Article(id=1244321221534401461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, issueId=1244321215637209904, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755100800000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-14, revisedDate=1757174400000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774598897583, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774598897583, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774598897583, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774598897583, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244321215637209904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, year='2025', volume='40', issue='5', pageStart='1079', pageEnd='1366', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774598896178, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774599509568, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244323788452639476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, issueId=1244321215637209904, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244323788452639477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, issueId=1244321215637209904, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1150, endPage=1156, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244321222046106578, articleId=1244321221534401461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, language=EN, title=Effects of Inclined Axial Compressive Force and Flexion Moment on Lumbosacral Shear Stiffness: An in vitro Biomechanical Study, columnId=1244321216404767539, journalTitle=Journal of Medical Biomechanics, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the effects of inclined axial compressive force and flexion moment on the anterior and posterior shear stiffness of the lumbosacral segment.

Methods

Six fresh-frozen human cadaveric L5-S1 segments were tested under intact and two progressively impaired structural conditions: intact, a 4-mm bilateral facet joint gap, and anterior discectomy with nucleus pulposus removal plus circumferential release of the inner annular fibers (disc injury). A 300 N axial compressive force was applied either vertically downward or with a 10° or 20° anterior inclination through the disc's shear center. Anterior (0 N to 250 N) and posterior (-50 N to 0 N) shear tests were conducted using a material testing machine. These tests were repeated under a 5 N·m flexion moment. The relative motion between L5 and S1 was measured using a three-dimensional motion capture system.

Results

In the intact state, the inclination of the axial compressive force did not significantly alter anterior or posterior shear stiffness. However, the application of a flexion moment increased anterior shear stiffness by 49.3%. Progressive structural damage resulted in incremental increases in anteroposterior shear translation and corresponding reductions in stiffness. Notably, under combined loading with axial compression and flexion moment, anterior stiffness decreased from 939 N/mm (intact) to 224 N/mm (disc injury), while posterior stiffness decreased from 572 N/mm to 217 N/mm. Within the low-load range, no significant differences in shear stiffness were observed across any structural conditions, regardless of axial force inclination or combined with a flexion moment.

Conclusions

This study supports the clinical view that retro-inclination of the pelvis serves as a compensatory mechanism to enhance segmental shear stability. However, this compensatory capacity gradually diminishes and ultimately fails as spinal degeneration progresses.

, correspAuthors=Linghong ZHOU, Qingan ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhiping HUANG, Jianying ZHENG, Jiachen YANG, Junhao LIU, Junyu LIN, Xiuhua WU, Linghong ZHOU, Qingan ZHU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1244321224814346328, articleId=1244321221534401461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, language=CN, title=轴向压缩载荷倾斜和前屈力矩对腰骶椎剪切刚度影响的离体生物力学研究, columnId=1244321216576734006, journalTitle=医用生物力学, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨轴向压缩载荷倾斜和前屈力矩对腰骶椎前、后剪切刚度的影响。

方法

采用6例新鲜尸体腰骶椎标本(L5~S1)进行实验,分别模拟腰骶椎完整、双侧小关节4 mm间隙、前路切开纤维环摘除髓核及离断内层纤维环(椎间盘损伤)3种状态,施加垂直于L5~S1椎间盘300 N轴向压缩载荷,以及前下倾斜10°或20°压缩载荷300 N,通过材料试验机对L5~S1进行前、后方向剪切试验(前:0~250 N/后:-50~0 N)。在5 N·m前屈力矩作用下,重复以上剪切试验。使用三维运动测量系统测量L5与S1之间相对运动。

结果

对于腰骶椎完整状态,轴向压缩载荷的前倾并不显著改变节段的前或后剪切刚度,但施加前屈力矩后前剪切刚度平均增加了49.3%。随着结构依次切除,腰骶节段的前或后剪切位移逐级增加,剪切刚度依次降低,尤其是小关节间隙切除合并髓核摘除后,在轴向压缩载荷复合前屈力矩作用下,前剪切刚度由完整状态的939 N/mm显著减小到224 N/mm,后剪切刚度也由完整状态的572 N/mm减小为217 N/mm。在低载荷区间,在轴向压缩载荷前倾或复合前屈力矩作用下,不同结构状态前、后剪切刚度之间的差异均没有显著性。

结论

研究结果支持了临床上腰骶椎前凸降低、骨盆后倾可适度维持节段剪切稳定性的观点,但是随着脊柱退变的进展,这种代偿能力可能会逐渐下降甚至失效。

, correspAuthors=周凌宏, 朱青安, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
周凌宏,教授,博士研究生导师,E-mail:
朱青安,教授,博士研究生导师,E-mail:

*

为共同通信作者
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作者贡献声明:

黄志平负责实验设计与执行、数据处理、结果分析及论文撰写;郑健颖负责研究讨论、实验执行;杨佳晨负责实验执行、数据分析、论文构思;刘俊豪和林俊育负责数据统计、论文修改;吴秀华负责沟通协调;周凌宏和朱青安负责研究设计、实验指导、论文修改。

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注:XYZ分别为腰骶椎冠状轴、垂直轴、矢状轴。

, figureFileSmall=FqbNj8iZncw7gp6soTJi1g==, figureFileBig=3MRQJj+qtkiWVTirLo88mQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321231424569963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321221534401461, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Comparison of anterior-posterior shear translation of the lumbosacral joint under different conditions (a) Anterior and posterior (AP) shear force-translation curves under vertical axial compression for the lumbosacral joint, (b) Total AP, anterior, posterior shear translation under axial compressive force alone, (c) Total AP, anterior, posterior shear translation under axial compressive force combined with a 5 N·m flexion moment, figureFileSmall=avzwZ4dN304vjWoBNtWwgA==, figureFileBig=uO0GPKQnGeZ92nHM7zfEMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321231533621874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321221534401461, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同状态下腰骶椎前、后剪切位移比较

注:状态1、2、3分别为完整、小关节4 mm间隙、椎间盘损伤状态;与完整状态相比,**P<0.01,*P<0.05(下同)。

, figureFileSmall=avzwZ4dN304vjWoBNtWwgA==, figureFileBig=uO0GPKQnGeZ92nHM7zfEMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321231651062395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321221534401461, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Comparison of anterior shear stiffness under axial compressive force alone with axial compressive force combined with a 5 N·m flexion moment (a) Under intact condition, (b) Under 4 mm facet-joint gap condition, (c) Under disc injury condition, figureFileSmall=a7MtRtTgGYJNO9WaTu52XQ==, figureFileBig=RXlAmgsZJJW+4x3eOfY1eQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321231751725698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321221534401461, language=CN, label=图3, caption=腰骶椎在轴向压缩载荷或复合5 N·m前屈力矩作用下前剪切刚度比较, figureFileSmall=a7MtRtTgGYJNO9WaTu52XQ==, figureFileBig=RXlAmgsZJJW+4x3eOfY1eQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321231860777611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321221534401461, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Comparison between anterior and posterior shear stiffness under each conditions in low-load region (a) Under axial compressive force alone, (b) Under axial compressive force combined with a 5 N·m flexion moment, figureFileSmall=ruskqjVwJD8n0LgB3zLPiA==, figureFileBig=tK35jYFoVqq6E6PYlvdJhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321231969829522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321221534401461, language=CN, label=图4, caption=低剪切载荷区间腰骶椎各结构状态前剪切刚度和后剪切刚度比较, figureFileSmall=ruskqjVwJD8n0LgB3zLPiA==, figureFileBig=tK35jYFoVqq6E6PYlvdJhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321233500750493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321221534401461, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Anterior shear stiffness

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
倾斜角/(°)轴向压缩载荷作用下N·m前屈力矩作用下轴向压缩载荷复合5
状态1状态2状态3状态1状态2状态3
0502±178363±206229±1311033±1094357±172189±64
10721±733406±254225±196924±650314±202223±93
20665±655316±157167±65861±563377±191261±115
平均刚度629±512362±198207±134939±718349±177224±88
平均变化/%10058331003724
), ArticleFig(id=1244321233626579625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321221534401461, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

前剪切刚度(n=6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
倾斜角/(°)轴向压缩载荷作用下N·m前屈力矩作用下轴向压缩载荷复合5
状态1状态2状态3状态1状态2状态3
0502±178363±206229±1311033±1094357±172189±64
10721±733406±254225±196924±650314±202223±93
20665±655316±157167±65861±563377±191261±115
平均刚度629±512362±198207±134939±718349±177224±88
平均变化/%10058331003724
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轴向压缩载荷倾斜和前屈力矩对腰骶椎剪切刚度影响的离体生物力学研究
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黄志平 1, 2 , 郑健颖 2 , 杨佳晨 2 , 刘俊豪 2 , 林俊育 2 , 吴秀华 2 , 周凌宏 1, * , 朱青安 2, *
医用生物力学 | 论著 2025,40(5): 1150-1156
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医用生物力学 | 论著 2025, 40(5): 1150-1156
轴向压缩载荷倾斜和前屈力矩对腰骶椎剪切刚度影响的离体生物力学研究
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黄志平1, 2, 郑健颖2, 杨佳晨2, 刘俊豪2, 林俊育2, 吴秀华2, 周凌宏1, * , 朱青安2, *
作者信息
  • 1.南方医科大学 生物医学工程学院,广州 510515
  • 2.南方医科大学南方医院 脊柱骨科,广州 510515

通讯作者:

周凌宏,教授,博士研究生导师,E-mail:
朱青安,教授,博士研究生导师,E-mail:

*

为共同通信作者
Effects of Inclined Axial Compressive Force and Flexion Moment on Lumbosacral Shear Stiffness: An in vitro Biomechanical Study
Zhiping HUANG1, 2, Jianying ZHENG2, Jiachen YANG2, Junhao LIU2, Junyu LIN2, Xiuhua WU2, Linghong ZHOU1 , Qingan ZHU2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
  • 2.Division of Spinal Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.009
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目的

探讨轴向压缩载荷倾斜和前屈力矩对腰骶椎前、后剪切刚度的影响。

方法

采用6例新鲜尸体腰骶椎标本(L5~S1)进行实验,分别模拟腰骶椎完整、双侧小关节4 mm间隙、前路切开纤维环摘除髓核及离断内层纤维环(椎间盘损伤)3种状态,施加垂直于L5~S1椎间盘300 N轴向压缩载荷,以及前下倾斜10°或20°压缩载荷300 N,通过材料试验机对L5~S1进行前、后方向剪切试验(前:0~250 N/后:-50~0 N)。在5 N·m前屈力矩作用下,重复以上剪切试验。使用三维运动测量系统测量L5与S1之间相对运动。

结果

对于腰骶椎完整状态,轴向压缩载荷的前倾并不显著改变节段的前或后剪切刚度,但施加前屈力矩后前剪切刚度平均增加了49.3%。随着结构依次切除,腰骶节段的前或后剪切位移逐级增加,剪切刚度依次降低,尤其是小关节间隙切除合并髓核摘除后,在轴向压缩载荷复合前屈力矩作用下,前剪切刚度由完整状态的939 N/mm显著减小到224 N/mm,后剪切刚度也由完整状态的572 N/mm减小为217 N/mm。在低载荷区间,在轴向压缩载荷前倾或复合前屈力矩作用下,不同结构状态前、后剪切刚度之间的差异均没有显著性。

结论

研究结果支持了临床上腰骶椎前凸降低、骨盆后倾可适度维持节段剪切稳定性的观点,但是随着脊柱退变的进展,这种代偿能力可能会逐渐下降甚至失效。

腰骶椎  /  剪切刚度  /  轴向压缩载荷  /  前屈力矩  /  脊柱退变
Objective

To investigate the effects of inclined axial compressive force and flexion moment on the anterior and posterior shear stiffness of the lumbosacral segment.

Methods

Six fresh-frozen human cadaveric L5-S1 segments were tested under intact and two progressively impaired structural conditions: intact, a 4-mm bilateral facet joint gap, and anterior discectomy with nucleus pulposus removal plus circumferential release of the inner annular fibers (disc injury). A 300 N axial compressive force was applied either vertically downward or with a 10° or 20° anterior inclination through the disc's shear center. Anterior (0 N to 250 N) and posterior (-50 N to 0 N) shear tests were conducted using a material testing machine. These tests were repeated under a 5 N·m flexion moment. The relative motion between L5 and S1 was measured using a three-dimensional motion capture system.

Results

In the intact state, the inclination of the axial compressive force did not significantly alter anterior or posterior shear stiffness. However, the application of a flexion moment increased anterior shear stiffness by 49.3%. Progressive structural damage resulted in incremental increases in anteroposterior shear translation and corresponding reductions in stiffness. Notably, under combined loading with axial compression and flexion moment, anterior stiffness decreased from 939 N/mm (intact) to 224 N/mm (disc injury), while posterior stiffness decreased from 572 N/mm to 217 N/mm. Within the low-load range, no significant differences in shear stiffness were observed across any structural conditions, regardless of axial force inclination or combined with a flexion moment.

Conclusions

This study supports the clinical view that retro-inclination of the pelvis serves as a compensatory mechanism to enhance segmental shear stability. However, this compensatory capacity gradually diminishes and ultimately fails as spinal degeneration progresses.

lumbosacral vertebrae  /  shear stiffness  /  axial compressive force  /  flexion moment  /  spinal degeneration
黄志平, 郑健颖, 杨佳晨, 刘俊豪, 林俊育, 吴秀华, 周凌宏, 朱青安. 轴向压缩载荷倾斜和前屈力矩对腰骶椎剪切刚度影响的离体生物力学研究. 医用生物力学, 2025 , 40 (5) : 1150 -1156 . DOI: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.009
Zhiping HUANG, Jianying ZHENG, Jiachen YANG, Junhao LIU, Junyu LIN, Xiuhua WU, Linghong ZHOU, Qingan ZHU. Effects of Inclined Axial Compressive Force and Flexion Moment on Lumbosacral Shear Stiffness: An in vitro Biomechanical Study[J]. Journal of Medical Biomechanics, 2025 , 40 (5) : 1150 -1156 . DOI: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.009
研究表明,节段间的力学环境改变是退行性腰椎滑脱(degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis,DLS)发生和发展的重要影响因素[1-3]。对正常人体下腰椎节段肌肉力量以及力矩的生物力学研究证实,人体姿势对节段力学平衡具有显著的影响[4-6]。目前临床上将脊柱-骨盆矢状位平衡列入了诊疗考量,凸显了人体姿势形态学对DLS形成机制和疗效的影响[7-10]。有学者基于骶骨倾斜角和脊柱参数对退行性脊柱形态提出了多个分型,初步分析了退行性脊柱病变过程中形态姿势与节段载荷之间的变化关系[11-12]。由此可见,有必要进一步研究腰骶椎载荷,尤其是轴向压缩载荷以及附加力矩对DLS抗剪切的作用。
下腰椎在矢状面上的平衡,主要由重力作用与腰背部肌肉的主动收缩共同维持[13]。有学者通过有限元方法探讨不同躯干姿势下节段剪切载荷的变化,指出弱化背部肌肉的力量可能会导致或加重脊柱退行性滑脱[14]。也有学者尝试了在离体腰椎标本上建立DLS相关的生物力学模型,分析腰椎轴向载荷对剪切运动的影响[15-16]。然而,以上研究均未考虑脊柱-骨盆矢状位不同形态下轴向压缩载荷倾斜和前屈力矩对节段剪切机制的影响。腰骶椎是脊柱与骨盆之间过渡的节段,与脊柱参数以及骶骨倾斜角直接相关,所受的剪切载荷也更为显著。因此,本文建立新型腰骶椎退行性滑脱的离体剪切生物力学模型,通过改变腰骶椎轴向压缩载荷的方向和前屈力矩,模拟自身重力和腰部肌力在骶骨倾斜角改变以及整体脊柱后凸变化中对腰骶椎的作用,探讨腰骶椎依次在完整、双侧小关节4 mm间隙、前路椎间盘髓核摘除并离断内层纤维环3种状态下的前、后剪切运动,以阐明不同形态脊柱DLS的剪切力学机制。
选用6例新鲜成人尸体腰骶椎(L5~S1)标本,实验前行正侧位X线检查,排除标本畸形、骨折、结核、肿瘤等病变情况。标本取材后剔除周围肌肉组织,保留韧带和关节囊。水平截断骶骨尾端,保留骶骨约5 cm高度。在L5上终板和骶骨下缘环绕置入木螺钉,然后将骶骨端放置在特制的铝合金包埋盒底座中心,使得腰骶椎剪切中心平面平行于包埋盒底面,用调制好的自凝牙托石膏粉浆液灌注,确保L5~S1椎间盘及后方小关节完全显露,待骶骨端石膏凝固后,用同样方法包埋L5椎体上半部分,包埋过程中确保两端包埋盒对中,且上下底面平行,静置待L5端石膏完全凝固。
通过ElectroPuls E10000电磁伺服材料试验机(Instron公司,美国)平台,自行设计可实现上下剪切,同时允许水平非限制滑动及围绕枢轴转动的3自由度加载装置。取标本仰卧位,将L5~S1的包埋盒头尾端平行安装于剪切装置上,使S1端连接剪切夹具的固定端,L5端连接试验机作动器活动端。调整两端夹具,使施加的剪切力经过椎间盘剪切中心平面。L5端的夹具外侧两端设置可调节位置的挂钩,S1端夹具外侧两端设置可调节位置的滑轮。通过调节挂钩与滑轮的相对位置,经尼龙线缆实现L5~S1轴向压缩载荷倾斜,通过次级滑轮连接悬挂砝码模拟轴向压缩载荷;在连接L5端的上方水平横梁悬挂砝码,通过枢轴使得在剪切中心处产生等效前屈力矩。选取L5~S1靠近椎间盘上下缘的终板区域分别植入1根直径2.0 mm的克氏针,各连接1个由4颗红外发光标识点组成的运动刚体,确保Optotrak Certus三维运动测量系统(NDI公司,加拿大)能够实时监测运动刚体,并通过运动刚体建立虚拟点来标记L5~S1剪切相对运动(见图1)。
实验中依次模拟腰骶椎以下3种状态:①完整状态;②双侧小关节4 mm间隙状态;③椎间盘损伤状态,具体操作为前路纤维环剪切平面处横向切开约80%,然后摘除椎间盘髓核及离断内层纤维环,保留外侧及后方外层纤维环完整。通过轴向压缩载荷方向改变和施加前屈力矩的独立双因素控制的方式进行剪切实验分组。剪切测试控制参数为:前剪切0~250 N,后剪切-50~0 N,采用三角波形力控制,控制频率0.1 Hz;通过三维运动测量系统监测并记录各组剪切运动学数据。剪切载荷数据和运动学数据采集频率均设置为20 Hz。以完整状态测试为例,调整剪切夹具两端挂钩和滑轮组位置,使线缆合力通过剪切中心附近,维持标本中立位,使轴向压缩载荷方向与椎间盘剪切平面向下或前下10°和前下20°,施加的轴向压缩载荷为300 N,通过枢轴作用实现在剪切中心处产生等效的0 N·m或5 N·m前屈力矩。实验中,调整轴向压缩载荷方向以及前屈力矩的测试顺序设为随机。完整状态测试完成后,去掉运动刚体,将标本卸下转移至标本制备台面,通过4 mm直径电动磨钻打磨腰骶椎两侧小关节面各2mm厚度,完成小关节4mm间隙造模,然后保持原来中立位姿势,小心把标本重新安装到试验机夹具上,以同样的控制参数继续实验。完成小关节4 mm间隙状态测试后,可在不拆卸标本的情况下进行椎间盘纤维环前路切开,摘除髓核及离断内层纤维环组织,保留外层纤维环完好,实现椎间盘损伤状态的剪切运动测试,实验参数与上述保持一致。
根据测试记录的剪切载荷和位移数据,计算各实验组的剪切位移及刚度。剪切位移分为前剪切位移和后剪切位移两部分。基于剪切载荷和位移数据分别计算前剪切刚度和低剪切载荷区间的前、后剪切刚度。前剪切刚度的计算选取前剪切载荷-位移曲线中20%~80%的相对线性区域的数据;低剪切载荷区间的前、后剪切刚度则直接采用整个载荷-位移数据进行计算。通过GraphPad Prism 9.5统计软件对数据进行重复测量方差分析,多重比较采用Bonferroni方法进行校正,P<0.05认为差异具有统计学意义。
对于轴向压缩载荷垂直于腰骶椎椎间盘,随着结构逐级切除,损伤状态的前、后剪切总位移均依次增大。其中,完整、小关节4 mm间隙、椎间盘损伤状态总位移分别(0.98±0.98)、(1.63±1.51)、(2.38±1.88)mm;施加5 N·m前屈力矩后,上述3种状态下总位移分别为(0.93±0.86)、(1.14± 0.83)、(1.98±1.01)mm。椎间盘损伤状态相对于完整状态,剪切位移的差异具有显著性。对于前剪切,椎间盘损伤状态与完整状态相比,其前剪切位移在轴向压缩载荷各方向作用下,或复合前屈力矩的作用下,均显著增大。对于后剪切,仅在单纯轴向压缩载荷前倾20°时,椎间盘损伤状态的后剪切位移较完整状态显著增大。在轴向压缩载荷前倾10°复合5 N·m前屈力矩共同作用下,椎间盘损伤状态的后剪切位移较完整状态和小关节4 mm间隙均显著增大(见图2)。
随着结构的依次切除,节段的前剪切刚度逐级降低,但差异无统计学意义。在单纯轴向压缩载荷作用下,相对于完整状态,小关节4 mm间隙和椎间盘损伤状态的平均前剪切刚度分别下降至58%、33%;在复合前屈力矩作用下,逐级损伤的平均前剪切刚度分别下降至37%、24%(见表1)。
对于腰骶椎完整状态的前剪切,轴向压缩载荷前倾,其前剪切刚度并未显著改变;施加前屈力矩后前剪切刚度平均增加了49.3%,但差异不显著。对于小关节4 mm间隙和椎间盘损伤状态,轴向压缩载荷倾斜或复合前屈力矩作用下,均未显著影响其相应的前剪切刚度(见图3)。
在低载荷前、后剪切区间(-50~50 N),对于完整状态,轴向压缩载荷倾斜或复合前屈力矩作用下,前剪切刚度均比后剪切刚度大。对于小关节4 mm间隙状态,在轴向压缩载荷倾斜复合5 N·m前屈力矩作用后,前剪切刚度比后剪切刚度大。对于椎间盘损伤状态,在轴向压缩载荷倾斜复合5 N·m前屈力矩作用后,后剪切刚度比前剪切刚度增大,但差异无统计学意义(见图4)。
本文通过依次切除腰骶椎后部小关节和前路椎间盘方式制备了退变滑脱的模型,旨在探讨节段逐级损伤后在轴向压缩载荷方向改变或复合前屈力矩作用下的前、后剪切特性。随着节段的逐级切除,前、后剪切位移增大,剪切刚度降低,模拟了DLS的稳定性变化。
对于腰骶椎在轴向压缩载荷垂直作用于椎间盘的情况,本文结果与Melnyk等[16]建立的DLS模型中观察到的剪切变化趋势相似,均发现椎间盘损伤后前、后剪切位移显著增加;在复合前屈力矩作用下也呈现相同趋势。然而,在本文模型的相同剪切载荷测试中,损伤状态的总体剪切位移较小,推测原因在于所选研究节段不同。Melnyk等[16]选用了L2~3和L4~5节段,而本文均选用L5~S1节段。Kenesi等[17]和Berlemann等[18]的研究指出,L5~S1节段间的小关节面约前倾30°且更偏向冠状位,而上位腰椎的小关节面则更偏向矢状位。因此,当轴向压缩载荷垂直加载导致椎间盘高度降低后,更偏向冠状位的L5~S1小关节面在前剪切过程中会更快发生贴合,从而对前剪切运动产生更大的限制作用,减小了前剪切位移。此外,本文模型中椎间盘的切除部位为前路而非后路,纤维环不同部位在力学行为中的作用也有所差异。因此,本文所构建的腰骶椎损伤模型与Melnyk等[16]的模型存在一定区别,这也导致了剪切位移结果的差异。
本文发现,在单纯轴向压缩载荷作用下,腰骶椎各状态的前剪切刚度均未发生显著改变;而在复合前屈力矩作用下,完整状态的前剪切刚度则显著增加。Shirazi-Adl等[19]对不同腰凸姿势下完整腰骶椎节段的位移与应力进行了研究,结果表明,在轴向压缩载荷与前屈力矩共同作用时,节段的压缩刚度增大。本文亦得出与之相似的剪切刚度变化趋势,并进一步证实前屈力矩可增强腰骶椎的剪切稳定性。腰骶椎对抗前屈力矩的作用,主要依赖于腰背部肌群、椎间盘以及后方小关节复合体共同产生的后伸力矩[20]。该机制也有助于理解临床脊柱后凸退变进程中,椎间盘与小关节发生不同程度退变后,其对前屈力矩的抵抗能力减弱,而脊柱为维持躯干平衡会被动调整姿势,以延缓退变进展。脊柱形态与骨盆姿势通过影响重心位置及整体与局部肌力,成为决定腰骶椎节段前屈力矩的重要因素。因此,在研究下腰椎稳定性时,应重视节段矢状位参数对脊柱-骨盆矢状位平衡的关键作用。但需要注意的是,轴向压缩载荷倾斜或复合前屈力矩的作用,对于经逐步结构切除处理的损伤状态的前剪切刚度并未产生显著影响。这可能与小关节保留的4 mm间隙恰好处于临界状态有关,此时椎间盘在抵抗前剪切过程中仍起主要作用,因此前屈力矩未对其产生明显影响。椎间盘损伤后,椎间盘高度显著降低,导致腰骶关节上下终板之间及小关节面的接触增加,从而限制了剪切刚度的变化幅度。Matsunaga等[1]在研究DLS病因时指出,随着椎间盘退变程度加剧,其对滑脱进展的抑制作用逐渐增强。
在低剪切载荷区间(-50~50 N),Melnyk等[16]研究发现完整状态标本的前剪切刚度约为280 N/mm,而本研究中腰骶椎完整状态的前剪切刚度达到560 N/mm,进一步表明该节段具有更高的剪切稳定性。本文还对比分析了前、后剪切刚度,发现在轴向压缩载荷或复合前屈力矩作用下,腰骶椎均未表现出显著差异,说明其在低载荷剪切过程中前、后方向的剪切稳定性相当。
本研究的局限性如下:①样本量较小,可能增大了个体差异的影响,且未对离体标本的椎间盘退变程度进行分级评估;②未考虑样本的腰骶角差异,所设置的轴向压缩载荷倾斜角度可能因样本或结构状态的不同而产生一定偏差。这些因素可能导致实验结果的标准差较大,使得大部分统计结果仅表现出总体趋势而缺乏显著性差异。
轴向压缩载荷倾斜未对腰骶椎剪切刚度产生显著影响,而前屈力矩则显著提高了其剪切刚度。在低载荷区间内,前、后剪切刚度之间无显著差异。这一发现为临床观察提供了支持:腰骶椎前凸减小和骨盆后倾可在一定程度上维持节段的剪切稳定性,但随着脊柱退变的进展,该能力将逐渐减弱甚至丧失。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(81972110)
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2025年第40卷第5期
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doi: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.009
  • 接收时间:2025-08-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-14
  • 修回日期:2025-09-07
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国家自然科学基金项目(81972110)
作者信息
    1.南方医科大学 生物医学工程学院,广州 510515
    2.南方医科大学南方医院 脊柱骨科,广州 510515

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周凌宏,教授,博士研究生导师,E-mail:
朱青安,教授,博士研究生导师,E-mail:

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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