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Article(id=1244321229918810661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, issueId=1244321215637209904, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.036, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739203200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-11, revisedDate=1741536000000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774598899582, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774598899582, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774598899582, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774598899582, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244321215637209904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, year='2025', volume='40', issue='5', pageStart='1079', pageEnd='1366', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774598896178, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774599509568, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244323788452639476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, issueId=1244321215637209904, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244323788452639477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, issueId=1244321215637209904, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1360, endPage=1366, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244321230749282936, articleId=1244321229918810661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, language=EN, title=Bioprinting Fabrication and Biomechanical Functional Evaluation of Microvascular Networks, columnId=1244321220783620990, journalTitle=Journal of Medical Biomechanics, columnName=Review Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Constructing functional microvascular networks in vitro represents a pivotal step in the creation of engineered tissues, organ-on-chip models, and organoids, holding profound implications for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, drug screening, and disease modeling. As a cutting-edge bio-manufacturing approach, bioprinting enables the precise deposition of biomaterials, cells, and bioactive molecules to fabricate intricate microvascular networks that faithfully replicate the geometric architecture and functional properties of native microvasculature. This review summarizes the research progress in bioprinting microvascular networks, with a focus on bioprinting technologies, bioinks, and the biomechanical functional evaluation of microvascular networks.

, correspAuthors=Xiao LIU, Yubo FAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Dongrui ZHANG, Xiao LIU, Yubo FAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1244321231571366614, articleId=1244321229918810661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244284848500682798, language=CN, title=微血管网络的生物打印及生物力学功能评价, columnId=1244321221052056464, journalTitle=医用生物力学, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

体外构建微血管网络是重建工程组织、器官芯片模型和类器官的关键步骤，在组织工程与再生医学、药物筛选和疾病模型等多领域具有重要意义。生物打印技术作为前沿的生物制造手段，通过精确沉积生物材料、细胞和活性分子，能够构建出复杂的微血管网络，重现天然微血管的几何结构和功能特性。本文综述了生物打印微血管网络的研究进展，重点探讨生物打印技术、生物墨水以及微血管网络的生物力学功能评价。

, correspAuthors=刘肖, 樊瑜波, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘肖，教授，博士生导师，E-mail：；
樊瑜波，教授，博士生导师，E-mail：

*

为共同通信作者
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作者贡献声明：

张冬蕊负责文献搜集整理，论文撰写和修改；樊瑜波和刘肖负责论文选题、写作指导和论文修改。

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张冬蕊 , 刘肖 * , 樊瑜波 *
医用生物力学 | 综述 2025,40(5): 1360-1366
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医用生物力学 | 综述 2025, 40(5): 1360-1366
微血管网络的生物打印及生物力学功能评价
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张冬蕊, 刘肖* , 樊瑜波*
作者信息
  • 生物力学与力生物学教育部重点实验室；高端医疗装备与器械创新及转化工业和信息化部重点实验室；国家医学攻关（医工结合方向）高端医疗装备与器械产教融合创新平台；北京航空航天大学　生物与医学工程学院，北京　100191

通讯作者:

刘肖，教授，博士生导师，E-mail：；
樊瑜波，教授，博士生导师，E-mail：

*

为共同通信作者
Bioprinting Fabrication and Biomechanical Functional Evaluation of Microvascular Networks
Dongrui ZHANG, Xiao LIU , Yubo FAN
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Innovation and Transformation of Advanced Medical Devices, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology; National Medical Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Advanced Medical Devices (Interdiscipline of Medicine and Engineering; School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.036
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摘要
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体外构建微血管网络是重建工程组织、器官芯片模型和类器官的关键步骤，在组织工程与再生医学、药物筛选和疾病模型等多领域具有重要意义。生物打印技术作为前沿的生物制造手段，通过精确沉积生物材料、细胞和活性分子，能够构建出复杂的微血管网络，重现天然微血管的几何结构和功能特性。本文综述了生物打印微血管网络的研究进展，重点探讨生物打印技术、生物墨水以及微血管网络的生物力学功能评价。

微血管网络  /  生物打印  /  功能评价

Constructing functional microvascular networks in vitro represents a pivotal step in the creation of engineered tissues, organ-on-chip models, and organoids, holding profound implications for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, drug screening, and disease modeling. As a cutting-edge bio-manufacturing approach, bioprinting enables the precise deposition of biomaterials, cells, and bioactive molecules to fabricate intricate microvascular networks that faithfully replicate the geometric architecture and functional properties of native microvasculature. This review summarizes the research progress in bioprinting microvascular networks, with a focus on bioprinting technologies, bioinks, and the biomechanical functional evaluation of microvascular networks.

microvascular networks  /  bioprinting  /  functional evaluation
张冬蕊, 刘肖, 樊瑜波. 微血管网络的生物打印及生物力学功能评价. 医用生物力学, 2025 , 40 (5) : 1360 -1366 . DOI: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.036
Dongrui ZHANG, Xiao LIU, Yubo FAN. Bioprinting Fabrication and Biomechanical Functional Evaluation of Microvascular Networks[J]. Journal of Medical Biomechanics, 2025 , 40 (5) : 1360 -1366 . DOI: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.036
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微血管网络在人体内发挥着至关重要的作用，不仅负责输送氧气、营养物质和代谢废物，还通过旁分泌作用与周围细胞动态交互，调节组织的生理功能和稳态[1-2]。在组织工程中，缺乏可灌注的微血管网络会严重限制氧气和营养物质的有效扩散，当组织尺寸超过约200 μm时，其核心区域可能因缺氧和养分供应不足而逐渐坏死，从而影响存活率和功能。因此，体外构建微血管网络被视为重建复杂组织（包括工程化组织、器官芯片模型和类器官）的关键步骤，甚至是实现功能性组织和器官再生的重要前提[3-5]。近年来，随着生物制造技术和体外组织构建方法的不断进步，微血管网络的体外构建取得了显著突破。作为一种前沿制造技术，生物打印通过精确组装生物材料、细胞和生物活性分子，在构建复杂三维血管网络方面展现出独特的优势[6-7]。该技术通过精准沉积细胞与生物材料，实现对细胞及细胞外基质的时空精确控制，使得微尺度下天然微血管的几何结构与功能特性得以再现，更加准确地模拟体内血管网络的生理复杂性。此外，生物打印还能构建生理相关的微环境，为细胞提供适宜的生存条件，进一步促进微血管网络的形成和功能化[8]。本文综述了生物打印微血管网络的最新研究进展，重点探讨其生物打印技术、构建策略和生物力学功能评价，以期为该领域的进一步发展提供参考。
1　生物打印微血管网络的技术
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1.1　生物打印技术
生物打印技术在构建微血管网络方面具有多种技术路径（见图1），依据其工作原理主要分为液滴式生物打印技术（droplet-based bioprinting）、挤出式生物打印技术（extrusion-based bioprinting）和光辅助生物打印技术（light-based bioprinting）[6,9]。
液滴式生物打印一般通过压电效应、热激发等将生物墨水分解成液滴并精准沉积以构建结构，但由于喷嘴堵塞、液滴尺寸控制等问题，在微血管网络打印中的应用受到一定限制。挤出式生物打印技术通过气动、活塞或螺杆将生物墨水挤出为连续的细丝，可快速成型且拓展性高，已成为微血管网络打印的常用技术。针对微血管网络构建的需求，研究人员已拓展了多种挤出式生物打印技术，如同轴挤出式生物打印[10]、微流控生物打印[11]和嵌入式生物打印[12]。例如，同轴挤出生物打印技术通过同轴喷头，外层挤出含有海藻酸钠的生物墨水，内层则挤出含有Ca2+的交联剂。当海藻酸钠溶液与交联剂接触时，迅速发生离子交联，形成管状结构。这种技术适用于快速制造微血管并可通过调控生物墨水和打印参数等精准控制血管的内径、成分和壁厚[13-15]。嵌入式生物打印技术通过将生物墨水打印到物理支持浴中，支撑挤出物，克服了传统挤出式生物打印结构复杂性受限的问题。在支持浴中，精确控制打印参数和生物墨水特性可均匀分配细胞和生物材料，构建复杂的微血管网络，同时减少机械损伤，促进细胞存活和功能保持。Skylar-Scott等[16]使用牺牲性生物墨水，在由密集细胞聚集体或类器官构建块组成的支持浴中进行打印。通过将牺牲性生物墨水嵌入支持浴中，待支持浴交联后，去除牺牲性生物墨水，最终形成一个仿生血管网，制造出具有生理细胞密度的可灌注组织。
光辅助生物打印技术利用激光选择性固化或转移生物墨水，包括立体光刻、数字光投影打印技术和激光诱导向前转移等多种方法。凭借其卓越的打印分辨率，该类技术在微血管网络构建中展现出独特的优势。激光消融打印技术（laser ablation techniques）和数字投影打印技术（digital light processing）是应用最广泛的两种打印技术。激光消融技术通过聚焦高强度脉冲激光进行光烧蚀，直接在材料中构建复杂的微通道。例如，Arakawa等[17]利用多光子激光成功在胶原水凝胶中创建了5~10 μm尺寸的毛细血管，模拟疟疾感染下人类毛细血管的生物物理和生物分子相互作用。Rayner等[18]通过多光子激光烧蚀方法在两条平行的微血管之间创建了一个肾小球模型，使用人脐静脉内皮细胞灌注方法实现内皮化，同时FITC-糖酐灌注证实了微血管的屏障功能。然而，激光消融打印技术打印速度较慢，限制了其制造亚毫米级微血管的应用。相比之下，数字投影打印技术通过将数字光图案投影到光敏水凝胶上，逐层固化材料以构建三维微血管结构，不仅大幅提高了打印速度，还确保了微血管网络的精度和一致性。You等[19]利用数字投影打印技术成功制造了具有高细胞密度的厚组织，组织中的血管通道直径为250~600 μm，并封装了人脐静脉内皮细胞和人真皮成纤维细胞。经过14 d灌注培养后，观察到这些组织表现出显著的内皮化和血管生成。未来，数字投影打印技术在体外血管化组织的应用中具有巨大的潜力。
1.2　生物打印微血管网的制造策略
生物打印微血管网络的制造策略主要可分为直接打印（direct bioprinting）和间接打印（indirect bioprinting）（见图2）[6]。间接打印策略依赖于预先设计的中空结构（如牺牲模板或支架），通过内皮细胞的播种，诱导形成血管化的通道。例如，研究人员通常采用可降解或可去除的牺牲材料构建血管网络，在打印完成后去除牺牲材料，从而形成连通的管腔结构。该策略的优势在于能够构建通透性良好的微血管通路，同时具备较高的生产效率和批量制造能力。然而，由于依赖内皮细胞的后续种植以及打印分辨率不足等问题，微血管分辨率通常难以达到毛细血管尺度，最小直径约为50 μm。近期提出的高精度生物打印技术[20]，如立体光刻技术和细胞电纺丝技术等，有望为毛细血管打印提供足够的分辨率。例如，细胞电喷涂技术已证明能够使用细胞负载的水凝胶生物墨水打印出约5 μm的纤维[21]。
直接打印策略通过精准沉积含有内皮细胞的生物墨水，在打印后诱导内皮细胞在生物材料内部自组装形成微血管网络。该方法无需预先构建管腔结构，而是依赖内皮细胞的自主行为及细胞-细胞相互作用，使其在合适的微环境中逐步形成功能性微血管网络。相比间接打印，直接打印在小血管网络的构建方面具有更高的灵活性，但在大规模组织中实现层级分明的血管系统仍面临挑战。为此，许多研究提出结合直接与间接打印策略，即通过打印较大直径的微血管作为主干通道来实现血液灌注，同时依赖于微血管的自组装形成来构建密集的毛细血管床。这一策略在集成多尺度、多层次微血管网络制造方面非常有效[22]。
2　生物打印微血管网络的生物墨水
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生物墨水通常由内皮细胞、支持细胞和水凝胶材料组成，水凝胶不仅在生物打印过程中提供结构支撑，还模拟细胞外基质（extracellular matrix，ECM），影响微血管的形成和功能。根据材料来源，水凝胶可分为天然水凝胶、合成水凝胶及其混合物[6]，而根据微血管的结构需求，可进一步细化水凝胶材料的选择。如较小直径的微血管通常需要低黏度水凝胶，以保证打印的精细分辨率和良好的细胞活力，而较大直径或高力学需求的微血管则要求水凝胶具备更高的机械强度和打印稳定性。天然水凝胶（如胶原、纤维蛋白、明胶和透明质酸）因其优异的生物相容性和ECM特性，是微血管打印中的关键材料，常用于支持细胞黏附、迁移和血管。然而，其机械强度和可打印性通常较低，因此常通过化学修饰或双网络设计来增强水凝胶的力学性能和稳定性。例如，甲基丙烯酰化明胶（GelMA）[23]和甲基丙烯酸透明质酸（MeHA）[24]在保持生物活性的同时，通过光交联增强水凝胶的力学性能和稳定性，使其适用于不同直径和结构需求的血管打印。Wang等[25]设计了一种由离子交联海藻酸钠和酶交联明胶组成的双网络水凝胶，显著增强了生物墨水的力学性能，重建了静脉和动脉样血管，并探讨了其用于血管吻合的应用潜力。合成水凝胶，如聚乙二醇（polyethylene glycol，PEG）和聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物（poly（lactic-co-glycolic acid），PLGA）等，具有高度可控的力学性能和化学结构，具备优异的可打印性，适用于构建大直径、机械性能较强的血管结构。然而，它们通常缺乏生物活性，因此需要通过功能化修饰或与天然水凝胶复合，以增强细胞黏附性并促进血管生成[26]。此外，异麦糖[27]、Pluronic F-127[28]和液态金属[29]等材料常作为牺牲性生物墨水，充当临时支撑，在打印后被去除以形成微血管通道。理想的生物墨水需同时具备良好的打印性和促血管生成的生物活性，未来，多组分复合水凝胶、动态水凝胶和智能响应材料的应用将突破制造性能与生物性能之间的平衡，提升微血管生物打印的精度和功能性。
3　微血管网络的生物力学功能评估
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随着生物打印微血管网络研究的快速发展，如何科学评估其体外功能与质量成为实现临床应用的关键环节[30]。传统的功能评估方法包括细胞存活、内皮化程度、血管通透性等，例如，通过活/死细胞染色、代谢活性测定及细胞增殖实验，可以定量分析内皮细胞及功能细胞的生存状态和分布[27]。此外，内皮细胞特异性标志物（如CD31、VE-cadherin）可用于表征血管内皮细胞的功能状态，并分析血管直径、密度等指标[31-32]。血流灌注与微血管通透性测试（如FITC-dextran灌注）可评估微血管的屏障功能，内皮化血管的通道渗透率显著降低[33]。这些方法可有效表征微血管网络的基本功能，但无法全面体现微血管在生理环境中的力学表现，而这对于血管移植、血流恢复等临床应用至关重要。因此，近年来越来越多的研究开始关注微血管网络的生物力学功能评估，为优化设计和临床转化提供可靠依据。
3.1　生物力学功能评估
3.1.1　微血管壁和基质的力学性能
微血管壁的力学性能（如抗拉强度、缝合保持力和爆破强度）直接影响其灌流稳定性和移植后的功能。为了评估微血管壁的力学性能，常用的实验方法包括拉伸测试、原子力显微镜等技术，这些测试可以测定微血管壁的弹性模量、屈服应力和破裂强度等重要力学参数。生物打印微血管的壁厚通常仅为几十到几百微米，相比天然血管，其力学强度较低，表现出较差的抗拉强度和抗压性，在血流剪切力作用下容易发生变形或破裂。部分研究已通过拉伸试验量化弹性模量或储能模量，但生物打印微血管的力学性能仍与天然血管存在一定差距[25,34-35]。相比于较大直径血管，微血管（尤其是毛细血管）壁薄且结构精细，力学评估更具挑战性。微血管网络的功能和稳定性与细胞外基质力学性能密切相关。例如，低模量的水凝胶（~2 kPa）能够促进内皮细胞的迁移和血管生成，而高模量的材料（>10 kPa）则有助于维持微血管结构的稳定性[36-38]。一些研究中使用布里渊光学显微镜可对基质的力学性能进行无损原位测量，所得结果与常规的单轴力学测试显示出良好的相关性，为生物力学功能评价提供了有效手段[39-40]。
3.1.2　血流剪切应力对内皮细胞的影响
微血管内皮细胞在血流剪切应力的长期作用下，表现出复杂的生物学和力学响应。血流剪切应力是内皮细胞与血流之间的相互作用力，能够影响内皮细胞的屏障完整性、极化状态及紧密连接蛋白的表达。较低的剪切应力（0.3~1.5 Pa）可能增强内皮细胞促炎症表型，屏障功能降低，以及促迁移和增殖特性的增强；而生理剪切应力（1.5~3.0 Pa）则能够促进血管稳态的维持，增强血管内皮的屏障功[40-41]。研究中常通过微流控芯片或生物反应器，调控流体剪切应力，并实时监测内皮细胞的形态变化、紧密连接蛋白（如VE-cadherin、ZO-1）的表达水平，以及炎症因子的变化，为微血管网络在生理环境中的稳定性和功能提供了重要的生物力学依据[41-42]。
3.1.3　体外流体环境模拟及生物力学建模
为更真实地模拟体内微血管网络的力学环境，研究者利用计算流体力学（computational fluid dynamics，CFD）建模和体外灌注系统模拟真实的血流环境，量化流体剪切应力、压力分布及血管壁力学响应。CFD建模能够模拟血流速度场、压力场及剪切应力分布，从而预测不同结构微血管在血流作用下的功能表现[44]，结合光学追踪微粒成像（micro-particle image velocimetry，μPIV）等技术，可以进一步验证计算结果[27]。灌流反应器可精确调控流速、剪切应力及脉动血流，实时监测微血管网络在动态载荷下的形变、应力集中及潜在渗漏，从而评估其生物力学稳定性和功能演变[45]。此外，机器学习技术也逐渐应用于生物打印参数优化与生物制造监测评估，提高微血管生物力学性能的可控性，确保其在生理条件下的稳定性和功能表现[45-46]。综上所述，通过流体环境模拟和生物力学建模的结合，能够系统评估生物打印微血管的力学适应性、长期稳定性及功能完整性，也为微血管网络的优化设计和应用提供理论支持。
3.2　在体功能评估
微血管的功能评估不仅限于体外实验，还需通过在体实验验证其生理功能和临床应用潜力。与体外评估相比，在体评估面临的挑战更为复杂，主要因为体内环境动态变化，既需要验证微血管的生长、血栓形成与血管闭塞，还要评估其是否能够有效恢复血流、修复受损组织，并与宿主组织良好整合[30]。目前，研究中常用的小鼠和大鼠缺血性疾病模型，尤其是在后肢缺血、心肌梗死等模型中应用较为广泛。这些模型能模拟临床缺血性疾病的病理生理过程，评估打印微血管的体内整合能力、血流动力学响应及长期通畅性，进而验证其在体修复过程中的功能性[22,48-50]。Szklanny等[22]利用大鼠后肢缺血模型评估了生物打印的多尺度微血管网络功能，生物打印的小动脉具备足够的力学强度，可实现与大鼠股动脉的直接吻合。植入两周后，打印形成的微血管网络实现血流灌注并改善缺血侧后肢的血液供应。此外，兔和狗等动物模型也用于研究直径较大的血管植入和功能评价。Jang等[51]将3层人工血管植入犬颈动脉和股动脉，结果显示术后无急性血栓形成，证明了生物打印血管在器官功能层面的应用潜力。
4　总结与展望
收起
尽管生物打印微血管网络在体外建模和临床转化方面展现出潜力，但仍处于早期阶段。目前，大多数微血管网络仅在体外进行了初步功能评估，距离大规模临床应用仍有较大差距。生物打印微血管网络面临的关键问题包括打印分辨率不足，难以精准构建毛细血管级别的网络，以及大血管与毛细血管的多尺度整合难度高。此外，实现特定器官的功能性微血管网络，还需优化生物墨水配方并解决细胞异质性等问题。未来，研究应优化多尺度血管的打印技术与策略，开发兼具高生物活性与结构保真度的生物墨水，并结合计算建模和人工智能实现微血管网络的自适应设计与构建。与此同时，在生物体、器官、细胞、蛋白质及基因等多个层面系统性研究力学因素对生物体的影响，正推动新型组织工程材料、类器官和药物筛选模型的创新[52-53]。采用调控YAP/TAZ信号通路的药物或材料有望为微血管形成提供全新策略[54]。此外，微血管的生物力学功能评价亟待建立更具重复性和标准化的多维度评测体系，以精准表征其长期稳定性和生理功能。随着技术进步，生物打印微血管网络有望为血管化组织工程、器官再生及疾病治疗提供更高效、精准的解决方案。
基金
收起
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12332019; 32371375; 31971244)
  • 北京市自然科学基金项目(L241032; L246053)
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2025年第40卷第5期
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doi: 10.16156/j.1004-7220.2025.05.036
  • 接收时间：2025-02-11
  • 首发时间：2026-03-27
  • 出版时间：2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期：2025-02-11
  • 修回日期：2025-03-10
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(12332019; 32371375; 31971244)
北京市自然科学基金项目(L241032; L246053)
作者信息
    生物力学与力生物学教育部重点实验室；高端医疗装备与器械创新及转化工业和信息化部重点实验室；国家医学攻关（医工结合方向）高端医疗装备与器械产教融合创新平台；北京航空航天大学　生物与医学工程学院，北京　100191

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刘肖，教授，博士生导师，E-mail：；
樊瑜波，教授，博士生导师，E-mail：

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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