Article(id=1244321227926520188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, issueId=1244321215637209904, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742832000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-25, revisedDate=1745251200000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774598899107, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774598899107, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774598899107, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774598899107, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244321215637209904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, year='2025', volume='40', issue='5', pageStart='1079', pageEnd='1366', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774598896178, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774599509568, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244323788452639476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, issueId=1244321215637209904, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244323788452639477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, issueId=1244321215637209904, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1101, endPage=1113, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244321229218365849, articleId=1244321227926520188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, language=EN, title=Progress of Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury and Protection, columnId=1244321221362430147, journalTitle=Journal of Medical Biomechanics, columnName=Expert Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Traumatic brain injury caused by blast shock waves represents a significant type of injury in modern warfare and civilian explosion accidents. Its high incidence and complexity have attracted a widespread attention, and the injury mechanism and cranial brain protection have become current research hotspots. This review first analyzes the dynamic load characteristics of blast shock waves and introduces the development and verification of cranial brain constitutive and finite element models to explore the mechanical responses of the cranial brain at tissue and cellular levels under blast waves and bullet impacts. Subsequently, the current state of research on injury mechanisms at tissue and cellular levels and cranial brain protection, is systematically summarized based on domestic and international studies. Finally, the current research challenges and future development directions are outlined, and the importance of interdisciplinary cooperation and innovation to promote the research and application transformation of blast-induced traumatic brain injury is emphasized. The findings provide a valuable reference for enhancing the comprehension of injury mechanism and fostering multi-disciplinary integration and protective helmet development.

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爆炸冲击波引发的创伤性脑损伤作为现代战争和民用爆炸事故中的主要致伤类型,其高发性和复杂性引发社会广泛关注,而损伤机制与颅脑防护成为当下研究热点。首先,分析爆炸冲击波的动态载荷特性,并介绍颅脑本构与有限元模型的开发和验证,用于探讨颅脑在爆炸波和枪弹冲击作用下组织和细胞层面的力学响应。其次,系统总结国内外研究工作人员在组织和细胞层面的损伤机制研究与颅脑防护的研究现状。最后,指出当前研究面临的挑战和未来发展方向,并强调跨学科合作与创新的重要性,以推动爆炸冲击波作用下颅脑创伤的研究与应用转化。研究结果可为深化致伤机制的理解并推动多学科交叉融合以及防护头盔的研究提供参考。

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蔡志华,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:
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作者贡献声明:

蔡志华负责研究设计、论文审阅和修改;谢晶、屈志学负责文献查阅和资料整理;所有作者讨论并共同撰写论文。

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Montrea: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014., articleTitle=Multiscale simulation of ballistic composites for blast induced traumatic brain injury mitigation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244321257777381549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=234, issue=3, pageStart=337, pageEnd=367, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[122], rfOrder=121, authorNames=GRUJICIC M, RAMASWAMI S, SNIPES JS, journalName=J Mater Design Appl, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GRUJICIC M, RAMASWAMI S, SNIPES JS, et al. RETRACTED: Potential improvement in helmet blast-protection via the use of a polyurea external coating: Combined experimental/computational analyses[J]. J Mater Design Appl, 2020, 234(3): 337-367., articleTitle=RETRACTED: Potential improvement in helmet blast-protection via the use of a polyurea external coating: Combined experimental/computational analyses, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244321257836101806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[123], rfOrder=122, authorNames=MATTHEW C, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MATTHEW C. The army has already seceretly field its lighter, stronger helmet to a lucky soldiers[EB/OL]. http://taskandpurpose.com/news/army-filed-integrated-head-protection-system/., articleTitle=The army has already seceretly field its lighter, stronger helmet to a lucky soldiers, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1244321239611851735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, awardId=12372356; 12272053, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(12372356; 12272053), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1244321232120824473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244321232129213082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, companyId=1244321232120824473, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing 100081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244321232137601691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, companyId=1244321232120824473, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.爆炸科学与安全防护全国重点实验室,北京 100081)]), AuthorCompany(id=1244321233597219493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244321233605608102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, companyId=1244321233597219493, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Tangshan Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Tangshan 063000, Hebei, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244321233609802407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, companyId=1244321233597219493, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.北京理工大学 唐山研究院,河北 唐山 063000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1244321233781768885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244321233790157494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, companyId=1244321233781768885, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Sanya Institute of Hunan University of Science and Technology, Sanya 572024, Hainan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244321233819517625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, companyId=1244321233781768885, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.湖南科技大学 三亚研究院,海南 三亚 572024)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1244321236323517309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Forms of craniocerebral injuries induced by blast shock waves (a) Common forms of craniocerebral injury[13], (b) Comparison between traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic stress disorder[14], figureFileSmall=Kynpv3Bnvlfy+v3vOYKf9A==, figureFileBig=0I+oTGCeayIiliES6tCodw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321236440957828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, language=CN, label=图1, caption=爆炸冲击波引发的颅脑损伤形式, figureFileSmall=Kynpv3Bnvlfy+v3vOYKf9A==, figureFileBig=0I+oTGCeayIiliES6tCodw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321237699249038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Main research on traumatic craniocerebral injuries in the field of biomechanics, figureFileSmall=yPXKxs9goYMyAlzBzFJebw==, figureFileBig=oaqzSFfaNkP6Yx8i1JMR6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321237816689555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, language=CN, label=图2, caption=创伤性颅脑损伤在生物力学领域的主要研究内容, figureFileSmall=yPXKxs9goYMyAlzBzFJebw==, figureFileBig=oaqzSFfaNkP6Yx8i1JMR6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321237938324379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Load forms for various blast scenarios, figureFileSmall=uSH3EbNSqI2R7+tLPxXOIg==, figureFileBig=yuJP3+FK52fbpe4cuyj9gw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321238018016156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各种爆炸情境下载荷形式

注:(a)各种典型战场环境下的冲击波形式[17-18];(b)Friedlander理想超压-时间曲线[19],其中patm为环境大气压,p0+为正超压峰值,ta为到达时间,tp为正压持续时间,b为衰减系数,p0-为负超压峰值,tn为负压持续时间,Ip为正冲量;In为负冲量;(c)破片飞散特性及空间分布[20-22];(d)冲击波-破片联合作用下的到达时间-距离曲线[28]

, figureFileSmall=uSH3EbNSqI2R7+tLPxXOIg==, figureFileBig=yuJP3+FK52fbpe4cuyj9gw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321238118679456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Schematic diagram of the cranial structure (a) Sagittal plane structure[29], (b) Multi-level organizational structure[29], (c) Cranial finite element models[30-55], figureFileSmall=PrFcj7rPuW6NOVQBViM6Kw==, figureFileBig=uDu+yd4b7qS60ulN36IqqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321238265480101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, language=CN, label=图4, caption=颅脑结构示意图, figureFileSmall=PrFcj7rPuW6NOVQBViM6Kw==, figureFileBig=uDu+yd4b7qS60ulN36IqqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321238374532010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Numerical simulation models unnder each condition[106], figureFileSmall=2mbIg0IAGyaz+kGFgHlliQ==, figureFileBig=pAeYfYbBX0VOW63ikyf1xA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321238500361133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同情况下数值模拟模型[106], figureFileSmall=2mbIg0IAGyaz+kGFgHlliQ==, figureFileBig=pAeYfYbBX0VOW63ikyf1xA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321238621995954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Model details of auxetic lattice structure[119], figureFileSmall=aQo/302imlqEHdPCgBgYJA==, figureFileBig=5Ir3gIv5PoSvZg1kxfSsew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321238743630776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, language=CN, label=图6, caption=箭头型晶格结构模型细节[119], figureFileSmall=aQo/302imlqEHdPCgBgYJA==, figureFileBig=5Ir3gIv5PoSvZg1kxfSsew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321238865265595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=IHPS helmet full protection status[116], figureFileSmall=9HhjSxahfpEk5awsRsjWfA==, figureFileBig=p98KVhUZDb8uxzNUppj/AA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321238982706113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, language=CN, label=图7, caption=IHPS头盔全防护状态[116], figureFileSmall=9HhjSxahfpEk5awsRsjWfA==, figureFileBig=p98KVhUZDb8uxzNUppj/AA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321239108535236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

U. S. Department of Defense statistics on craniocerebral trauma in the U. S. military

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类陆军海军空军海军陆战队总和
轻度239 353(81.3%)57 099(81.7%)59 832(84.5%)58 287(82.2%)414 573(81.9%)
中度33 781(11.5%)8 982(12.9%)8 147(11.5%)8 939(12.6%)59 849(11.8%)
重度2 892(1.0%)632(0.9%)624(0.9%)780(1.1%)4 928(1.0%)
贯穿伤3 517(1.2%)755(1.1%)682(1.0%)887(1.3%)5 841(1.2%)
未分类14 724(5.0%)2 402(3.4%)1 547(2.2%)2 032(2.9%)20 705(4.1%)
总人数294 267(100%)69 870(100%)70 834(100%)70 925(100%)505 896(100%)
), ArticleFig(id=1244321239230170055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

美国国防部统计的美军颅脑创伤数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类陆军海军空军海军陆战队总和
轻度239 353(81.3%)57 099(81.7%)59 832(84.5%)58 287(82.2%)414 573(81.9%)
中度33 781(11.5%)8 982(12.9%)8 147(11.5%)8 939(12.6%)59 849(11.8%)
重度2 892(1.0%)632(0.9%)624(0.9%)780(1.1%)4 928(1.0%)
贯穿伤3 517(1.2%)755(1.1%)682(1.0%)887(1.3%)5 841(1.2%)
未分类14 724(5.0%)2 402(3.4%)1 547(2.2%)2 032(2.9%)20 705(4.1%)
总人数294 267(100%)69 870(100%)70 834(100%)70 925(100%)505 896(100%)
), ArticleFig(id=1244321239360193485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Material parameters suitable for cranial finite element analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组织 ρ/(kg·m-3 E/MPa ν K/GPa G0/kPa G/kPa β/s-1参考文献
颅骨2 0706.50.20    [40]
 35 2006.90.30    [33]
 1 2108.00.22    [56]
松质骨1 7505.660.22    [47]
 1 0000.560.30    [57]
皮质骨3 000150.22    [47]
 2 10060.25    [57]
硬脑膜1 1300.031 50.45    [5631]
脑镰1 1300.031 50.23    [58]
 1 1300.031 50.45    [5631]
灰质1 060  2.1910.02.080[36]
 1 040  0.5581.660.92816.95[33]
 1 040  2.19346.4400[59]
 1 040  2.19346.4700[56]
 1 040  2.2780.4070.233125[60]
白质1 060  2.1912.52.580[36]
 1 040  0.5581.660.92816.95[33]
 1 040  2.19417.8400[59]
 1 040  2.19417.8700[56]
 1 040  2.2780.4070.233125[60]
脑干1 060  2.1922.54.580[36]
 1 040  0.5581.660.92816.95[33]
 1 040  2.19587.8400[59]
小脑1 060  2.1912.52.080[36]
 1 040  0.5581.660.92816.95[33]
 1 040  2.1900.4070.233125[60]
), ArticleFig(id=1244321239490216913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321227926520188, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

适用于颅脑有限元分析的材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组织 ρ/(kg·m-3 E/MPa ν K/GPa G0/kPa G/kPa β/s-1参考文献
颅骨2 0706.50.20    [40]
 35 2006.90.30    [33]
 1 2108.00.22    [56]
松质骨1 7505.660.22    [47]
 1 0000.560.30    [57]
皮质骨3 000150.22    [47]
 2 10060.25    [57]
硬脑膜1 1300.031 50.45    [5631]
脑镰1 1300.031 50.23    [58]
 1 1300.031 50.45    [5631]
灰质1 060  2.1910.02.080[36]
 1 040  0.5581.660.92816.95[33]
 1 040  2.19346.4400[59]
 1 040  2.19346.4700[56]
 1 040  2.2780.4070.233125[60]
白质1 060  2.1912.52.580[36]
 1 040  0.5581.660.92816.95[33]
 1 040  2.19417.8400[59]
 1 040  2.19417.8700[56]
 1 040  2.2780.4070.233125[60]
脑干1 060  2.1922.54.580[36]
 1 040  0.5581.660.92816.95[33]
 1 040  2.19587.8400[59]
小脑1 060  2.1912.52.080[36]
 1 040  0.5581.660.92816.95[33]
 1 040  2.1900.4070.233125[60]
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爆炸冲击作用下颅脑损伤与防护研究进展
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谢晶 1, 2 , 屈志学 3 , 蔡志华 3
医用生物力学 | 专家论坛 2025,40(5): 1101-1113
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医用生物力学 | 专家论坛 2025, 40(5): 1101-1113
爆炸冲击作用下颅脑损伤与防护研究进展
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谢晶1, 2, 屈志学3, 蔡志华3
作者信息
  • 1.爆炸科学与安全防护全国重点实验室,北京 100081
  • 2.北京理工大学 唐山研究院,河北 唐山 063000
  • 3.湖南科技大学 三亚研究院,海南 三亚 572024

通讯作者:

蔡志华,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:
Progress of Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury and Protection
Jing XIE1, 2, Zhixue QU3, Zhihua CAI3
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2.Tangshan Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Tangshan 063000, Hebei, China
  • 3.Sanya Institute of Hunan University of Science and Technology, Sanya 572024, Hainan, China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.003
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爆炸冲击波引发的创伤性脑损伤作为现代战争和民用爆炸事故中的主要致伤类型,其高发性和复杂性引发社会广泛关注,而损伤机制与颅脑防护成为当下研究热点。首先,分析爆炸冲击波的动态载荷特性,并介绍颅脑本构与有限元模型的开发和验证,用于探讨颅脑在爆炸波和枪弹冲击作用下组织和细胞层面的力学响应。其次,系统总结国内外研究工作人员在组织和细胞层面的损伤机制研究与颅脑防护的研究现状。最后,指出当前研究面临的挑战和未来发展方向,并强调跨学科合作与创新的重要性,以推动爆炸冲击波作用下颅脑创伤的研究与应用转化。研究结果可为深化致伤机制的理解并推动多学科交叉融合以及防护头盔的研究提供参考。

爆炸冲击波  /  创伤性脑损伤  /  颅脑响应  /  损伤机制  /  颅脑防护

Traumatic brain injury caused by blast shock waves represents a significant type of injury in modern warfare and civilian explosion accidents. Its high incidence and complexity have attracted a widespread attention, and the injury mechanism and cranial brain protection have become current research hotspots. This review first analyzes the dynamic load characteristics of blast shock waves and introduces the development and verification of cranial brain constitutive and finite element models to explore the mechanical responses of the cranial brain at tissue and cellular levels under blast waves and bullet impacts. Subsequently, the current state of research on injury mechanisms at tissue and cellular levels and cranial brain protection, is systematically summarized based on domestic and international studies. Finally, the current research challenges and future development directions are outlined, and the importance of interdisciplinary cooperation and innovation to promote the research and application transformation of blast-induced traumatic brain injury is emphasized. The findings provide a valuable reference for enhancing the comprehension of injury mechanism and fostering multi-disciplinary integration and protective helmet development.

blast wave  /  traumatic brain injury  /  craniocerebral mechanical response  /  injury mechanism  /  brain protection
谢晶, 屈志学, 蔡志华. 爆炸冲击作用下颅脑损伤与防护研究进展. 医用生物力学, 2025 , 40 (5) : 1101 -1113 . DOI: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.003
Jing XIE, Zhixue QU, Zhihua CAI. Progress of Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury and Protection[J]. Journal of Medical Biomechanics, 2025 , 40 (5) : 1101 -1113 . DOI: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.003
新战争模式下,创伤性脑损伤激增,已成为现代战争的特征性创伤,其中以爆炸冲击波所致颅脑创伤(blast-induced traumatic brain injury,bTBI)为最主要的类型。尽管防护装备不断升级,但是士兵身体和心理受伤的风险仍在持续增加[1-4]。从2000年到2024年第1季度,美国505 896名军人被诊断出患有创伤性脑损伤,其中轻度创伤性脑损伤占这些损伤的81.9%(见表1[5]。患有bTBI的退伍军人长期受到诸如焦虑失眠、情绪冲动、认知障碍等慢性疾病的折磨[6-8],给医疗系统和卫勤保障带来了负担[9]。普通民众也面临爆炸物暴露的风险,例如8.12天津滨海新区爆炸事故共造成了165人遇难,798人受伤,事故已核定的直接经济损失68.66亿元;3.21响水化工企业爆炸事故共造成78人死亡,76人重伤,640人住院治疗,直接经济损失19.86亿元[10]。这些爆炸事故严重威胁了民众的生命健康安全,爆炸冲击波作用下颅脑损伤机制的研究在军事和民用领域都具有重要意义,因此bTBI被推到了全球科学研究的前沿[11]
美军对既往军事行动(越南战争、索马里作战、伊拉克战争第1、2阶段伤员住院治疗数据)致伤因素统计发现,最主要武器致伤因素有以下7类,包括轻武器、火箭/航空炸弹、地面火炮、地雷/诡雷、手榴弹/火箭驱动榴弹、简易爆炸装置、车辆事故/坠落[12]。所有致伤因素中最为常见的是轻武器致伤,而简易爆炸装置是武器致伤因素一个新的分类,主要指路边炸弹等非制式爆炸装置,是美军在伊拉克战争第2阶段中最常见的袭击手段。
按照美军国防部第6 025.21E号指导文件[13],由爆炸冲击波引发的颅脑损伤主要分为5种形式[见图1(a)],亦可能伴有创伤后应激障碍(post-traumatic stress disorder,PTSD),因此某人在同一事件中兼具TBI相关症状与PTSD的情况并非鲜见[见图1(b)][14]。这种关联在军事或退伍人群中或许尤为显著,颅脑创伤可能同时涉及生理与心理创伤。
生物力学在创伤性脑损伤研究中一直发挥着积极作用(见图2)。1943年,Holbourn[15]开发了首个TBI的生物力学模型,以研究头部受到撞击后突然加速时大脑的应变分布情况。自此,现代创伤性颅脑损伤研究朝着生物力学方向大步迈进,力图在多尺度和复杂加载条件下阐明与bTBI相关的力学机制。神经影像学、神经病理学、流行病学和实验测试等领域的最新进展,显著提升了当前对大脑在不同类型载荷下复杂响应的研究精度[16]
创伤性颅脑损伤是一个医工融合深度交叉的领域,首先涉及对动态载荷的深入理解。工程领域的研究人员通过理论分析、数值模拟和试验研究来解析动态外载的产生及其在不同介质中的传播规律,从而明确外载是如何影响颅脑组织的动态力学响应,以期阐明损伤机制;而医学研究人员着重于受伤后颅脑组织、细胞层面的病理变化,例如脑挫伤及细胞程序性死亡机制等。医学和工程领域的研究者都投入大量精力开展基于影像数据的颅脑三维重构,其中力学研究人员额外关注颅骨和脑组织的材料本构,这对于高精度的数值颅脑模型、假人模型的材料选择、新型生物医用材料的研发以及防护装备设计等均有益处。医学研究能提供快速有效的伤情评估、诊疗救治方案,工程人员专注于开发更先进的防护装备,双方协同合作旨在减少创伤性颅脑损伤的发生。因此,本文从动态载荷、颅脑本构模型、力学响应、损伤机制及防护技术几个方面总结现阶段的研究成果,并对未来的发展做出展望。
不同爆炸场景下,距离爆炸物一定距离处的爆炸波其特征为超压-时间(p-t)曲线。军事行动中作战地域涵盖了从一般的野外战场到沙漠、丛林和城市等各种复杂战场环境,因此p-t曲线的形状差异显著[17-18][见图3(a)],这些不同战场环境对伤员发生、伤型、伤类和伤因的分布有很大影响。理想的Friedlander型p-t曲线如图3(b)所示[19]
裸装药起爆后只产生爆炸冲击波,而当装药被封装在金属外壳中时,外壳的膨胀和破裂会产生大量破片。破片冲击主要有两个作用,一是破片作用点的局部破坏,另一个是由于破片冲击诱发动量变化引发结构整体的动态响应。破片飞散特性主要包括破片初速v0、破片速度衰减特性V、破片飞散角φ以及破片飞散分布规律[见图3(c)]。Gurney公式是工程上计算破片初速的常用公式[20];破片在飞散过程中由于空气阻力的影响,其速度按指数衰减[21];单枚破片的飞散方向角用修正Shapiro公式进行计算[22];根据弹丸静爆破片飞散试验可得,破片沿弹丸周向均匀飞散,故破片飞散规律与周向角无关,沿轴向角的飞散呈正态分布[23]。计算破片的动态飞散特性时,只需将弹丸的落速和静爆初速矢量相加即可[24]
爆炸冲击波和破片联合作用时,一方面,由于壳体的能量耗散,封装药产生的超压和冲量低于相同质量和类型的裸装药(无外壳)产生的超压和冲量[25];另一方面,这些破片以高初速度被释放,其直接冲击效应在较大距离下尤为显著[26]。联合加载时,爆炸冲击波和破片的到达时间是关键载荷参数之一[27]。爆炸冲击波的初始速度范围为2~ 10 km/s,而破片的初始速度为1.5~2.5 km/s。然而,爆炸冲击波的衰减速度远大于碎片。因此,在较短的距离内,爆炸冲击波先于破片到达;而在更远的距离,破片将先于爆炸冲击波抵达。图3(d)示意了250 kg装药(含50%TNT)起爆后,爆炸冲击波和破片到达目标的时间情况[28]。此外,爆炸冲击波和破片的作用时间不相同,一般爆炸冲击波超压持续时间为几毫秒,破片侵彻穿透的时间一般小于1 ms。
颅脑结构从外到内可以简单地分为皮肤、颅骨、脑膜和大脑4层结构[见图4(a)]。人的颅骨保护着其内的脑组织。脑膜包裹着大脑和脊髓,它是由硬脑膜、蛛网膜和软脑膜组成的3层保护膜,将颅骨和脑部隔离。脑脊液在内侧的蛛网膜和软脑膜两层之间循环流动,为脑和脊髓提供缓冲屏障[见图4(b)][29]
有限元方法一直是研究颅脑组织动态响应不可或缺的一个途径。尸体模型早期使用较多,但是涉及医学伦理问题;动物模型能够提供活体数据,但其与人类的相关性一直是学界争论的难点;假人模型在汽车碰撞领域应用颇多,近年来也成为研究爆炸冲击损伤的重要靶标,假人模型的材料选择和传感设计、布放等问题是这一类型靶标的关键技术问题。相较于上述3种模型,颅脑有限元模式纵然在材料本构、活体响应方面有局限性,但研究成本相对较低,能揭示很多实验中无法观测或者表征的瞬态量,对于分析损伤机理、防护装备研发有着事半功倍的效果。国内外的学者一直致力于开发高精度、高稳定性、高可靠性的颅脑有限元模型,图4(c)列举了近20年来国内外学者开发的颅脑有限元模型[30-55],国内主要有湖南科技大学[52]、清华大学[53]、南京理工大学[55]等单位开发了基于国人生理特征的颅脑有限元模型。
对于人体头部的硬组织(如颅骨、头皮以及大脑镰/小脑幕),通常会采用线弹性材料模型。而对于大脑软组织来说,目前普遍采用黏弹性材料模型来表征软组织(白质和灰质、脑膜的各层以及脑脊液层)的剪切响应。在线性应变状态下,黏弹性响应能够通过广义普朗尼级数(generalized Prony series)来加以描述。将广义普朗尼级数简化为单项后,就得到了凯尔文-麦克斯韦(Kelvin-Maxwell)线性模型
式中:GG0分别为长时剪切模量和短时剪切模量;β为衰减系数。由于该模型实现相对简单,因此使用较为广泛。常用的颅脑组织材料参数详见表2
有限元模型的实验验证至关重要。实验人员通常可以测定两类实验数据:颅内压力(intracranial pressure,ICP)和颅脑位移。其中,ICP有限元预测数据主要是和Nahum等[61]冲击实验结果对比;Hardy等[62]大脑平移运动实验和Alshareef等[63]大脑旋转运动实验被用来验证有限元模型平动位移和转动位移的准确性。近年来,借助磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)标记和谐波相位成像(harmonic phase imaging,HARP)可以实现活体大脑的运动捕捉[64]。这种技术最初是为心脏应用研发,它主要通过对脑组织的纵向磁化进行调制,建立标记物,以标记物的变化来反映活体大脑在冲击过程中的位移变化[65]。这些实时的活体数据可以进一步优化有限元模型的可靠性。
对于爆炸冲击作用下颅脑响应与损伤机制的研究是开展bTBI防护研究的基础。本节中分别从组织和细胞层面综述了爆炸波下的颅脑响应、枪弹作用下的颅脑响应以及损伤机制。
Moss等[66]通过数值模拟发现颅骨局部动态弯曲可引发表面波纹传播,并显著改变ICP分布。栗志杰等[67]开展了数值模拟,揭示正面冲击下脑组织呈现“前压后拉”的力学响应,冲击波峰值压力经流固耦合放大至入射波的3.5倍,并引发了8 kHz高频颅骨振动,其传播路径决定脑损伤的演化过程。Bolander等[68]通过麻醉大鼠实验得出颅骨的应变数据与ICP变化振荡呈现出一致性趋势,且这种变化会随着爆炸压力增加而增加。Duan等[69]对不同方向爆炸下的颅脑损伤开展研究,发现横向爆炸冲击比来自其他方向的爆炸对脑组织造成更大的ICP。Yu等[70]证明非致命性爆炸可诱发脑脊液空穴现象,并通过人体头部模型验证该现象,同时指出需审慎对待动物实验的适用性。Huang等[71]采用拉格朗日(Lagrangian)和欧拉(Eulerian)耦合方法(arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian,ALE)构建重复爆炸下的头部模型,发现100 g当量TNT在1 m处爆炸时,二次爆炸使颅骨应力和位移较单次显著增加,三次爆炸的累积损伤达单次的131.5%,由此证实重复冲击具有一定的伤害累积效应。系列研究表明,颅骨动态变形与应力应变的变化、脑脊液空穴形成及重复冲击累积效应是研究爆炸性脑损伤机制的关键响应。
爆炸冲击对神经细胞的微观损伤机制研究显示,颅内冲击波可致脑组织高速形变,通过拉伸/剪切应力直接引发弥漫性轴索损伤(diffuse axonal injury,DAI)[72]。DAI触发钙超载,激活钙蛋白酶降解细胞骨架,破坏线粒体运输系统,形成能量代谢障碍与氧化应激的恶性循环[73]。此外,星形胶质细胞活化加剧神经炎症与血脑屏障破坏[74],同时过量的谷氨酸-NMDA受体被激活并驱动细胞内的Ca2+内流导致兴奋性毒性[75-76]。而线粒体通路功能障碍具体表现为氧化应激水平提高,动力学失衡、自噬减弱及呼吸链损伤,值得注意的是低强度爆炸(low-intensity blast,LIB)可导致总tau蛋白、磷酸化tau蛋白和Aβ水平显著上升,激活神经退行通路[77]
穿透性脑伤(penetrating brain injury,PBI)是一种对头部最具破坏性的弹射伤,通常由枪弹或炸弹弹片引起。Lu等[78]通过活猪弹道实验揭示,弹丸穿透颅骨时形成放射状骨裂及典型入口/出口伤道特征(脑组织爆裂喷溅、不规则骨折线)。防护装备的升级使PBI转向非贯穿性头盔后钝伤(behind helmet blunt trauma,BHBT)[79],其机制源于弹体高速冲击产生的动能经头盔变形传递引发的颅内应力波[80-81]。Cai等[82]研究发现,颅骨的正面撞击产生的背面变形(back-face deformation,BFD)最大,侧向撞击时的颅骨应力倍增;随着撞击速度的增加,BFD、脑位移、颅骨应力和硬脑膜压力也随之增加。沈周宇等[83]数值模拟显示,当口径9 mm手枪弹以343 m/s速度撞击防弹头盔时,额骨应力峰值达46.97 MPa(可致骨折),ICP超过了173 kPa(中度脑损),脑干/小脑因颅骨碰撞挤压产生显著应力集中。Deck等[84]通过实验和数值模拟相结合的方法,以分别预测颅骨骨折和DAI,得出15%轴突应变对应于50%的中度损伤风险,而453 mJ颅骨内能对应于50%颅骨骨折风险。
枪弹致颅脑损伤机制研究显示,除直接永久性弹道损伤外,临时空腔效应通过组织径向位移能引发轴突/神经元机械损伤[85]。Oehmichen等[85]尸检分析显示,永久弹道周围18mm范围内存在星形胶质细胞破坏带及轴突断裂、神经元萎缩,总体呈现出梯度损伤(核心区最严重)。黄艺峰等[86]开展了手枪弹冲击防弹头盔板防护下的猪头部钝击伤实验,结果表明,冲击速度与脑脊液损伤标志物(NSE、MBP、S-100B、αII-spectrin)呈正相关,伤后3 h浓度激增,揭示了即使非穿透冲击仍可触发急性神经细胞膜/骨架损伤。研究证实,枪弹致伤具有机械应力主导的直接损伤与空腔效应驱动的继发性生化损伤的双重机制。
bTBI在组织层面中,损伤机制包括爆炸波的直接传递、颅骨的变形、颅脑的加速致伤以及脑组织的空化等。其中,Chavko等[87]通过大鼠在3个方向爆炸波下的ICP测试发现,正面爆炸波因动态反射特性呈现更高幅值、更快上升速度及更长持续时间,且颅骨对压力波传播无显著阻碍作用[88-89],爆炸波可通过颅骨直接传导、血管系统和脑脊液流动多路径传递[66,90]。Sarron等[91]研究发现,防护材料或防护装备与颅骨的间隙能直接影响颅骨的损伤程度,而较小的间隙导致颅骨损伤的严重程度更高,并建议最小间隙为12.5 mm,以防止严重的颅骨损伤。
爆炸波与头部相互作用时ICP是bTBI的重要评估标准。Du等[92]结合激波管实验与数值模拟证实,颅骨局部或全局变形可诱发ICP正负交替振荡,其负峰与颅骨应变同步,而Proctor等[93]观察到爆炸引起的颅脑垂直加速度直接导致脑组织损伤,Jackson等[94]通过人体物理模型进一步验证了颅脑加速度与ICP变化的耦合关联。此外,Panzer等[95]和Goeller等[96]提出脑脊液空化湮灭形成局部高压是bTBI的关键机制。Salzar等[97]开展激波管试验,验证了爆炸冲击波导致的脑脊液空化现象,并明确指出当正面爆炸冲击下的超压达140 kPa时,颅骨弯曲诱导的负压区触发空化现象,提出颅骨弯曲可能是导致空化发生的一种机制。
近年来,bTBI损伤机制的研究已经从宏观的脑组织层面拓展到细微观的神经细胞层面。bTBI主要引起神经元损伤和死亡、胶质细胞的氧化应激以及线粒体功能障碍等。爆炸波引发的直线/旋转加速度可致神经元轴突机械性断裂及脑微血管、灰白质交界区出现结构损伤[98-99]。Bohnert等[100]通过尸检发现,TBI患者脑脊液中髓鞘碱性蛋白(myelin basic protein,MBP)和神经丝蛋白(neurofilament protein-hight,NF-H)显著升高,提示二者可作为TBI的早期生化标志物[101]。爆炸冲击触发细胞外谷氨酸激增,导致Ca2+超载及线粒体活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的过度释放,驱动细胞和血管结构发生氧化应激,最终引发神经元氧化损伤和细胞死亡[102-103]。Chen等[104]对暴露于低强度爆炸的小鼠的大脑进行病理切片,发现LIB可致海马体谷氨酸能亢进,可能会引发突触可塑性受损与长期认知功能障碍。此外,bTBI与PTSD都具有神经炎症、线粒体功能障碍及氧化应激等病理特征,并导致轴突损伤、树突棘调节异常及神经元死亡和退化[105]。理解以上细胞层面的损伤机制对于开发bTBI的治疗策略至关重要。
现如今士兵的作战环境日益复杂,要面对爆炸波、枪弹冲击以及联合作用下的复合伤害,而佩戴头盔可以大大减少颅脑损伤。随着武器的更新迭代,防护需求也日益增加,头盔防护性能的问题亟待解决。根据近年来国内外研究工作者的实验研究,从防爆、抗弹以及复合防护进行综述。
Huang等[106]通过爆炸波-头盔-头部流固耦合模型对3种头盔防护效能(见图5),揭示全覆盖轻量化设计可提升抗爆性能,但头盔与头部的间隙过大会增加脑损伤的风险[106-107]。康越等[108]的激波管实验表明,头盔系统的密闭性(如附加面罩/耳罩)减小因冲击波叠加汇聚产生的高压区域,减弱冲击伤害。Tan等[109]基于数值模拟优化衬垫的尺寸和位置,有效减弱侧面爆炸波及重复冲击的累积效应。Rice等[110]和Rahimzadeh等[111]提出了一种结合了弹性和黏弹性材料作为衬垫,以减轻爆炸和撞击引起的头部损伤。Tse等[112]证实聚碳酸酯-气凝胶复合面罩通过高低密度材料交替夹层设计,可显著衰减爆炸压力传递,同时兼顾结构完整性与声学耗散。Hu等[113]研究发现,高孔隙率聚氨酯泡沫可减小冲击波,但孔隙塌陷过程会引发局部应力骤增。Liang等[114]将超高分子量聚乙烯(ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene,UHMWPE)纤维网嵌入聚脲基体,使材料失效模式由剪切转为拉伸,同步提升整体结构强度、抗断裂性与载荷传递效率。研究体系提出多尺度优化策略:几何构型(轻量化/全覆盖)、材料复合(梯度阻抗/纤维增强)与结构密闭性协同降低爆炸致伤效应。
Chang等[115]通过5.56 mm口径子弹冲击实验发现,采用30 kg/m3密度的传统泡沫塑料(ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer,EVA)材质的衬垫相较于聚丙烯塑料发泡材料(expanded polypropylene,EPP)可使颅骨前部峰值加速度降低36%,但需警惕高密度EVA会增加颅骨加速度和ICP从而加剧脑损伤的风险。在复合材料体系研究中,Promma等[116]结合实验与数值模拟证实,添加聚氨酯泡沫的Kevlar环氧编织复合材料不仅能有效降低von Mises应力与颅骨压力峰值,还可显著降低弹道冲击下的背面变形,同时提升佩戴舒适性。Palomar等[117]讨论了使用4种不同的复合层配置来防止头盔防弹冲击,发现芳纶-聚乙烯混合结构在高速冲击下无法阻止子弹穿透,而16层芳纶结构在消散冲击,吸能方面表现更优。关于头盔结构优化,Sun等[118]揭示了头盔厚度与防弹性能的非线性关联,指出增厚设计对钝性创伤的缓解效果呈现递减趋势。创新性结构设计方面,Naderi等[119]设计了一种箭头型晶格衬垫(见图6),通过结构拓扑优化,吸能效率较传统EPS泡沫衬垫提升了34%;而Spinelli等[120]研发的含剪切增稠液的自适应头盔悬挂系统,通过动态调节冲击响应使头部冲击速度降低50%,为降低颅脑损伤风险提供了新型解决方案。这些研究表明,通过材料选择、结构拓扑优化与动态响应调控的协同创新,是提升头部防护装备效能的核心路径。
由于战场上武器的多元化,而战斗头盔作为头部防护的重中之重。现有的头盔设计防护性以防弹为主并没有考虑抗爆性能,已经很难满足士兵的战场防护要求。因此,如何进一步提高战斗头盔的综合防护性能已成为当下的研究重点。Jenson等[121]通过数值模拟发现,在标准ACH头盔中嵌入碳纳米管可显著增强冲击波能量衰减;Grujicic等[122]研究发现,在较短的爆炸物起爆距离(stand of distance,SOD)下,标准ACH外部涂上聚脲涂层可以提高头盔的爆炸缓冲性能,但较长的SOD的防护效果有待进一步验证确认。美军在2020年将综合式头部防护系统(integrated head protection system,IHPS)开始全面配备陆军成为标准头盔(见图7)。IHPS头盔的全覆盖防护,同时实现了防弹和抗爆,所采用的模块化设计可灵活安装防护增强附件提升防护性能。重要的是,其轻量化设计大幅提升佩戴的舒适度[123]
本文系统综述了bTBI的动态载荷特性、本构模型、颅脑响应、损伤机制及防护技术的最新研究进展。在动态载荷特性方面,爆炸冲击波的超压-时间曲线(p-t)受战场环境影响显著,不同爆炸场景下呈现多模态特征。通过理论模型和数值模拟,阐明了爆炸波与破片联合作用的时空差异性与封装装药的冲击波能量衰减与破片初速分布规律,并为防护设计提供了关键参数依据。此外,详细介绍了国内外开发的精密颅脑有限元模型,其中有限元模型的实验验证可通过对比ICP和颅脑位移等实验数据,而活体大脑运动捕捉技术可进一步优化模型的可靠性。
在颅脑动力学响应与损伤机制方面,分别从组织层面和细胞层面详细介绍了颅骨变形、ICP和颅骨应力升高、脑组织损伤、脑脊液空穴、重复爆炸呈现累积伤害,还涉及神经元损伤、神经炎症与兴奋性毒性、胶质细胞氧化应激和线粒体功能障碍等致伤机制。根据以上研究成果,无论是何种单一动力学响应或损伤机制,当爆炸冲击作用于头部时会引发一系列连锁响应,不同致伤机制之间都可能存在相互关联,而不是独立发生。
在防护技术方面,针对上述的力学响应与损伤机制,通过使用复合材料、拓扑优化结构、轻量化设计、增加覆盖面积和提高结构密闭性等提高综合防护性能。此外,通过介绍美军最新型综合头部防护系统,其模块化设计的优点为开发能够同时抵御复合伤害的多用途战斗头盔提供重要参考。
bTBI的研究面临诸多挑战,同时也蕴藏着机遇。首先,载荷的可控产生以及其在体内传播的高分辨率测量方法是关键研究方向之一。其次,生物材料本构模型的修正和构建对于描述细胞和组织在不同载荷作用下的力学响应至关重要。此外,细胞层面的损伤机制研究也亟需深入探索。随着爆炸相关伤害的风险逐渐上升,抗弹与抗爆协同防护的研究愈发重要。最后,基于人工智能的科学与工程手段在爆炸伤害研究中也展现出巨大潜力。通过跨学科的合作与创新,将共同推动bTBI的前沿研究与应用转化,致力于改善人类健康与保障人类安全。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12372356; 12272053)
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2025年第40卷第5期
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doi: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.003
  • 接收时间:2025-03-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-25
  • 修回日期:2025-04-22
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(12372356; 12272053)
作者信息
    1.爆炸科学与安全防护全国重点实验室,北京 100081
    2.北京理工大学 唐山研究院,河北 唐山 063000
    3.湖南科技大学 三亚研究院,海南 三亚 572024

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蔡志华,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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