Article(id=1244321230183051837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, issueId=1244321215637209904, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732723200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-28, revisedDate=1741017600000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774598899645, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774598899645, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774598899645, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774598899645, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244321215637209904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, year='2025', volume='40', issue='5', pageStart='1079', pageEnd='1366', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774598896178, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774599509568, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244323788452639476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, issueId=1244321215637209904, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244323788452639477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, issueId=1244321215637209904, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1214, endPage=1221, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244321230573122150, articleId=1244321230183051837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, language=EN, title=Characteristics of Dynamic Human Balance Adjustment Based on the Sample Entropy Method, columnId=1244321216404767539, journalTitle=Journal of Medical Biomechanics, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

The sample entropy (SEn) was used to explore standing balance ability and balance control characteristics of the human body under different time scales, in order to reveal the influence of different support conditions and standing tasks on balance control mechanisms.

Methods

Twenty-two young adults (11 males, 11 females) performed standing tasks on hard and soft support surfaces using both legs, the left leg, and the right leg. Each task lasted 30 seconds. Center of pressure (COP) data in the anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) directions were collected, and sample entropy (SEn), entropic half-life (EnHL), and entropy change rate were calculated.

Results

When males stood on their left leg on a soft support surface, significant differences in EnHL were observed in both the AP and ML directions (P<0.05). Significant differences in EnHL in the AP direction were also found for both males and females standing on their right leg on a soft support surface (P<0.05). Under all standing conditions, EnHL values for both males and females exceeded 100 ms. During one-legged standing on a soft support surface, males exhibited significantly higher SEn values in both the AP and ML directions compared to females (P<0.05). During double-legged standing on a hard support surface, males showed an entropy change rate of -0.005, indicating a backward movement trend and fewer posture adjustments. Additionally, during double-legged standing on a soft support surface, the time to reach EnHL in the ML direction was 194 ms for males and 192 ms for females, while females had a shorter EnHL time in the AP direction (168 ms). Changes in the support surface had a minor impact on EnHL.

Conclusions

Reduced proprioception may lead to variations in balance control strategies between genders and limbs. Males tended to adjust forward, whereas females tended to adjust backward. Gender did not significantly affect the stability of balance control during double-leg standing. Males may require more intervention and adjustment to maintain balance under specific disruptive conditions.

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目的

运用样本熵(sample entropy,SEn)探究人体站立平衡能力及其随时间尺度的平衡控制特征,揭示不同支撑条件与站立任务对平衡调节机制的影响。

方法

22名青年(男、女各11名)分别在硬、软支撑面上完成双腿、左腿、右腿站立各30 s。采集压力中心前后、左右方向数据,计算SEn、熵半衰期(entropic half-life,EnHL)及熵变化率。

结果

男性左腿站立于软支撑面时,前后与左右方向EnHL存在显著性差异(P<0.05);男、女性右腿站立于软支撑面时,前后方向EnHL也有显著性差异(P<0.05);所有站立条件下,男、女性EnHL均大于100 ms;单腿站立于软支撑面时,男性前后、左右方向SEn显著高于女性(P<0.05);双腿站立于硬支撑面时,男性熵变化率为-0.005,提示其重心后移且姿势调整较少。另外,男、女性双腿站立于软支撑面左右方向到达EnHL的时间分别为194、192 ms;女性前后方向具有更短的EnHL时间(168 ms)。当站立支撑面发生改变对EnHL的影响较小。

结论

本体感觉减弱可能导致性别间不同肢体的平衡控制策略有所变化:男性更倾向于向前调整,而女性则更倾向于向后调整。双腿站立时性别对平衡控制稳定性影响不明显,但在特定条件干扰下,男性可能需要更多的干预和调整以维持平衡。

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马越,副教授,E-mail:
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作者贡献声明:

马越负责研究的构思、数据分析与论文撰写;高毅参与数据收集与实验设计,并对论文进行修改和审阅;王新参与数据收集与结果分析,并对论文进行修改和审阅。

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half-life (a) Reshaped time-scale signals, (b) Entropy half-life, figureFileSmall=UUdSooYKDVo/mK00YY7s0w==, figureFileBig=WZaiExE1UJEeg+jn9IJPoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321241180516736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321230183051837, language=CN, label=图1, caption=重塑尺度信号和熵半衰期, figureFileSmall=UUdSooYKDVo/mK00YY7s0w==, figureFileBig=WZaiExE1UJEeg+jn9IJPoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321242845655441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321230183051837, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Sample entropy results of the subjects under different states (a) Double-leg standing on firm surface, (b) Double-leg standing on foam surface, (c) Left leg standing on firm surface, (d) Left leg standing on foam surface, (e) Right leg standing on firm surface, (f) Right leg standing on foam surface, figureFileSmall=IpaYKaHot7K+YhHH7pKhhQ==, figureFileBig=cuDsJwwHWfd25y9X3emvvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321242967290263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321230183051837, language=CN, label=图2, caption=受试者不同支撑条件下样本熵结果

注:XY分别为左右、前后方向;*P<0.05,**P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=IpaYKaHot7K+YhHH7pKhhQ==, figureFileBig=cuDsJwwHWfd25y9X3emvvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321243080536474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321230183051837, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=SampleEn measurement results under change of support surface (a) Female, (b) Male, figureFileSmall=2mxgOesAAsoF7w041W1ClA==, figureFileBig=51rMIAI4H2ZqvGaDDRrq5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321243223142822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321230183051837, language=CN, label=图3, caption=支撑面改变下SEn变化结果

注:DL为双腿站立;LL为左腿站立;RL为右腿站立;X为左右方向;Y为前后方向。*P<0.05,**P<0.01(下同)。

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基于样本熵方法分析人体平衡动态调整特征
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马越 1 , 高毅 1, 2 , 王新 3
医用生物力学 | 论著 2025,40(5): 1214-1221
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医用生物力学 | 论著 2025, 40(5): 1214-1221
基于样本熵方法分析人体平衡动态调整特征
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马越1 , 高毅1, 2, 王新3
作者信息
  • 1.中国刑事警察学院 痕迹检验鉴定技术公安部重点实验室,沈阳 110035
  • 2.大连理工大学 社会计算与认知智能教育部重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024
  • 3.沈阳体育学院 运动诊断与评价中心,沈阳 110102

通讯作者:

马越,副教授,E-mail:
Characteristics of Dynamic Human Balance Adjustment Based on the Sample Entropy Method
Yue MA1 , Yi GAO1, 2, Xin WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Trace Inspection and Identification Technology, Ministry of Public Security, Criminal Investigation Police University of China, Shenyang 110035, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Social Computing and Cognitive Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
  • 3.Center for Exercise Diagnosis and Evaluation, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang 110102, China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.018
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目的

运用样本熵(sample entropy,SEn)探究人体站立平衡能力及其随时间尺度的平衡控制特征,揭示不同支撑条件与站立任务对平衡调节机制的影响。

方法

22名青年(男、女各11名)分别在硬、软支撑面上完成双腿、左腿、右腿站立各30 s。采集压力中心前后、左右方向数据,计算SEn、熵半衰期(entropic half-life,EnHL)及熵变化率。

结果

男性左腿站立于软支撑面时,前后与左右方向EnHL存在显著性差异(P<0.05);男、女性右腿站立于软支撑面时,前后方向EnHL也有显著性差异(P<0.05);所有站立条件下,男、女性EnHL均大于100 ms;单腿站立于软支撑面时,男性前后、左右方向SEn显著高于女性(P<0.05);双腿站立于硬支撑面时,男性熵变化率为-0.005,提示其重心后移且姿势调整较少。另外,男、女性双腿站立于软支撑面左右方向到达EnHL的时间分别为194、192 ms;女性前后方向具有更短的EnHL时间(168 ms)。当站立支撑面发生改变对EnHL的影响较小。

结论

本体感觉减弱可能导致性别间不同肢体的平衡控制策略有所变化:男性更倾向于向前调整,而女性则更倾向于向后调整。双腿站立时性别对平衡控制稳定性影响不明显,但在特定条件干扰下,男性可能需要更多的干预和调整以维持平衡。

样本熵  /  平衡能力  /  熵半衰期  /  压力中心
Objective

The sample entropy (SEn) was used to explore standing balance ability and balance control characteristics of the human body under different time scales, in order to reveal the influence of different support conditions and standing tasks on balance control mechanisms.

Methods

Twenty-two young adults (11 males, 11 females) performed standing tasks on hard and soft support surfaces using both legs, the left leg, and the right leg. Each task lasted 30 seconds. Center of pressure (COP) data in the anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) directions were collected, and sample entropy (SEn), entropic half-life (EnHL), and entropy change rate were calculated.

Results

When males stood on their left leg on a soft support surface, significant differences in EnHL were observed in both the AP and ML directions (P<0.05). Significant differences in EnHL in the AP direction were also found for both males and females standing on their right leg on a soft support surface (P<0.05). Under all standing conditions, EnHL values for both males and females exceeded 100 ms. During one-legged standing on a soft support surface, males exhibited significantly higher SEn values in both the AP and ML directions compared to females (P<0.05). During double-legged standing on a hard support surface, males showed an entropy change rate of -0.005, indicating a backward movement trend and fewer posture adjustments. Additionally, during double-legged standing on a soft support surface, the time to reach EnHL in the ML direction was 194 ms for males and 192 ms for females, while females had a shorter EnHL time in the AP direction (168 ms). Changes in the support surface had a minor impact on EnHL.

Conclusions

Reduced proprioception may lead to variations in balance control strategies between genders and limbs. Males tended to adjust forward, whereas females tended to adjust backward. Gender did not significantly affect the stability of balance control during double-leg standing. Males may require more intervention and adjustment to maintain balance under specific disruptive conditions.

sample entropy  /  balance ability  /  entropic half-life  /  center of pressure
马越, 高毅, 王新. 基于样本熵方法分析人体平衡动态调整特征. 医用生物力学, 2025 , 40 (5) : 1214 -1221 . DOI: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.018
Yue MA, Yi GAO, Xin WANG. Characteristics of Dynamic Human Balance Adjustment Based on the Sample Entropy Method[J]. Journal of Medical Biomechanics, 2025 , 40 (5) : 1214 -1221 . DOI: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.018
关于人体姿态的研究表明,压力中心(center of pressure,COP)的轨迹包含时间相关的动力学特征,运动具有时间相关性,并且这种动力学特征反映了执行的运动姿态控制[1]。熵半衰期(entropic half-life,EnHL)可以反映从短时间尺下的有序结构到长时间尺度下完全无序结构的转变,对于连续信号量化其时间依赖性,并确定过去的运动位置信息对当前运动控制的影响时间,估计从之前完成的位置信息到不再影响当前运动所需的时间间隔,有效地控制当前运动[2]。前期研究对静态平衡EnHL的可靠性进行了评估,并发现其可靠性类似于标准的经典测量指标,如偏移量、路径长度和95%椭圆面积[3]。在复杂的人体姿态控制中,EnHL发生快速变化原因是来自其他过程的干扰,如不同的交互控制或干扰过程[4]。EnHL可以用于分析和理解肌肉活动的模式和特征,当肌电平均信号强度较高时,EnHL预测会偏向较长的持续时间,表明肌肉在一段时间内持续活跃,占据较高的占空比[5]
最近关于COP位移分析的平衡研究,已经证明样本熵(sample entropy,SEn)和EnHL方法的适用性,有效识别在可变性和复杂性上的不规则程度[6]。本文基于SEn分析方法,从非线性角度评估人体在硬质地面和可变形的软质地面两种条件下姿势稳定控制的特征,揭示人体在双腿和左、右单腿这3种不同的支撑状态下,COP位移在时间序列的不规则性和保持平衡方面的姿态控制机制。与传统的平衡评估指标(如偏移量、路径长度等)不同,本文方法能够更全面识别平衡控制过程中存在的动态不规则性和复杂性,从而为平衡能力的评估提供更加精确的量化工具。本研究假设:①人体的平衡控制能力不受时间尺度影响;②男、女性在维持平衡过程中会展现出不同的平衡调整策略;③当站立支撑面发生改变,人体平衡能力会展示出不同的控制特征。
以22名18~22岁青年为研究对象,其中男性11名,年龄(25.20±3.8)岁,身高(173.49±3.1)cm,体重(67.28±4.2)kg;女性11名,年龄(22.27±4.3)岁,身高(159.71±3.9)cm,体重(56.27±8.9)kg。募集参与者均完成了病史调查问卷,以确定是否存在肌肉、骨骼、神经或者其他影响下肢平衡能力的情况,所有受试者均同意此次实验。为保证测试过程不受疲劳等因素影响,测试安排在受试者充分休息后并做适当的适应性活动后进行。本研究已获得沈阳体育学院伦理委员会批准(2018(09)),并严格遵循赫尔辛基宣言对人体实验的伦理要求。在实验前,所有受试者均被详细告知研究目的、实验流程及可能的风险,并签署了书面知情同意书,以确保其自愿参与研究。
实验设计需要受试者在软、硬两种不同的支撑面条件下进行平衡测试。每位受试者在平衡仪上需执行3项平衡任务,分别为睁眼双腿站立、右腿单腿站立和左腿单腿站立。在硬支撑面条件下,受试者赤脚站立于HUMAC平衡测试仪(60 cm×40 cm,MEDELCO公司,美国)上;而在软支撑面条件下,受试者赤脚站立在1个厚度为5 cm的T-foam泡沫垫上,以削弱其本体感觉[7]。每项任务测试时间30 s,确保采集到足够数据来分析平衡控制的动态过程,并避免导致受试者出现疲劳或不必要的生理负荷,从而影响其表现和数据的可靠性[7]。测试中受试者需要尽可能保持水平和不动,全程保持安静,给予其充分的健康环境测试,以100 Hz采样率在前后和内侧方向记录COP数据。在所有实验中,视觉注意力被引导固定在距离眼睛水平大约3 m处直径5 cm白色圆圈上[8]。如果受试者在实验过程中失去平衡,需要进行重复实验,直到成功完成测试动作。
SampleEn(mrN)是条件概率的负自然对数,条件概率为m点相似的两个子序列对于m+1保持相似,其中自身匹配不包括在计算概率中。除了消除自身匹配之外,SampleEn已经证明在很大程度上独立于数据长度,并且会展示出更优的结果[9-11]
对由N个数据组成的时间序列(xi=x1x2,…,xn),按序号组成m维矢量的序列
通过忽略自身比较,将多项式距离与预先设定的r值进行比较,以找到匹配的模板。然后构建一个变量Bi,该变量表示满足上述条件的对数数量:
式中:
表示两个矢量的最大距离,是两矢量间最大差值的绝对值;Θ为单位阶跃函数,用来判断两矢量最大距离是否小于或等于阈值r。计算Bm)和Am)两个量:
增加维度为m+1,构造一组m+1维的矢量,重复上面的步骤计算出Amr):
最后依据SampleEn m=2,r=0.2为数据维度序列的条件概率的负对数得到如下公式[11]
EnHL是衡量在时间尺度下评价平衡调控能力的指标,它已经被证明能为COP信号的分析提供更具物理解释性和直观理解性的分析方法[5]。通过EnHL对COP数据进行分析,描述人体平衡控制从有序结构(接近0)到无序结构(接近1)的转变过程。
EnHL计算包括4个步骤:
(1)使用重塑尺度(reshape scale,RS)方法重塑时间序列,以连续数据点之间的距离表示时间序列的时间间隔,尺度由τ确定,通过重塑尺度对原始时间序列逐渐随机化。第1个重塑的时间序列等于原始时间序列(如[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12]);第2个重塑的时间序列将对每2个数据点进行重组(如[1 3 5 7 9 11 2 4 6 8 10 12]),第3个重塑的时序将对每3个数据点进行重组(如[1 4 7 10 2 5 8 11 3 6 9 12])。数据的采样频率为100 Hz,第1个重塑时间序列数据点之间的时间间隔为10 ms;第2个重塑的时间序列,两个相邻数据点之间间隔为20 ms。以此类推,完成20次重塑信号的迭代过程(见图1)。
(2)通过设置m=2和r=0.2的每个重塑的时间序列计算SEn。
(3)对每个重塑的时间序列计算得出的SEn进行归一化处理。
(4)将重塑时间序列的归一化SEn绘制在半对数图中,作为重塑时间公共对数函数。EnHL定义为归一化的SEn增加到0.5以上的时间[2]
式中:xi为原始信号的第i个数据点;τ为时间尺度,用于构建信号;Pi为原始信号中一段连续的数据点。
熵变化率是SEn随时间变化的量化指标。使用SEn结果计算前后和左右方向SEn的变化率,分析平衡控制的动态特征。公式如下:
式中:i表示当前时间点,i+1表示下一个时间点;Δt为时间间隔;SEAPi+1)和SEMLi+1)代表在下一个时间点的前后和左右方向上的SEn。
采用Origin 2018作图,SEn、EnHL、熵变化率的数据计算和统计学分析使用MATLAB R2022a,所有数据均属于正态分布,测试的概率水平设置如下:0.05为显著性差异,0.01为极显著性差异。数据采用独立样本t检验进行组间统计学差异检验,配对样本t检验用于比较组内受试者在不同条件下的统计学差异。
分析男性和女性在30 s测试时间内SEn差异发现,男性左腿站立于软支撑面前后方向的SEn显著高于女性(P<0.05);男性右腿站立于软支撑面左右和前后方向的SEn均显著高于女性(P<0.05),其余所有站立条件下男性与女性间无显著性差异(见图2)。本文认为,男、女性的平衡控制均较为稳定,性别对SEn没有明显的影响。
女性双腿站立于软支撑面前后和左右方向SEn均显著高于硬支撑面(P<0.01);女性右腿站立于软支撑面前后方向SEn显著高于硬支撑面(P<0.05);男性双腿站立于软支撑面前后和左右方向的SEn均显著高于硬支撑面(P<0.01),见图3
对受试者在不同地面条件下COP在左右方向的熵变化率进行分析发现,在双腿站立于硬支撑面时,男、女性的熵变化率分别为0.000 3和0.005,表明该条件下动态平衡的复杂性变化较小,提示受试者的平衡功能较为稳定[见图4(a)]。相较之下,双腿站立于硬支撑面时,男性在前后方向上的COP熵变化率为-0.005,表明其平衡控制倾向于向后移动,且姿势调整较少。而在软支撑面条件下,男性的熵变化率显著增大,提示其出现向前移动的趋势,并伴随更频繁的姿势调整,稳定性相对降低[见图4(b)]。
女性右腿站立于软支撑面前后方向的EnHL与男性相比有显著性差异(P<0.05);男性左腿站立于软支撑面前后和左右方向的EnHL有显著性差异(P<0.05);男、女性双腿站立于软支撑面左右方向到达EnHL的时间分别为194、192 ms。
右腿站立下具有更长的EnHL时间(211 ms);左腿站立下,女性前后方向具有更短的EnHL时间(168 ms)。当受试者站立支撑面发生改变,EnHL的影响较小(见图5)。
本文采用SEn代替传统姿势描记参数,揭示人体平衡控制特征。接近于0的SEn代表人体在时间序列内可以保持自身持续地稳定和具有较好的平衡控制能力,这种稳定性不仅影响静态姿势,也会影响动态行走过程[12]
EnHL是一种用于衡量时间序列中短期时间相关性逐渐消失为不相关的随机结构的时间的方法,它反映了时间序列中相关性逐渐减弱直至消失的速度[13]。较高的EnHL表示神经干预COP轨迹的次数较少,较低的EnHL表示控制系统的参与程度较高。
本研究第1个假设指出,人体的平衡能力不受时间尺度影响。本文结果表明,男、女性双腿站立硬支撑面和软支撑面时左右和前后方向的EnHL时间相似,软支撑面EnHL较高于硬支撑面。支撑面的属性对人体平衡调节策略具有重要影响。这与步态稳定性和路径调整密切相关,因为不同支撑面会促使人体采取不同的平衡控制方式。例如,硬质支撑面形成平面足迹,而软质支撑面则形成凹凸不平的足迹。本文认为,尽管在软支撑面上执行平衡控制时所需的时间(EnHL)较高,但个体对行走行为的主体意识控制程度可能类似于在硬支撑面上。刑事技术领域利用人体行走视频和足迹分析性别和年龄的研究中发现,双足站立中男、女性保持平衡的能力相差不明显,各年龄段人群保持平衡的能力相差也不明显。但是在行走过程中,男性比女性具有更好的稳定性,身体调整更少,行走路径变化更少;青壮年人群在达到平衡状态时,其熵的减少速率不依赖于时间的变化,无论平衡控制经过的时间长度,机体都可以通过相同的速率逐渐趋向平衡状态,稳定条件下的肢体控制所涉及的神经过程的层次水平、足底抑制姿态反射的有效性可能导致更高级认知的姿态控制过程的变化[14]。研究表明,男、女性在双腿站立时保持平衡的能力差异较小,但在行走过程中,男性比女性具有更好的稳定性,身体调整的频率较低,行走路径的变化较少[15]。此外,性别差异也影响肌肉的调动方式与反应速度,男性在下肢肌肉的调动和力量输出上通常表现出更高的效率,这可能是其在运动过程中表现出更强稳定性的原因[16]
在左腿站立期间,男性在软支撑面上、女性在硬支撑面上,均于左右方向表现出较高的EnHL。这表明在时间尺度的影响下,人体平衡控制的方向性会出现差异。在前后方向上,人体往往需要进行更多或更频繁的姿势调整,时间尺度对左腿站立时平衡控制的方向性也具有显著影响。在比较不同平衡条件间的EnHL值时,需考虑机械自由度的作用。较低的EnHL可能提示神经肌肉活动在姿势控制中的增加,从而导致足底COP运动更为复杂[14]
在男性右腿站立于软支撑面的条件下,左右方向的EnHL高于前后方向;而女性在软支撑面前后方向的EnHL则高于左右方向。这一结果表明,在不同时间尺度上,男、女性在维持平衡控制中表现出的方向性特征存在差异。这些差异可能由人体的平衡控制机制和个体差异共同决定。在软支撑面条件下,人体需要更多神经系统参与的参与,需要更频繁地进行干预和姿势调整,提示更高级的认知功能在这一过程中起到重要作用。该条件下机体可能需要更多时间进行信息处理并生成适当的姿势反应。由此可见,通过EnHL可以更好地理解认知功能在运动控制中的作用。
本研究第3个假设指出,人体站立于不同支撑面维持平衡时具有不同的特征。本文结果表明,站立支撑面发生变化,软支撑面下人体SEn变大,平衡能力下降。双腿站立时,硬支撑面前后与左右方向上SEn小于软支撑面,这是由于人体站在非稳定表面上,从脚上接收到的本体感觉反馈不足所致[17-18]
单腿平衡测试常用于检测平衡缺陷与肌肉骨骼损伤,通过增加测试难度,可以揭示在常规双腿站姿测试中难以发现的潜在平衡控制缺陷当支撑面发生改变时,男性在30 s单腿站立测试中,其前后方向的SEn呈现出较大差异;而女性仅在左腿站立时才出现较大差异。由此可见,支撑面改变时女性的平衡控制相对更稳定,这种现象可能也反映了男、女性在平衡控制特征上的差异。另外,在单腿站立测试中可观察到:男性采用右前侧调整策略的情况更为常见,女性则较多运用左后侧调整策略来维持平衡。这一结果与闫红光等[20]关于下肢肌力特征的研究结论一致,受个人偏好与行为习惯的影响,人体右侧髋关节在多项测试指标(包括单位体重峰力矩、屈伸肌力比、平均功率及运动范围)上,均表现出明显的肢体侧偏好特征。一项研究通过单腿平衡测试分析人体偏好腿与非偏好腿在平衡能力上的差异。结果发现,在平衡测试难度较低时,双腿的表现较为均衡;而当测试难度增加时,偏好腿在内侧、前后侧的平衡能力及稳定指数均优于非偏好腿,提示在更具挑战性的条件下,可能会更明显地表现出双腿之间的平衡特征差异[14]
双腿与单腿站立过程中呈现相反的平衡特征。单腿站立时,人体前后方向SEn均小于左右方向;双腿站立时,左右方向SEn均小于前后方向。另外,人体会根据支撑面和任务需求进行方向性调整。例如,当支撑面改变,人体会出现方向性的平衡控制趋势;在行走过程中,为了维持自身平衡控制,更多需要通过对左右(内侧-外侧)方向的调整来保持稳定,而前后方向的调整则较少。然而,在跳跃等动态活动中,维持平衡时则需要更多的前后方向修正。单腿与双腿站立时,前后与侧向稳定性存在差异,与行走过程中重心控制策略并不相同[21-22]
(1)双腿站立任务中,人体的平衡能力在不同时间尺度上表现出良好的稳定性。男性在平衡控制的自调节方面具有较高的稳定性,可能与其更强的神经肌肉调节能力和反射回路的效率有关。当本体感觉减弱时,时间尺度对男、女性各肢体维持平衡的方向性控制均会产生影响。
(2)人体具有不同的平衡调整策略:男性会出现更多地向右前侧调整,女性会较多地出现向左后侧调整。因此,应根据不同性别特点进行针对性分析,有助于对于性别的判断。
(3)人体平衡控制较为稳定,性别对双腿站立的平衡控制的稳定性没有明显的影响;但在特定干扰条件下,男性可能需要更多的干预和调整以维持平衡。
本文只考察了双腿、单腿站立时干扰本体感觉影响平衡能力。所采用的姿势任务对受试者的干扰较少,并且站立时的平衡策略与行走动态调整存在差异。当前研究多采用可记录行走重心轨迹的设备开展相关测试,但此类设备在记录时长上存在明显短板,难以满足时间序列分析对数据长度的要求。同时,依托静态测试结果推算动态特征的方法也存在一定局限性,因此未来研究需进一步强化对速度、加速度等关键动态参数的采集与分析。
  • 中国刑事警察学院重点攻关项目(D2025002)
  • 辽宁省教育厅科研计划项目(LJ212410175006)
  • 痕迹检验鉴定技术公安部重点实验室(中国刑事警察学院)资助课题(HJKF201504; HJ2021003KF)
  • 社会计算与认知智能教育部重点实验室开放基金(SCCI2023TB01)
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doi: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.018
  • 接收时间:2024-11-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-28
  • 修回日期:2025-03-04
基金
中国刑事警察学院重点攻关项目(D2025002)
辽宁省教育厅科研计划项目(LJ212410175006)
痕迹检验鉴定技术公安部重点实验室(中国刑事警察学院)资助课题(HJKF201504; HJ2021003KF)
社会计算与认知智能教育部重点实验室开放基金(SCCI2023TB01)
作者信息
    1.中国刑事警察学院 痕迹检验鉴定技术公安部重点实验室,沈阳 110035
    2.大连理工大学 社会计算与认知智能教育部重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024
    3.沈阳体育学院 运动诊断与评价中心,沈阳 110102

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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