Article(id=1244321225783226684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, issueId=1244321215637209904, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735833600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-03, revisedDate=1740585600000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774598898597, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774598898597, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774598898597, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774598898597, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244321215637209904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, year='2025', volume='40', issue='5', pageStart='1079', pageEnd='1366', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774598896178, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774599509568, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244323788452639476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, issueId=1244321215637209904, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244323788452639477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, issueId=1244321215637209904, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1178, endPage=1185, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244321226261377372, articleId=1244321225783226684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, language=EN, title=Wearable Muscle Strength Monitoring System Based on Muscle Perimeter Change, columnId=1244321216404767539, journalTitle=Journal of Medical Biomechanics, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To realize real-time monitoring and evaluation of muscle strength, this study designed and validated a wearable muscle strength monitoring system based on muscle perimeter changes.

Methods

Six healthy college students who are not sports majors wore the monitoring gear based on the change of muscle perimeter to perform the isokinetic muscle strength test, the real-time data of the change of muscle perimeter during the isokinetic exercise was obtained. After analyzing and processing the curve of muscle perimeter change over time, namely, the peak muscle perimeter change (PP), the peak velocity of muscle perimeter change (PVP) and the accumulation of muscle perimeter change (AP) over time in a single exercise, Pearson correlation analysis was conducted with the peak torque (PT), the peak torque to body weight ratio (PT/BW), the torque at 0.18 s (T0.18) and the endurance ratio (ER) obtained by the isokinetic muscle strength test. The reliability of wearable system for real-time muscle strength monitoring was verified. The muscle perimeter changes were sampled with the arm and leg wearable protectors, and the muscle perimeter monitoring positions corresponded to the largest muscle perimeter changes when the strength of biceps in the upper arm was applied, as well as the largest muscle perimeter changes when the strength of quadriceps above the knee was applied. The isokinetic muscle strength test was performed on elbow and knee joints using the Biodex System 4 pro device.

Results

Dynamic muscle perimeter changes could be used to monitor the muscle strength level of the human body. There was a significant correlation between arm muscle perimeter and elbow muscle strength index (P≤0.01), and the maximum correlation coefficient was 0.91. Leg muscle perimeter was significantly correlated with knee muscle strength (P≤0.01), and the maximum correlation coefficient was 0.99.

Conclusions

The wearable muscle strength monitoring system has a high reliability and can be used for real-time monitoring of the elbow and knee muscle strength during isokinetic exercise.

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目的

为实时监测和评估对肌肉力量,设计并验证了一种基于肌肉围度变化的可穿戴肌力监测系统。

方法

6名非体育专业健康大学生穿戴基于肌肉围度变化的监测护具进行等速肌力测试,实时获取等速运动过程中肌肉围度变化数据。将肌肉围度随时间变化曲线分析处理后的结果——肌肉围度变化峰值(peak muscle perimeter change,PP)、肌肉围度变化速度峰值(peak velocity of muscle perimeter change,PVP)和单次运动肌肉围度变化随时间积累(accumulation of muscle perimeter change,AP)与等速肌力测试所获得峰值力矩(peak torque,PT)、单位体重的峰值力矩(PT to body weight ratio,PT/BW)、0.18 s时力矩(T0.18)和做功疲劳度(endurance ratio,ER)进行皮尔逊相关性分析,验证可穿戴系统对肌力实时监测的可靠性。其中,肌肉围度变化通过手臂和腿部可穿戴护具进行采样,肌肉围度监测位置分别对应上臂肱二头肌发力时肌肉围度变化最大处以及膝盖上方股四头肌发力时肌肉围度变化最大处。等速肌力测试采用Biodex System 4 pro设备进行肘、膝关节测试。

结果

动态肌肉围度变化可以用来监测人体的肌肉力量水平。当进行等速运动时,手臂肌肉围度变化与肘关节肌肉力量指标呈显著相关(P≤0.01),最大相关系数为0.91;腿部肌肉围度变化与膝关节肌肉力量指标呈显著相关(P≤0.01),最大相关系数为0.99。

结论

该可穿戴肌力监测系统具有较高的可靠性和可重复性,可以用于等速运动过程中肘关节和膝关节肌力的实时监测。

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龚晓波,教授,E-mail:
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作者贡献声明:

秦汉主要负责传感器制作、护具实验、数据处理和论文撰写;朱杨明负责受试者招募和受试者Biodex实验数据整理;孙朋、阳佳和龚晓波作为指导老师设计课题,提出数据采集和分析方法,修改论文。

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Front Sports Act Living, 2022(4): 817216., articleTitle=Reliability of isokinetic strength assessments of knee and hip using the Biodex System 4 dynamometer and associations with functional strength in healthy children, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1244321239389548779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321225783226684, awardId=2020ECNU-GXJC003, language=CN, fundingSource=中央高校基本科研业务费项目华东师范大学共享交叉基金(人文社会科学)项目(2020ECNU-GXJC003), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1244321231734944486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321225783226684, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244321231760110316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321225783226684, companyId=1244321231734944486, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244321231768498924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321225783226684, companyId=1244321231734944486, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240)]), AuthorCompany(id=1244321231856579320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321225783226684, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244321231873356538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321225783226684, companyId=1244321231856579320, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244321231877550843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321225783226684, companyId=1244321231856579320, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.华东师范大学 体育与健康学院,上海 200241)]), AuthorCompany(id=1244321232003379978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321225783226684, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244321232011768589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321225783226684, companyId=1244321232003379978, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Centre of Research & Development, China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, Beijing 100076, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244321232020157197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321225783226684, companyId=1244321232003379978, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.中国运载火箭技术研究院 研究发展中心,北京 100076)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1244321237778935909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321225783226684, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Manufacture of sensor protectors (a) Single flexible microtubule liquid metal sensor, (b) Sensor protectors, figureFileSmall=f/7LBn+5UKBpkrGc2fxScQ==, figureFileBig=/4qwKS9koC19WmkfE8QrHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321237879599214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321225783226684, language=CN, label=图1, caption=传感器护具制作, figureFileSmall=f/7LBn+5UKBpkrGc2fxScQ==, figureFileBig=/4qwKS9koC19WmkfE8QrHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321238122868866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321225783226684, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Normalized resistance curve of sensor protector with perimeter, figureFileSmall=Pf7y6JyqnEcmhhOqEJzEpQ==, figureFileBig=t49daB5KWnlxdV4uVD7yMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321238269669521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321225783226684, language=CN, label=图2, caption=传感器护具归一化电阻随周长变化曲线

注:深蓝色点表示电阻随周长由小到大的变化,浅蓝色点表示电阻随周长由大到小变化。

, figureFileSmall=Pf7y6JyqnEcmhhOqEJzEpQ==, figureFileBig=t49daB5KWnlxdV4uVD7yMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321238387110038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321225783226684, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Sensor response time test, figureFileSmall=4eoUHdkZ7o/7ZYOpIsRSyw==, figureFileBig=8zQ6fKJ3Iaf/yeavPF4diw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321238500356253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321225783226684, language=CN, label=图3, caption=传感器响应时间测试

注:采样频率为40 Hz。

, figureFileSmall=4eoUHdkZ7o/7ZYOpIsRSyw==, figureFileBig=8zQ6fKJ3Iaf/yeavPF4diw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321238626185383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321225783226684, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Sensor frequency response test (a) 50 Hz frequency response test of sensor, (b) 0.5 Hz frequency response test of sensor protector, figureFileSmall=djHdlgX+DyQoqPRV8nyfrw==, figureFileBig=Q7J4AC0Kfh1RwC20O6d1YA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321238752014514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321225783226684, language=CN, label=图4, caption=传感器频率响应测试, figureFileSmall=djHdlgX+DyQoqPRV8nyfrw==, figureFileBig=Q7J4AC0Kfh1RwC20O6d1YA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321238869455032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321225783226684, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Wearing position of the sensor protector (a) On the right arm, (b) On the left leg, figureFileSmall=sTLFEXuBNPlhd1h/VvXXsA==, figureFileBig=KUCiGMwpWonVqYWvBjk3ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321238982701254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321225783226684, language=CN, label=图5, caption=传感器护具穿戴位置, figureFileSmall=sTLFEXuBNPlhd1h/VvXXsA==, figureFileBig=KUCiGMwpWonVqYWvBjk3ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321239112724689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321225783226684, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Correlation results of muscle strength and arm muscle perimeter changes (a) Correlation results of muscle strength and arm muscle perimeter changes during elbow joint isokinetic muscle strength test, (b) Correlation results of muscle strength and leg muscle perimeter changes during knee joint muscle strength test, figureFileSmall=iE/e2v2ZGfl8jS/KYsxqsg==, figureFileBig=4teclyeCWNK1+0esZL3xzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321239230165212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321225783226684, language=CN, label=图6, caption=等速肌力测试运动过程中肌肉力量与肌肉围度变化相关性结果

注:图中指数表示皮尔逊相关性系数,白色数据P≤0.01。纵坐标为肌肉围度变化指标,PP为肌肉围度变化峰值,PVP为正负肌肉围度变化速度峰值,AP为单次运动肌肉围度变化随时间积累,AP.f-l为第1次和最后1次运动肌肉围度变化随时间积累差值(AP.f-l),即(第1次运动周期肌肉围度变化随时间积累-最后1次运动周期肌肉围度变化随时间积累)/第1次运动周期肌肉围度变化随时间积累。横坐标为肌肉力量指标,PT为峰值力矩,PT/BW为单位体重的峰值力矩,T0.18为力矩在0.18 s,ER为做功疲劳度。其中,max、mean、median分别为最大值、平均值和中位值;60和120分别表示等速60°/s和120°/s;EE和EF分别表示肘伸(elbow extension)和肘屈(elbow flexion),KE和KF分别表示膝伸(knee extension)和膝屈(knee flexion)。

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基于肌肉围度变化的可穿戴肌力监测系统
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秦汉 1 , 朱杨明 2 , 孙朋 2 , 阳佳 3 , 龚晓波 1
医用生物力学 | 论著 2025,40(5): 1178-1185
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医用生物力学 | 论著 2025, 40(5): 1178-1185
基于肌肉围度变化的可穿戴肌力监测系统
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秦汉1, 朱杨明2, 孙朋2, 阳佳3, 龚晓波1
作者信息
  • 1.上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
  • 2.华东师范大学 体育与健康学院,上海 200241
  • 3.中国运载火箭技术研究院 研究发展中心,北京 100076

通讯作者:

龚晓波,教授,E-mail:
Wearable Muscle Strength Monitoring System Based on Muscle Perimeter Change
Han QIN1, Yangming ZHU2, Peng SUN2, Jia YANG3, Xiaobo GONG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 2.College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
  • 3.Centre of Research & Development, China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, Beijing 100076, China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.013
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目的

为实时监测和评估对肌肉力量,设计并验证了一种基于肌肉围度变化的可穿戴肌力监测系统。

方法

6名非体育专业健康大学生穿戴基于肌肉围度变化的监测护具进行等速肌力测试,实时获取等速运动过程中肌肉围度变化数据。将肌肉围度随时间变化曲线分析处理后的结果——肌肉围度变化峰值(peak muscle perimeter change,PP)、肌肉围度变化速度峰值(peak velocity of muscle perimeter change,PVP)和单次运动肌肉围度变化随时间积累(accumulation of muscle perimeter change,AP)与等速肌力测试所获得峰值力矩(peak torque,PT)、单位体重的峰值力矩(PT to body weight ratio,PT/BW)、0.18 s时力矩(T0.18)和做功疲劳度(endurance ratio,ER)进行皮尔逊相关性分析,验证可穿戴系统对肌力实时监测的可靠性。其中,肌肉围度变化通过手臂和腿部可穿戴护具进行采样,肌肉围度监测位置分别对应上臂肱二头肌发力时肌肉围度变化最大处以及膝盖上方股四头肌发力时肌肉围度变化最大处。等速肌力测试采用Biodex System 4 pro设备进行肘、膝关节测试。

结果

动态肌肉围度变化可以用来监测人体的肌肉力量水平。当进行等速运动时,手臂肌肉围度变化与肘关节肌肉力量指标呈显著相关(P≤0.01),最大相关系数为0.91;腿部肌肉围度变化与膝关节肌肉力量指标呈显著相关(P≤0.01),最大相关系数为0.99。

结论

该可穿戴肌力监测系统具有较高的可靠性和可重复性,可以用于等速运动过程中肘关节和膝关节肌力的实时监测。

可穿戴肌力监测系统  /  肌肉围度变化  /  肌肉力量  /  等速肌力测试
Objective

To realize real-time monitoring and evaluation of muscle strength, this study designed and validated a wearable muscle strength monitoring system based on muscle perimeter changes.

Methods

Six healthy college students who are not sports majors wore the monitoring gear based on the change of muscle perimeter to perform the isokinetic muscle strength test, the real-time data of the change of muscle perimeter during the isokinetic exercise was obtained. After analyzing and processing the curve of muscle perimeter change over time, namely, the peak muscle perimeter change (PP), the peak velocity of muscle perimeter change (PVP) and the accumulation of muscle perimeter change (AP) over time in a single exercise, Pearson correlation analysis was conducted with the peak torque (PT), the peak torque to body weight ratio (PT/BW), the torque at 0.18 s (T0.18) and the endurance ratio (ER) obtained by the isokinetic muscle strength test. The reliability of wearable system for real-time muscle strength monitoring was verified. The muscle perimeter changes were sampled with the arm and leg wearable protectors, and the muscle perimeter monitoring positions corresponded to the largest muscle perimeter changes when the strength of biceps in the upper arm was applied, as well as the largest muscle perimeter changes when the strength of quadriceps above the knee was applied. The isokinetic muscle strength test was performed on elbow and knee joints using the Biodex System 4 pro device.

Results

Dynamic muscle perimeter changes could be used to monitor the muscle strength level of the human body. There was a significant correlation between arm muscle perimeter and elbow muscle strength index (P≤0.01), and the maximum correlation coefficient was 0.91. Leg muscle perimeter was significantly correlated with knee muscle strength (P≤0.01), and the maximum correlation coefficient was 0.99.

Conclusions

The wearable muscle strength monitoring system has a high reliability and can be used for real-time monitoring of the elbow and knee muscle strength during isokinetic exercise.

wearable muscle strength monitoring system  /  muscle perimeter change  /  muscle strength  /  isokinetic muscle strength test
秦汉, 朱杨明, 孙朋, 阳佳, 龚晓波. 基于肌肉围度变化的可穿戴肌力监测系统. 医用生物力学, 2025 , 40 (5) : 1178 -1185 . DOI: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.013
Han QIN, Yangming ZHU, Peng SUN, Jia YANG, Xiaobo GONG. Wearable Muscle Strength Monitoring System Based on Muscle Perimeter Change[J]. Journal of Medical Biomechanics, 2025 , 40 (5) : 1178 -1185 . DOI: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.013
目前,肌肉力量评价主要依赖大型等速肌力测试设备,例如BIODEX System 4 PRO多关节等速肌力测试系统。该系统支持等长、等速、向心、离心等多种训练与测试模式,并可进行持续被动训练及神经肌肉控制训练,覆盖肩、肘、腕、髋、膝、踝六大关节,以及上肢、下肢、前臂和腰背等肌群的力量评估与训练。尽管该类设备所获数据被视作肌肉功能评价的金标准,但其本身成本高昂、操作复杂且测试耗时,难以实现便捷、实时的肌肉功能监测[1]
为便捷获取人体肌肉信息,目前市场上开发了多种用于肌肉检测的可穿戴设备,例如基于表面肌电图(surface electromyography,sEMG)、肌动图(mechanomyography,MMG)、力肌成像(force myograph,FMG)和声肌图(sonomyography,SMG)等传感器方法,可实现对肌肉活动的实时监测。sEMG是在传统肌电图(electromyography,EMG)基础上发展的技术。EMG通过检测肌肉收缩时产生的电信号来评估肌肉功能状态,反映肌肉活动水平;sEMG则通过表面电极采集神经肌肉系统的生物电信号,在一定程度上间接反映神经肌肉活动,并避免了传统EMG的侵入性风险[2]。然而,sEMG容易受皮肤温度、汗液和肌肉纤维等因素干扰。MMG通过记录肌肉收缩时的横向机械振动信号来监测肌肉活动,反映运动单位的机械激活模式。与sEMG相比,MMG不易受出汗影响,并可透过特定织物材料进行信号采集,便利性较高[3-4]。但其带宽较窄,难以捕捉高频肌肉活动信息,同时对运动伪影较为敏感,抗环境噪声能力较差[5-7]。FMG通常借助力敏电阻(force sensitive resistor,FSRs)检测肌肉运动时体积变化所带来的压力信息,以推断肌肉-肌腱复合体的状态[8]。不过,FMG的工作频率通常低于MMG。SMG则利用超声成像技术无创地监测肌肉形态的动态变化,能够可视化浅层和深层肌肉活动,但其设备往往不便佩戴,且成本较高。因此,本文旨在设计一种新型可穿戴设备,以实现低成本、易穿戴、高效率的肌肉功能实时监测与评估。
当人体发力导致肌肉收缩时,肌肉围度会发生相应改变。已有研究关注了肌肉围度这一指标。例如,Alvarez等[9]采用一种可穿戴、超灵敏的软应变传感器,用于跟踪肌肉在收缩过程中的形变变化;Murai等[10]则研究了肌肉围度变化与肌肉张力之间的关系。在此基础上,本文尝试以肌肉围度作为新指标,实现对肌肉功能的实时监测与评价。
目前,等速测试的常见研究方法是通过对不同个体进行测试,获取以肌肉力量指标为代表的“金标准”,进而分析不同个体间该指标的差异。Abdelraouf等[11]研究了休闲举重运动员的等速同心肩肌力量值(峰值扭矩归一化为体重),并将肩部肌肉激动剂/拮抗剂比率与非举重运动员进行比较。Lee等[12]通过等速测试以60°/s和120°/s角速度测量足底和背侧的屈肌力以及踝关节内翻和外翻的肌肉力量后,验证长期参加现代五项全能的运动员踝关节损伤对踝关节肌肉力量和本体感觉功能的影响。Abdelmohsen等[13]通过比较健康成人优势腿和非优势腿的髋部肌肉等速力量发现,在健康成人中,臀部肌肉力量似乎不受腿部优势的影响。Ahmed等[14]探讨了关节镜下半月板部分切除术后肌肉胶贴对股四头肌的短期影响,发现关节镜下半月板部分切除术的患者中,从起点到止点对股直肌、股内侧肌和股外侧肌进行肌内固定术,可立即显著改善股四头肌的峰值扭矩。Nikolic'等[15]通过比较膝关节手术中等速运动和等张力运动对扭矩恢复四头肌的效果发现,等速运动对于膝关节术后四头肌萎缩的物理治疗更为有效。上述研究仅通过等速肌力测试获取不同个体的肌肉力量指标并进行分析,并未尝试寻找另一种新指标以对标等速设备所测得的金标准,从而减少对大型等速肌力测试设备的依赖。为了进一步研究肌肉围度变化与等速测试所获得的肌肉力量指标间的关系,本文将其与等速测试所获得的肌肉力量指标进行相关性分析,研究肌肉围度变化是否能用于监测肌肉力量指标。
本文旨在探讨肌肉围度变化这一指标是否可以作为反映人体肌肉力量水平的有效指标,并与等速肌力测试所获得的金标准结果进行对比验证。本课题组设计了一款可实时监测运动时肌肉围度变化的可穿戴传感器护具,相比传统可穿戴设备,该护具具有成本低、穿戴便捷、操作简单且不受环境干扰等优势。研究共招募6名非体育专业受试者,穿戴该护具分别完成等速肘关节、膝关节的等速肌力测试,并将手臂肱二头肌与腿部股四头肌部位的肌肉围度变化数据与金标准肌肉力量指标进行相关性分析。
设计了一款基于柔性微管液态金属传感器[16-18]的传感器护具,该护具可以对穿戴处的肌肉围度变化进行实时监测,并将数据反馈到手机端。图1(a)所示为单根柔性微管液态金属传感器,其中柔性微管外径0.56 mm,内径0.2 mm,长200 mm。单根柔性传感器的制作方法如下:首先,将液态金属镓铟合金填充到柔性微管中;然后,将微管两端插入尺寸略大于微管内径的导线且保证导线与管内液态金属接触;最后,在接口处加AB胶搭配热缩管进行封装。将单根柔性传感器通过热压膜集成到织物上,制成传感器护具[见图1(b)]。
当柔性传感器受到拉伸应变时,柔性微管的横截面积减小,从而导致电阻增加[16]。将手臂肌肉围度和大腿肌肉围度均理想成圆形,研究传感器护具被穿戴拉伸时的电阻变化规律。实验方法为将制作好的传感器护具套在不同周长的圆柱上,圆柱体由3D打印制作,材料为R4600树脂,打印误差为±0.2%。将制作好的传感器护具套在圆柱体上,保证传感器与圆柱体剖面保持平行。由于非体育专业的大学生受试者手臂和腿部肌肉围度处于200~400 mm区间,故采用的圆柱体周长均处于此范围。结果表明,在该范围内,柔性传感器护具电阻随拉伸周长变化可视为线性变化,且柔性传感器在这一过程中为弹性变形,证明该传感器护具可以重复使用(见图2)。
由传感器响应时间测试结果可知,当传感器受到拉伸变形时,电阻变化时间为177.1 ms;当拉伸结束时,传感器电阻恢复到初始阻值,电阻变化时间为88.2 ms,表明该传感器响应时间小于0.2 s(见图3)。
图4(a)所示为传感器对50 Hz频率测量的响应曲线,其中电阻峰值的相对误差小于0.37%,电阻极小值的相对误差小于0.09%,表明该传感器具有良好的可重复性,且可以很好地应用于日常训练的频率测量。图4(b)所示为穿戴传感器护具重复进行深蹲运动的0.5 Hz频率响应图,其中电阻峰值的相对误差小于0.71%,电阻极小值的相对误差小于0.42%,表明将该传感器制成传感器护具后,传感器护具也具有良好的可重复性。
传感器护具在受到拉伸变形时,其电阻随拉伸周长改变而线性变化,通过采集柔性传感器的电阻变化信息便能获得传感器护具穿戴部位的肌肉围度变化信息。传感器的电阻随时间变化数据会被小型电路板采集,并通过蓝牙连接传输到手机端App。将标定好的传感器护具穿戴在手臂和大腿处,其中传感器布置于上臂肱二头肌和膝盖上方股四头肌肌肉围度变化最大处(见图5)。当不同人群穿戴护具时,由于肌肉围度不同,传感器护具初始电阻存在差异,但传感器随拉伸变形电阻呈线性增加,故传感器测量肌肉围度相对变化不受初始电阻影响。
等速运动是指在运动过程中,肌纤维收缩使肌肉张力增加,但运动角速度保持恒定的运动形式[19]。在该运动中,角速度需预先在等速设备上设定。一旦设定完成,无论受试者施加多大的力,其肢体运动速度均不会超过该设定值。受试者主动发力仅可增加肌肉张力,从而提高力矩输出。等速运动过程中,设备会施加一种顺应性阻力:受试者用力越大,设备所产生的阻力也相应增大,而不会产生加速度(运动开始和结束瞬间的加速与减速除外)。在等速运动时,肌纤维可发生缩短或拉长,并引发明显的关节活动,属于动力性收缩,这一点类似于等张收缩;然而,由于等速设备提供的阻力随肌肉收缩张力的变化而自适应变化,其性质又接近于等长收缩。因此,等速肌肉收缩同时具备等张收缩和等长收缩的某些特征与优势,可被视为一种特殊的肌肉收缩形式。
本文通过Biodex System 4 pro多关节等速肌肉力量测试系统进行等速肌力测试,分别获得受试者右肘关节伸(elbow extension,EE)屈(elbow flexion,EF)和左膝关节伸(knee extension,KE)屈(knee flexion,KF)在慢速60°/s和中速120°/s下的肌肉力量。研究表明,该速度最能代表肌肉力量[13,20]。主要关注的肌肉力量指标包括峰值力矩(peak torque,PT)、单位体重的峰值力矩(PT to body weight ratio,PT/BW)、0.18 s力矩(torque 0.18 s,T0.18)以及做功疲劳度(endurance ratio,ER)。其中,PT指肌肉收缩产生的最大力矩输出,即力矩曲线上最高点处的力矩值,代表肌肉收缩产生的最大肌力,具有较高准确性和重复性,为黄金标准和参照值;PT/BW又称相对峰力矩,指单位体重的峰值力矩,代表肌肉收缩的相对肌力,可用于不同体重的个体或人群之间的肌力比较;T0.18表示在肌肉运动过程中,力矩在时间点0.18 s时的数值或表现,可用以评估肌肉的爆发力;ER反映了肌肉耐力。
受试者通过等速肌力测试可以获取自己右肘关节和左膝关节的肌肉力量指标。当受试者穿戴传感器护具进行运动时,护具的电路板会记录运动过程中的传感器电阻变化曲线,并实时传输到手机端。根据标定实验可知,电阻与围度的变化存在线性关系,因此,传感器电阻随时间变化百分比即为护具佩戴位置处肌肉围度随时间变化百分比。由此,根据传感器电阻变化,定义有关运动过程中肌肉围度变化的3种特征量,分别为肌肉围度变化峰值(peak muscle perimeter change,PP)、肌肉围度变化速度峰值(peak velocity of muscle perimeter change,PVP)、单次运动肌肉围度变化随时间积累(accumulation of muscle perimeter change,AP)。计算公式如下:
式中:R0为单次运动周期内手臂或腿部完全舒展时肌肉围度最小值所对应的初始电阻;Rmax为单次运动周期内肌肉围度最大值时所对应的峰值电阻;Rt为运动在t时刻肌肉围度大小所对应的电阻。从3种特征量中提取出最大值(max)、平均值(mean)和中位值(medium)作为肌肉围度变化标准量,与等速肌力测试获得的肌肉力量指标PT、PT/BW、T0.18和ER进行皮尔逊相关系分析。
利用数据分析软件Origin 64中的Correlation Plot模块将等速肌力测试运动过程中的右臂肱二头肌处和左腿股四头肌处肌肉围度变化的特征值与右肘关节和左膝关节的肌肉力量指标进行皮尔逊相关性分析,显著性水平设为0.01。两个指标变量总体间的皮尔逊相关系数用于度量两个指标变量之间的相关性,其值介于-1~1之间。Xi为第i个指标变量,Xj为第j个指标变量,为第i个指标变量和第j个指标变量之间的皮尔逊相关系数:
式中:cov(XiXj)为第i个指标变量和第j个指标变量之间的协方差;为第i个指标变量的总体标准差;为第i个指标变量的总体均值。
招募6名健康非体育专业的大学生受试者,年龄(19.8±1.2)岁,身高(170.5±7.5)cm,体重(65.1±15)kg。在实验室环境下进行标准等速肌力测试。
受试者穿戴传感器护具进行肘、膝关节等速肌力测试过程中,手臂肱二头肌处和腿部股四头肌处的肌肉围度变化与肘、膝关节肌肉力量指标间的相关性结果如图6所示。
当进行右肘关节等速运动时,右臂肌肉围度变化与右肘关节的肌肉力量指标存在相关性(P≤0.01),表明右臂肌肉围度变化可以有效反映右肘关节的肌肉力量。总体上,等速60°/s肘关节伸的肌肉力量指标与肱二头肌肌肉围度变化的相关性显著;等速60°/s肘关节屈的肌肉力量指标与肱二头肌肌肉围度变化的相关性不显著。其中,EE.ER和PVP.-median的正相关系数最大,为0.81;EF. ER和AP.f-l的负相关系数最大,为-0.91。对于等速60°/s肘关节伸过程:肌肉PP与ER呈负相关;正PVP(PVP+)与PT和PT/BW呈正相关,与ER呈负相关;负PVP(PVP-)与PT和PT/BW呈负相关,与ER呈正相关;AP与PT/BW、T0.18和ER均呈负相关。对于等速60°/s肘关节屈过程:PP和AP与PT,以及PT/BW和T0.18呈负相关。第1次和最后1次运动肌肉围度变化随时间积累差值(AP.f-l)与ER呈负相关。
总体上,等速120°/s肘关节伸屈的肌肉力量指标与肱二头肌肌肉围度变化的相关性均不显著。其中,EF.T0.18和AP.f-l正相关系数最大,为0.62;EF.PT/BW和AP的负相关系数最大,为-0.62。对于等速120°/s的肘关节伸过程(120EE):PVP+与PT呈正相关;AP与PT/BW呈负相关;AP.f-l与T0.18呈负相关。对于等速120°/s肘关节屈过程(120EF):PVP+与PT呈正相关;PVP-与PT和T0.18呈负相关;AP与PT/BW呈负相关,与ER呈正相关;AP.f-l与T0.18呈正相关。
当进行左膝关节等速肌力测试运动时,左腿股四头肌肌肉围度变化与左膝关节的肌肉力量指标存在相关性(P≤0.01)。总体上,等速60°/s膝关节伸屈的肌肉力量指标与腿部股四头肌肌肉围度变化显著相关。其中,KE.T0.18和PVP+正相关系数最大,为0.96;KF.T0.18和PVP-的负相关系数最大,为-0.99。对于等速60°/s膝关节伸屈过程(60KE、60KF):PP、PVP+、AP和AP.f-l与PT、PT/BW和T0.18均呈正相关,与ER呈负相关;PVP-与PT、PT/BW和T0.18呈负相关,与ER呈正相关。
总体上,等速120°/s膝关节伸屈的肌肉力量指标与腿部股四头肌肌肉围度变化显著相关。其中,KF.PT和PP的正相关系数最大,为0.93;KF.PT和PVP-的负相关系数最大,为-0.99。对于等速120°/s膝关节伸过程(120KE):PP、PVP+、AP和AP.f-l与PT、PT/BW和T0.18均呈正相关;PVP-与PT、PT/BW和T0.18呈负相关。对于等速120°/s膝关节屈过程(120KF):PP、PVP+和AP与PT、PT/BW、T0.18和ER均呈正相关;PVP-与PT、PT/BW、T0.18和ER均呈负相关;AP.f-l与PT和PT/BW呈正相关。
为开发一款可实时监测人体肌肉力量指标的可穿戴系统,本文研制了一种基于柔性液态金属传感器护具,可实时采集佩戴部位肌肉围度变化。结果表明,自制可穿戴护具对拉伸应变的响应具有良好的线性度和可重复性。该传感器护具不仅能满足人体运动时的便捷穿戴需求,还可实现对肌肉围度变化的实时监测。
为了验证基于监测肌肉围度变化的可穿戴护具可以用于实时监测人体肌肉力量指标,让受试者穿戴护具进行等速肌力测试,可穿戴护具实时监测肘关节和膝关节等速运动过程中手臂肱二头肌和大腿股四头肌处肌肉围度变化。结果表明,手臂肱二头肌处肌肉围度变化与大腿股四头肌处肌肉围度变化可以用于评价肘、膝关节的肌肉力量指标,其中腿部肌肉围度变化与膝关节肌肉力量指标间的相关系数要高于手臂肌肉围度变化与肘关节肌肉力量指标间的相关系数,推测原因是非体育专业大学生的腿部肌肉相比手臂更为发达;或是等速肌力测试过程中,肘关节测试时绑带位置与传感器位置重叠,从而存在应力干扰。
本研究的局限性如下:①将人体臂围和腿围形状理想为圆形,然而,不同人臂围和腿围的形状各异,可能会影响传感器护具的测量精度。②等速肌力测试过程受试者实验时的最大力量具有时效性,容易受到受试者当日状态影响。本课题组后续会继续对人体各部位肌肉围度变化与对应肌肉力量指标间的关系进行研究。
本文开发了一种可用于肌肉功能评价的可穿戴系统,并建立基于手臂肱二头肌处和腿部股四头肌处肌肉围度变化的肌肉围度特征值。通过等速运动进行实验测试并对结果进行皮尔逊相关性分析表明,运动过程中手臂肱二头肌处和腿部股四头肌处的肌肉围度变化可以实现对人体肘、膝关节处肌肉力量进行实时监测和评价。未来可以通过改进传感器技术以及设计各类运动,研究不同运动模式下肌肉围度与肌肉力量间的关系,为开发基于肌肉围度变化的可穿戴肌力监测系统提供更多的实验数据支撑。
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费项目华东师范大学共享交叉基金(人文社会科学)项目(2020ECNU-GXJC003)
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doi: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.013
  • 接收时间:2025-01-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-03
  • 修回日期:2025-02-27
基金
中央高校基本科研业务费项目华东师范大学共享交叉基金(人文社会科学)项目(2020ECNU-GXJC003)
作者信息
    1.上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
    2.华东师范大学 体育与健康学院,上海 200241
    3.中国运载火箭技术研究院 研究发展中心,北京 100076

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龚晓波,教授,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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