Article(id=1244321229381939704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, issueId=1244321215637209904, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1759161600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-30, revisedDate=1760025600000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774598899455, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774598899455, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774598899455, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774598899455, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244321215637209904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, year='2025', volume='40', issue='5', pageStart='1079', pageEnd='1366', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774598896178, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774599509568, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244323788452639476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, issueId=1244321215637209904, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244323788452639477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, issueId=1244321215637209904, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1079, endPage=1091, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244321229717484061, articleId=1244321229381939704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Mechanical Stimuli and Cartilage Degeneration in 2024, columnId=1244321221362430147, journalTitle=Journal of Medical Biomechanics, columnName=Expert Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cartilage degeneration stands as the main pathological hallmark of joint diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA), characterized by the degradation of cartilage matrix, abnormal cell function, and disruption of structural integrity. This series of changes poses a severe threat to patients’ quality of life. The significant impact of mechanical stimuli on cartilage health and function has long been widely acknowledged, and research on its underlying mechanisms has become relatively systematic and in-depth. However, the specific pathways in which mechanical stimuli affect cartilage, as well as the hidden laws and intrinsic mechanisms behind them, are still in the process of continuous exploration, gradual revelation, and ongoing refinement. This article reviews the research progress in the field of mechanical stimuli and articular cartilage in 2024, indicating that it demonstrated characteristics of greater diversity in research subjects, broader perspectives, and more innovative techniques, further expanding our understanding of the role of mechanical factors in cartilage degeneration. The mechanical regulation-based therapeutic strategies are also explored, such as exercise therapy, biomechanical correction, chemical drug therapy, acupotomy therapy, and tissue engineering, providing theoretical foundations and practical directions for the prevention and treatment of degenerative joint diseases. Future research should concentrate on the integration of multi-scale and multi-perspective mechanisms as well as clinical translation to promote the application of precision medicine in the field of cartilage degeneration.

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软骨退变是骨关节炎(osteoarthritis,OA)等关节疾病的核心病理标志,其典型特征为软骨基质发生降解、细胞功能出现异常以及结构完整性遭到破坏,这一系列变化严重威胁着患者的生活质量。力学因素对软骨健康与功能的重大影响,早已获得广泛认可,针对其内在作用机制的研究也已较为系统深入。然而,力学刺激究竟如何具体影响软骨,其背后隐藏的规律与内在机制,仍处于持续探索、逐步揭示与不断完善的过程中。本文综述2024年力学刺激与软骨退变领域的研究进展,表明其具有对象更多样、角度更宽广、技术更创新的特点,进一步扩展了人们对力学因素在软骨退变中作用的认识;并回顾了基于力学调控的治疗策略,如运动疗法、生物力学矫正、化学药物治疗、针刀疗法及组织工程,为防治关节退行性疾病提供了理论依据与实践方向。未来研究需聚焦多尺度多角度机制整合及临床转化,以推动精准医疗在软骨退变领域的应用。

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冷慧杰,副研究员,E-mail:
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作者贡献声明:

李卓炘负责文献查阅及资料整理,论文撰写;田华负责论文修改;冷慧杰负责论文构思及审校。

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Phytother Res, 2025, 39(5): 2038-2071., articleTitle=Unraveling the molecular mechanisms of osteoarthritis: The potential of polyphenols as therapeutic agents, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244321252790350394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321229381939704, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=13, issue=3, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[106], rfOrder=107, authorNames=FU PJ, ZHENG SY, LUO Y, journalName=Biomedicines, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FU PJ, ZHENG SY, LUO Y, et al. Prg4 and osteoarthritis: Functions, regulatory factors, and treatment strategies[J]. Biomedicines, 2025, 13(3)., articleTitle=Prg4 and osteoarthritis: Functions, regulatory factors, and treatment strategies, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244321252861653563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321229381939704, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=38, issue=15, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[107], rfOrder=108, authorNames=ZHOU JP, PENG SS, XU J, journalName=Faseb J, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHOU JP, PENG SS, XU J, et al. Exploring the therapeutic potential of urine-derived stem cell exosomes in temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis[J]. Faseb J, 2024, 38(15): e23852., articleTitle=Exploring the therapeutic potential of urine-derived stem cell exosomes in temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244321252920373820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321229381939704, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=12, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[108], rfOrder=109, authorNames=GARDASHLI M, BARON M, HUANG C, journalName=Front Bioeng Biotechnol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GARDASHLI M, BARON M, HUANG C, et al. Mechanical loading and orthobiologic therapies in the treatment of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA): A comprehensive review[J]. 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Int J Biol Macromol, 2025, 304(Pt 1): 140823., articleTitle=Development of a dual-responsive injectable GelMA/F127DA hydrogel for enhanced cartilage regeneration in osteoarthritis: Harnessing MMP-triggered and mechanical stress-induced release of therapeutic agents, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244321253058785854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321229381939704, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=null, issue=16, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[110], rfOrder=111, authorNames=WANG P, ZHAO H, CHEN W, journalName=J Tissue Eng, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG P, ZHAO H, CHEN W, et al. Cell-free osteoarthritis treatment with dual-engineered chondrocyte-targeted extracellular vesicles derived from mechanical loading primed mesenchymal stem cells[J]. 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Carbohydr Polym, 2025(352): 123171., articleTitle=A shear-responsive and lubricating hyaluronic acid-chondroitin sulfate-decellularized matrix hydrogel for articular cartilage regeneration, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244321253247529536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321229381939704, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=6, issue=1, pageStart=55, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[112], rfOrder=113, authorNames=MEINERT C, WEEKES A, CHANG CW, journalName=Commun Mater, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MEINERT C, WEEKES A, CHANG CW, et al. Crosslinking substrate regulates frictional properties of tissue-engineered cartilage and chondrocyte response to loading[J]. 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The unveiled mechanisms of mechanical stimulation's regulation on cartilage in 2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关键分子非生理机械应力下分子表达调控通路效应参考文献
PIEZO1激活Ca2+/F-actin/Yap轴 [50]
YAP-MMP13/ADAMTS5加速ECM降解[65]
cGAS-STING [67]
内质网应激促进软骨细胞凋亡[66]
WTAP上调TIMP3 m6A增加 [58]
miR-155-5p上调MAPK通路 [88]
Gli1上调YAP-Hhip轴 [59]
BMP-2上调TLR2和κB-p50/p65轴 [60]
BMP-4下调
SPI1下调UPRmt减少促进OA[81]
ALKBH5上调YTHDF1-RUNX2[85]
miR-350-3p上调促进H3K36甲基化 [86]
miR-199-5p上调CELSR1/GIT1/ECE1/SOS2 [89]
GLUT1上调Runx2的O-GlcNAc糖基化 [90]
TRPC1下调p16INK4a减少 [92]
eIF5A下调Notch通路促进软骨细胞衰老[94]
miR-708-5p下调TLR4/NF-κB [96]
lncRNA H19下调miR-148a上调/抑制自噬加重软骨损伤[87]
miR-143-3p下调BMPR2-Smad通路抑制SMSCs成软骨分化[102]
ERK5/KLF4通路减少软骨凋亡[55-56]
), ArticleFig(id=1244321235648230396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321229381939704, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2024年力学刺激对软骨调控作用机制的新进展

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关键分子非生理机械应力下分子表达调控通路效应参考文献
PIEZO1激活Ca2+/F-actin/Yap轴 [50]
YAP-MMP13/ADAMTS5加速ECM降解[65]
cGAS-STING [67]
内质网应激促进软骨细胞凋亡[66]
WTAP上调TIMP3 m6A增加 [58]
miR-155-5p上调MAPK通路 [88]
Gli1上调YAP-Hhip轴 [59]
BMP-2上调TLR2和κB-p50/p65轴 [60]
BMP-4下调
SPI1下调UPRmt减少促进OA[81]
ALKBH5上调YTHDF1-RUNX2[85]
miR-350-3p上调促进H3K36甲基化 [86]
miR-199-5p上调CELSR1/GIT1/ECE1/SOS2 [89]
GLUT1上调Runx2的O-GlcNAc糖基化 [90]
TRPC1下调p16INK4a减少 [92]
eIF5A下调Notch通路促进软骨细胞衰老[94]
miR-708-5p下调TLR4/NF-κB [96]
lncRNA H19下调miR-148a上调/抑制自噬加重软骨损伤[87]
miR-143-3p下调BMPR2-Smad通路抑制SMSCs成软骨分化[102]
ERK5/KLF4通路减少软骨凋亡[55-56]
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力学刺激与软骨退变2024年度研究进展
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李卓炘 1 , 田华 2 , 冷慧杰 3
医用生物力学 | 专家论坛 2025,40(5): 1079-1091
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医用生物力学 | 专家论坛 2025, 40(5): 1079-1091
力学刺激与软骨退变2024年度研究进展
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李卓炘1, 田华2, 冷慧杰3
作者信息
  • 1.北京大学第三医院 骨科,北京 100191
  • 2.教育部骨与关节精准医学工程研究中心,北京 100191
  • 3.北京脊柱疾病重点实验室,北京 100191

通讯作者:

冷慧杰,副研究员,E-mail:
Research Progress of Mechanical Stimuli and Cartilage Degeneration in 2024
Zhuoxin LI1, Hua TIAN2, Huijie LENG3
Affiliations
  • 1.Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
  • 2.Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
  • 3.Beijing Key Lab of Spine Diseases, Beijing 100191, China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.001
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软骨退变是骨关节炎(osteoarthritis,OA)等关节疾病的核心病理标志,其典型特征为软骨基质发生降解、细胞功能出现异常以及结构完整性遭到破坏,这一系列变化严重威胁着患者的生活质量。力学因素对软骨健康与功能的重大影响,早已获得广泛认可,针对其内在作用机制的研究也已较为系统深入。然而,力学刺激究竟如何具体影响软骨,其背后隐藏的规律与内在机制,仍处于持续探索、逐步揭示与不断完善的过程中。本文综述2024年力学刺激与软骨退变领域的研究进展,表明其具有对象更多样、角度更宽广、技术更创新的特点,进一步扩展了人们对力学因素在软骨退变中作用的认识;并回顾了基于力学调控的治疗策略,如运动疗法、生物力学矫正、化学药物治疗、针刀疗法及组织工程,为防治关节退行性疾病提供了理论依据与实践方向。未来研究需聚焦多尺度多角度机制整合及临床转化,以推动精准医疗在软骨退变领域的应用。

软骨退变  /  力学刺激  /  信号转导  /  软骨细胞  /  力学干预

Cartilage degeneration stands as the main pathological hallmark of joint diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA), characterized by the degradation of cartilage matrix, abnormal cell function, and disruption of structural integrity. This series of changes poses a severe threat to patients’ quality of life. The significant impact of mechanical stimuli on cartilage health and function has long been widely acknowledged, and research on its underlying mechanisms has become relatively systematic and in-depth. However, the specific pathways in which mechanical stimuli affect cartilage, as well as the hidden laws and intrinsic mechanisms behind them, are still in the process of continuous exploration, gradual revelation, and ongoing refinement. This article reviews the research progress in the field of mechanical stimuli and articular cartilage in 2024, indicating that it demonstrated characteristics of greater diversity in research subjects, broader perspectives, and more innovative techniques, further expanding our understanding of the role of mechanical factors in cartilage degeneration. The mechanical regulation-based therapeutic strategies are also explored, such as exercise therapy, biomechanical correction, chemical drug therapy, acupotomy therapy, and tissue engineering, providing theoretical foundations and practical directions for the prevention and treatment of degenerative joint diseases. Future research should concentrate on the integration of multi-scale and multi-perspective mechanisms as well as clinical translation to promote the application of precision medicine in the field of cartilage degeneration.

cartilage degeneration  /  mechanical stimulation  /  signal transduction  /  chondrocytes  /  mechanical intervention
李卓炘, 田华, 冷慧杰. 力学刺激与软骨退变2024年度研究进展. 医用生物力学, 2025 , 40 (5) : 1079 -1091 . DOI: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.001
Zhuoxin LI, Hua TIAN, Huijie LENG. Research Progress of Mechanical Stimuli and Cartilage Degeneration in 2024[J]. Journal of Medical Biomechanics, 2025 , 40 (5) : 1079 -1091 . DOI: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.001
软骨是人体重要的结缔组织,广泛分布于髋膝、脊柱、口腔等关节部位,承担着支撑、缓冲、保护及维持结构完整性的关键功能。软骨主要由软骨细胞和细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)构成,本身无血管、淋巴及神经分布,营养主要依赖软骨膜渗透及关节液扩散。这一特性导致其自我修复能力极弱,损伤后易引发退行性病变。软骨本身具有独特的生物力学特性,同时力学刺激也会从多角度影响软骨组织的形态结构以及软骨细胞的活性与功能,从而影响软骨的退变。力学刺激影响软骨退变的过程,涉及复杂的物理和分子调控机制,是关节外科及再生医学领域的研究热点。本综述紧密围绕2024年发表的文献,关注该年度力学因素在软骨退变进程中作用与机制的研究进展,总结力学因素影响软骨的新现象,力学刺激影响软骨退变机制的新发现,以及基于力学刺激原理治疗的新策略。
软骨的退变与其力学环境密切相关。外源性的力学加载改变,对于软骨的生理状态和病理改变的影响,虽然已为人们广泛认同,但影响的具体规律还有待进一步探究和明确。另一方面,软骨及周围组织内源性的物理与生物化学改变,同样能够改变软骨的力学环境,引起软骨退变。基于临床数据及实验室研究,利用新技术和设计新实验研究力学因素与软骨改变的现象与规律,是探索内在机制的基石。本文从临床研究、实验研究和数值模拟分析3个不同层面归纳力学因素影响软骨退变的新证据。其中,某些证据在不同层面研究中相互呼应,相互印证。
关节软骨的退变与解剖部位紧密相关,而不同解剖部位所处力学环境各异,这从侧面凸显了力学对软骨退变的影响。与骨关节炎(osteoarthritis,OA)相关的软骨力学性能变化呈现出明显的部位特异性。在胫骨外侧和内侧以及滑车部位,正常组织的平衡模量、瞬时模量和动态模量高于OA组织。在股骨外侧和内侧,晚期OA的平衡模量、瞬时模量和动态模量均小于正常组织。与股骨和髌骨软骨相比,早期OA的胫骨和滑车软骨的平衡、瞬时和动态模量降低。这些结果提示,胫骨和滑车软骨的降解速度比股骨和髌骨软骨更快[1]。对患者临床数据的分析显示,内翻畸形角度与膝关节内侧平台及髌股关节间室的软骨损伤之间存在显著相关性,即膝关节内翻畸形会致使关节腔不同间室内的受力分布出现异常,产生异常的机械负荷,进而引发膝关节OA[2]
运动强度对关节软骨有显著影响。Xu等[3]针对膝关节在不同着陆角度下所承受的冲击载荷展开评估,结果发现,着陆时采用较大的踝关节跖屈角度,能够有效减少膝关节所承受的冲击负荷,这对于降低膝关节损伤风险、发挥一定的保护作用具有重要意义。借助核磁影像技术,相关研究发现超级越野跑这类高强度运动会对关节软骨微结构产生不良影响,导致软骨评分下降,甚至引发半月板撕裂等严重问题[4]。不过,也有研究呈现出不同结果。例如,长期坚持跑步的人群,其股骨内侧软骨、股骨外侧软骨以及胫骨内侧关节软骨等多个软骨区域的厚度显著增加,这表明膝关节软骨通过长期适应,功能适应性得到了增强[5]。Hutcherson等[6]致力于揭示导致人类关节中应力介导的炎症和软骨破坏的早期级联反应机制,其研究结果显示,与基线水平相比,在平板和交叉倾斜跑步机上行走后所收集的样本中,COMP、IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-10和TGF-β等因子的浓度出现升高。运动期间由应激介导的血清COMP水平升高,与促炎和抗炎分子活性的急性变化密切相关,同时还会引发随后与关节组织重塑和修复相关分子的改变[6]
关节在受伤或手术后,软骨力学环境发生改变,是软骨退变的重要诱因。以膝关节为例,前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)发生断裂并接受重建手术后,膝关节步态生物力学出现异常,OA发病风险随之升高,而且这种异常在矢状面、冠状面和水平面这3个运动平面均有体现[7]。一项基于患者的在体研究显示,ACL术后,关节在承重时会引发内侧半月板挤压(medial meniscal extrusion,MME),进而造成半月板的外凸[8]。而半月板外凸已被证实是诱发OA的重要因素之一。临床观察发现,胫骨内侧软骨下骨发生微骨折的患者,常常也会伴随出现内侧半月板外凸的情况[9]。MME会致使半月板功能进一步恶化。当膝关节受到步行运动所产生的机械负荷作用时,股骨内侧会发生急性软骨变形。并且,MME的程度越严重,在机械负荷作用下,软骨的急性变形情况也就越显著[10]
基于临床数据开展的研究,其优势在于数据直接取自患者的真实状况,能反映实际临床场景。然而,由于患者个体情况错综复杂,存在诸多干扰因素,这无疑增加了研究结果解读的难度,因此在分析结果时需格外审慎。相比之下,实验室基于动物和细胞模型的研究,能够从特定角度突破基于临床患者研究的诸多局限,从而在具体问题上获取更为明确、精准的证据。例如,借助组织学实验,可以深入探究OA在不同发展阶段、不同解剖部位软骨所发生的变化。相关研究发现,软骨的蠕变力学性能或许可作为早期OA病理的生物标志物[11]。此外,膝关节软骨弹性模量的降低,同样是关节组织早期发生退变的典型特征[12]。关节不同部位具有不同的压缩性能。Ristaniemi等[13]对胫股关节不同部位关节软骨的拉伸、压缩和摩擦性能进行了表征与比较,结果表明这些性能差异可能与软骨退变存在关联。关节受到损伤时,软骨缺损尺寸会影响股骨内侧髁负重区应力分布,缺损直径为8 mm时,未损伤部位所受的压强峰值显著升高[14]。关节在受到创伤后不同的时间节点,在软骨表层的软骨细胞死亡最严重[15]。ACL切除引起的骨关节失稳,是OA的重要因素之一。研究表明,ACL不同程度损伤,在关节退变早期会产生不同的效应,这进一步证实力学环境对关节软骨退变的重要影响[16]
软骨退变的发生时间远早于OA,力学因素在其中扮演双重作用,既可能引起软骨退变,也能在一定程度促进软骨修复。短期暴露于微重力环境(或其他减少机械负荷的环境)会引起软骨退变,甚至可能引发OA的发生[17]。在为期7 d的模拟微重力培养过程中,半月板纤维软骨细胞转录组发生了显著变化,其中关键的OA标志物的显著上调[18]。对于废用性OA(与微重力环境有一定相似性),在恢复力学加载后,软骨能够得到一定程度的重建[19-20]。研究发现,低强度、低频率且持续长时间的机械负荷是维持健康膝关节软骨稳态并激活合成代谢反应的理想组合[21]。低强度脉冲超声和电磁场等生物物理刺激同样可以增强软骨合成和基质生成[22]。软骨细胞在不同频率和加载速率的生理循环压缩载荷和静水压下,软骨细胞信号转导的百分比均增加,并以应变率依赖的方式响应生理压缩载荷,响应细胞数量增加,时间特征不变[23]。当关节受到动态压缩载荷时,软骨细胞发生的体积与形状改变与静态载荷下的情况不同,这进一步导致软骨细胞对机械力传导的响应也存在差异[24]。而且,动态载荷的应变范围会显著影响软骨的合成与分解代谢[25]。Arino等[26]研究显示,短期超负荷锻炼对关节有保护作用。与长冲击载荷相比,重复撞击载荷模型更容易导致椎间盘的退行性变化[27]。但是,Ziemian等[28]比较单一过载和重复过载发现,单一过载对关节损伤更严重。Damerau等[29]利用微生理系统模型阐明生理剪切应力是维持软骨完整性的关键因素。通过在体蠕变实验来估算机械性能,这些指标可以作为早期OA的生物标志物[11]。此外,利用一种用于小鼠肌肉等长收缩训练的实验装置,发现运动组的软骨增厚,体积增大,骨小梁厚度增厚,这对于存在OA风险的患者可能具有保护作用[30]
脊柱的终板软骨是椎间盘的重要组成部分,力学微环境与终板软骨退变相互影响,通过延缓或逆转终板软骨退变可以预防椎间盘退变[31]。软骨终板退化可以增加软骨终板和髓核的多孔压力,降低了软骨终板的流体速度及其他力学响应[32]。力学加载对椎间盘基质金属蛋白酶的产生、细胞基质的代谢和其他生化过程均有影响[33]。与超负荷锻炼会引起关节软骨退变相似,研究发现,持续过载会导致纤维环合成降低,修复困难[34]。Yao等[35]提出一种机械应力诱导的腰椎间盘退变动物模型。力学和形态学结果表明,椎间盘内部的快速加压是导致终板及随后椎间盘损伤的重要原因[36]。并且,载荷作用下椎间盘形态的改变,包括间盘高度、纤维环含水量、髓核厚度等,都会改变营养物质水平,影响椎间盘退变[37]
基于有限元分析的数值模拟研究具有独特优势,能够实施真实实验研究无法实现的复杂加载条件。通过有限元分析技术,针对不同内翻膝OA模型,可深入探究膝关节腔内的应力分布情况,进而比较各模型间关节内负荷的差异[38]。Adouni等[39]以不同肥胖程度的人群为研究对象,运用有限元分析步态过程中肌肉、韧带和软骨的应力,发现肥胖会引起关节组织应力提升,且这一现象与OA的进展密切相关。半月板外凸是诱发OA的重要因素之一。有限元研究显示,半月板外凸仅影响同一关节间隙的软组织力学性能[40]。人体处于静态站立姿势下,膝关节受到短暂冲击时,4个主要韧带(ACL、后交叉韧带、内侧副韧带和外侧副韧带)的损伤会引发关节损伤[41]。通过有限元分析发现,疲劳加载可以影响椎间盘退变,且这种影响与频率相关,其中低频疲劳加载的影响更为显著[42]。力学加载还会影响组织营养输运,数值模拟分析表明,蠕变时间、作用力力度、作用力种类等因素,均会影响椎间盘营养物质浓度以及细胞活性[43]。数值模型结果显示,椎间盘局部形态结构的变化会间接影响机械力传导的响应,这些变化正是退变的起始之处[44]。基于患者的研究和有限元分析表明,有陈旧性胸腰椎骨折伴后凸畸形的患者,其椎间盘退变程度更严重,且退变主要集中在胸腰椎节段,异常机械应力可能是导致这种退变的重要因素之一[45]。Kosonen等[46]开发了有限元分析框架,用于模拟软骨的跌落塔冲击实验(类似于撞击软骨细胞的实验),揭示其与随后的氧化应激相关的细胞损伤密切相关。
力学因素作为软骨退变的主要诱因,其作用机制一直是该领域中的研究热点之一。2024年,关于力学刺激对软骨退变影响机制的研究取得进一步突破。部分研究结果列于表1。软骨细胞作为力学响应的核心单元,能够借助表面纤毛等力学感受器感知力学刺激,并通过复杂的信号通路网络打破基质的平衡,诱导炎症因子的释放以及基质降解酶的表达。异常力学刺激可破坏软骨细胞增殖与凋亡平衡,干扰软骨细胞正常代谢,调控表观遗传过程,诱发软骨细胞衰老,影响间充质干细胞分化方向,最终导致软骨结构遭到破坏。
软骨基质合成与分解的动态平衡一旦被打破,便成为软骨退变最直接的原因,同时也是最直观的表现,且这一过程与其微环境紧密相关[47]。基质为软骨细胞构建了重要的力学微环境,其黏弹性特质能够对软骨细胞的力学生物学行为起到调控作用[48]。力学刺激对于软骨而言,犹如一把双刃剑。动态压缩载荷能够在同一时间对软骨细胞的合成与分解过程进行调节[25],是维持关节炎症稳态以及分解代谢-合成代谢信号级联反应的重要因素[6]。在生理水平下,重复的机械力能够加速软骨细胞中Sirtuin1的激活进程,激活的Sirtuin1可诱导Runx2表达增加,进而促进MMP-13的表达,最终导致基质降解及OA进展[49]。PIEZO1能够介导Ca2+/F-actin/Yap轴,参与到ECM的降解过程以及终板软骨细胞的退变之中[50]。关节结构组织若遭受异常的力学刺激,会以低度炎症的形式引发关节代谢功能障碍。在平板和交叉倾斜跑步机上行走时,样本中COMP、IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-10、TGF-β、MMP-1、MMP-13的浓度会出现上调增加的现象。基质金属蛋白酶除了能够加速OA中细胞周围基质的分解之外,还可能破坏软骨细胞的机械传导过程[51]。Zhu等[52]通过在体实验证实,软骨细胞中的分解代谢基因是以机械敏感的方式被诱导表达的,且这一过程与软骨表面的摩擦存在联系。
力学刺激会触发一系列复杂的信号传导效应,在软骨生理与病理进程中扮演着关键角色。Zhang等[53]聚焦于青少年生长板软骨,对其施加力学加载后开展RNA测序工作,成功筛选出一系列在不同通路中富集的重要基因。数值模型的研究结果表明,椎间盘局部形态结构发生的变化,会间接影响机械力传导的响应,而这些变化恰恰是导致椎间盘退变的重要诱因[44]。关节滑液中润滑大分子的降解,会改变软骨细胞对剪切应变的敏感程度[54]。低流体剪切应力会显著下调miR-143-3p的表达水平,而低水平的miR-143-3p会激活ERK5/KLF4信号通路,这一过程不仅能促进软骨细胞的增殖以及ECM的分泌[55],还可保护软骨细胞免受IL-1β诱导引发的细胞凋亡[56]。非正常力学刺激情况下,维生素D-维生素D受体信号轴对于OA的进展也起着重要作用[57]。异常应力能够通过WTAP/YTHDF2依赖性的TIMP3 m6A修饰,破坏椎间盘基质的稳定性[58]。由过度运动或严重创伤所导致的关节软骨过度机械过载,被认为是OA发展的关键诱因。Xiao等[59]通过诱导Gli1+细胞中YAP缺失,阻断Gli1+细胞内的YAP信号传导,并进行关节盘部分切除以诱导OA发生。研究发现,调节Gli1+成骨前体细胞中的Hh-GLI信号通路,靶向YAP-Hhip轴,能够对颞下颌OA的进展产生影响。此外,在过度机械负荷的作用下,退化和发炎的软骨及软骨细胞中,BMP-2表达上调,而BMP-4表达下调。同时,toll样受体2和核因子κB-p50/p65亚基信号传导被确定为调控这种独特表达模式的调节因子[60]
YAP、PIEZO1、TRPV4均属于力学敏感性离子通道或信号转导过程中的关键分子,它们在细胞的力学感应机制以及疾病的发生与发展进程中,发挥着协同共进的作用。相关研究显示,4种PIEZO1突变通道均以显性负调控的模式发挥作用。当PIEZO1的活性降低时,机体对年龄相关OA的易感性会显著增加[61]。在生理强度条件下,TRPV4的激活以及无负荷状态下PIEZO1的激活,均能够促进软骨的生成;然而,超生理负荷所引发的PIEZO1激活,却会导致软骨发生降解,进而引发OA[62]。在软骨细胞中,由PIEZO1介导的分解代谢活性,是松弛阶段软骨机械功能丧失的关键驱动因素[63]。抑制Phlpp1能够保护创伤型OA软骨的力学性能,维持其正常的力学功能[47]。有研究团队深入揭示了PIEZO1在非正常力学刺激条件下促进关节炎发生的机制,这一发现揭示了PIEZO1的阻断剂——青蒿素可能具有潜在的治疗作用[64]。最新研究进一步证实,PIEZO1的激活可通过YAP-MMP13/ADAMTS5信号通路,促进机械应力诱导的软骨ECM降解[65]。此外,PIEZO1还可能通过诱导Ca2+内流,介导软骨细胞内质网应激反应,最终导致软骨细胞发生凋亡[66];或者激活并诱导线粒体DNA(mtDNA)释放,进一步加剧软骨的降解过程[67]。同时,PIEZO1可能通过调控HDAC6的活性,来调节基底硬度,进而影响软骨细胞初级纤毛的形态[68],而基底硬度的改变又可能对软骨细胞的炎症响应起到调控作用[69]
TRPV4作为一种在软骨细胞中呈高度表达的机械敏感离子通道,在软骨的发育进程与稳态维持方面发挥着不可或缺的支撑作用。值得注意的是,TRPV4离子通道发生突变时,会引发多种骨骼发育不良疾病[70]。TRPV4不仅在细胞中广泛存在,还在初级纤毛中有所表达。低强度脉冲超声能够精准激活TRPV4,诱导Ca2+内流进入细胞。这一过程可促进NF-κB进入细胞核,进而调控合成基质基因的转录,最终对OA产生积极的治疗作用[71]。在应对机械刺激时,TRPV4通道和PI3K/AKT信号通路会被激活,从而促进纤维软骨细胞的增殖以及肌腱-骨插入点的愈合。其中,CCN2可能是维持TRPV4持续激活的关键调控蛋白,在信号传导过程中扮演着重要角色[72]。当脂肪来源干细胞在快速松弛水凝胶中培养时,TRPV4以及髓核特异性标志物(如SOX9、HIF-1α、KRT18、CDH2和CD24)的表达水平会出现显著上调,这表明快速松弛水凝胶环境对相关基因表达具有明显的调控作用[73]。此外,力学刺激还可借助TRPV4影响骨骼间充质干细胞的分化方向。在骨骼间充质干细胞(bone mesenchymal stem cell,BMSC)向软骨分化的早期阶段,TRPV4和Cav 1.2通道发挥着至关重要的作用[74]。多不饱和脂肪酸能够通过降低PIEZO1和TRPV4离子通道相关的机械力传导效率,进而对OA的发展产生影响[75-76]。Palmer等[77]巧妙地利用TRPV4和PIEZO1激活后上调的差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes,DEGs)测序文库,运用生物信息学方法展开深入分析。结果发现,TRPV4激活后下调的DEGs与IL-1干预下调的基因存在显著重叠;而PIEZO1激活后下调的DEGs中,包含与G2/M细胞周期相关的基因。这一发现为进一步理解相关离子通道在OA中的作用机制提供了新的线索。
目前,力学刺激与软骨代谢之间的确切关联仍犹如雾里看花,尚未完全明晰。有研究提出,PIEZO1如同敏锐的“力学感受器”,能够感知力学刺激并促进Ca2+内流。这一过程进而上调糖酵解限速酶——己糖激酶2(HK2)的活性。糖酵解的激活如同一条无形的“信息纽带”,增强了间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)与辅助T细胞(Th17)之间的通讯。最终,通过巨噬细胞移动抑制因子依赖的方式,推动Th17极化,促使软骨发生退变[78]。Yu等[67]揭示了另一条作用路径:机械应力通过激活PIEZO1通道,诱导线粒体DNA(mtDNA)释放。这一释放如同点燃了“导火索”,触发cGAS-STING通路,进而加剧软骨的降解进程。基质刚度也在软骨退变中扮演着重要角色。它通过MRTF-A依赖的机械转导机制,对糖酵解过程进行调节,最终导致软骨发生退变[79]。值得关注的是,研究均发现Omega-3脂肪酸宛如软骨的“守护者”,通过降低软骨细胞的机械敏感性,为软骨抵御急性损伤提供保护。生理水平的重复机械力对软骨细胞也有着独特的影响。它可以加速软骨细胞中sirtuin的激活,然而这一过程会消耗线粒体内的烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD),导致NAD含量减少,最终使得线粒体腺苷三磷酸(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)的产生量降低[49]。单细胞RNA测序分析为我们打开了新的视角。研究表明,生理力学载荷可能如同“催化剂”,诱导活性氧簇聚集,进而导致软骨细胞发生铁死亡[80]。在机械过载诱导的小鼠模型中,SPI1的缺乏使得线粒体未折叠蛋白反应的激活程度降低,这一变化如同加速了OA发展的“引擎”,促使OA进展加速[81]。一项聚焦于针刀疗法的研究带来了新的希望。该治疗方法能够调节Pink1-Parkin通路,增强线粒体自噬功能,恢复ATP的生成,如同为受损的软骨“注入生机”,减轻软骨退变的程度[82]
软骨细胞可借助ECM对力学刺激作出响应,同时,ECM在多种疾病的发生发展过程中发挥着调控表观遗传学的作用。线粒体有可能是力学与表观遗传学之间进行信息传递的潜在介质。基质硬度能够通过引发线粒体损伤,进而诱导H3K27me3去甲基化,这一系列变化会加剧OA的进展[83]。超生理性机械刺激会使软骨细胞出现显著差异的CpG-基因对,尤其是在OA相关基因附近(如ITGA5、CD44、CAV1、WNT9A、HMGA2)。因此,超生理性机械刺激的持续累积可能引发基因表达设定点出现长期的有害改变,进而对软骨细胞的表型健康状态产生影响[84]。研究发现,RNA m6 A去甲基化酶ALKBH5的表达显著上调。在炎症微环境中,ALKBH5与YTHDF1协同发挥作用,对RUNX2的mRNA表达和稳定性进行调节,从而激活MMPs和ADAMTSs的表达,促进OA的进展[85]。力学过载还能够上调软骨中的miR-350-3p,并通过抑制软骨细胞中核受体结合SET域蛋白1(NSD1)以及调节组蛋白H3赖氨酸36(H3K36)甲基化,促进OA的进展[86]。机械敏感性lncRNA H19在ACL损伤以及跑步训练后,其表达水平下调,可直接作用于miR-148a,从而激活自噬,减轻软骨损伤[87]。miR-155-5p在机械负荷的作用下,会推动纤维环细胞的分解代谢发生转向[88]。通过组学研究发现,创伤性OA中miR-199-5p的富集最为显著,CELSR1、GIT1、ECE1和SOS2均可能是其靶点[89]。在机械压力的作用下,葡萄糖转运蛋白1(GLUT1)的表达增强,可诱导软骨细胞中出现泛O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰,而Runx2和Sox9受到O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰后,会驱动压力诱导的软骨细胞肥大分化[90]
关节炎属于老年常见疾病,年龄相关因素导致的OA易感性增加与PIEZO1活性降低存在关联[61]。另一方面,在受到力学刺激时,软骨细胞的衰老现象(并非仅出现在老年群体中)可能是引发软骨退变的重要机制。软骨细胞中PIEZO1缺失,会使肥大软骨细胞中载脂蛋白E(ApoE)的表达上调,进而导致软骨细胞衰老程度增加[91]。关节在受到力学刺激并发生炎性病变后,瞬时受体电位通道1(transient receptor potential channel 1,TRPC1)会将钙信号传导与细胞衰老相关联,以此预防创伤后OA的发生[92]。过载情况会通过下调FBXW7,促进软骨细胞衰老以及OA的进展[93]。在机械过载条件下,eIF5A下调会促进组蛋白乙酰转移酶环磷酸腺苷反应元件CREB结合蛋白(CREBBP)的表达,进而介导Notch通路的激活,推动软骨细胞衰老并加速OA的进展[94]。PDZK1可通过作用于线粒体功能,对过载引起的软骨细胞衰老及OA起到保护作用[95]。剪切应力能够诱发颞下颌关节前表层细胞衰老,进而诱发OA。与年龄相关的miR-708-5p缺乏,会通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB通路,促进机械刺激诱发的OA[96]
初级纤毛作为机械感受器,广泛分布于间充质干细胞、成骨细胞、骨细胞、软骨细胞等细胞的表面。在机械应力作用下,初级纤毛通过转导多种信号通路,对间充质干细胞的分化产生影响,在骨-软骨组织改建过程中发挥重要作用[97]。软骨中甲状旁腺激素相关蛋白(PTHrP)/cAMP信号传导在机械诱导下,可调控间充质基质细胞衍生的新软骨中蛋白多糖的生成[98]。力学刺激能够对骨骼间充质干细胞(BMSC)的分化产生影响。其中,TRPV4和Cav 1.2钙离子通道在BMSC向软骨分化的早期阶段发挥重要作用[74]。机械刺激(屈曲)可对MSCs的生长产生影响,抑制其软骨形成[99]。在正常活动和剧烈运动的情况下,胰岛素治疗对2型糖尿病大鼠股骨远端松质骨的固体受力和流体流动特性,以及骨髓间充质干细胞的分化均会产生影响[100]。通过纤维素纳米晶体与胶原基水凝胶中塑性压缩的协同作用,可增强间充质干细胞的软骨分化能力,以促进软骨的形成[101]。高通量测序结果显示,在力学刺激条件下,滑膜间充质干细胞(synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells,SMSCs)中miR-143-3p的水平显著降低。miR-143-3p可通过BMPR2-Smad通路抑制SMSCs的成软骨分化[102]
2024年,科研人员基于力学刺激影响软骨的各种机制,提出了多个治疗软骨退变或者促进软骨重建的新策略,部分结果总结如图1所示。
基于力学刺激的物理治疗是一项重要的治疗策略。针刀疗法,亦称微针疗法,是采用改良针刺工具治疗肌纤维结节的一种生物力学方法。临床研究显示,针刀疗法能够改善膝关节的力学环境,进而促进软骨细胞增殖,减轻软骨退变。研究者发现,针刀疗法可通过调节与Pink1-Parkin通路相关的蛋白质,激活软骨细胞中的线粒体自噬,从而缓解兔子的膝OA症状[82]。运动诱导的内皮间充质转变(endothelial-mesenchymal transition,EndMT)是一种有效的半月板再生策略,机械刺激能通过激活TGF-β2信号传导途径促进EndMT,进而推动半月板纤维软骨的再生[103]
BMP-2/-4或许是引发OA发展的过度机械过载情况的潜在分子靶点,在未来的临床实践应用中应将其纳入考量范围[60]。中药槐针养肝胶囊的主要成分HBP-A能够减缓异常机械负荷所导致的半月板肥大与矿化现象,其作用机制可能经由p38-MAPK通路实现[104]。鉴于PIEZO1的激活会促进OA的发生发展,可利用青蒿素治疗OA[64]。马尾藻多糖(sargassum polysaccharides,SP)具有促进软骨生长的作用,研究表明,SP通过激活ITGβ1-PI3K-AKT信号轴来促进软骨形成,在体内和体外实验中均能缓解骨与软骨的退变[94]。多酚具备抗氧化、抗菌、抗炎、类雌激素以及胰岛素增敏等多种生物学特性,在减轻关节炎症方面具有显著的治疗潜力[105]
蛋白聚糖4(PRG4)对软骨具有保护作用,其表达受机械刺激调控。目前,针对PRG4已制定了多种治疗策略,包括注射重组PRG4蛋白、基因治疗,以及使用能增强内源性PRG4表达或模拟其功能的小分子药物等[106]。此外,近年来外泌体研究发展迅速,有望成为治疗软骨损伤的新途径。研究发现,尿液来源干细胞外泌体可在髁突软骨的软骨下骨层中抑制破骨细胞生成活性,同时减轻大鼠颞下颌关节软骨细胞的凋亡[107]。另外,越来越多的研究表明,将机械转导通路的激活与生物学治疗策略(生物干预措施,尤其是富血小板血浆、骨髓穿刺物和间充质干细胞)相结合,可能是缓解甚至预防创伤型OA发生的关键所在[108]
基于力学刺激响应的新型组织工程材料,是极具价值的应用研发方向。通过将微环境、力学刺激与生物材料相结合,可实现OA的有效治疗[109]。将软骨细胞靶向肽(CTP)偶联至细胞外囊泡表面,能够构建出双工程软骨细胞靶向细胞外囊泡(CTP/miROE-EVs)。这种囊泡展现出良好的软骨靶向性,以及改善OA病理状况的能力[110]。一种新型关节软骨再生水凝胶,可通过控制纤维取向,对剪切应力作出响应,从而更有效地修复软骨,促进软骨再生[111]。研究发现,在疏水基质上进行光交联水凝胶处理,可显著且持久地降低表面摩擦。由低摩擦软骨细胞负载的新生组织,能够形成优质的透明软骨。原位光交联技术可在全层软骨缺损部位精确形成水凝胶,具有突出的临床治疗潜力[112]
OA的治疗决策会受到患者年龄、软骨缺损程度以及财务状况等多方面因素的影响,这凸显出采取个性化和多模式治疗方法的必要性。将再生技术融入治疗体系,涵盖基于细胞的疗法、基因修饰技术以及先进的支架材料,为实现持久性的软骨修复和关节保护提供了一条极具前景的途径。未来研究应着重完善综合治疗方案,开展长期临床评估工作,并采用由人工智能与预测算法驱动的个性化治疗模型[22]
目前,力学因素与软骨退变之间的关联仍存在诸多尚未明晰之处,该领域的研究既面临着诸多挑战,也蕴含着大量机遇。未来的研究应着重聚焦于多尺度、多角度机制的整合,将分子、细胞、组织以及整体关节层面的力学响应有机地融合起来,构建一个全面且系统的力学-软骨相互作用模型。与此同时,要大力加强临床转化研究。一方面,开发能够实时监测关节力学环境的智能诊断设备,从而更精准地掌握关节的力学状态;另一方面,研发基于力学调控的新型治疗技术和药物,为软骨退变的治疗提供新的手段。通过这些举措,推动精准医疗在软骨退变领域的广泛应用,进而为患者量身定制更加个性化、有效的治疗方案,切实提高患者的生活质量。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFB3814700)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12572365; 12172011)
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2025年第40卷第5期
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doi: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.001
  • 接收时间:2025-09-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-30
  • 修回日期:2025-10-10
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国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFB3814700)
国家自然科学基金项目(12572365; 12172011)
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    1.北京大学第三医院 骨科,北京 100191
    2.教育部骨与关节精准医学工程研究中心,北京 100191
    3.北京脊柱疾病重点实验室,北京 100191

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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