Article(id=1244321223056932909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, issueId=1244321215637209904, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.035, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735574400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-31, revisedDate=1739289600000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774598897947, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774598897947, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774598897947, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774598897947, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244321215637209904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, year='2025', volume='40', issue='5', pageStart='1079', pageEnd='1366', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774598896178, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774599509568, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244323788452639476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, issueId=1244321215637209904, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244323788452639477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, issueId=1244321215637209904, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1354, endPage=1359, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244321225644818612, articleId=1244321223056932909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, language=EN, title=Advances in Hemodynamic Computation Based on Deep Learning, columnId=1244321220783620990, journalTitle=Journal of Medical Biomechanics, columnName=Review Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, and hemodynamics plays a significant role in understanding the mechanisms of these diseases, predicting disease progression, and guiding treatment strategies. Traditional methods for obtaining personalized hemodynamic parameters in clinical settings have numerous limitations, while the rise of deep learning technology has brought new opportunities for their computation. This review focuses on the application of deep learning in obtaining hemodynamic parameters in clinical settings, covering its progress in computational fluid dynamics preprocessing, hemodynamic computation (data-driven and PINN method), and magnetic resonance anagiography. It analyzes the advantages and challenges of each method and discusses future development directions, aiming to provide a reference for research on obtaining hemodynamic parameters in clinical settings using artificial intelligence method.

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心血管疾病是全球死亡的主要病因,血流动力学对于理解心血管疾病机制、预测疾病发展和指导治疗策略意义重大。临床获取患者个性化血流动力学参数的传统方法存在诸多局限,而深度学习技术的兴起为其计算带来新契机。本文综述聚焦深度学习在临床获取血流动力学参数中的应用,涵盖其在计算流体力学预处理、血流动力学计算(数据驱动与PINN方法)以及磁共振血流成像技术中的进展,分析各方法的优势、面临的挑战,探讨未来发展方向,为利用人工智能方法在临床获取血流动力学参数的研究提供参考。

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乔爱科,教授,E-mail:
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作者贡献声明:

陶春昊负责资料收集和论文初稿撰写;王路欣负责协助资料收集;乔爱科负责选题设计、论文指导和修改。

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基于深度学习的血流动力学计算研究进展
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陶春昊 1, 2 , 王路欣 1 , 乔爱科 1, 2
医用生物力学 | 综述 2025,40(5): 1354-1359
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医用生物力学 | 综述 2025, 40(5): 1354-1359
基于深度学习的血流动力学计算研究进展
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陶春昊1, 2, 王路欣1, 乔爱科1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.北京工业大学 化学与生命科学学院,北京 100124
  • 2.智能化生理测量与临床转化北京市国际科研合作基地,北京 100124

通讯作者:

乔爱科,教授,E-mail:
Advances in Hemodynamic Computation Based on Deep Learning
Chunhao TAO1, 2, Luxin WANG1, Aike QIAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Chemical and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
  • 2.Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Intelligent Physiological Measurement and Clinical Transformation, Beijing 100124, China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.035
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心血管疾病是全球死亡的主要病因,血流动力学对于理解心血管疾病机制、预测疾病发展和指导治疗策略意义重大。临床获取患者个性化血流动力学参数的传统方法存在诸多局限,而深度学习技术的兴起为其计算带来新契机。本文综述聚焦深度学习在临床获取血流动力学参数中的应用,涵盖其在计算流体力学预处理、血流动力学计算(数据驱动与PINN方法)以及磁共振血流成像技术中的进展,分析各方法的优势、面临的挑战,探讨未来发展方向,为利用人工智能方法在临床获取血流动力学参数的研究提供参考。

深度学习  /  血流动力学  /  计算流体力学  /  人工智能  /  计算机辅助诊断

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, and hemodynamics plays a significant role in understanding the mechanisms of these diseases, predicting disease progression, and guiding treatment strategies. Traditional methods for obtaining personalized hemodynamic parameters in clinical settings have numerous limitations, while the rise of deep learning technology has brought new opportunities for their computation. This review focuses on the application of deep learning in obtaining hemodynamic parameters in clinical settings, covering its progress in computational fluid dynamics preprocessing, hemodynamic computation (data-driven and PINN method), and magnetic resonance anagiography. It analyzes the advantages and challenges of each method and discusses future development directions, aiming to provide a reference for research on obtaining hemodynamic parameters in clinical settings using artificial intelligence method.

deep learning  /  hemodynamics  /  computational fluid dynamics  /  artificial intelligence  /  computer-aided diagnosis
陶春昊, 王路欣, 乔爱科. 基于深度学习的血流动力学计算研究进展. 医用生物力学, 2025 , 40 (5) : 1354 -1359 . DOI: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.035
Chunhao TAO, Luxin WANG, Aike QIAO. Advances in Hemodynamic Computation Based on Deep Learning[J]. Journal of Medical Biomechanics, 2025 , 40 (5) : 1354 -1359 . DOI: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.035
心血管疾病是全球范围内导致死亡的主要原因[1]。血流动力学是研究血液在心血管系统流动的物理与生物学过程的学科,旨在帮助临床及科研人员理解心血管疾病机制、预测疾病发展并指导治疗。其参数在心血管疾病临床实践中作用关键,如血管内支架植入时,准确的血流动力学评估可确定支架规格与位置;心脏起搏器设置中,监测相关参数对调整起搏器适应心脏功能至关重要。
当前,患者血流动力学参数的无创测量主要依靠计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)结合临床影像。然而,该方法存在计算耗时长等局限性,尤其对于患者个性化血管模型复杂、边界条件特殊以及心动周期致流动不稳定的情况,计算过程常需数天,阻碍CFD在临床中的应用[2]
深度学习技术的发展,极大提高了患者个性化血流动力学模拟效率[3]。针对深度学习在临床获取血流动力学参数应用中存在的关键问题,本文从CFD预处理、血流动力学数值计算、四维血流磁共振成像(4D Flow MRI)处理3个方面,综述了深度学习方法目前在相关领域的研究进展。
CFD预处理主要是指在进行实际的流体动力学数值模拟计算之前,对几何模型、计算网格和边界条件等进行准备和设置的过程。患者个性化血流动力学参数模拟的CFD预处理包括:①心血管医学影像计算域分割;②自动网格生成和网格质量评估;③评估材料属性和边界条件。
心血管医学影像分割是患者个性化血流动力学模拟的第1步。医学影像分割质量直接影响计算域边界条件,从而影响计算结果。利用深度学习实现医学影像分割也是该技术发展最成熟的研究领域,已应用于临床,其效率与准确率已远超人工及传统医学影像分割算法。
目前,用于心血管医学影像分割的深度学习方法研究可以大体上分为三类。第1类是以卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)和U-Net网络及其变体为基础的神经网络结构,通过以CNN和U-Net等神经网络为基础融合多尺度监督、多图谱和校正分割等算法[4-6],该类神经网络结构也是当下领域内最常见的神经网络结构。
第2类是基于Transformer架构及其变体网络模型。Transformer在医学影像领域的应用基于其独特的原理,通过自注意力机制和多头自注意力机制,将图像视为序列进行处理,从而有效捕捉长程依赖关系,弥补了CNN在局部感受野方面的局限。研究进展广泛且深入,在医学影像分割方面,如脑肿瘤等多种器官和组织的分割任务中,提出了多种基于Transformer的架构,包括纯Transformer模型和结合CNN的混合架构,实现了对复杂结构的精确分割[7-8]。尽管仍面临训练数据有限、模型可解释性不足、对抗鲁棒性待加强、在边缘设备部署受限以及域适应等问题,但总体而言,Transformer为医学影像分析带来了新的思路和方法。另外,Transformer目前在医学影像分割领域的应用效果上略次于CNN的效果,但近些年其研究热度较高,尤其是在大规模样本的医学影像分割领域的发展潜力较大。
第3类是利用全连接神经网络(fully connected neural network,FCN)、长短期记忆神经网络(long short term memory,LSTM)等[9-10]神经网络进行影像分割。但从研究数量以及应用效果来看,基于CNN和Transformer的医学影像分割神经网络依然是主流研究方法。
在CFD网格划分方面,高质量网格能够更准确地捕捉流场的细节,减少数值误差,提高计算效率,而低质量网格可能导致计算结果失真,甚至无法收敛。深度学习算法通过学习输入几何形状特征(如边界曲线、表面曲率)与理想网格划分之间的映射关系,实现高质量网格的快速划分[11]
心血管材料属性是确保血流动力学,特别是流固耦合模拟结果贴近实际物理现象的关键因素。深度学习在降低材料属性的评估成本方面也表现出良好的效果。Liu等[12]通过构建包含形状编码和非线性映射模块的模型,能够快速从两种血压水平下的主动脉几何形状估计材料参数,克服了传统优化方法效率不高的问题。
通过自动分割医学影像、生成高质量网格和评估边界条件,深度学习技术可以大大提高心血管CFD模拟的效率和准确性。随着深度学习技术的不断发展和优化,其在心血管CFD预处理中的应用将更加广泛和深入,为相关血流动力学计算提供更优化的数值计算条件。
CFD通过数值方法离散化流体动力学方程,并利用相关算法(有限差分法、有限元法等)求解离散化的方程,由于需要大量的数值计算和迭代,因此所需时间成本较高。深度学习方法在处理CFD问题时展现出了相较于传统数值方法的显著优势。深度学习能够利用其端到端的学习能力,直接从数据中提取流场特征与流场参数的关系,从而实现流场参数的直接计算,避免了数值计算和迭代所需要消耗的大量时间。
目前,利用深度学习求解血流动力学的研究主要分为两类(见图1)。一类是根据流场形状的数据驱动,通过神经网络编解码得到流场与血流动力学参数的映射关系,从而得到血流动力学结果。另一类是将先验公式(N-S方程等)嵌入神经网络的损失函数中形成物理嵌入神经网络(physics-informed neural network,PINN),使得神经网络在学习数据规律的同时也能遵循物理规律,从而得到血流动力学结果。
基于数据驱动进行血流动力学计算即通过数据学习血流的行为模式,所需算法及约束较少。因此,早期深度学习的血流动力学计算多是基于数据驱动进行。其首先通过自动编码器的形状编码、形状编码到场编码的非线性映射以及场解码以预测速度和压力的标量值,以获得血流动力学参数的预测结果。在这一领域,Liang等[13]首先利用理想化主动脉模型探究了深度神经网络(deep neural network,DNN)在血流动力学计算方面的可行性。但该研究也有着明显的缺陷性,其只采用了729例理想化模型,无法验证神经网络在提取血管细节变化方面的能力与可行性。
从理想化模型到临床真实模型的转变,需要建立基于临床患者的个性化心血管模型数据库。然而,受限于数据隐私保护要求以及医疗机构间数据壁垒的存在,可获取的个性化影像数据规模十分有限,这也成为该领域研究的一大阻碍。为解决这一问题,Du等[14]利用形状插值方法从少量患者特定几何形状数据集中合成大量的三维虚拟主动脉形状,从而有效解决训练样本短缺的问题;同时利用自动CFD模拟程序,实现了几何预处理、网格生成、边界设置、模拟和后处理等步骤的自动化,以系统地生成大量CFD模拟数据,从而实现了形状编码到场编码的映射关系数据库的建立。
在此基础上,Li等[15]利用点云作为患者个性化模型的数据形式。相较于以往研究中常见的网格形式,点云提高了心血管模型的空间分辨率,这对于精准呈现患者细节病变,尤其是冠状动脉这类小血管的细微病变,及其对血流动力学参数产生的影响具有重要意义。
除了求解血流压力、速度等常规血流动力学参数,深度学习方法也被用于壁面切应力(wall shear stress,WSS)、血流储备分数(fractional flow reserve,FFR)等参数的快速计算。与血流压力、速度等参数不同,WSS特指流体与固体壁面之间的剪切应力,仅产生于血管壁表面。因此,相较于血流压力和速度的三维空间分布特征,WSS的空间维度降至二维,这一特性直接导致神经网络输入数据结构的改变。Sun等[16]利用U-Net网络实现了冠脉狭窄情况下WSS的预测。
FFR是一种评估冠状动脉狭窄对心脏血流影响的无创指标。传统的FFR测量需要通过导管插入冠状动脉进行。近年来,基于深度学习的技术发展为心脏病患者提供了更加便捷和安全的诊断手段。与上述血流动力学参数不同的是,利用深度学习实现FFR血流压力计算不能仅依靠患者血管几何形状作为输入变量,还需要利用相关算法实现无狭窄冠脉血流量的预测。孙昊等[17]基于深度学习网络自动预测冠状动脉截面积,再利用预测的截面积,使用流量比例分配和异速标度律实现FFR快速计算,为临床无创FFR计算提出了新的思路。
数据驱动方法依赖于大量的实验或模拟数据来训练模型以预测血流动力学参数,但其在面临新情况或数据不足时,往往表现出较差的泛化能力。此外,数据驱动模型的预测结果往往难以解释,给临床应用带来一定的困扰。
为了解决这些问题,PINN更多被应用于流体计算领域。在该领域,Sun等[18]构建了一种结构化的全连接神经网络来逼近参数化NS方程的解,对包括圆管流、狭窄流和动脉瘤流在内的多种二维血管流动进行研究,大幅提升计算效率的同时取得了良好的效果。
与数据驱动方法不同,PINN在训练过程中不仅考虑数据信息,还在损失函数中融入了物理定律。这使得PINN在数据稀缺或缺乏的情况下仍能做出合理的预测,并且具有更好的泛化能力。Arzani等[19]提出利用PINN结合稀疏速度测量数据,求解近壁血流和WSS,通过多个测试案例验证了方法的准确性和有效性,这为稀疏数据下血流参数的求解提供了重要方向。
相比数据驱动,基于PINN的血流动力学计算还有一大优势,即可以实现患者瞬态流场的计算。患者血管中血流流场复杂多变,同时其又受到入口流速、出口压力等诸多边界条件的影响,这就导致血流动力学参数的特征变量过多,难以利用深度学习在有限数据中提取有效的特征参数[20]。为解决该问题,上述研究均采用将入口流速、出口压力等边界条件设为某一固定值,即只计算某一时刻的定常流参数,从而人为减少了特征变量。有研究将描述脉动血流物理定律的一维模型公式嵌入损失函数,以预测脑血管痉挛后血管横截面积和瞬态血流动力学变量[21-22]。Zhang等[23]利用多属性点云数据集和PINN辅助的深度学习模块以预测不同形态血管4D(3D空间、时间)血流动力学,并探讨最优深度学习网络结构。此外,由于内嵌了物理方程,PINN模型的预测结果更容易解释和理解,为临床应用提供了更多的可能性。
基于以上优势,PINN近年来快速发展,出现众多PINN网络结构及其变体。Moser等[24]利用理想化圆柱体、圆柱分叉以及真实颅内动脉瘤评价了包括FNN在内的7种常见PINN网络。
除了上述常见的PINN模型,近年来PINN模型也在快速迭代。Kashef等[25-26]提出了一种Physics-Informed PointNet框架,旨在解决传统PINN在处理多组不规则几何形状时存在的局限性。同时,实验结果进一步证实,该框架在预测未参与训练的几何形状计算域结果时,性能较传统PINN有显著提升。该优势在罕见心血管疾病的血流动力学预测上有望发挥重大作用。
除了上述血流动力学计算方法外,近年来4D Flow MRI、相位对比磁共振成像(phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging,PC-MRI)等磁共振血流成像(magnetic resonance angiography,MRA)技术也更多地出现于血流动力学研究之中,其将血液产生的磁共振信号接收并经计算机处理重建出血管图像的技术。与上述方法的计算结果受算法选择、管壁边界的假设等不同,MRA是活体内直接测量,其真实性和可解释性更高[27]
早期受限于分辨率较低、扫描耗时较长等问题,MRA在临床的应用受到制约。目前随着深度学习技术的发展,相关算法已被广泛应用于MRA图像分辨率增强、扫描速度提升、相位伪影校正等方面[28]
上述算法虽然可以提高图像分辨率,实现对三维空间和时间上血流速度的测量,但其无法直接获得其他血流动力学参数。因此,如何利用相关算法通过MRA数据更准确地得到患者其他血流动力学参数,也是生物医学工程领域近年的研究热点。Kissas等[29]将PINN应用于图拓扑结构下守恒定律的求解,借助4D Flow MRI获取的血流速度及壁位移数据计算血流相对压力,但该研究只能实现平行血管一维方向上血流相对压力的求解。为了更进一步提高其维度及分辨率,Tao等[30]将4D Flow MRI流场离散化方法与深度学习相结合,实现了任意速度编码点之间的血流相对压力测量。Garay等[31]将PC-MRI与PINN相结合,解决了从有限的类似MRI测量数据中准确估计血流动力学参数(如Windkessel模型参数)以及重构全速度场的难题,实现了基于PC-MRI对患者血液流场参数的准确测算。
深度学习与MRA相结合,实现了血流压力等参数的测量,不再依赖传统方法中需借助CFD结合Windkessel模型来计算患者个性化血流参数的繁琐方法。特别是对于心血管疾病,传统方法的耗时问题已难以满足临床需求,因此目前临床中对血流动力学相关疾病的诊断与评估,更多依赖于医生的临床经验。深度学习与MRA相结合,可以使临床人员在极短时间内获取患者个性化血流参数;且通过MRA直接进行活体测量的方法,可以得到更贴合患者当下实际情况的准确数据,这将推动血流动力学在临床中实现更广泛、更优质的应用。
深度学习技术的兴起为血流动力学计算带来了新机遇。在心血管CFD预处理方面,深度学习在医学影像分割、网格划分、材料属性评估等方面取得进展,提高了模拟效率和准确性。在血流动力学数值计算领域,深度学习方法突破了CFD依赖迭代求解的局限,通过神经网络构建流场与血流动力学参数的映射关系,从而在获取新的患者流场模型后快速输出对应的计算结果。4D Flow MRI技术借助深度学习在图像质量和参数计算上有所提升,也提供了更多的临床选择与更广阔的研究领域。
然而,该领域的发展仍面临诸多挑战。患者数据隐私保护的严格要求和医疗机构间数据壁垒的客观存在,严重限制了深度学习模型训练所需大规模数据的获取。因此,借助端云协同,结合联邦学习及隐私算子等加密技术构建机构间的共享数据库,是人工智能时代生物医学工程领域推动技术创新与临床应用的重要发展方向。针对该研究方向,本文列出了几点值得思考的科学问题。
(1)关于数据异构性问题。心血管疾病数据来源广泛,如医院的临床记录、影像检查结果、可穿戴设备监测数据,其中包括电子病历等结构化数据,也包括医学影像等非结构化数据,格式与结构差异大。对于构建的疾病数据库,如何设置不同类型数据的权重及实现权重更新是个性化精准医疗要考虑的重要问题。同时,考虑患者病情与治疗的动态性,权重应随之实时变动,治疗后依据疗效与病情改善及时优化,且伴随研究成果与临床指南更新同步调整。借助大数据分析挖掘大量患者数据,依关键因素重要性自动优化权重,提升数据库对疾病的预测、诊断及治疗支撑力,并且以患者临床结局为导向,通过长期随访心血管事件发生状况,剖析指标对结局的影响力来确定权重,增强数据库在风险评估与治疗效果评价中的实用性与有效性。
(2)尽管深度学习模型在计算血流动力学参数方面表现出一定能力,但模型的可解释性仍然不足,难以让临床医生完全信任和理解模型的决策过程。在模型可解释性方面,PINN相比于完全的数据驱动有着显著的优势,基于数字孪生心血管模型建立的PINN是未来研究的重要方向,但PINN模型在处理复杂的流固耦合等多物理场耦合问题时还存在挑战。而数字孪生模型一方面可以通过本构关系、几何方程等约束损失函数,另一方面可利用自身提供的大量数据进行训练。此外,深度学习在血流动力学领域的计算应用仍较多停留在研究阶段,需要开展更多的临床研究,评估PINN在不同心血管疾病诊断、治疗和预后评估中的实际应用价值。确定PINN模型在哪些具体的临床场景下能够提供有效的辅助决策信息,以及如何将其与现有的临床诊断方法和治疗指南相结合,是推动PINN在血流动力学领域临床应用的关键。
(3)深度学习在血流动力学计算中的应用还需拓展到临床实践的各个环节。例如,开发基于深度学习的实时血流监测系统,能够对心血管手术过程中的血流变化进行即时分析与预警,为手术操作提供精准指导;构建血流动力学参数与心血管疾病预后的深度关联模型,为个性化治疗方案的制定提供更可靠依据,推动心血管疾病诊疗从传统经验模式向数据驱动的精准医疗模式转变。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12172018)
  • 北京工业大学星火基金项目(XH-2024-06-07)
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doi: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.035
  • 接收时间:2024-12-31
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-31
  • 修回日期:2025-02-12
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(12172018)
北京工业大学星火基金项目(XH-2024-06-07)
作者信息
    1.北京工业大学 化学与生命科学学院,北京 100124
    2.智能化生理测量与临床转化北京市国际科研合作基地,北京 100124

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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