Article(id=1244340207231807855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, issueId=1244340201636610993, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1684425600000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774603424126, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1765728000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774603424126, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774603424126, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774603424126, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244340201636610993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, year='2025', volume='42', issue='6', pageStart='1207', pageEnd='1446', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774603422792, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774603751062, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244341578555306992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, issueId=1244340201636610993, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244341578555306993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, issueId=1244340201636610993, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1375, endPage=1386, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244340211258339765, articleId=1244340207231807855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, language=EN, title=Numerical study on shear properties of rough interface between new-to-old concrete based on cohesive zone model, columnId=1244340204216107958, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics, columnName=Dynamic and Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The roughness of the interface between new and old concrete is one of the key factors that affect its shear performance. In this paper, the roughness of the new and old concrete interface is characterized and quantified based on fractal theory. Different fractal dimension interfaces of new and old concrete random aggregate geometric models are established using the Monte Carlo method and aggregate grading theory. By simulating the mechanical behavior of rough interfaces using zero-thickness cohesive elements locally embedded in the model, the effects of mesh size, random distribution of aggregates, fractal dimension, normal pressure, and interface material parameters on the shear performance of rough interfaces between new and old concrete are analyzed. The results show that the model's mesh size and random distribution of aggregates have no significant effect on the shear performance of the interface between new and old concrete. As the fractal dimension increases, the interface shear strength first increases and then decreases, and the fractal dimension corresponding to the maximum shear strength decreases as the normal pressure increases. Under the same fractal dimension, the shear strength increases linearly with the normal pressure. The normal pressure has a more significant impact on the interface shear strength compared to the fractal dimension. As the fractal dimension increases, cracks are more likely to propagate deeper into the old concrete area, and increasing the strength and fracture energy of the new and old interface can effectively improve the shear performance of the interface.

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新旧混凝土界面粗糙程度是影响其剪切性能的关键因素之一。本研究基于分形理论,表征与量化了新旧混凝土界面的粗糙度,并采用蒙特卡罗方法和骨料级配理论,建立了不同分形维数界面的新旧混凝土随机骨料几何模型。通过局部嵌入零厚度内聚力单元模拟粗糙界面的力学行为,分析了网格尺寸、骨料随机分布、分形维数、法向压力、界面材料参数对新旧混凝土粗糙界面剪切性能的影响。结果表明:模型网格尺寸和骨料随机分布形式对新旧混凝土界面剪切性能没有显著影响;随着分形维数的增加,界面抗剪强度先增大后减小,同时法向压力越大,抗剪强度最大值对应的分形维数逐渐减小;相同分形维数下,抗剪强度随法向压力增加呈线性增长的趋势,法向压力相比于分形维数对界面抗剪强度的影响更加显著;当分形维数越大时,裂纹更易向旧混凝土区域深处进行延展,同时增加新旧界面强度、断裂能大小能有效提高界面的剪切性能。

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王乾峰,副教授。E-mail:
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Composites science and technology, 1996, 56(4): 439-449., articleTitle=Measurement of mixed-mode delamination fracture toughness of unidirectional glass/epoxy composites with mixed-mode bending apparatus, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1244340239259513301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340207231807855, awardId=51709155, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(51709155), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1244340223451181895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340207231807855, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244340223463764809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340207231807855, companyId=1244340223451181895, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Hubei Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, China Three Gorges University, 443002 Yichang, 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label=图5, caption=新旧混凝土内聚力模型, figureFileSmall=jjiAr+v7PjL+78rBiZJijA==, figureFileBig=Ti+XXx90h77N495at2vmtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340231600713869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340207231807855, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Loading and interface failure diagram, figureFileSmall=YnOE0hSEiQo5r0HFARHiCw==, figureFileBig=9rOU+SrwomM8XDoECYwJeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340231705571477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340207231807855, language=CN, label=图6, caption=试验加载和界面破坏, figureFileSmall=YnOE0hSEiQo5r0HFARHiCw==, figureFileBig=9rOU+SrwomM8XDoECYwJeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340231831400605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340207231807855, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Failure mode diagram of new and old concrete interface, figureFileSmall=AOfyth8Mj9P35cDVhJgdxg==, figureFileBig=/xNp2B3oNooR3PcfHzND8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340231965618344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340207231807855, language=CN, label=图7, caption=新旧混凝土界面破坏形态图, figureFileSmall=AOfyth8Mj9P35cDVhJgdxg==, figureFileBig=/xNp2B3oNooR3PcfHzND8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340232083058861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340207231807855, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Comparison of the normalized curve of test and numerical simulation, figureFileSmall=6v0IvYngkrxrb0jfgMVDDw==, figureFileBig=H3Seo12aazIU7qv2SqRpPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340232229859510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340207231807855, language=CN, label=图8, caption=试验与数值模拟的归一化曲线对比, figureFileSmall=6v0IvYngkrxrb0jfgMVDDw==, figureFileBig=H3Seo12aazIU7qv2SqRpPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340232355688638, 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figureFileSmall=EzXA3TL4B6PdkVRD7fG/YA==, figureFileBig=krSYK1pdf7pil/r4vfUhZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340236172505451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340207231807855, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Shear strength fitting of fractal interface under different fractal dimensions and normal pressure, figureFileSmall=uMgSt7llH9aelcO9gCFHjw==, figureFileBig=TQ/vlY+RyZHWJVdxy+J98w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340236281557364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340207231807855, language=CN, label=图19, caption=不同分形维数和法向压力下分形界面抗剪强度拟合, figureFileSmall=uMgSt7llH9aelcO9gCFHjw==, figureFileBig=TQ/vlY+RyZHWJVdxy+J98w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340236407386495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340207231807855, language=EN, label=Fig.20, caption=Interface failure modes under different fractal dimensions, 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ArticleFig(id=1244340237023949217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340207231807855, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Material parameters of new and old concrete models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数NANMOAOMCOHE-NITZCOHE-NMCOHE-OITZCOHE-OMCOHE-ITZ
弹性模量/GPa7235^65^30^-
泊松比0.20.20.20.2
最大容许拉应力/MPa2.2^3.5^1.8^2.81.2^
最大容许切应力/MPa8.8^25^7.2^204.8^
Ⅰ型断裂能/(N•mm-10.020^0.1000.018^0.0800.012^
Ⅱ型断裂能/(N•mm-10.500^2.5000.450^2.0000.300^
BK准则材料系数η1.21.21.21.21.2
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新旧混凝土模型材料参数

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参数NANMOAOMCOHE-NITZCOHE-NMCOHE-OITZCOHE-OMCOHE-ITZ
弹性模量/GPa7235^65^30^-
泊松比0.20.20.20.2
最大容许拉应力/MPa2.2^3.5^1.8^2.81.2^
最大容许切应力/MPa8.8^25^7.2^204.8^
Ⅰ型断裂能/(N•mm-10.020^0.1000.018^0.0800.012^
Ⅱ型断裂能/(N•mm-10.500^2.5000.450^2.0000.300^
BK准则材料系数η1.21.21.21.21.2
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Statistics of model unit number

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单元网格尺寸/mm
2.52.01.5
实体单元11 31014 99623 790
内聚力单元10 01312 48118 381
单元总数21 32327 47742 171
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模型单元数统计

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单元网格尺寸/mm
2.52.01.5
实体单元11 31014 99623 790
内聚力单元10 01312 48118 381
单元总数21 32327 47742 171
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Shear strength of interface under different fractal dimensions

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法向压力分形维数
1.01.11.21.31.41.5
25.245.716.386.697.376.97
46.947.418.308.879.298.53
68.389.289.7910.4810.209.87
810.0410.4511.8612.1111.5911.26
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不同分形维数下界面的抗剪强度

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法向压力分形维数
1.01.11.21.31.41.5
25.245.716.386.697.376.97
46.947.418.308.879.298.53
68.389.289.7910.4810.209.87
810.0410.4511.8612.1111.5911.26
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基于内聚力模型的新旧混凝土粗糙界面剪切性能仿真分析
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黄舜 1, 2 , 王乾峰 1, 2 , 安阳 1, 2 , 李捷 1, 2
应用力学学报 | 动力学与控制 2025,42(6): 1375-1386
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应用力学学报 | 动力学与控制 2025, 42(6): 1375-1386
基于内聚力模型的新旧混凝土粗糙界面剪切性能仿真分析
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黄舜1, 2, 王乾峰1, 2 , 安阳1, 2, 李捷1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.三峡大学防灾减灾湖北省重点实验室,443002 宜昌
  • 2.三峡大学土木与建筑学院,443002 宜昌

通讯作者:

王乾峰,副教授。E-mail:
Numerical study on shear properties of rough interface between new-to-old concrete based on cohesive zone model
Shun HUANG1, 2, Qianfeng WANG1, 2 , Yang AN1, 2, Jie LI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Hubei Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, China Three Gorges University, 443002 Yichang, China
  • 2.College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, China Three Gorges University, 443002 Yichang, China
出版时间: 2025-12-15 doi: 10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.017
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新旧混凝土界面粗糙程度是影响其剪切性能的关键因素之一。本研究基于分形理论,表征与量化了新旧混凝土界面的粗糙度,并采用蒙特卡罗方法和骨料级配理论,建立了不同分形维数界面的新旧混凝土随机骨料几何模型。通过局部嵌入零厚度内聚力单元模拟粗糙界面的力学行为,分析了网格尺寸、骨料随机分布、分形维数、法向压力、界面材料参数对新旧混凝土粗糙界面剪切性能的影响。结果表明:模型网格尺寸和骨料随机分布形式对新旧混凝土界面剪切性能没有显著影响;随着分形维数的增加,界面抗剪强度先增大后减小,同时法向压力越大,抗剪强度最大值对应的分形维数逐渐减小;相同分形维数下,抗剪强度随法向压力增加呈线性增长的趋势,法向压力相比于分形维数对界面抗剪强度的影响更加显著;当分形维数越大时,裂纹更易向旧混凝土区域深处进行延展,同时增加新旧界面强度、断裂能大小能有效提高界面的剪切性能。

新旧混凝土  /  内聚力模型  /  界面粗糙度  /  分形维数  /  剪切性能

The roughness of the interface between new and old concrete is one of the key factors that affect its shear performance. In this paper, the roughness of the new and old concrete interface is characterized and quantified based on fractal theory. Different fractal dimension interfaces of new and old concrete random aggregate geometric models are established using the Monte Carlo method and aggregate grading theory. By simulating the mechanical behavior of rough interfaces using zero-thickness cohesive elements locally embedded in the model, the effects of mesh size, random distribution of aggregates, fractal dimension, normal pressure, and interface material parameters on the shear performance of rough interfaces between new and old concrete are analyzed. The results show that the model's mesh size and random distribution of aggregates have no significant effect on the shear performance of the interface between new and old concrete. As the fractal dimension increases, the interface shear strength first increases and then decreases, and the fractal dimension corresponding to the maximum shear strength decreases as the normal pressure increases. Under the same fractal dimension, the shear strength increases linearly with the normal pressure. The normal pressure has a more significant impact on the interface shear strength compared to the fractal dimension. As the fractal dimension increases, cracks are more likely to propagate deeper into the old concrete area, and increasing the strength and fracture energy of the new and old interface can effectively improve the shear performance of the interface.

old and new concrete  /  cohesive zone model  /  surface roughness  /  fractal dimension  /  shear property
黄舜, 王乾峰, 安阳, 李捷. 基于内聚力模型的新旧混凝土粗糙界面剪切性能仿真分析. 应用力学学报, 2025 , 42 (6) : 1375 -1386 . DOI: 10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.017
Shun HUANG, Qianfeng WANG, Yang AN, Jie LI. Numerical study on shear properties of rough interface between new-to-old concrete based on cohesive zone model[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics, 2025 , 42 (6) : 1375 -1386 . DOI: 10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.017
在混凝土大坝分层浇筑、危旧房屋翻建改造和桥梁补强加固等实际工程中,需要在旧混凝土表层浇筑新混凝土,这会形成不同粗糙度的新旧混凝土界面。由于新、旧混凝土的力学性能有差异,当两者结合时易形成新旧界面薄弱区域,使其稳定性降低,进一步削弱了新旧混凝土的力学性能[1-3]。界面粗糙度对新旧混凝土界面的剪切性能起着关键作用[4],不少学者对新旧混凝土界面力学性能开展了试验研究[5-8]。赵秋等[9]采用数值仿真技术研究了空心板铰缝新旧混凝土界面抗剪性能,目前对具有不同粗糙度界面的新旧混凝土剪切性能的研究还较少。
在实际工程中常常对旧混凝土表面进行人工凿毛或喷射处理,来改善新旧界面的粗糙程度。界面粗糙度在宏观上被定义为材料表面整体平整度,细观上被定义为表面若干组波峰与波谷之间的平均距离。在分形几何框架内可以很好地描述混凝土的界面特征。谢和平等[10]基于Koch曲线建立了节理剖面的理论分形模型来模拟节理剖面的粗糙性,对节理的分形维数进行直接描述。张亚衡等[11]在立方体覆盖法的基础上,提出了估算界面粗糙度分形维数的改进立方体覆盖法。SANTOS等[12]系统地归纳了混凝土表面粗糙度量化方法。针对具有分形特征的新旧混凝土界面,国内外学者对其开展了剪切性能研究。AYINDE等[13]以新旧界面齿角、齿深和外向法向压力作为试验参数,采用试验和数值仿真方法研究了粗糙度几何参数对新旧混凝土界面剪切性能的影响,结果表明增加粗糙齿深能提高界面的剪切性能。HE等[4]基于MATLAB重构了新旧混凝土界面的三维形貌,并研究了界面粗糙度对新旧混凝土黏结性能的影响,结果表明混凝土界面分形维数与新旧混凝土力学性能具有密切的相关性。界面的分形特征对新旧混凝土的剪切性能有较大影响,需要进一步对含有粗糙界面的新旧混凝土开展剪切力学性能研究。
为准确模拟混凝土在受力过程中的断裂与裂纹扩展,YANG等[14]采用了内聚力单元模拟了具有随机非均匀断裂特性的准脆性材料中裂纹扩展过程;熊学玉等[15]定义了内聚力单元的混合断裂准则以及全局接触关系,模拟了单轴拉压作用下的受力过程,探究了界面、骨料参数对混凝土力学性能和破坏形态的影响。LUO等[16]通过设置合理的矩形沟槽来优化新旧界面之间的关系,建立并验证了具有内聚力单元的细观新旧混凝土有限元模型,研究了骨料位置、ITZ(interface transition zone)与砂浆的强度比、断裂能和材料强度等参数的影响。内聚力模型能较好地模拟混凝土内部裂纹的萌发和扩展过程。
为此,本研究采用嵌入内聚力单元的方法建立具有不同粗糙度界面的新旧混凝土二维细观有限元模型,分析网格尺寸对模拟结果敏感性的影响,进一步研究新旧混凝土的骨料分布、界面粗糙度和法向压力对其剪切力学性能的影响。
分形维数是描述不规则程度的一个量化参数,可用于表征新旧混凝土界面的粗糙程度[17]。混凝土的粗糙度参数[12]是新旧混凝土界面的二维轮廓或三维宏观表面,如界面的峰与谷之间的高差。
本研究基于分形理论,采用分形维数D来表征新旧混凝土界面的粗糙度,并结合W-M函数法[18]构造了新旧混凝土分形粗糙界面,见图1。W-M函数如式(1)所示。
式中:yx)用于描述新旧混凝土粗糙界面的轮廓;A为特征尺度;D为分形维数,1<D<2;n为频率指数;n1为起始频率指数;n2为最终频率指数;γ为频率相关系数,γ为大于1的常数,决定具有分形维数轮廓线的非稳定随机过程,一般γ=1.5;n1γn1=1/LhLh为粗糙界面的轮廓线的水平投影长度)计算得到;A是反映yx)幅值大小的系数。本研究中,研究对象为人工凿毛处理后的新旧界面,凿毛深度为5~10 mm。考虑到新旧混凝土界面的轮廓线要紧密接触,A为凿毛深度的一半,本研究中A取3 mm。
本研究编写了考虑粗糙界面的新旧混凝土卵石骨料随机投放程序,具体的骨料投放算法如下。
1)确定混凝土级配和骨料形心位置。本研究新旧混凝土为一级配,粗骨料的尺寸范围在5~20 mm之间,骨料含量为50%。基于骨料级配理论,将骨料划分为5~10 mm、10~15 mm和15~20 mm,各区间骨料面积含量分别为20.71%、15.89%和13.40%。
2)判断投放区域边界条件。确定投放区域边界的轮廓范围,通过骨料形心位置和粒径大小判断骨料是否在新旧混凝土投放边界内。通过粗糙界面位置点与骨料形心的距离进行判断是否干涉,见图2。具体过程是:①结合W-M函数,将具有分形特征的散点坐标存储到一个列表中;②依次将相邻的2个点所构成的直线进行多点等分,并计算各等分点的坐标,也存储到相应列表中;③依次识别列表中每个分形界面位置点坐标,计算其与骨料形心之间的距离,判断其是否与骨料干涉,见式(2)。
式中:Oixiyi)为骨料形心坐标;Ajxiyi)为界面位置点坐标;Ri为骨料半径;c为骨料到试件表面或界面的最小距离;L为骨料形心与界面位置点的距离。
3)生成骨料。本研究采用卵石骨料,其构造方式由圆形骨料演化形成。通过蒙特卡罗方法随机生成圆心坐标Oxiyi)及半径Ri,在此基础上在圆形边界上生成若干控制点Pi,利用旋转角度参数θ调节控制点之间的距离,并通过旋转角度θ计算各控制点的坐标,再使用样条曲线依次连接各控制点生成卵石骨料,并设置安全限制半径,见图3
4)骨料之间的干涉判断。由于卵石骨料在圆形外轮廓线内,判断两圆心之间的距离是否满足大于两半径之和,并通过安全距离Δr来限制。
5)判断投放骨料含量是否达到预定要求。通过程序计算已投放骨料的累计面积是否达到各区间预定要求的骨料总面积即可。
新旧混凝土粗糙界面细观几何模型见图4,新混凝土的骨料表示为NA、砂浆表示为NM;旧混凝土的骨料表示为OA、砂浆表示为OM。基于谢浩[19]内聚力模型构建方法,本研究编写了程序,在局部批量嵌入内聚力单元。
在细观尺度上,界面过渡区[20]是混凝土中承载能力最薄弱的区域,厚度约为0.5 mm,可忽略不计,故本研究采用零厚度内聚力单元来模拟混凝土的界面过渡区。由于骨料的强度远高于砂浆和界面过渡区,混凝土材料在受载过程中,骨料极少发生断裂[21],为了提高计算效率,骨料区域(NA、OA)不设置内聚力单元。在砂浆区域(NM、OM)和新旧混凝土界面之间设置内聚力单元。
本研究新旧混凝土尺寸为150 mm×150 mm。模型实体单元采用三角形平面单元(CPS3),内聚力单元采用平面四边形单元(COH2D4)。嵌入内聚力单元的模型以及局部显示,如图5所示。界面单元有5种:新骨料界面单元(COHE-NITZ)、新砂浆界面单元(COHE-NM)、旧骨料界面单元(COHE-OITZ)、旧砂浆界面单元(COHE-OM)和新旧混凝土界面单元(COHE-ITZ)。
采用双线性损伤演化模式研究新旧混凝土的准脆性断裂行为[22],损伤起始准则为二次名义应力准则,当名义应力的二次函数达到1时损伤开始演化。本研究采用不考虑切向应力tt的模型,具体表达式为
式中:tnts分别为受拉和受剪方向上的名义应力;分别为受拉和受剪方向上的最大允许名义应力。
对于压剪或拉剪混合作用,本研究采用BK能量准则[23],其表达式为
式中:GS=Gs+GtGT=Gn+Gsη为混凝土材料参数,取值为1.2;GnGsGt分别为法向应力和2个切向应力所做的功。
本研究对模型中材料进行参数校调,通过修正材料参数直至力学响应和界面断裂效果与物理试验结果相吻合,旧混凝土砂浆材料参数折减系数取为0.8,得到各组分材料参数如表1所示。
为了验证所构模型的合理性与可靠性,本研究以光滑界面、粗糙界面(D=1.05,1.1)为例,对彭怀德等[8]的新旧混凝土压剪物理试验与光滑、粗糙界面有限元模型进行了对比验证,压剪加载示意图和界面破坏形态,见图6
为验证模型的有效性,构建了尺寸为150 mm×150 mm的模型,底部约束竖向位移和转角两个自由度,模型顶部施加3 MPa的压力,左右两侧施加相互错动的水平位移。对模型进行压剪荷载作用下的仿真分析,其界面的破坏形态如图7所示。
对比图6图7可以发现,新旧混凝土光滑、粗糙界面的破坏形态与试验基本吻合,新旧界面发生剪切滑移破坏。光滑、分形界面(D=1.05,1.1)的抗剪强度分别为6.08、6.12和6.15 MPa,试验中界面的抗剪强度为6.24 MPa,抗剪强度均值误差最大为1.5%。将压剪作用下的峰值剪应力和峰值应变归一化处理后,与试验结果进行对比,如图8所示。由图8可知,曲线上升段较为一致,软化段略有不同,新旧界面越粗糙,软化段剪应力水平越高,不同分形维数的新旧混凝土界面对应着不同的荷载-位移曲线。其中,分形维数D=1.05时的模拟曲线与文献[8]的试验曲线的软化段相吻合。从界面破坏形态和荷载位移曲线可知,本研究所建立的新旧混凝土模型能很好地模拟界面剪切破坏过程。
在内聚力模型中,由于裂纹的扩展是在各单元边界进行的,网格尺寸的大小对混凝土裂纹的扩展路径有较大的影响。新旧界面分形维数D为1.0~1.3时,均为沿粗糙界面延展破坏,界面破坏形态无显著差异。网格尺寸的取值需要考虑分形界面的几何参数、细骨料的最小粒径以及计算成本。新旧混凝土的界面是一系列具有分形特征的散点依次连接而成的,在选择网格尺寸时需考虑相连两点之间的有效水平距离Δx与幅值A,还需要考虑计算时间成本。本研究中,重点研究分形维数为1.1~1.5的新旧界面对剪切性能的影响。为探究网格尺寸对计算结果的影响,选取界面分形维数为1.3(取中间值)的新旧混凝土细观几何模型、划分为2.5、2.0和1.5 mm这3种不同尺寸的网格,并进行数值仿真分析。不同网格尺寸模型的单元数量统计信息如表2所示,其局部网格的示意图如图9所示。
法向压力为2 MPa时,3种不同网格尺寸模型的水平剪切荷载-位移曲线,如图10所示。
图10中可以发现,对于2.5、2.0和1.5 mm网格大小的新旧混凝土,在压剪作用下水平剪切荷载最大值分别为1 025.8、1 000.8和996.6 N,其极值与均值之间相差不到1.8%,说明网格尺寸大小对新旧界面水平剪切荷载敏感性较低。但曲线在上升段的斜率随着网格尺寸的增大而增加。主要原因是:由于内聚力单元可以模拟在两个接触面之间的裂纹扩展,当网格尺寸越小时,有限元模型中内聚力单元在单位面积上数量越多,在相同水平剪切荷载作用下,单个内聚力单元承受的能量越少且整个模型力学性能越准确。内聚力单元数量越多,裂纹扩展路径的选择性也越多,局部区域拥有更加协调的变形能力,界面的破坏形态会更好。3种网格尺寸的新旧混凝土的破坏形态如图11所示。
总体上,网格尺寸对水平剪切荷载最大值的影响不大,网格尺寸1.5、2.0 mm时的破坏形态没有显著差异。为减少计算量且能准确获取新旧混凝土的剪切力学性能,本研究在后续的研究中采用2 mm网格尺寸分析骨料随机分布、分形维数以及法向压力对新旧混凝土粗糙界面剪切性能的影响。
骨料在混凝土中是随机分布的,为研究骨料随机分布对新旧混凝土界面抗剪强度的影响,本研究构建了4种不同骨料分布的模型,界面的分形维数为1.2,见图12。对4种数值模型进行压剪加载,法向压强为2 MPa,其荷载-位移曲线如图13所示。
图13可以看出,当混凝土到达水平剪切荷载最大值之前,曲线上升趋势基本一致,但软化段略有不同,但当剪切位移达到0.12 mm时其残余强度能达到一致。不同骨料分布时,压剪作用下新旧混凝土抗剪强度分别为6.49、6.37、6.41和6.39 MPa,最大均值误差为1.2%,说明骨料随机分布对新旧混凝土界面剪切性能的影响可忽略。软化段略有不同是由于骨料随机分布导致裂纹扩展的路径随之改变,使下降段表现出应变的局部变化。
为研究分形维数、法向压力对新旧混凝土界面抗剪性能的影响,本研究计算了不同工况下的界面抗剪强度大小,其计算式为
式中:Fpk为界面峰值荷载;A0表示界面剪切面的有效面积;τpk为界面抗剪强度。
本研究对不同分形维数(D=1.0,1.1,1.2,1.3,1.4,1.5)的新旧混凝土界面进行不同法向压力(2、4、6、8 MPa)下的压剪数值试验。其抗剪强度见表3
基于表3数据和均值插值法,可以得到反映新旧混凝土界面抗剪强度与分形维数D和法向压力关系的响应曲面,如图14所示。从等高轮廓线的陡峭程度可以看出,压剪作用下法向压力对新旧混凝土界面抗剪强度的影响程度明显大于分形维数,法向压力越大,界面抗剪强度越大,分形维数在1.3~1.4区间,新旧混凝土界面抗剪强度最大。
相同法向压力作用下,不同界面分形维数D对其抗剪强度的影响规律如图15所示。从图15可知,在相同法向压力作用下,界面抗剪强度随着分形维数D的增加呈先增加后减小的趋势,大致成多次函数关系;法向压力越大,界面抗剪强度最大值对应的分形维数逐渐减小。
在压剪作用下,不同分形维数的新旧混凝土界面荷载-位移曲线见图16。当法向压力为2 MPa时,随着分形维数的增加,曲线软化阶段愈加陡峭,曲线表现出明显脆性破坏的特征,而分形维数越小,曲线软化段越平滑,接近水平直线。当法向压力较大时,曲线总体趋势较为一致,曲线在加载初期以固定的斜率逐渐上升,随着加载的进行混凝土内部应力逐渐增大,结构产生不可恢复的塑性变形,曲线非线性特征加强,直至到达峰值荷载点后,曲线进入非线性下降阶段。分析其原因是:分形维数越大,新旧混凝土的整体延性下降,易发生界面脆性破坏,导致其抗剪强度降低,在实际工程中应避免这种破坏模式的发生。
在相同界面分形维数下,不同法向压力对其抗剪强度的影响规律如图17所示。从图17可知,随着法向压力的增大,新旧界面的抗剪强度呈线性增长的趋势。分形维数D从1.0~1.5其抗剪强度增幅分别为91.6%、83.0%、85.9%、81%、57.3%和61.5%,分形维数越大,法向压力对其抗剪强度的影响越小。
在不同法向压力下,新旧混凝土界面荷载-位移曲线见图18。从图18可以发现,随着法向压力的增大,峰值荷载逐渐增大,对应的峰值位移也逐渐增加,曲线下降段斜率逐渐增大。分析其原因是:法向压力越大,新旧混凝土之间的界面接触面积更大,摩擦力更强,使抗剪强度增加;同时,新旧混凝土之间的界面存在微观缺陷,增加法向压力可以使缺陷更加紧密,从而降低初始缺陷对抗剪强度的影响。总体而言,法向压力对界面抗剪强度的影响十分显著。
分形维数和法向压力都对新旧混凝土界面之间的抗剪强度产生影响。考虑到界面抗剪强度与分形维数D呈多次函数关系,与法向压力呈线性关系的特点,新旧混凝土界面的抗剪强度用分形维数D与法向压力σn的多元函数表示,即
式中:τpk为抗剪强度;D为分形维数;σn为法向压力;abcde为拟合系数。
对式(6)进行回归分析,得到abcde分别为49.348、-134.891、126.990、-37.800、0.796,相关系数R2=0.982。在压剪作用下,不同分形维数的新旧混凝土界面抗剪强度拟合结果,如图19所示。总体上,式(6)能较好反映分形维数与法向压力对界面抗剪强度的影响。
在相同法向压力下,不同分形维数的新旧混凝土界面破坏形态如图20所示。从图20可以发现,压剪作用下,不同分形维数的界面破坏形态会有所差异,主要是因为分形维数会影响新旧界面的形态和力学性质。分形维数越低,新旧界面的粗糙度越小,相应的剪切强度也较低,因此界面的破坏面更加均匀。
随着分形维数的增加,界面的剪切强度也相应提高。这种情况下,裂纹向旧混凝土区域深处延展。分形维数越大,新旧混凝土界面的破坏形态逐渐向不均匀、片状破坏转变,裂纹呈现出更加复杂的扩展路径。
新旧混凝土界面的剪切性能还受到其它因素的影响,如新旧混凝土界面的材料力学性能。
表1的新旧界面材料参数的基础上,把新旧界面的法向、切向强度和断裂能分别调整为原有值的0.6、0.8、1.2和1.4倍,在外部法向压力均为2 MPa、分形维数D均为1.3的条件下,计算得到了荷载-位移曲线,如图21所示。
图21可知,新旧界面材料参数的取值对界面抗剪性能的影响较大。新旧界面的力学性能是原值的0.6、0.8、1.0、1.2和1.4倍时,其抗剪强度分别为5.81、6.46、6.92、7.11和7.28 MPa。新旧混凝土界面的剪切性能与界面的强度和断裂能有密切关系。提高界面黏结性能可以提高新旧混凝土的抗剪性能,在实际工程中可通过添加界面剂改善其黏结性能。
本研究在内聚力模型的基础上建立了新旧混凝土分形界面细观数值模型,探讨了模型网格敏感性问题,分析了骨料随机分布、分形维数、法向压力和界面力学参数对新旧混凝土分形界面剪切性能的影响,得到以下结论。
1)基于分形理论对新旧混凝土界面粗糙度进行分形表征与量化,结合W-M函数编写了卵石骨料随机投放算法和骨料与分形界面的干涉算法,建立了新旧混凝土粗糙界面细观有限元模型,并进行了模型验证,验证了该模型能很好地模拟界面剪切破坏过程。
2)网格尺寸小于2.5 mm时,对界面抗剪强度影响不显著,且1.5、2.0 mm网格尺寸的界面破坏形态一致。网格尺寸2 mm时能满足力学分析要求且降低计算成本。
3)新旧混凝土中骨料的随机分布形式对分形界面的剪切性能没有显著影响;不同骨料分布形式的荷载-位移曲线在峰值前基本一致,但在软化段略有差异。
4)在相同法向压力下,分形界面的抗剪强度随分形维数的增加呈先增加后减小的趋势,其裂纹的扩展路径变长,向旧混凝土区域深处进行延展;同时法向压力越大,界面抗剪强度最大值对应的分形维数逐渐减小,法向压力相比于分形维数对界面抗剪强度的影响更加显著。
5)新旧界面力学参数的大小对新旧混凝土剪切性能影响较大,可通过增加界面材料的法向、切向强度以及断裂能,以提高新旧界面的剪切性能。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51709155)
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doi: 10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.017
  • 接收时间:2023-05-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-12-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-19
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(51709155)
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    1.三峡大学防灾减灾湖北省重点实验室,443002 宜昌
    2.三峡大学土木与建筑学院,443002 宜昌

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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