Article(id=1244321225338630433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, issueId=1244321215637209904, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732809600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-29, revisedDate=1736870400000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774598898490, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774598898490, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774598898490, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774598898490, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244321215637209904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, year='2025', volume='40', issue='5', pageStart='1079', pageEnd='1366', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774598896178, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774599509568, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244323788452639476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, issueId=1244321215637209904, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244323788452639477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, issueId=1244321215637209904, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1248, endPage=1255, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244321226508841326, articleId=1244321225338630433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, language=EN, title=Hemodynamic Analysis of Autologous Arteriovenous Fistula Based on Fluid-Structure Interaction Simulation, columnId=1244321216404767539, journalTitle=Journal of Medical Biomechanics, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To study the hemodynamic characteristics of autologous arteriovenous fistula (AVF) and provide a theoretical basis for reducing its stenosis rate.

Methods

Bidirectional fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulations were conducted on a modified AVF model. Flow field and wall shear stress (WSS) distributions in the internal fistula at different periods and angles in a cardiac cycle were analyzed for retrograde flow (confluence) and anterograde flow (shunt) modes in models with varying anastomosis angles.

Results

Under confluence modes, the WSS<1 Pa area in the 60° anastomosis angle model was the smallest (7.027 mm2), while the 45°, 60°, and 90° models showed no significant differences in eddy current size and intensity. Under shunt modes, the 45° anastomosis angle model had the smallest WSS<1 Pa area (9.079 mm2), but the 60° model exhibited the lowest eddy current intensity and distribution area. In addition, the difference in the WSS<1 Pa area between the 60° and 45° models was only 2.661 mm2.

Conclusions

Under both confluence and shunt flow modes, establishing an AVF with 60° anastomosis angle is conducive to reducing the risk of vascular stenosis in arteriovenous fistula.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Fan WANG, Jinfeng GUO, Cheng ZHANG, Ruixin GUO, Weina MU, Xiangjie KONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1244321231999185673, articleId=1244321225338630433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, language=CN, title=基于流固耦合仿真分析自体动静脉内瘘血流动力学, columnId=1244321216576734006, journalTitle=医用生物力学, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

研究自体动静脉内瘘(autologous arteriovenous fistula,AVF)血流动力学特征,为降低其狭窄率提供理论依据。

方法

针对AVF优化模型,进行了基于双向流固耦合的仿真研究。通过分别模拟不同吻合角度模型在逆行(汇流)和顺行(分流)两种血流模式下的情况,分析1个心动周期内不同时刻、不同吻合角度内瘘中血管流场与壁面剪切力(wall shear stress,WSS)的分布。

结果

在汇流模式下,60°吻合角度模型WSS<1 Pa的面积最小,为7.027 mm2,且45°、60°和90°吻合角度模型在涡流尺寸和强度上差异并不显著。在分流模式下,45°吻合角度模型WSS<1 Pa的面积最小,为9.079 mm2。但60°吻合角度模型涡流强度和涡流分布面积最小;此外,60°、45°吻合角度模型WSS<1 Pa的面积仅差2.661 mm2

结论

无论内瘘的流动模式是汇流还是分流,建立60°吻合角度内瘘更有利于降低动静脉内瘘中血管狭窄的发生风险。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
孔祥杰,讲师,硕士生导师,E-mail:
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作者贡献声明:

王帆提出研究思路;郭金峰负责论文撰写以及仿真;张程负责数据处理以及理论分析;郭瑞欣负责图片处理以及理论分析;穆维娜负责解释数据以及提供必要数据;孔祥杰负责最终定稿。

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2.National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Metrology Instrument and System, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China
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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321225338630433, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Maximum values of WSS and area of low shear region of AVF models with different anastomosis angles under retrograde flow condition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数吻合角度/(°)
30456090
最大WSS/Pa89.28276.58176.47262.810
最小WSS/Pa0.0340.0700.1920.067
WSS≤1Pa面积/mm225.61415.1027.02711.776
), ArticleFig(id=1244321240740114789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321225338630433, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

汇流情况下不同吻合角度AVF模型壁面剪切力最值和低剪切力区域面积

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数吻合角度/(°)
30456090
最大WSS/Pa89.28276.58176.47262.810
最小WSS/Pa0.0340.0700.1920.067
WSS≤1Pa面积/mm225.61415.1027.02711.776
), ArticleFig(id=1244321241054687609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321225338630433, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Maximum values of WSS and area of low shear region of models with different anastomosis angles under anterograde flow condition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数吻合角度/(°)
30456090
最大WSS/Pa75.89272.52975.99077.819
最小WSS/Pa0.0370.0120.0080.023
WSS≤1 Pa面积/mm29.5849.07911.74012.631
), ArticleFig(id=1244321241193099650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321225338630433, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同吻合角度WSS最值和低WSS面积分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数吻合角度/(°)
30456090
最大WSS/Pa75.89272.52975.99077.819
最小WSS/Pa0.0370.0120.0080.023
WSS≤1 Pa面积/mm29.5849.07911.74012.631
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基于流固耦合仿真分析自体动静脉内瘘血流动力学
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王帆 1, 2 , 郭金峰 1, 2 , 张程 1, 2 , 郭瑞欣 3 , 穆维娜 1, 2, 4 , 孔祥杰 1, 2
医用生物力学 | 论著 2025,40(5): 1248-1255
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医用生物力学 | 论著 2025, 40(5): 1248-1255
基于流固耦合仿真分析自体动静脉内瘘血流动力学
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王帆1, 2, 郭金峰1, 2, 张程1, 2, 郭瑞欣3, 穆维娜1, 2, 4, 孔祥杰1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.河北大学 质量技术监督学院,河北 保定 071002
  • 2.计量仪器与系统国家地方联合工程研究中心,河北 保定 071002
  • 3.中国人民解放军总医院第五医学中心 普通外科,北京 100071
  • 4.保定市第一中心医院 超声医学科 河北,保定 071002

通讯作者:

孔祥杰,讲师,硕士生导师,E-mail:
Hemodynamic Analysis of Autologous Arteriovenous Fistula Based on Fluid-Structure Interaction Simulation
Fan WANG1, 2, Jinfeng GUO1, 2, Cheng ZHANG1, 2, Ruixin GUO3, Weina MU1, 2, 4, Xiangjie KONG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Quality and Technical Supervision, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China
  • 2.National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Metrology Instrument and System, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China
  • 3.Department of General Surgery, the Fifth Medical Center of the General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100071, China
  • 4.Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Baoding No. 1 Central Hospital, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.022
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目的

研究自体动静脉内瘘(autologous arteriovenous fistula,AVF)血流动力学特征,为降低其狭窄率提供理论依据。

方法

针对AVF优化模型,进行了基于双向流固耦合的仿真研究。通过分别模拟不同吻合角度模型在逆行(汇流)和顺行(分流)两种血流模式下的情况,分析1个心动周期内不同时刻、不同吻合角度内瘘中血管流场与壁面剪切力(wall shear stress,WSS)的分布。

结果

在汇流模式下,60°吻合角度模型WSS<1 Pa的面积最小,为7.027 mm2,且45°、60°和90°吻合角度模型在涡流尺寸和强度上差异并不显著。在分流模式下,45°吻合角度模型WSS<1 Pa的面积最小,为9.079 mm2。但60°吻合角度模型涡流强度和涡流分布面积最小;此外,60°、45°吻合角度模型WSS<1 Pa的面积仅差2.661 mm2

结论

无论内瘘的流动模式是汇流还是分流,建立60°吻合角度内瘘更有利于降低动静脉内瘘中血管狭窄的发生风险。

自体动静脉内瘘  /  血流动力学  /  流固耦合仿真  /  壁面剪切力
Objective

To study the hemodynamic characteristics of autologous arteriovenous fistula (AVF) and provide a theoretical basis for reducing its stenosis rate.

Methods

Bidirectional fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulations were conducted on a modified AVF model. Flow field and wall shear stress (WSS) distributions in the internal fistula at different periods and angles in a cardiac cycle were analyzed for retrograde flow (confluence) and anterograde flow (shunt) modes in models with varying anastomosis angles.

Results

Under confluence modes, the WSS<1 Pa area in the 60° anastomosis angle model was the smallest (7.027 mm2), while the 45°, 60°, and 90° models showed no significant differences in eddy current size and intensity. Under shunt modes, the 45° anastomosis angle model had the smallest WSS<1 Pa area (9.079 mm2), but the 60° model exhibited the lowest eddy current intensity and distribution area. In addition, the difference in the WSS<1 Pa area between the 60° and 45° models was only 2.661 mm2.

Conclusions

Under both confluence and shunt flow modes, establishing an AVF with 60° anastomosis angle is conducive to reducing the risk of vascular stenosis in arteriovenous fistula.

autologous arteriovenous fistula  /  hemodynamic  /  fluid-structure interaction simulation  /  wall shear stress
王帆, 郭金峰, 张程, 郭瑞欣, 穆维娜, 孔祥杰. 基于流固耦合仿真分析自体动静脉内瘘血流动力学. 医用生物力学, 2025 , 40 (5) : 1248 -1255 . DOI: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.022
Fan WANG, Jinfeng GUO, Cheng ZHANG, Ruixin GUO, Weina MU, Xiangjie KONG. Hemodynamic Analysis of Autologous Arteriovenous Fistula Based on Fluid-Structure Interaction Simulation[J]. Journal of Medical Biomechanics, 2025 , 40 (5) : 1248 -1255 . DOI: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.022
目前全球有超过200万终末期肾脏病(end-stage kidney disease,ESKD)患者需要进行肾脏替代治疗[1-2]。其中,60%~70%患者选择通过创建血管通路的方式来进行血液透析治疗[3]。根据美国国家肾脏基金会肾脏病预后质量指南(K/DOQI),自体动静脉内瘘(autologous arteriovenous fistula,AVF)是ESKD患者首选的血管通路[4]。尽管AVF相较其他方式具有通畅率高、并发症少和费用低等优势,但其失败率也不容忽视。研究表明,血流动力学改变是血管通路失败的主要因素[5-6]
Lee等[7]使用了计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)方法评估不同吻合角度(45°、90°和135°)AVF中的剪切应力分布。结果表明,最大吻合角度(135°)导致较大剪切应力区域的面积最小,这将有助于减少AVF失败。Stella等[8]重建了两位患者端到侧AVF模型,通过改变吻合角进行参数化研究,并评估特定几何构型AVF中血液流动由层流发展到湍流的过渡流。Carroll等[9]建立了两个端侧AVF的理想几何模型(光滑静脉环和锐角)并进行仿真,证明改变吻合口周围静脉的配置可以获得良好的血流动力学环境。Yang等[10]通过多名患者的特异性结构信息建立理想化AVF模型,研究血流动力学参数与吻合角之间的相关性,以及不同位置的血流动力学参数。Shembekar等[11]采用三维理想化几何形状,通过(fluid-structure interaction,FSI)仿真技术研究端对端AVF的局部血流动力学特征。结果显示,动脉床和动静脉瘘跟部是内膜增生的易发区。与刚性壁面的对比表明,弹性壁面在模拟动静脉瘘中的非牛顿血流和搏动性血流方面具有重要性。万栋栋等[12]提出一种基于真实颈动脉狭窄患者的双向FSI计算方法,用于分析不同类型颈动脉斑块在病变处的血流动力学参数以及斑块自身的变形和应力变化。对流体和固体区域进行分析,有助于更好理解不同斑块类型对颈动脉病变处的影响。冉鹏等[13]采用双向FSI方法对颈动脉血管内囊形瘤体和血液之间的相互作用进行有限元数值仿真研究。结果表明,囊形瘤体会干扰血管内血液正常流动,以及促进镜像瘤体产生。
通过回顾相关文献发现,有关动静脉内瘘的研究集中在传统的理想模型和患者特异性模型。传统的理想模型中静脉与动脉连接转弯处通常较为突兀,且吻合口连接处边缘锋利,不符合血管壁的弹性生理特性。而患者特异性模型则不利于研究内瘘共性的特征和规律,并且已经证实AVF吻合术中的流动模式对血管几何形状高度敏感[9]。此外,血液在人体内实际的循环过程包含血管变形、血液和血管相互作用等力学现象[14]。并且AVF吻合口角度和几何形状的选择在很大程度上取决于外科医生的个人专业知识和偏好。在先前对优化模型的研究中,通过与患者实际血流数据对比发现,优化模型较传统模型误差降低了22%,验证了优化模型的合理性和必要性[15]。为了进一步准确探究不同吻合角度对内瘘的影响,在更符合人体实际优化模型的基础上,本文对血液流经内瘘的情况进行FSI仿真分析,探究在1个心动周期内不同时刻、不同吻合口内瘘中的血流动力学参数。
在本研究中,假设血液为三维、等温、不可压缩的流体[16-17]。流体流动通常可以通过连续性方程、纳维-斯托克斯(Naive-Stokes)方程以及总能量方程来描述,计算中应用的控制方程如下:
连续性方程为[18]
动量方程为[19]
式中:u为速度矢量;t为时间;p为压力;ρ为血液密度,ρ=1 045 kg/m3τ为剪切应力。本文忽略了其他力带来的影响,如重力,因为其作用于动静脉内瘘的矢量方向取决于人的姿势。
本文采用双向FSI仿真,求解过程采用分离求解法,即流体域、固体域先各自进行求解,再通过耦合界面进行数据交换。其耦合控制方程如下:
式中:n为单位法向矢量;σ为应力;u为速度矢量;x为位移矢量;下标s和f分别为固体域和流体域。
本文对于涡结构的识别和可视化采用Q准则。Q准则基于速度梯度张量的特性,利用了流场中旋转与应变的对比。速度梯度张量可以分解为对称部分(代表应变率)和反对称部分(和涡量有关)。Q准则计算公式如下:
式中:Ω为速度梯度张量的反对称部分;S为速度梯度张量的对称部分。当Q>0时,该区域被判定为有涡结构存在;当Q<0时,则认为该区域没有明显的涡结构。
血管力学性能对于维持人体正常的血液循环和生理功能至关重要。本文选择弹性模量与泊松比两个参数描述血管壁弹性,因为年龄区间为51~60岁患者居多,故设置血管壁弹性模量为0.87 MPa,密度为1 150 kg/m3,泊松比为0.45[20]
低壁面剪切力(wall shear stress,WSS)会影响血管内层的内皮细胞,并可能导致血管内膜增生和狭窄的形成[21]。假设血管形状为圆柱形,则
式中:τw为壁面剪切力;uzuθ分别为长度方向与方位角方向血流速度;ezeθ分别为zθ方向上的单位矢量。
应用ANSYS Workbench 2022 R1进行FSI仿真。FSI仿真中需要先对流体域进行建模,模型所需的主要参数为吻合角α、血管动脉直径Φ1和静脉直径Φ2。本研究通过与保定市第一中心医院超声科合作,使用空间分辨率为0.1 mm彩色多普勒超声诊断仪(GELOGIQ E9,GE公司,美国),获得1名建立AVF患者的相关数据作为参考。
相比于传统的理想模型,本文所采用的优化模型吻合口处呈现圆弧形,近心端动脉血管有一定的倾斜角度,以更好贴合真实动静脉瘘的形状。其中,桡动脉直径Φ1=3.7 mm,头静脉直径Φ2=3.9 mm。近心端动脉(proximal artery,PA)和远心端动脉(distal artery,DA)以及静脉长度约为各自直径的10倍,以保证血流的充分发展。
在流体域的基础上,构建平行于流体域外表面厚度t=0.9 mm的固体域,并将流体域外表面和固体域内表面设为系统耦合面。流体域、固体域模型如图1所示(以45°为例)。FSI仿真中建立30°、45°、60°和90° 4个吻合角度的AVF模型以探究不同条件下的血流动力学特性,吻合角度为头静脉内壁面与桡动脉近心端内壁面夹角。
FSI仿真中,需要分别对流体域和固体域进行网格划分。结合本课题组流体域仿真研究中网格无关性验证结果,选择网格尺寸为0.3 mm[15]。网格划分过程中,所有网格的尺寸统一设定为0.3 mm,最终生成由四面体单元构成的三维网格结构。FSI仿真中采用动网格的设置。在动网格区域设置流体域外表面为系统耦合,来完成流体域和固体域的数据传输任务。
对于端侧AVF,DA中可能存在两种类型的流动:当血液流向吻合口时为逆行,称之为汇流;当血液远离吻合口时为顺行,称之为分流。在流体域中,本文采用文献[22]中提供的汇流和分流头静脉血流量波形,通过对该波形进行缩放、傅里叶函数拟合以及相应变换得到入口速度边界条件。为开展非稳态模拟,在PA和DA入口位置施加具有脉动特性的充分发展抛物线速度分布。流体域的所有入口均定义为速度入口类型,出口设定为流出边界类型,而壁面则配置为无滑移壁面条件。动网格区域设置流体域外表面为系统耦合,来完成流体域和固体域的数据传输任务;为更直观看出形变量,流体域和固体域出入口设置为静止面。网格重构方式采用光顺与重构两者相配合:光顺中采用扩散光顺,扩散系数设置为1.5;重构中网格重构间隙设置为1。流量的脉动周期为1 s,采用隐式时间积分方案来解决时间相关的Navier-Stokes方程,设置时间步长为1 ms可实现准确度和计算时间之间的平衡[23]
本文假设血液密度恒定为1 045 kg/m3,且将血液视为非牛顿流体。Re为头静脉的雷诺数,以心动周期内的时间平均值和(最小值~最大值)表示,内瘘中Re分布范围为866(364~1 536),血液流动状态表现为层流,但在动静脉吻合口处易出现涡流。因此,选择过渡剪应力传输模型(shear stress transport,SST)[24-25]并利用Carreau模型[26]来表示血液的非牛顿流变学特性:
式中:μμ0分别为无限剪切速率和零剪切速率下的渐近黏度,μ=3.5 mPa·s,μ0=5.6 mPa·s;λ为时间常数,λ=3.313;n为幂律指数;n=0.356 8[25]
本文收敛条件设置为残差值,残差值为0.001。定义无量纲壁面距离
式中:y为壁面法线距离;ρ为密度;uτ是近壁面摩擦速度。经计算,本文不同算例的y+值均在0~5范围内,满足计算模型要求。图2为分流情况下不同角度模型的y+值云图。
选取4个不同吻合口角度(30°、45°、60°和90°)作为变量进行仿真研究。分别在分流比(DA∶V)为2∶8和汇流比(DA∶PA)为3∶7两种血流模式下进行FSI仿真。该流量比例来自Sivanesan等[27]调查记录的大量患者手术前后的真实血流数据。随着吻合角度的增加,吻合角度的变化会影响血管壁所受的应力。适当的应力有助于维持血管壁的弹性和功能,但过高或过低的应力可能导致血管壁的损伤和病变。在正常动脉中,WSS的生理幅度范围为1~7 Pa。较低的WSS可能会引起血管内膜增生,从而导致血管发生狭窄;而高于此范围的WSS可能会导致内皮细胞损伤。因此,通常认为“低剪切力”会诱发内膜增生形成,进而引发狭窄产生[27]。涡流和湍流是内瘘汇流处常见的血流动力学现象,可能会导致血管壁的损伤和炎症反应,故减少这些现象对于保护血管健康非常重要。本文将WSS结果与流线分布结果相结合,探究不同血流模式下的最佳吻合角度。
综合考虑汇流和分流两种血流模式,并从两方面分析不同吻合角度对血流动力学参数的影响,即AVF模型WSS分布和剖面流线分布。所有的分析均在心动周期内的最大流量点处开展,即0.25 s处。
不同吻合角度模型局部放大的WSS分布如图3所示。观察收缩期剪切力分布,从吻合口总体来看,WSS<1 Pa分布面积随吻合角度增大而逐渐减小;而在吻合口底部,60°吻合角度模型WSS<1 Pa面积最小,90°吻合角度模型WSS<1 Pa面积最大;而在吻合口尖部,WSS<1 Pa面积随角度增大而逐渐减小;而在吻合口跟部,30°吻合角度模型WSS<1 Pa面积最小,60°吻合角度模型WSS<1 Pa面积最大。
观察舒张期的剪切力分布可知,从吻合口总体来看,WSS<1 Pa面积也随吻合角度增大而逐渐减小;而在吻合口底部,4个吻合角度模型WSS<1 Pa面积差别较小,其中60°吻合角度模型WSS<1 Pa面积最小,30°吻合角度模型WSS<1 Pa面积最大;而在吻合口尖部和跟部,WSS<1 Pa面积随角度增大而逐渐减小。
鉴于上述剪切力云图分析结果,为进一步对比不同吻合角度下剪切力的区别,提取了壁面上剪切力的最大和最小值。结果显示,不同吻合角度模型最大WSS随角度的增大而减小,WSS最小值差距很小;4个吻合角度模型中,60°吻合角度模型WSS<1 Pa的面积最小,为7.027 mm2,30°吻合角度模型WSS<1 Pa的面积最大,为25.614 mm2,二者差距较大(见表1)。
对汇流情况下不同吻合角度模型的涡结构云图及流线分布进行分析,由流线分布图可以明显看出,4个吻合角度模型中,在吻合口底部,涡流区域面积相差较小,其中90°吻合角度模型具有较大面积的涡流存在;在吻合口跟部,涡流面积也相差较小,其中30°吻合角度模型具有较大面积的涡流存在,并在吻合口尖部也存在大面积涡流。总体来说,45°、60°和90°吻合角度模型在涡流尺寸和强度上区别并不大(见图4)。
不同吻合角度模型局部放大的WSS分布如图5所示。观察收缩期剪切力分布,从吻合口总体来看,4个吻合角度模型中WSS<1 Pa面积随吻合角度增大而逐渐增大;而在吻合口底部,WSS<1 Pa面积随吻合角度增大而逐渐增大;而在吻合口尖部,WSS<1 Pa面积随角度增大而逐渐减小;而在吻合口跟部,WSS<1 Pa面积随吻合角度增大而逐渐增大。
然而观察舒张期的剪切力分布可知,在吻合口底部,4个吻合角度模型WSS<1 Pa面积随角度增大而逐渐增大;在吻合口跟部,WSS<1 Pa面积随吻合角度增大而逐渐增大。
4个吻合角度模型中,90°吻合角度模型的WSS最大值最大,45°吻合角度模型WSS最大值最小;4个吻合角度模型WSS最小值差距很小,90°吻合角度模型WSS<1 Pa的面积最大,为12.631 mm2;45°吻合角度模型WSS<1 Pa的面积最小,为9.079 mm2
为进一步探究剪切力分布与流场的联系,对剖面流线分布进行分析。分流情况下,不同吻合角度的模型在吻合口底部和跟部都具有不同程度的涡流存在。在4个吻合角度模型中,在吻合口底部,30°吻合角度模型涡流强度和涡流分布面积最大,60°吻合角度模型涡流强度和涡流分布面积最小;在吻合口跟部,涡流面积相差较小。总体来说,60°吻合角度模型涡流强度和涡流分布面积最小(见图6)。
为了更加深入地探究血流动力学对AVF的影响,本文采用经优化且更符合人体生理特性的AVF模型,同时考虑血液在血管中的复杂流动特性及其与血管的相互作用。在优化模型的基础上进行FSI仿真,系统分析了不同流动模式及心动周期不同时刻下4种吻合角度(30°、45°、60°和90°)AVF模型的血管流场特征以及WSS分布。研究结果表明,在汇流模式下60°吻合角度模型WSS<1 Pa的面积最小,且45°、60°和90°吻合角度模型在涡流尺寸和强度上差异并不显著。而在分流模式下,虽然45°吻合角度模型WSS<1 Pa的面积最小,但60°吻合角度模型涡流强度和涡流分布面积最小。值得注意的是,60°与45°吻合角度模型在分流模式下WSS<1 Pa的面积差值仅为2.661 mm2。综合评估在两种血流模式下血流动力学表现,建议选择60°作为最佳吻合角度,可有效降低AVF血管狭窄的发生风险。
  • 河北省高等学校科学技术研究项目(QN2022106)
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doi: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.022
  • 接收时间:2024-11-29
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-29
  • 修回日期:2025-01-15
基金
河北省高等学校科学技术研究项目(QN2022106)
作者信息
    1.河北大学 质量技术监督学院,河北 保定 071002
    2.计量仪器与系统国家地方联合工程研究中心,河北 保定 071002
    3.中国人民解放军总医院第五医学中心 普通外科,北京 100071
    4.保定市第一中心医院 超声医学科 河北,保定 071002

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孔祥杰,讲师,硕士生导师,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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