时,在共振频率或大幅值激励下,被隔离负载响应位移易超出低刚度区间,造成系统刚度非线性增强,隔振器表现出复杂的非线性动力学行为。拓宽低刚度区间是抑制隔振器在大位移响应下产生非期望动力学行为的有效方法。Zhao等23通过在经典三弹簧结构中增加一对斜弹簧,提出了双对斜弹簧准零刚度隔振器,并理论对比了两者的力‑位移曲线和振动传递特性,结果表明,双对斜弹簧隔振器具有更宽的低刚度区间,且在相同阻尼和激励水平下其传递率曲线表现出更弱的动力学响应硬化效应和传递率突跳特征。Gatti等24模仿生物肌肉组织提出了一种四弹簧低频隔振器,相较于三弹簧结构,该隔振器具有隔离大幅值冲击的能力。
将杆簧结构与恒刚度弹簧并联是较为常见的准零刚度隔振设计。经典的杆簧结构由水平预压恒刚度弹簧和直连杆构成,与斜弹簧结构类似,水平弹簧的变形与载荷运动位移之间以及水平弹簧恢复力与承载力之间存在变三角几何关系,使得杆簧结构力‑位移曲线表现出双稳态负刚度特征。当最大负刚度与并联的恒刚度弹簧正刚度相当时,适当的非线性被引入竖向弹簧,因而使隔振结构产生准零刚度特性。Zhang等9发展了基于经典杆簧结构的准零刚度隔振器,分析了水平弹簧预压缩量对隔振器高静低动刚度特性的影响,并通过实验测试对比了该准零刚度隔振器、机械弹簧和空气弹簧的隔振性能,结果表明,所提出准零刚度隔振器具有最低固有频率和最佳振动衰减表现。Hu等25基于杆簧结构设计了如图4所示的宽范围变刚度隔振器,并从理论和实验角度研究了水平弹簧预压缩量变化时的隔振器刚度及其非线性动力学特性的演变规律。Le等26利用经典杆簧结构提供负刚度,设计了准零刚度隔振车辆座椅。Yu等27提出了一种扭杆‑弹簧结构,可直接实现高静低动刚度特性,相对于杆簧结构和恒刚度弹簧并联形成的准零刚度隔振器,该扭杆‑弹簧结构易实现百千克级大承载。Liu等28采用具有椭圆运动轨迹的连杆机构设计了杆簧结构,该结构可表现出准零刚度、零刚度和线性刚度3种不同刚度模式。
X形结构是一种典型的杆簧结构,其连杆和弹簧的布置形式较经典杆簧结构更加多样10。文献[29]提出了如图5所示的X形准零刚度隔振结构,并研究了X形结构的刚度特性和振动传递特性,结果表明,X形结构具有软化型准零刚度特征,表现出良好的低频隔振性能。Zhang等30研究了弹簧布置形式对X形结构刚度特性和隔振性能的影响,指出可以通过调整弹簧安装参数定制结构的非线性刚度和隔振性能。Wang等31建立了n层不对称X形结构的静力学和动力学模型,对比了不对称X形结构与经典X形结构的传递率,发现不对称X形结构具有更好的振动衰减性能。Zhou等32模仿双足鸟类趾⁃腿耦合结构,提出了一种考虑肢体骨骼与肌肉组织协同作用的双层仿生X形隔振结构。Li等33基于X形结构设计了一种准零刚度X‑Stewart隔振平台。理论和实验结果表明,该隔振平台兼具非线性刚度、非线性阻尼和非线性惯性特性。
由于生物骨骼可看作刚性连杆,肌肉组织与机械弹簧均具有能量转换功能,因此杆簧结构也常用于仿生准零刚度隔振设计。Sun等34模仿两足动物下肢,提出了一种如图6所示的具有柔性关节的准零刚度隔振结构,该结构采用折纸弹性结构作为关节肌肉组织,具有软化型准零刚度特征。Yan等35受高空猫安全落地的启发,提出了一种仿生多边形骨架结构,其中采用三连杆结构模仿由肩胛骨、肱骨和胫骨构成的骨架,用恒刚度弹簧代替肌肉组织,可实现软化型准零刚度特性。Ou等36基于袋鼠腿部结构提出了一种杆簧低频隔振结构,可有效隔离1.06 Hz以上的振动。Pu等37模仿鸟类腿部结构发展了一种腿式负刚度结构,其表现出大范围线性负刚度特征。Zeng等38仿照青蛙四肢提出了一种新型仿生准零刚度隔振器,采用扭簧实现关节柔顺转动,与经典三弹簧结构相比,其能够承受大振幅激励。Yan等39受生物髋关节、膝关节和踝关节协同作用启发,设计了一种仿生多关节结构,提出了多关节协同隔振的仿生设计理念。除了模仿生物肢体结构外,文献[4041]分别借鉴脊柱和颈椎构造提出了多层级联式仿生非线性结构。Ling等42利用三杆两簧结构仿效磕头虫多姿态弯曲,设计了具有变非对称刚度特性的低频隔振结构,通过调节结构参数,该结构展现出多种刚度特性,其中包括准零刚度特性。
折纸结构的折叠运动具有强几何非线性,可用于设计准零刚度隔振器15。由于被折痕包围的面类似于连杆,折叠或展开过程的阻力可用弹簧恢复力模拟,因此连杆‑弹簧结构也被用于模仿折纸结构。Ishida等43借鉴Kresling圆柱折纸的扭转屈曲运动机制设计了杆簧式折纸结构,理论分析和实验测试结果表明,该结构具有双稳态负刚度特性。Ye等44在恒刚度弹簧隔振系统中引入了基于桁架弹簧的层叠Miura‑ori折纸结构,实现了间接刚度非线性化,该结构采用螺旋弹簧替代了折痕,相对于传统折纸结构更易于物理实现。Han等45模仿Kresling圆柱折纸结构,设计了具有轴向、扭转及其耦合振动衰减功能的准零刚度隔振器,如图7所示。Liu等46仿照Tachi‑Miura折纸盒,设计了一种折纸准零刚度隔振器,采用折叠板和机械弹簧实现了折纸结构的弹性折叠行为,具有很强的设计灵活性和可调性。Yu等47受Kresling折纸的轴‑转耦合特性的启发,提出了一种基于改进凸轮‑滚子机构的准零刚度隔振器,其具有宽准零刚度区间。
凸轮‑滚子机构与竖向恒刚度弹簧并联是另一类准零刚度隔振设计。经典的凸轮‑滚子机构包括水平预压恒刚度弹簧、弧形凸轮和滚子。水平预压弹簧使滚子紧压凸轮,在负载作用下,滚子在凸轮表面滚动,得益于凸轮的曲线轮廓,水平弹簧压缩量与负载位移之间以及水平弹簧恢复力与承载力之间具有非线性关系,使得凸轮‑滚子机构产生双稳态负刚度。该双稳态负刚度非线性使竖向弹簧刚度非线性化,从而产生高静低动刚度特性。Zhou等11提出了如图8所示的基于经典凸轮‑滚子机构的准零刚度隔振器,周期激励测试结果表明,由于高静低动刚度特性,所设计隔振器的低频隔振性能显著优于线性隔振器。文献[48]采用凸轮‑滚子机构设计了一种扭转准零刚度隔振器,分析了制造与装配误差对隔振器振动抑制性能的影响。Li等49通过优化凸轮轮廓实现了隔振器的直接刚度非线性化,规避了正刚度与负刚度并联配置的结构复杂性。Wang等50将双连杆结构引入凸轮‑滚子机构,极大提高了隔振器的运动可靠性和承载能力。文献[51]提出了采用空气弹簧预压的凸轮‑滚子机构,通过改变空气弹簧内部气压可调整凸轮‑滚子机构的负刚度特性。Li等52设计了简支形状记忆合金梁预压的凸轮‑滚子机构,其负刚度大小可由温度控制。文献[5354]通过增加凸轮数量,实现了未知工作负载的自适应。
随着载荷的增加,梁、板、壳等柔性元件自身几何形状会发生明显改变,导致其形变不再近似线性地跟随载荷变化,从而使载荷运动位移与柔性元件承载力之间呈现非线性关系。该非线性即可表现为双稳态负刚度,通过抵消恒刚度元件正刚度实现刚度非线性化,也可基于柔性元件形状定制直接实现高静低动刚度特性。Liu等12利用柔性梁的屈曲特性提出了一种屈曲梁负刚度结构,其中柔性梁两端分别铰接于固定基座和载荷,基于欧拉梁理论分析了屈曲梁结构刚度特性,指出该结构可提供双稳态负刚度,并将其应用于恒刚度弹簧非线性化,设计了准零刚度隔振器。Shaw等55将复合双稳态板与线性弹簧并联制造了一种准零刚度隔振器,并实验验证了该隔振器的高静低动刚度特性以及低频隔振的有效性。文献[5657]分别采用变截面直梁和定制化曲梁实现了直接刚度非线性化。Niu等58认为柔性梁结构的加工、固定和组装会引起预变形,提出了一种考虑历史预变形的柔性梁建模方法,提高了柔性梁隔振结构建模精度。Sui等59面向船舶振动抑制需求,设计了一种基于微曲梁结构的准零刚度隔振器,并提出了离散梁约束模型,该模型兼顾了离散梁约束模型和链式算法的优点,具有较高的计算精度。Zhang等60针对空间载荷指向机构微振动问题,利用悬臂梁设计了如图9所示的分体式低刚度隔振齿轮,并实验验证了其对扭转微振动隔离的有效性。文献[61]结合折叠梁和曲梁为推进轴系,设计了扭振准零刚度隔离器,并采用柔度法和能量法推导了柔性梁结构的刚度‑位移关系,其中折叠梁具有线性正刚度,曲梁表现出双稳态负刚度。Zhang等62通过部分刚化柔性梁提升了准零刚度隔振器的承载能力。
根据电磁学理论,磁力与磁隙之间存在固有非线性关系,通过合理设计磁体形状和排布磁体能够实现载荷运动位移与承载力之间的双稳态非线性相关性,将其通过并联配置引入恒刚度弹簧可获得高静低动刚度特性。磁体的排布方式主要有2种:嵌套排布和面对面排布。在嵌套排布的磁体对中,运动磁体可由远及近嵌套穿过固定磁体间磁隙。在面对面排布中,运动磁体磁极面法向正对固定磁体磁极面,运动磁体在固定磁体间的磁隙内运动。
Carrella等13提出了基于面对面排布磁体的准零刚度隔振器,其采用3个环形永磁体同轴排布,中间永磁体为运动磁体,两端的永磁体为固定磁体,2根恒刚度弹簧连接运动磁体和固定磁体,运动磁体磁极与固定磁体磁极之间异极相吸;利用经验公式分析了面对面排布磁体的双稳态刚度特性,实验结果表明,该准零刚度隔振器的固有频率和起始隔振频率远低于恒刚度弹簧。Wu等63将3个立方体磁体嵌套排布设计了一种负刚度磁弹簧,运动磁体位于固定磁体之间,与固定磁体同极相斥,且沿磁极面切向运动;采用磁荷法推导了磁弹簧刚度的解析表达式,并分析了其刚度非线性,结果表明,该磁弹簧具有小范围线性负刚度。Yan等64利用3个运动永磁环和3个固定永磁环,构造了如图10所示的嵌套排布和面对面排布复合的负刚度磁弹簧,其中固定永磁环的倾斜角度可被调整,从而实现了负刚度特性的灵活调节。Wu等65通过并联嵌套排布和面对面排布的矩形排列立方体磁体,设计了具有大范围线性负刚度的磁弹簧。Zhang等66采用Halbach阵列的嵌套排布永磁环,发展了一种紧凑型高负刚度磁弹簧隔振器。Zhou等67提出了一种磁弹簧的反设计方法,通过定制永磁体形状实现了磁弹簧力‑位移关系的直线刚度非线性化。Zhang等68将钢丝绳隔振器与嵌套排布磁体并联,从而在系统中引入了迟滞阻尼,有效抑制了分岔等复杂非线性动力学行为。
电磁体也常用于构建准零刚度隔振器,且得益于电磁力与电流之间的映射关系,基于电磁作用的隔振器可通过调整电流实现灵活的刚度调节。Pu等69提出了一种新型紧凑、非接触式多层电磁弹簧,如图11所示,其负刚度由线圈与磁体之间的电磁作用产生,并可通过电流控制实现在线调节,同时基于刚度分析模型,提出了一种电磁弹簧配置设计流程,以扩展负刚度区域并提升可调范围。实验结果表明,该电磁弹簧实现了隔振器固有频率的在线调校,有效拓宽了隔振频带,削弱了激光雷达的振动,从而大幅提升了其建模性能。Meng等70基于多个嵌套排布的环形线圈和永磁环,设计了可控刚度准零刚度隔振器,其中相邻线圈和相邻永磁体的磁极方向相反,同时利用电流丝法和安培定律建立了电磁力计算模型,分析了磁体和线圈参数对电磁弹簧力‑位移关系的影响规律,指出通过调整线圈电流可实现隔振器刚度的任意调节。Yuan等71采用线圈、E形固定铁芯和环形运动铁芯,设计了基于磁阻力的负刚度磁弹簧,并利用麦克斯韦应力法和有限元法分析了磁弹簧的刚度特性,结果表明,对比基于电磁力的磁弹簧,磁阻式磁弹簧具有高负刚度密度。Ma等72设计了一种“8”形电磁等效磁路,扩大了磁阻式磁弹簧的负刚度调节范围。传统的利用电磁非线性的隔振设计仅在单个方向呈现负刚度特性。Pu等73提出了一种可在平面任意方向表现出负刚度特性的电磁结构。
一些超弹性材料如形状记忆合金,当应变较大时,其应力不再随应变线性变化,表现出准零刚度型非线性应力‑应变关系,可直接用于构造准零刚度隔振器,避免了复杂的机构设计。此外,通过特殊设计胞元结构并阵列形成的超材料也表现出准零刚度型应力‑应变曲线。
Khan等74通过平铺形状记忆合金管的简单方式开发了如图12所示的隔振装置,基于Preisach模型研究了其力‑位移迟滞映射并进行了实验验证,证明了该隔振装置具有高静低动刚度特性。Lagoudas等75对上述隔振装置实施了基础激励测试,结果表明,形状记忆合金隔振装置由于低刚度特性和滞回阻尼特性,不仅能够降低系统共振频率,提高振动衰减,也可有效削减共振峰值。Araki等76设计了基于形状记忆合金棒的准零刚度隔振器,其具有结构简单紧凑、承载力大及低刚度区间宽的优点。吴庭等77采用形状记忆合金弹簧设计了一种低频隔振系统,其中激励位移被液压装置放大以使形状记忆合金弹簧产生较大的滞回变形。Han等78提出了一种新型NiTiNOL环形准零刚度隔振器,并发现得益于NiTiNOL材料的非线性应力‑应变关系,该隔振器比同配置下的弹簧钢环形隔振器表现出更优异的低动刚度特性,因而具有更宽的隔振频带。
由胞元结构周期性排列形成的机械超材料,其内部易发生大位移和弹性屈曲,从而在宏观上表现出非线性力学行为,这种行为也被描述为机械超材料的非线性应力‑应变关系。Liu等79提出了一种可智能切换力学性能的机械超材料,其由六边形蜂窝和凹六边形蜂窝胞元阵列构成,采用4D打印形状记忆聚合物制成,通过调节环境温度可实现准零刚度型应力‑应变关系。Lin等80提出了一种用于定制机械超材料力学行为的“阶梯构建”策略,可通过堆砌双稳态单元步进跟随目标应力‑应变曲线,实现包括准零刚度型应力‑应变关系在内的丰富力学行为设计。Deng等81采用神经网络建立了超材料力学行为和胞元几何形状之间的映射关系,可根据给定非线性应力‑应变曲线逆向设计超材料胞元结构,如图13所示。Chai等82提出了基于数据驱动的超材料力学响应逆向设计方法,解决了结构变形与材料本构模型强耦合导致的超材料应力‑应变关系描述困难的问题。文献[83]基于人工神经网络提出一种针对Semi‑auxetic胞元型超材料的逆向设计方法,其中超材料应力‑应变和泊松比的有限元分析结果被用于训练人工神经网络,该方法可按照高静低动刚度特性要求精确预测超材料设计参数。Li等84提出一类基于柔性梁结构的多功能准零刚度超材料,该结构能够在宽频带范围内实现有效的振动隔离与冲击激励抑制。Pan等85借助深度学习方法设计了一种截面为B样条曲线的准零刚度壳结构,其阵列化组装的超材料表现出显著的低频带隙特性。
传统的通过间接刚度非线性化实现准零刚度特性的设计方法,要求负刚度和正刚度结构在较大行程范围内保持良好的线性特性,以确保获得宽准零刚度区间。然而,该类方法存在两方面的局限性:①较大行程范围内的线性刚度条件难以实现,使准零刚度区间较窄;②该约束限制了非线性正刚度结构在准零刚度隔振器中的应用。一些学者将研究重心转移到正刚度方面,推动了渐硬型或渐软型非线性正刚度结构在准零刚度隔振设计中的应用研究。
考虑最为一般的负刚度情况,笔者团队采用渐硬非线性正刚度对负刚度进行补偿实现准零刚度隔振设计,并将其命名为非线性补偿方法16,如图14所示。本研究基于级数展开理论揭示了非线性刚度补偿机制,并阐明了非线性补偿的必要条件,即对任意负刚度结构,均可采用渐硬刚度进行补偿实现准零刚度。软化负刚度和硬化正刚度的匹配设计,突破了传统准零刚度隔振的“线性”设计约束。
在后续研究中,笔者团队利用排斥磁体所提供的渐硬非线性正刚度与杆簧结构所提供的负刚度相互补偿,设计出2种准零刚度隔振器1686,并制作了实验原理样机,多种激励测试结果验证了非线性补偿方法在准零刚度隔振设计中的有效性。在非线性补偿方法的指导下,新型准零刚度隔振设计不断涌现。Qi等87利用排斥磁体对产生的渐硬正刚度对滑动梁的负刚度进行补偿,实现了对4 Hz以上振动的有效隔离。Lu等88将排斥磁体对与凸轮‑滚子机构并联,提出了一种滑动边界约束悬臂支撑的准零刚度隔振结构。Zhao等89基于排斥磁体对,设计了一种承载能力可调的磁调制四面体低频隔振结构。Shi等90结合可变长度悬臂梁提供的渐硬型正刚度与斜弹簧提供的负刚度,设计出具有宽低刚度区间的准零刚度隔振器。文献[9192]在传统杆簧机构隔振器的基础上,将线性正刚度弹簧替换为具有渐硬刚度的变螺距弹簧,实现了准零刚度特性。Yu等93利用蝶形弹簧的负刚度抵消涡形弹簧的渐硬正刚度,发展了重载型准零刚度隔振器。文献[94]将几何非线性引入排斥磁体对中,提出了菱形磁浮准零刚度隔振结构。不同于上述设计方法,文献[9596]利用排斥磁体对约束恒力磁弹簧,设计了一种新型准零刚度隔振器,避免了复杂正、负刚度结构装配操作,提升了隔振系统的可靠性。采用渐硬非线性正刚度的准零刚度隔振设计如图15所示。
一些学者发现,渐软非线性正刚度结构同样可用于准零刚度隔振设计,通过吸引磁体对所提供的负刚度与柔性梁结构产生的渐软非线性正刚度相互抵消,从而实现了恒力型准零刚度特性17,该研究进一步拓展了准零刚度隔振器的设计范式。采用渐软非线性正刚度的准零刚度隔振设计如图16所示。
采用线性正刚度结构与非线性正刚度结构的准零刚度隔振器在静力学与动力学特性方面表现出很大差异。在静力学方面,Lu等88针对采用线性弹簧与排斥磁体对提供正刚度的准零刚度隔振器进行了对比研究,结果表明,当由排斥磁体对提供正刚度时,准零刚度隔振器为硬化型,具有较小的静变形和更宽的载荷调节范围,显著异于采用线性弹簧的软化型准零刚度隔振器。文献[97]指出,基于非线性补偿法的准零刚度隔振器力‑位移曲线存在固有不对称性,且要强于传统准零刚度隔振器。在动力学方面,采用线性弹簧提供正刚度的准零刚度隔振器共振峰向左弯曲,表现出软化非线性动力学行为,而采用排斥磁体对的准零刚度隔振器的共振峰向右弯曲,具有硬化非线性动力学行为。此外,由于力‑位移曲线的不对称性,基于非线性补偿法的准零刚度隔振器的位移响应偏置更加显著。
在传统的准零刚度隔振设计方法中,隔振器的非线性主要来源于非线性负刚度结构。因此,当通过调整线性弹簧的压缩量来改变隔振器的额定载荷时,线性弹簧或负刚度结构力‑位移曲线的平移不改变隔振器非线性特性,准零刚度特征(如平衡位置与最低刚度)保持不变98。然而,这意味着传统准零刚度隔振器的刚度调控依赖于正、负刚度结构力学特性的修改,需要更换弹性元件或调整其配置。相比之下,在采用非线性正刚度结构的准零刚度隔振器中,其非线性特性由负刚度结构与正刚度结构共同决定。平移正刚度结构或负刚度结构的力‑位移曲线将改变隔振器的整体刚度特性,因此无法像传统准零刚度隔振器那样,仅通过简单的曲线平移实现额定载荷的调节。但是,双非线性刚度配置为隔振器刚度调控提供了新途径。通过平移正刚度或负刚度结构的力‑位移曲线,即可实现隔振器刚度特性的灵活调节,无需更换或修改弹性元件,大大简化了刚度调节过程,从而更易实现超低刚度特性99
1) 在负刚度结构研究方面,国内外学者基于几何运动非线性、几何变形非线性、磁非线性以及应力‑应变非线性,提出了多种设计构型,为准零刚度隔振器的构型创新提供了丰富的思路。然而,现有负刚度结构普遍受到运动副间隙与摩擦、结构自重较大以及磁干扰与耦合等问题制约,使其在微幅激励响应、轻质化设计及无磁环境应用等方面仍面临挑战。尽管基于直接刚度非线性化的准零刚度设计能够在一定程度上规避上述问题,但其刚度特性缺乏灵活可调性。因此,开发兼具非磁特性、无间隙低摩擦装配和轻量化优势的新型负刚度结构,仍是亟需深入研究的重要方向。
2) 在准零刚度特性调控方面,准零刚度隔振器通过刚度非线性化实现了优异的低频隔振性能,但刚度非线性也导致位移、力和刚度之间的相互耦合。当工作负载与额定负载不匹配时,隔振器会偏离平衡位置,导致动刚度增大,低频隔振性能退化,严重制约了其在工程实践中的推广应用。在传统的准零刚度隔振设计中,可通过调整线性弹簧压缩量调节额定负载,但由于其刚度特性保持不变,隔振器固有频率会随工作负载变化,造成隔振性能稳定性不足。采用非线性正刚度结构的准零刚度隔振设计,额定负载调节过程较为繁琐,无法仅依赖调整正刚度结构的压缩量来实现。因此,发展一种操作简便且对隔振性能影响较小的额定负载调节方法,成为推动准零刚度隔振器实际应用的关键研究方向。
3) 在准零刚度隔振器应用方面,现有准零刚度隔振器通常依赖预压至特定载荷以实现准零刚度特性,因此其应用主要局限于地面环境。在微重力条件下,一方面难以依靠载荷重力对隔振器进行有效预压,另一方面在轨任务通常伴随快速机动,对隔振器提出了欠载与过载自适应要求,从而使准零刚度隔振器的在轨应用面临较大挑战。因此,发展适用于在轨环境的准零刚度隔振技术,也是亟待深入探索的重要研究方向。
  • 国家自然科学基金创新研究群体科学基金资助项目(12121002)
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金C类资助项目(12302020)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.001
  • 接收时间:2025-09-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-04
  • 修回日期:2025-09-22
基金
国家自然科学基金创新研究群体科学基金资助项目(12121002)
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金C类资助项目(12302020)
作者信息
    1上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院 上海,200240
    2香港理工大学工程学院 香港,999077

通讯作者:

卢佳佳,男,1996年8月生,博士。主要研究方向为准零刚度隔振、隔振与驱动一体化等。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zdcsyzd/CN/10.16450/j.cnki.issn.1004-6801.2025.05.001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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