Article(id=1244321220523574126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, issueId=1244321215637209904, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.033, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734451200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-18, revisedDate=1737216000000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774598897342, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774598897342, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774598897342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774598897342, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244321215637209904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, year='2025', volume='40', issue='5', pageStart='1079', pageEnd='1366', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774598896178, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774599509568, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244323788452639476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, issueId=1244321215637209904, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244323788452639477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, issueId=1244321215637209904, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1333, endPage=1342, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244321220884284290, articleId=1244321220523574126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Extraction and Isolation, Characterization and Identification of Wear Debris for Artificial Joints, columnId=1244321220783620990, journalTitle=Journal of Medical Biomechanics, columnName=Review Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The wear debris generated during artificial joint prosthesis service can react with bone tissues to form osteolysis, seriously affecting the life-time of artificial joint prostheses. This paper reviews, summarizes, and analyzes domestic and international research literature on the extraction, characterization, and identification of wear debris from different artificial joint materials, aiming to provide references and feasible ideas for the future construction of a systematic and hierarchical research system for artificial joint wear debris. The main findings are as follows: strong alkali protein degradation test, strong acid protein degradation test, and protease protein degradation test are the commonly used method for extracting artificial joint wear debris, and researchers have clarified the protein degradation mechanisms of these three debris extraction methods. The characterization of wear debris in-vitro and in-vivo is mostly for hip and knee joints, with a small amount involving cervical spine and ankle joints. Studies have shown that the size, quantity, shape, and volume of wear particles are influenced by factors such as joint type, contact area, material selection, and implantation time. Both domestic and international studies have conducted characterization research on wear debris after in-vitro simulation testing, but there is still a lack of wear debris characterization analysis of clinical retrievals in China. Currently, most research is on the recognition of wear debris in the traditional mechanical field, but research on the intelligent recognition of artificial joint wear debris is relatively few, indicating that there is a certain lag in the application of computer technology in the field of artificial joint wear debris recognition.

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人工关节假体服役过程中产生的磨屑,会与骨组织发生反应并诱导骨溶解,严重影响人工关节假体的使用寿命。本文通过检索、总结、归纳和分析国内外不同人工关节材料磨屑的提取、表征以及识别的相关研究文献,以期为日后构建系统性、层次性的人工关节磨屑研究体系提供参考和可行思路。本文主要发现如下:强碱法、强酸法、蛋白酶法是目前提取人工关节磨屑的常用方法,研究人员明确了这3种磨屑提取方法的蛋白降解机制。体内外的磨屑表征多为髋、膝关节,少量涉及颈椎、脚踝关节,磨损颗粒的尺寸、数量、形状和体积受关节类型、接触区域、材料选择、植入时间等因素的影响。国内外均进行了体外模拟测试后磨屑的表征研究,但国内仍缺少临床取出物的磨屑表征分析。当前研究多为传统机械领域的磨屑识别,针对人工关节磨屑的智能识别研究较少,说明计算机技术在人工关节磨屑识别领域的应用存在一定的滞后性。

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刘斌,研究员,E-mail:
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作者贡献声明:

杨抒负责文献搜集整理、论文撰写;刘瑞娟、翟豹参与文献搜集整理、论文撰写;华子恺、丁金聚、张家振、刘斌负责论文框架设计和修改。

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journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321220523574126, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Morphology diagrams of metal wear debris[17], figureFileSmall=3MZv2Vrr2k+dLuqf8N9FzQ==, figureFileBig=mItu9mDb6LAv5L2f7q1lDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321230535377428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321220523574126, language=CN, label=图3, caption=金属磨屑形貌图[17]

注:(a)~(c)钛合金;(d)~(f)不锈钢;(g)~(i)钴铬合金。

, figureFileSmall=3MZv2Vrr2k+dLuqf8N9FzQ==, figureFileBig=mItu9mDb6LAv5L2f7q1lDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244321230669595168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321220523574126, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Extraction methods of polymer wear debris in different scenarios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法分类磨屑所处介质环境具体提取步骤数据来源
强碱法销/盘试验后的小牛血清溶液将5 mol/L NaOH添加到2 mL溶液中,并在65 ℃下反应6 h,之后采用1 mol/L HCl中和,再通过0.05 μm孔径的聚碳酸酯膜过滤得到超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)磨屑文献[8]
全髋关节假体经15×106磨损循环测试后的小牛血清溶液在65 ℃下添加5 mol/L NaOH至血清溶液反应3 h,之后添加蔗糖和异丙醇溶液至上述溶液以去除溶液中的蛋白质,最后在5 ℃下以25 500 r/min离心3 h获取聚乙烯磨屑文献[9]
强酸法2×106磨损循环测试后胫骨托假体背部的血清混合物首先取出0.5 mL血清混合物,加入8 mL 37% HCl以及1.5 mL超纯水,在60 ℃下以400 r/min搅拌15 min。最后用20 mL甲醇再次稀释溶液,并用孔径为0.02 μm的过滤膜获得聚乙烯磨屑文献[10]
固定和活动型单髁膝关节假体经4.5×106磨损循环测试后的小牛血清溶液先采用无水乙醇洗涤一次血清溶液,在60 ℃下水浴加热,之后以5∶1的比例加入37% HCl,并在400 r/min搅拌55 min,最后用孔径为0.02 μm的过滤膜获取聚乙烯磨屑文献[11]
人工椎间盘磨损实验后的小牛血清溶液使用涡旋混合器将体积为10 mL牛血清溶液与32%(w/w)的HCl混合,将其在50 ℃水浴下反应1 h,加入甲醇稀释以降低黏度,过滤后获取UHMWPE磨屑文献[12]
蛋白酶法人工颈椎间盘经5×106磨损循环测试后的溶液在37 ℃下以1∶1的比例添加酶溶液和磨损测试后收集的溶液,混合12 h进行充分反应,之后用纯水稀释至10∶1,超声分散30 min。最后,通过50 nm过滤膜得到磨屑。酶溶液(用纯水溶解的5 mg/mL透明质酸酶、2 mg/mL胰蛋白酶和1.8 mg/ml蛋白酶K)文献[13]
10例髋关节和8例膝关节置换后的组织样本添加酶溶液进行为期2~3 d降解处理,之后进行时长3 h、离心力为125 755 g离心,以获取分层液。将分层液上层含有UHMWPE的溶液,采用氯仿和甲醇2∶1进行萃取处理,并在2 000 g下超声20 min,下层溶液采用不同密度梯度的聚钨酸钠溶液,在202 048 g下离心4 h,之后将溶液通过15 nm孔径的过滤装置得到磨屑。酶溶液(木瓜蛋白酶和蛋白酶K)文献[14]
), ArticleFig(id=1244321230837367343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321220523574126, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同场景下聚合物磨屑提取方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法分类磨屑所处介质环境具体提取步骤数据来源
强碱法销/盘试验后的小牛血清溶液将5 mol/L NaOH添加到2 mL溶液中,并在65 ℃下反应6 h,之后采用1 mol/L HCl中和,再通过0.05 μm孔径的聚碳酸酯膜过滤得到超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)磨屑文献[8]
全髋关节假体经15×106磨损循环测试后的小牛血清溶液在65 ℃下添加5 mol/L NaOH至血清溶液反应3 h,之后添加蔗糖和异丙醇溶液至上述溶液以去除溶液中的蛋白质,最后在5 ℃下以25 500 r/min离心3 h获取聚乙烯磨屑文献[9]
强酸法2×106磨损循环测试后胫骨托假体背部的血清混合物首先取出0.5 mL血清混合物,加入8 mL 37% HCl以及1.5 mL超纯水,在60 ℃下以400 r/min搅拌15 min。最后用20 mL甲醇再次稀释溶液,并用孔径为0.02 μm的过滤膜获得聚乙烯磨屑文献[10]
固定和活动型单髁膝关节假体经4.5×106磨损循环测试后的小牛血清溶液先采用无水乙醇洗涤一次血清溶液,在60 ℃下水浴加热,之后以5∶1的比例加入37% HCl,并在400 r/min搅拌55 min,最后用孔径为0.02 μm的过滤膜获取聚乙烯磨屑文献[11]
人工椎间盘磨损实验后的小牛血清溶液使用涡旋混合器将体积为10 mL牛血清溶液与32%(w/w)的HCl混合,将其在50 ℃水浴下反应1 h,加入甲醇稀释以降低黏度,过滤后获取UHMWPE磨屑文献[12]
蛋白酶法人工颈椎间盘经5×106磨损循环测试后的溶液在37 ℃下以1∶1的比例添加酶溶液和磨损测试后收集的溶液,混合12 h进行充分反应,之后用纯水稀释至10∶1,超声分散30 min。最后,通过50 nm过滤膜得到磨屑。酶溶液(用纯水溶解的5 mg/mL透明质酸酶、2 mg/mL胰蛋白酶和1.8 mg/ml蛋白酶K)文献[13]
10例髋关节和8例膝关节置换后的组织样本添加酶溶液进行为期2~3 d降解处理,之后进行时长3 h、离心力为125 755 g离心,以获取分层液。将分层液上层含有UHMWPE的溶液,采用氯仿和甲醇2∶1进行萃取处理,并在2 000 g下超声20 min,下层溶液采用不同密度梯度的聚钨酸钠溶液,在202 048 g下离心4 h,之后将溶液通过15 nm孔径的过滤装置得到磨屑。酶溶液(木瓜蛋白酶和蛋白酶K)文献[14]
), ArticleFig(id=1244321231000945218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321220523574126, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Overview of the application research of different wear debris identification technologies in traditional mechanical equipment field

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据量磨屑来源识别技术技术优势数据来源
215机械装备产生的磨屑卷积神经网络(convolution neural network,CNN)相较于广义反向传播神经网络,该技术针对疲劳和严重滑移磨屑识别的准确率从40%提升到83%文献[34]
600传动装置的油液样本铁谱卷积神经网络(ferrography convolution neural network,FECNN)从较多背景噪声的铁谱图中自动提取磨屑的特征;分类结果更准确;减轻了样本采集的工作量文献[35]
800齿轮、发动机产生的磨屑卷积神经网络与迁移学习(transfer learning,TL)和支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)相结合CNN模型比从局部二值模式、方向梯度直方图和基于颜色的方法更易区分图像特征,且迁移学习后的模型精度远高于初始模型文献[36]
1 000传动装置的油液样本掩膜区域卷积神经网络(mask region convolution neural network,Mask RCNN)与迁移学习相结合实现磨屑的定量分析文献[37]
10 000+机械装备产生的磨屑深度卷积神经网络架构(wear particle darknet,WP-DRnet)WP-DRnet与现有的几种铁谱识别和分类方法相比,性能更优、处理时间更短、人工干预更少文献[38]
732深度卷积神经网络架构提高了磨屑分析的效率和准确性文献[39]
3 020快速区域卷积神经网络(faster region convolution neural network,Faster RCNN)实现机械部件磨损状态的在线智能检测文献[40]
), ArticleFig(id=1244321231114191435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, articleId=1244321220523574126, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同磨屑识别技术在传统机械设备领域中的应用研究概述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据量磨屑来源识别技术技术优势数据来源
215机械装备产生的磨屑卷积神经网络(convolution neural network,CNN)相较于广义反向传播神经网络,该技术针对疲劳和严重滑移磨屑识别的准确率从40%提升到83%文献[34]
600传动装置的油液样本铁谱卷积神经网络(ferrography convolution neural network,FECNN)从较多背景噪声的铁谱图中自动提取磨屑的特征;分类结果更准确;减轻了样本采集的工作量文献[35]
800齿轮、发动机产生的磨屑卷积神经网络与迁移学习(transfer learning,TL)和支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)相结合CNN模型比从局部二值模式、方向梯度直方图和基于颜色的方法更易区分图像特征,且迁移学习后的模型精度远高于初始模型文献[36]
1 000传动装置的油液样本掩膜区域卷积神经网络(mask region convolution neural network,Mask RCNN)与迁移学习相结合实现磨屑的定量分析文献[37]
10 000+机械装备产生的磨屑深度卷积神经网络架构(wear particle darknet,WP-DRnet)WP-DRnet与现有的几种铁谱识别和分类方法相比,性能更优、处理时间更短、人工干预更少文献[38]
732深度卷积神经网络架构提高了磨屑分析的效率和准确性文献[39]
3 020快速区域卷积神经网络(faster region convolution neural network,Faster RCNN)实现机械部件磨损状态的在线智能检测文献[40]
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人工关节假体磨屑提取分离、表征和识别的研究进展
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杨抒 1 , 刘瑞娟 2 , 张家振 3 , 翟豹 3 , 华子恺 4 , 丁金聚 1 , 刘斌 1
医用生物力学 | 综述 2025,40(5): 1333-1342
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医用生物力学 | 综述 2025, 40(5): 1333-1342
人工关节假体磨屑提取分离、表征和识别的研究进展
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杨抒1, 刘瑞娟2, 张家振3, 翟豹3, 华子恺4, 丁金聚1, 刘斌1
作者信息
  • 1.国家药品监督管理局 医疗器械技术审评检查大湾区分中心,广东 深圳 518000
  • 2.西南交通大学 机械工程学院,摩擦学研究所,成都 610031
  • 3.国家药品监督管理局 医疗器械技术审评中心,北京 100076
  • 4.上海大学 机电工程与自动化学院,上海 200444

通讯作者:

刘斌,研究员,E-mail:
Research Progress on Extraction and Isolation, Characterization and Identification of Wear Debris for Artificial Joints
Shu YANG1, Ruijuan LIU2, Jiazhen ZHANG3, Bao ZHAI3, Zikai HUA4, Jinju DING1, Bin LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1.Greater Bay Area Center for Medical Device Evaluation and Inspection, National Medical Products Administration, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China
  • 2.Tribology Research Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
  • 3.Center for Medical Device Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing 100076, China
  • 4.School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.033
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人工关节假体服役过程中产生的磨屑,会与骨组织发生反应并诱导骨溶解,严重影响人工关节假体的使用寿命。本文通过检索、总结、归纳和分析国内外不同人工关节材料磨屑的提取、表征以及识别的相关研究文献,以期为日后构建系统性、层次性的人工关节磨屑研究体系提供参考和可行思路。本文主要发现如下:强碱法、强酸法、蛋白酶法是目前提取人工关节磨屑的常用方法,研究人员明确了这3种磨屑提取方法的蛋白降解机制。体内外的磨屑表征多为髋、膝关节,少量涉及颈椎、脚踝关节,磨损颗粒的尺寸、数量、形状和体积受关节类型、接触区域、材料选择、植入时间等因素的影响。国内外均进行了体外模拟测试后磨屑的表征研究,但国内仍缺少临床取出物的磨屑表征分析。当前研究多为传统机械领域的磨屑识别,针对人工关节磨屑的智能识别研究较少,说明计算机技术在人工关节磨屑识别领域的应用存在一定的滞后性。

人工关节  /  磨屑  /  分离  /  表征分析  /  智能识别

The wear debris generated during artificial joint prosthesis service can react with bone tissues to form osteolysis, seriously affecting the life-time of artificial joint prostheses. This paper reviews, summarizes, and analyzes domestic and international research literature on the extraction, characterization, and identification of wear debris from different artificial joint materials, aiming to provide references and feasible ideas for the future construction of a systematic and hierarchical research system for artificial joint wear debris. The main findings are as follows: strong alkali protein degradation test, strong acid protein degradation test, and protease protein degradation test are the commonly used method for extracting artificial joint wear debris, and researchers have clarified the protein degradation mechanisms of these three debris extraction methods. The characterization of wear debris in-vitro and in-vivo is mostly for hip and knee joints, with a small amount involving cervical spine and ankle joints. Studies have shown that the size, quantity, shape, and volume of wear particles are influenced by factors such as joint type, contact area, material selection, and implantation time. Both domestic and international studies have conducted characterization research on wear debris after in-vitro simulation testing, but there is still a lack of wear debris characterization analysis of clinical retrievals in China. Currently, most research is on the recognition of wear debris in the traditional mechanical field, but research on the intelligent recognition of artificial joint wear debris is relatively few, indicating that there is a certain lag in the application of computer technology in the field of artificial joint wear debris recognition.

artificial joint  /  wear debris  /  isolation  /  characterization analysis  /  intelligent recognition
杨抒, 刘瑞娟, 张家振, 翟豹, 华子恺, 丁金聚, 刘斌. 人工关节假体磨屑提取分离、表征和识别的研究进展. 医用生物力学, 2025 , 40 (5) : 1333 -1342 . DOI: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.033
Shu YANG, Ruijuan LIU, Jiazhen ZHANG, Bao ZHAI, Zikai HUA, Jinju DING, Bin LIU. Research Progress on Extraction and Isolation, Characterization and Identification of Wear Debris for Artificial Joints[J]. Journal of Medical Biomechanics, 2025 , 40 (5) : 1333 -1342 . DOI: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.033
人工关节置换术可最大程度缓解患者疼痛症状,恢复关节正常运动功能,是临床治疗晚期关节炎的有效手段。其中,膝关节与髋关节置换术应用最为广泛。相关临床报道显示,其术后10年假体存活率已超过90%[1-2]。但人工关节长期磨损产生的磨屑会刺激巨噬细胞,释放肿瘤坏死因子-α等炎性介质,诱发一系列生物反应,使得假体周围骨质逐步溶解,导致关节假体的无菌性松动。研究发现,巨噬细胞的吞噬作用与磨屑的粒径有关,高剂量的亚微米颗粒会显著诱导骨吸收因子的分泌。因此,有必要对磨屑形态、尺寸、数量和浓度等进行分析,并关联人工关节的宏观磨损现象,以深入分析人工关节的磨损机制并探究其潜在的临床风险[3-5]
体内磨屑多从翻修时获取的组织液中提取,而体外磨屑多为销/盘试验机和关节模拟器在小牛血清、生理盐水、超纯水等溶液下进行生物摩擦磨损实验的产物[5]。实验中,若采用生理盐水、超纯水作为溶液,则简单处理后即可获取磨屑;若采用小牛血清作为溶液,蛋白大分子会包裹于磨屑表面,导致磨屑真实形态难以呈现。因此,需要将收集后的血清溶液进行蛋白降解处理以获取真实的磨屑形态。近年来,越来越多的学者开始关注人工关节磨屑的研究。本文通过Web of Science和中国知网数据库对相关内容进行检索。搜索的关键词为“artificial joint”“wear debris”“人工关节”“磨屑”,时间跨度为2019~2024年。截止至2024年12月,共有相关文献97篇。本文采用文献可视化软件VOSviewer对研究领域的热点及趋势进行分析。结果显示,人工关节磨损、磨屑和骨溶解是该方向的研究热点(见图1)。
研究人工关节因磨损产生的磨屑有助于阐述关节假体的磨损机制、分析体内因磨屑导致的生物反应机制。本文通过归纳、总结人工关节磨屑提取、表征和识别的最新研究方法和进展,分析现有方法存在的优势和局限性,为制造商分析磨损测试后的磨屑提供指导建议,为今后建立系统性、层次性的人工关节磨屑研究体系提供参考和可行思路。
常见的人工关节假体主要由聚合物、金属和陶瓷材料构成。研究人员认为,关节假体滑动界面产生的磨屑是导致假体无菌性松动的主要原因。磨屑的特征一方面可以反映不同的磨损状态和磨损机制,另一方面会引发不同程度的生物反应,因此有效提取人工关节假体的磨屑,并合理表征分析显得尤为重要。
针对磨屑提取的相关标准,国际标准化组织发布的ISO 17853-2011[6]重点针对聚合物和金属磨屑颗粒的分离进行了规定,但其中涉及陶瓷磨屑提取的方法只是简单建议,未有详细的操作流程。欧洲标准化委员会颁布的标准CWA 17253-1 2018 E[7]考虑了诸如氧化锆增韧氧化铝、氮化硅等陶瓷材料的磨屑提取,可以作为ISO标准的补充。
实际应用中,因聚合物、金属、陶瓷材料的性能不同,提取方法也有所差异。对于聚合物而言,强碱法、强酸法、蛋白酶法都适用。参照标准YY/T 0652-2016(等同采用ISO 17853-2011)中推荐的步骤进行聚合物磨屑的提取是目前常见的方法。此外,国外学者对不同场景下聚合物磨屑的提取方法也进行了相关研究(见表1)。
表1可以看出,强碱法与强酸法都需要根据初始降解溶液加入不同体积倍数的NaOH或HCl在磁力加热搅拌的环境下进行蛋白降解反应。强酸法操作简单,所需时间较短,但降解效果低,因此对形貌分析要求高的磨屑不适用。针对该问题,郑晔等[15]研究了基于强酸法提取维生素E高交联聚乙烯(VEHXPE)磨屑的方法,结果表明标准中推荐的方法较难提取低磨损量材料的磨屑,但通过增大消化液取液量能更全面地表征磨屑群体。蛋白酶法一般需要加入十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)进行蛋白松散处理,并通过添加乙二胺四乙酸和磷酸钠缓冲液调节溶液pH,之后采用木瓜蛋白酶进行48 h水浴和蛋白酶K进行24 h蛋白降解处理,最后高速离心过滤。蛋白酶法便于从假体周围组织样品中分离磨屑,以获取高分辨率的磨屑图像,有助于磨屑特征的深入研究。
因为金属、陶瓷材料的磨损量低,目前普遍选择蛋白酶法进行蛋白降解处理以便提取磨屑。研究人员对这些硬质材料磨屑提取的具体方法也进行了一系列探索。Patel等[16]开发出一种从大鼠右膝组织中分离陶瓷磨屑的方法,具体操作为:将3 mL组织样本溶液加入1.56 mg/mL木瓜蛋白酶并在50 ℃水浴中加热,同时加入0.1 mol/L 4-(2-羟乙基)-1-哌嗪乙烯磺酸(HEPES)缓冲液(pH 7.5)和0.33 mol/L甘氨酸消化6 h。之后加入1 mg/mL蛋白酶K和0.5%(v/v)的SDS,在50 ℃下继续消化并搅拌16~20 h,接下来添加150 μL的20 mg/mL蛋白酶K,总计消化48 h。消化后的样品在2、1.6、1.2 g/mL聚钨酸钠溶液中进行密度梯度超速离心。最后通过超声处理在水浴中悬浮20 min,并用孔径为15 nm聚碳酸酯滤膜过滤获得Si3N4磨屑。Lal等[17]描述了一种从血清溶液中分离和回收陶瓷或类陶瓷涂层颗粒和金属磨屑的方法。与上述研究方法类似,采用蛋白酶K用于消化血清中的蛋白质,并用聚钨酸钠作为密度梯度介质,通过超速离心将降解后的蛋白质和其他污染物从血清中分离获取Si3 N4纳米颗粒和钴铬合金(CoCr)磨屑。该方法能达到超过80%的磨屑回收率,并且在分离过程中没有改变陶瓷和金属颗粒的尺寸和形态,对未来评估新一代骨科陶瓷或金属材料产生的磨屑具有一定的应用价值。
牛血清中的主要蛋白质是白蛋白和球蛋白。蛋白质会通过氢键吸附在颗粒表面,形成蛋白质晕,因此需要对蛋白质进行充分降解以更好提取和表征磨屑。Zhang等[18]研究了强碱法、强酸法和蛋白酶法的水解蛋白机制。强碱法中氢氧根离子会破坏蛋白质分子间的氢键和离子键,从而让蛋白质结构发生变化形成不规则和松散的排列,导致蛋白质疏水基团更易暴露进而产生蛋白质聚集和沉淀,最终使得磨屑从蛋白质中剥离。与强碱法降解蛋白质的机制类似,强酸溶液中的氢离子也会破坏蛋白质的氢键和离子键。在强碱溶液中,血红素与远端的组氨酸配位抑制了强碱的氧化作用,因此强碱降解蛋白质的反应时间要比强酸长。当牛血清溶液中的蛋白质被强酸或强碱降解时,若酸、碱溶液剂量不足,蛋白质无法完全降解;若酸、碱溶液剂量过高,则在随后的离心过程中会增加基团的数量,导致磨屑的损失。此外,多余的强酸和强碱会造成环境污染。综上,优化强酸和强碱溶液的降解时间和剂量不仅可以提高蛋白质的降解效率,而且可以减少对环境的污染。
与强酸、强碱作用于蛋白质不同的是,蛋白酶选择性地破坏多种氨基酸形成的肽键,还能水解与蛋白质氨基酸相结合的酰胺和脂质。在水浴环境中,木瓜蛋白酶会裂解肽键,随着肽键的减少,蛋白质侧链水解的抑制作用和蛋白质之间的空间阻断作用得到了削弱。随后采用蛋白酶K能对溶液中的蛋白质进行更为彻底的水解。
张涛[19]采用蛋白质中肽键降解的百分数(蛋白降解率)来量化溶液中蛋白质的降解程度。结果发现,强碱法和蛋白酶法的最大降解率都可达到95%,可以观察到轮廓清晰的各种尺寸磨屑;而强酸法的蛋白最大降解率仅为69.8%,故只适用于对形貌分析要求不高的情况。此外,该研究通过探究最优的降解时间、离心时间和提取次数实现了不同密度人工关节混合磨屑的分离。
综上所述,学者对不同环境和关节类别下的不同材料磨屑提取方法进行大量研究,明晰了3种常用磨屑提取方法的蛋白降解机制,有助于科研人员更为有效地提取磨屑。随着新材料的不断研发[20],假体的耐磨性有了极大的提升,早期的提取方法逐渐不适合耐磨材料的磨屑分离,当前多采用蛋白酶结合密度梯度法来有效分离获取低磨损材料的磨屑。
目前通常采用标准ASTM F1877-24[21]中推荐的参数描述磨屑的几何特征,即通过形状因子、圆度、体态比、等效直径和延伸因子这5个形态参数描述磨屑的形态、尺寸。此外,标准ASTM E1617-09[22]提供了3个级别的磨屑表征模板,涉及材料的来源、磨屑几何尺寸、磨屑尺寸范围、软件处理版本,研究人员及制造商可参考上述标准对磨屑进行表征分析。不同材质、不同关节类型的磨屑特征各不相同,聚合物磨屑易出现片状、块状、纤维状、类圆状和不规则等形状。金属和陶瓷磨屑的尺寸较聚合物更小,主要为圆形、针状并伴随团聚现象。另一方面,不同加载和不同接触形式造成的磨损机制不同也是造成不同关节假体磨屑形貌差异的主要原因[23]
采用场发射扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)对聚合物磨屑的表面形貌进行观察是当前常用的表征方法。Dalli等[24]表征了UHMWPE和VEHXPE材料的髋臼内衬假体在体外磨损测试下的磨屑,结果表明两者产生的磨屑类似,大多数为圆形且表面光滑、尺寸相近。Braun等[10]使用SEM分别对聚乙烯髋臼关节面和背部接触区域的磨屑进行了观测。结果表明关节面的磨屑大多小于1 μm,主要为类圆形和片状;衬垫背部微动产生的磨屑则多呈现为纳米级圆形,其尺寸远小于关节面的磨屑。付松卿等[25]分析了不同循环周期下高交联聚乙烯(HXLPE)内衬与钴铬钼(CoCrMo)股骨髁配副产生的磨屑,结果表明,HXLPE中颗粒状、球状磨屑分别占比62%、12%,而片状、纤维状、杆状等类型磨屑的含量较少。研究发现,随着磨损周期的推进,纳米磨屑的比例逐渐增大,最高能达到80%,且通过细胞毒性实验发现相较于其他类别的磨屑,纳米级磨屑引发的细胞毒性最强。张涛[19]探究了新型聚醚醚酮-交联聚乙烯(PEEK-XLPE)膝关节配副在500万循环周期下的磨屑演变和生成机制,发现XLPE磨屑的尺寸分布、类型和PEEK股骨髁的磨损表面形貌有着极大的相关性。Hua等[26]研究了膝关节假体经体外磨损试验后的VEHXPE/HXLPE及UHMWPE磨屑形貌,发现VEHXPE/HXLPE与UHMWPE磨屑在颗粒大小、形态分布以及生物活性上均存在差异,且VEHXPE/HXLPE磨屑诱导骨溶解的概率要低于UHMWPE磨屑。除髋、膝关节的磨屑研究外,学者还对颈椎关节的磨屑开展研究。结果表明,人工颈椎关节500万次循环后的磨屑尺寸分布在0.05~25 μm,形状为片状、球状、聚集状、杆状和带状5种[12]。其中,片状磨屑的表面呈现出不规则且折叠的形态;球状表面光滑且边缘轮廓清晰;团聚的磨屑呈现出20~30 μm磨屑堆;杆状和带状磨屑表面光滑,且长径远大于短径。此外,Liu等[27]通过销/盘试验探究了新型超低磨损聚乙烯(ULWPE)的磨损机制和磨屑特征。如图2所示,磨屑的形状主要有圆形、椭圆形、纤维状。结果表明,超低磨损聚乙烯(ULWPE-700)表现出最好的耐磨性以及最低引发潜在生物反应的可能性。
另一方面,原子力显微镜(atomic force microscope,AFM)因能较好表征样品的三维形貌和表面纹理,且可以观察非导电样品,故常用于人工关节磨屑的观测。Wu等[28]使用AFM对销/盘实验后的UHMWPE磨屑进行三维形貌轮廓观测,并基于粒子几何特征,使用主成分分析算法和模糊c均值聚类算法将UHMWPE磨损颗粒分为颗粒状、纤维状、板状和片状。Gladkis等[29]同样使用AFM,对UHMWPE膝关节衬垫的磨屑进行测量,发现颗粒状磨屑高度方向不超过20 nm,宽度约为1 μm;薄片状磨屑高度最大300 nm,宽度3.5 μm。AFM能够描绘磨屑的三维轮廓结构,弥补了扫描电镜二维观测的不足,为实现定量评估磨屑表面纹理对纳米尺度下磨屑引起的病理反应奠定了基础。
综上所述,聚合物磨屑的形状多种多样,主要有颗粒状、球状、片状、棒状、纤维状、块状,且尺寸分布范围较广。其中,VEHXPE作为低磨损材料,其磨屑尺寸主要在微纳米级,而PEEK磨屑的尺寸多为几十微米。科研人员采用SEM或AFM针对聚合物磨屑的数量、尺寸、形状等进行大量表征研究,但对于不同关节、不同磨屑引发的一系列生物反应的研究较少,磨屑与生物反应间的关系是未来研究的方向。
图3为体内髋、膝关节假体组织样本经处理后的钛合金、不锈钢及钴铬合金磨屑的扫描电镜图[30]。其中,钛合金磨屑为典型的片状碎片,约为10 μm;不锈钢磨屑也为片状,其表面光滑,尺寸和形态与钛合金相似;钴铬合金磨屑多呈团聚形态。学者还研究了人工脚踝关节翻修组织样本的金属磨屑[31],发现钴铬合金的磨屑呈层叠片状,平均最大直径为1.26 μm;纯钛磨屑通常为大颗粒状,且形状不规则,边缘粗糙或扁平,其最大尺寸可达102.89 μm;钛合金磨屑多表现为微米级的不规则薄片。Zhang等[32]通过膝关节体外磨损测试发现,随磨损测试的进行,CoCrMo磨屑表现出不同的纹理、尺寸和形状的变化。
对于金属、陶瓷材料而言,除了采用SEM、AFM,还可以通过透射电镜(transmission electron microscope,TEM)观察尺寸小于0.2 μm亚显微结构磨屑,并结合X线光电子能谱对植入体内后产生的磨屑属性进行成分分析。Wang等[33]通过TEM研究在小牛血清溶液和磷酸盐缓冲溶液(phosphate buffered saline,PBS)中经销/盘磨损测试后的纳米级CoCrMo磨屑,发现在小牛血清溶液中,圆形、椭圆形的磨屑居多,而PBS溶液中磨屑的团聚现象更加明显。
综上所述,当前已有学者采用不同的表征分析方法研究了人工髋、膝、颈椎、脚踝关节的磨屑。结果表明,磨损颗粒尺寸、数量、形状和体积受关节类型、接触区域、材料选择、植入时间等因素的影响。国内外均对体外模拟测试后的磨屑进行表征分析,但目前还未检索到国内关于植入体内关节磨屑的分析表征研究。此外,目前还无法完全回答微观磨屑与宏观磨损现象间的关系,未来通过系统研究不同关节、不同配副的体内外磨屑,建立实验、临床结果在各个关节的磨屑图谱,并与体内外宏观磨损现象相关联,是解决该问题的可行方法。
对人工关节磨屑进行大量统计分析有利于获取微观磨损信息,进而深入分析人工关节的磨损机制。然而人工处理成百上千的磨屑图像,存在主观且耗时的局限性。随着人工智能的快速发展,尤其是卷积神经网络的广泛应用,使得智能图像识别成为可能。表2列举了不同磨屑识别技术在传统机械装备故障诊断中的应用研究。可以看出,自设计卷积神经网络识别系统在磨屑识别检测中发挥了巨大作用。
针对人工关节的磨屑识别,Hu等[41]将一种基于形态先验的残差卷积神经网络(morphological residual convolutional neural network,M-RCNN)用于颈椎关节磨屑的识别。实验结果表明形态先验有助于磨屑形态的分类,残差卷积神经网络提高了系统的整体性能。该研究为自动识别磨屑提供了一种有效的解决方案。Eckold等[42]使用尺度不变特征变换和支持向量机分类器对颈椎关节磨屑的扫描电镜图进行了处理,总体准确度为(77.6±4.6)%。Kandel等[43]提出一种基于自适应阈值的自动颗粒分割算法,并使用卷积神经网络对体外颈椎间盘磨损实验后的UHMWPE磨屑进行分类,其准确度能够达到96.49%。伍锐斌等[44]提出一种SA-UNet(Self Attention U-Net)网络用于快速获取人工关节金属磨屑在单视图下的深度估算,结果表明SA-UNet具有优异的综合评价能力,其绝对误差比原始UNet网格、ACAN网格、BTS网格分别降低了6%、8.6%、5.2%。陆兴华等[45]采用网格划分(meshing classification,MESH)、模糊C-均值(fuzzy C-means,FCM)聚类分析和遗传模拟退火算法(genetic simulated annealing algorithm,SAGA)3种模型对体外膝关节磨损实验后的UHMWPE磨屑进行了分类识别,结果表明磨屑的分形特征和分类结果反映了磨损的演变过程,分形维数的变化与磨损状态的转变密切相关。Liu等[46]采用热压法制备基于摩擦纳米发电(triboelectric nanogenerator,TENG)的聚乙烯与钢球组成的人工关节结构,通过研究电输出信号与颗粒数量和尺寸的关系,实现磨屑的实时检测。该研究工作拓展了TENG在人工关节磨损检测中的应用,有望推动生物医学传感器和智能医疗的发展。
磨屑的识别本质上是一种图像识别,计算机图像技术的快速发展为解决摩擦学问题提供了新的技术支持。当前研究多为传统机械领域的磨屑识别,针对人工关节磨屑的智能识别研究较少,这说明计算机技术在人工关节磨屑识别领域的应用存在滞后性。相较于其他领域的成熟数据集,人工关节磨屑的数据集构建还处于起步阶段。基于上述现象,未来应重视和加强人工关节磨屑的相关智能识别研究。
人工关节假体产生的磨屑是影响其使用寿命的主要原因之一,一方面研究体内外关节的磨屑有助于阐释其磨损机制;另一方面,研究磨屑的特征有助于分析体内生物反应的机制。在产品注册过程中,申请人可参考国家药品监督管理局组织制定的《全膝关节假体系统产品注册技术审查指导原则》(以下简称导则)对人工关节产生的磨屑进行分析从而评价交联工艺以及抗氧化剂对聚乙烯材料磨损性能的影响和金属关节面耐磨涂层及表面改性层的耐磨性能。对于新型的关节面材料,导则建议申请人参考YY/T 0652标准对磨屑的形态和尺寸分布进行表征,并与成熟已上市同品种产品进行比较分析,以论证申报产品的临床安全、有效性。此外,还应充分考虑涂层剥落、过度磨损可能造成的局部生物学反应,如磨屑、金属离子带来的骨溶解、过敏反应等,必要时须进行生物相容性评价。目前,人工关节磨屑的提取分离、表征研究已有较多实质性的成果。此外,磨屑的智能识别为研究人工关节磨损机制和磨屑生成机制提供了便利。本文通过检索、归纳和总结当前人工关节假体磨屑分离提取的方法,磨屑表征的研究进展以及最新的图像识别和分类技术,以期为日后构建系统性、层次性的人工关节磨屑研究体系提供参考和可行思路。本文的主要结论和展望如下:
(1)通过研究,阐述了蛋白的降解机制,并用蛋白降解率来定量分析3种常用磨屑提取法的水解蛋白能力。将蛋白酶法和聚物酸钠梯度法相结合,能够有效获取低磨损材料的磨屑特征。
(2)对髋、膝、颈椎、脚踝关节的磨屑均进行表征研究,磨屑尺寸、数量、形状和体积受关节类型、接触区域、材料选择、植入时间等因素的影响。但人工关节的磨损过程和磨屑特征间的关系仍不明朗,未来通过系统研究不同关节、不同配副的体内外磨屑,建立实验、临床结果在各个关节的磨屑图谱,并与体内外宏观磨损现象相关联,是解决该问题的可行方法。
(3)相较于图像识别技术在传统领域磨屑识别和分类的应用,人工关节的磨屑识别仍处于起步阶段,未来应重视和加强人工关节磨屑的相关智能识别研究。
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2025年第40卷第5期
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doi: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.033
  • 接收时间:2024-12-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-18
  • 修回日期:2025-01-19
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    1.国家药品监督管理局 医疗器械技术审评检查大湾区分中心,广东 深圳 518000
    2.西南交通大学 机械工程学院,摩擦学研究所,成都 610031
    3.国家药品监督管理局 医疗器械技术审评中心,北京 100076
    4.上海大学 机电工程与自动化学院,上海 200444

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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