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Article(id=1244340206556529643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, issueId=1244340201636610993, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742832000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774603423966, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1765728000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774603423966, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774603423966, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774603423966, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244340201636610993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, year='2025', volume='42', issue='6', pageStart='1207', pageEnd='1446', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774603422792, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774603751062, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244341578555306992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, issueId=1244340201636610993, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244341578555306993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, issueId=1244340201636610993, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1263, endPage=1269, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244340207894512631, articleId=1244340206556529643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, language=EN, title=Mechanical behavior of square honeycomb lattice sandwich cylindrical shell under radial pressure, columnId=1244340205327593820, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics, columnName=Solid Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to investigate a structure with better mechanical properties, this paper proposes a square honeycomb lattice sandwich cylindrical shell structure, which combines metal thin-walled tubes and honeycomb structures. The mechanical behavior of the sandwich cylindrical shell structure with a square honeycomb as the core under radial compressive loads is studied by experimental and numerical methods. By comparing the results of two research methods, the accuracy of the finite element model is verified, and the deformation mode of the structure under radial compressive loads is analyzed, and the reinforcement mechanism of the structure is discussed. The results show that the rectangular honeycomb lattice sandwich cylin-drical shell structure will undergo three deformation stages:elastic stage, plastic stage and collapsibility stage under radial compression load. Compared with the simple superposition of single-layer cylindrical shells and cores, the load-bearing and energy absorption of the square honeycomb lattice sandwich cylindrical shell are greatly improved. The structure is mainly coupled and reinforced by the formation of plastic hinges and the debonding between the square honeycomb core and the inner and outer cylindrical shells.

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通过将金属薄壁管及蜂窝结构相结合，提出了一种四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳结构。通过实验以及有限元分析软件ABAQUS/Explicit研究了四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳在径向压缩载荷作用下的力学行为。通过对比验证了有限元模型的准确性，分析了结构在径向压缩载荷作用下的变形模式，探讨了该结构的增强机理。研究表明，四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳结构在径向压缩载荷作用下会经历弹性阶段、塑性阶段和折叠压溃3个变形阶段；结构主要通过塑性铰的形成以及芯体褶皱来耗散更多的压溃能；相较于单层圆柱壳及芯体的简单叠加，四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳的承载能力和能量吸收都得到提高，且结构主要通过塑性铰的形成进行耦合增强。进一步参数化讨论结果表明，无量纲芯体壁厚的增加将提高四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳的峰值力和比吸能。

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金峰，教授。E-mail:
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Geometric dimensions of a cylindrical shell with a honeycomb lattice sandwich

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试件RiR0tctflcH
S115200.20.59.542
S215200.50.59.542
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四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳的几何尺寸

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试件RiR0tctflcH
S115200.20.59.542
S215200.50.59.542
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Johnson-cook damage constitutive parameters of 304 stainless steel[26]

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密度/（kg•m-3）杨氏模量/GPa泊松比熔化温度/K室温/K比热容/（J•（kg•K）-1）A/MPaB/MPancε0/s-1m
7 9002000.31 6732934403101 0000.650.071.001.00
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304不锈钢材料的Johnson-cook损伤本构参数[26]

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密度/（kg•m-3）杨氏模量/GPa泊松比熔化温度/K室温/K比热容/（J•（kg•K）-1）A/MPaB/MPancε0/s-1m
7 9002000.31 6732934403101 0000.650.071.001.00
), ArticleFig(id=1244340226424947274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206556529643, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Structural energy absorption comparison

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结构质量/g吸能/J平均载荷Pm/kN比吸能/（J•g-1）
内圆柱壳15.375.030.200.33
外圆柱壳20.586.250.250.30
四方蜂窝芯体17.3631.251.251.80
简单叠加53.3142.531.700.80
点阵夹芯圆柱壳53.31166.706.673.13
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结构吸能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构质量/g吸能/J平均载荷Pm/kN比吸能/（J•g-1）
内圆柱壳15.375.030.200.33
外圆柱壳20.586.250.250.30
四方蜂窝芯体17.3631.251.251.80
简单叠加53.3142.531.700.80
点阵夹芯圆柱壳53.31166.706.673.13
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四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳在径向压缩载荷作用下的力学行为研究
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张自强 1 , 郑建军 2 , 张志家 1 , 张钱城 1 , 金峰 1
应用力学学报 | 固体力学 2025,42(6): 1263-1269
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应用力学学报 | 固体力学 2025, 42(6): 1263-1269
四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳在径向压缩载荷作用下的力学行为研究
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张自强1, 郑建军2, 张志家1, 张钱城1, 金峰1
作者信息
  • 1.西安交通大学机械结构强度与振动国家重点实验室，710049　西安
  • 2.中国飞机强度研究所，710065　西安

通讯作者:

金峰，教授。E-mail:
Mechanical behavior of square honeycomb lattice sandwich cylindrical shell under radial pressure
Ziqiang ZHANG1, Jianjun ZHENG2, Zhijia ZHANG1, Qiancheng ZHANG1, Feng JIN1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structure, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049 Xi'an, China
  • 2.Aircraft Strength Research Institute of China, 710065 Xi'an, China
出版时间: 2025-12-15 doi: 10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.006
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摘要
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通过将金属薄壁管及蜂窝结构相结合，提出了一种四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳结构。通过实验以及有限元分析软件ABAQUS/Explicit研究了四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳在径向压缩载荷作用下的力学行为。通过对比验证了有限元模型的准确性，分析了结构在径向压缩载荷作用下的变形模式，探讨了该结构的增强机理。研究表明，四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳结构在径向压缩载荷作用下会经历弹性阶段、塑性阶段和折叠压溃3个变形阶段；结构主要通过塑性铰的形成以及芯体褶皱来耗散更多的压溃能；相较于单层圆柱壳及芯体的简单叠加，四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳的承载能力和能量吸收都得到提高，且结构主要通过塑性铰的形成进行耦合增强。进一步参数化讨论结果表明，无量纲芯体壁厚的增加将提高四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳的峰值力和比吸能。

夹芯圆柱壳  /  四方蜂窝  /  径向压缩  /  变形模式  /  耦合增强

In order to investigate a structure with better mechanical properties, this paper proposes a square honeycomb lattice sandwich cylindrical shell structure, which combines metal thin-walled tubes and honeycomb structures. The mechanical behavior of the sandwich cylindrical shell structure with a square honeycomb as the core under radial compressive loads is studied by experimental and numerical methods. By comparing the results of two research methods, the accuracy of the finite element model is verified, and the deformation mode of the structure under radial compressive loads is analyzed, and the reinforcement mechanism of the structure is discussed. The results show that the rectangular honeycomb lattice sandwich cylin-drical shell structure will undergo three deformation stages:elastic stage, plastic stage and collapsibility stage under radial compression load. Compared with the simple superposition of single-layer cylindrical shells and cores, the load-bearing and energy absorption of the square honeycomb lattice sandwich cylindrical shell are greatly improved. The structure is mainly coupled and reinforced by the formation of plastic hinges and the debonding between the square honeycomb core and the inner and outer cylindrical shells.

sandwich cylindrical shell  /  square honeycomb  /  radial pressure  /  deformation mode  /  coupling enhancement
张自强, 郑建军, 张志家, 张钱城, 金峰. 四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳在径向压缩载荷作用下的力学行为研究. 应用力学学报, 2025 , 42 (6) : 1263 -1269 . DOI: 10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.006
Ziqiang ZHANG, Jianjun ZHENG, Zhijia ZHANG, Qiancheng ZHANG, Feng JIN. Mechanical behavior of square honeycomb lattice sandwich cylindrical shell under radial pressure[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics, 2025 , 42 (6) : 1263 -1269 . DOI: 10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.006
正文
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圆柱壳结构质量轻、承载能力强、吸能性能突出，在汽车工业、航空航天、交通运输、核反应堆和土木工程等诸多承重和抗爆工程应用中得到了广泛应用[1-2]。圆柱壳结构在工作环境中常常受到径向挤压，在挤压过程中，可以通过塑性变形消散挤压能量，以减少对人员和设备的损伤。因此提高这些圆柱壳结构的抗撞性能，降低峰值压缩力和提高比吸能一直是研究热点[3]。
在过去的十多年里，人们对圆柱壳的破坏模式以及如何提高圆柱壳的刚度、强度和吸能性进行了大量的研究[4-6]。曾杰[7]研究了金属圆柱壳在受到径向冲击作用下的变形状况和吸能模式，发现单一圆柱壳结构对缺陷敏感性较高，通过塑性变形吸收能量效率较低。为了提高整体柱壳的吸能性能，在柱壳中引入多孔材料作为填充材料，以提高柱壳的抗压稳定性和吸能性能。HALL等[8]对泡沫铝填充圆柱壳在径向压缩载荷作用下进行了实验研究，结果表明填充圆柱壳受径向压缩载荷作用时其吸能能力与比吸能均高于薄壁金属圆柱壳，且径向载荷作用下的比吸能在薄壁金属圆柱壳结构基础上得到的提升要高于其受轴向载荷，填充在铝金属圆柱壳中时达到最高。FAN等[9-10]通过实验发现，在质量相同的情况下，夹层圆柱壳的刚度是加筋圆柱壳的3倍。研究了柱壳内的填充材料的增强机理，发现泡沫为柱壳提供了足够的支撑，改变了圆柱壳的屈曲模式，获得了更短的屈曲波长[11]。因此，夹芯圆柱壳引起了许多研究者的关注[12-13]。特别是近年来提出了各种夹芯圆柱壳的芯体结构，包括蜂窝芯[14]、波纹芯[15]、金字塔点阵芯[16]等。在这些轻量化结构中，工程应用中使用的蜂窝结构，一般都要承受疲劳载荷[17-18]、重复冲击[19-20]和能量吸收[21-22]。CHEN等[23]揭示了三角形和六边形结构的点阵芯夹芯圆柱壳的动态性能，发现壁面厚度比是影响其吸能能力和变形方式的关键因素。WANG等[24]研究了添加聚乳酸（polylactic acid，PLA）制备的随机蜂窝圆柱壳的破碎响应和能量吸收。结果表明，蜂窝构型决定了蜂窝芯PLA圆柱壳结构的变形模式。与传统的六边形蜂窝结构相比，方形蜂窝结构占有更大的密度区域，结构效率更高。
ZHANG等[25]采用钎焊法制备了具有方形蜂窝芯的全金属夹芯圆柱壳，并对其轴向压缩性能进行了实验研究，发现这种结构相较于圆柱壳的吸能性能具有很大的提升。但是目前还没有其在径向方向的力学行为研究。因此，本研究通过实验和数值计算两种手段研究了以四方蜂窝为芯体的夹芯圆柱壳结构的径向压缩力学行为，获得压缩力学性能，并进行了增强机理分析，以期为相关结构的实际及应用提供参考数据。
1　实验
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首先，采用304不锈钢材料，通过车削工艺制作内筒体和外筒体，通过线切割批量制备矩形和环形金属板条；然后，将矩形和环形带槽金属板条通过嵌锁工艺组装在一起，形成四方蜂窝芯体；最后，将Ni-Cr25-P10（wt.%）均匀地涂覆于外筒、内筒与制备的四方蜂窝芯体之间的接触区域。夹层筒干燥后，放入高温钎焊炉进行钎焊，制成方形蜂窝芯的全金属夹层筒。以10℃/min的速度加热至350℃，保温30 min，挥发聚合物黏结剂。钎焊温度为1 020℃，在10-3Pa的腔室压力下保温30 min。以40℃/min的速度冷却到700℃，在此温度下进行30 min的退火，以减少内部残余应力。最终以30℃/min的速度冷却到室温。
图1为四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳几何示意图以及定义了一个方形蜂窝芯体单胞的几何参数。本研究制备了2种不同芯体厚度的四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳，实验样品的相关几何参数见表1。具体的，四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳试件S1的芯体厚度为0.2 mm；试件S2的芯体厚度为0.5 mm。此外，所有样品的芯部都有固定数量的方形蜂窝单元（N＝13）。
采用液压试验机对制备的试样S1和S2进行了室温准静态径向压缩实验。图2为304不锈钢材料的拉伸应力-应变曲线，通过此实验获得了仿真所需的相关材料本构参数，包括弹性模量Es＝197 GPa，初始屈服强度σ0＝253 MPa，以及塑性段的应力-应变的数值。
2　有限元模型
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采用ABAQUS/Explicit软件对四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳在准静态压缩作用下进行了有限元模拟。仿真中结构的几何参数与实验样品相同，且忽略了制造过程中产生的微小几何缺陷。如图3所示，使用2个刚性面板来模拟压头。同时，将四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳的顶部和底部运动约束到相应的刚性面板上。顶部刚性面板在除3个方向外的所有自由度受到约束，底部刚性面板固定。模拟压缩速度设定为1 mm/s，采用带罚摩擦公式的通用接触模型模拟结构相互作用，摩擦系数设定为0.2。
由于在实验过程中，不能精确地使压缩位移方向平行于结构的对称面，会存在非常小的角度。为了真实地模拟实验，在建模过程中，将压头位移方向与四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳的对称面之间设置角度为1°。
为了考虑到仿真模型的精确性，首先为了模拟四方蜂窝夹芯的断裂现象，在304不锈钢本构模型中加入延性金属Johnson-cook损伤本构，包括应变硬化、应变率、温度效应等被用作本构方程的建立，根据该本构，流动应力σy由下式给出
其中：和分别是等效塑性应变和等效塑性应变率；T是材料温度；Tmelt是材料的熔化温度；A、B、n、c、ε0（s-1）、m是Johnson-cook参数，根据文献[26]，具体参数如表2所示。
其次，为了模拟脱焊现象，引入cohesive单元模拟2个部分之间的黏性连接，分别在四方蜂窝夹芯和内外薄壁圆筒之间添加cohesive层，通过tie绑定约束，使得cohesive单元两侧的单元位移和应力协调，其建模方法如图4所示。根据文献[27]，需定义以下参数:损伤起始应力为150 MPa；损伤起始位移为0.001 mm；损伤失效位移为0.005 mm；断裂能（critical energy release rate，GIC）为0.75 J；cohesive刚度（K）为150 000 GPa/m。为了保证网格的收敛性，采用四节点壳体单元（S4R）和5个积分点对面板和方形蜂窝芯进行建模，尺寸为0.5 mm×0.5 mm；采用四节点刚性单元（R3D4）对压头进行建模，尺寸为1 mm×1 mm。采用八节点三维黏性单元（COH3D8）对cohesive单元进行建模。网格收敛性研究表明，进一步细化网格并不能提高有限元模拟的精度。
3　结果与讨论
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3.1　径向压缩实验
图5给出了S1和S2的径向压缩下的载荷-位移曲线。具体地，载荷-位移曲线初始表现为弹性阶段，然后经历一段很长的载荷平台，最终由于结构的压缩密实，结构载荷迅速增加。
图6为在径向压溃过程的典型变形模式（典型变形模式中的数字标号对应于图5中曲线上标记的数字标号），清楚地展现了S1和S2在径向压溃过程结构3个阶段的典型变形历程。可以看出，对于不同芯体厚度的S1和S2，其变形历程基本是类似的。随着压缩位移的增加，在结构的内外圆柱壳之间形成了一对塑性铰，在这一对塑性铰的附近，四方蜂窝芯体与内外圆柱壳之间发生了明显的脱焊以及芯体褶皱和断裂。
这表明结构主要通过塑性铰的形成以及芯体褶皱来耗散更多的压溃能。当四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳的内圆柱壳上下表面接触时，同时塑性铰发生硬化，这导致了结构压缩载荷的迅速增加，一直持续到整个内圆柱壳上下表面的完全接触。
3.2　有限元模型的验证
图7对比了有限元仿真计算与实验获得的S1和S2两种不同芯体厚度的四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳径向压缩下的载荷位移曲线。可以看出，实验的载荷-位移曲线和仿真的载荷-位移曲线基本吻合，然而还是存在一些误差。
由图6可以看出，对比有限元仿真结果和实验结果，发现在位移21 mm前，有限元仿真结果大于实验结果，而在21 mm后，有限元仿真结果小于实验结果。其原因是仿真中的本构参数有些许的误差，这是由于在制备过程中，尤其是在进行钎焊时，材料的性质发生了细微变化，结构本身存在缺陷，而有限元模型为理想模型。实验与仿真结果的整体力学性能基本相同，但是存在部分局部变形的不同。在压缩位置点3处，对于实验，其四方蜂窝芯体已经产生了断裂，这使得结构整体的承载能力减弱，而仿真中的四方蜂窝芯体没有发生这种现象，因此仿真的曲线要高于实验。在压缩位置点5处，对于实验，其四方蜂窝芯体已经逐步压缩密实，压缩密实使得结构整体的承载能力也得到了一定提高，而仿真中四方蜂窝芯体并没有发生这种现象，因此实验的曲线要高于仿真。
3.3　吸能分析
为了研究四方蜂窝芯体在圆柱壳结构径向压缩下所起到的作用，采用有限元仿真计算分别对结构件径向压缩下的载荷-位移提取和分析。
以试件S2为例，图8（a）分别给出了单层圆柱壳、四方蜂窝芯体与四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳的径向压缩载荷-位移曲线图。其中曲线A和B代表内外单层圆柱壳的载荷-位移曲线，曲线C代表四方蜂窝芯体的载荷-位移曲线，曲线D代表单层圆柱壳与四方蜂窝芯体二者的曲线简单叠加得到的结果，曲线E为四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳的曲线。从图中可以看出，四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳具有很大的耦合增强区域。
图8（b）给出了单层圆柱壳，四方蜂窝芯体与四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳的径向压缩吸能曲线图，对比分析了径向压缩位移为25 mm前各个结构的能量吸收状况。可以看出，在能量吸收方面，四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳相对于各个组件的简单叠加，具有很大提升。
具体参数结果对比如表3所示。由表中数据可以得到，四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳的能量吸收性能较内外单层圆柱壳与四方蜂窝芯体的简单叠加，四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳的吸能提高了约3.92倍。同时，对比比吸能这个与质量无关的参数可以发现，四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳比内外单层圆柱壳提高了约4.97倍，比内外单层圆柱壳与四方蜂窝芯体简单叠加提高了约3.91倍。
图9分别为内外单层圆柱壳、四方蜂窝芯体与四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳在径向压缩下的压溃模式图。
由图9可以看到，单层圆柱壳与四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳在整体上的破坏模式大致相似，但是相对于单层圆柱壳，四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳在局部区域特别是四方蜂窝芯体与单层圆柱壳的结合区域增加了许多塑性变形区，特别是在四方蜂窝芯体与单层圆柱壳的连接处，四方蜂窝芯体与单层圆柱壳相互接触、挤压，产生了更多的塑性变形区，且四方蜂窝芯体与内外圆柱壳之间发生了明显的脱焊。总的来说，结构主要通过塑性铰的形成来进行耦合增强，耗散更多的压溃能。
3.4　参数化分析
本节对四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳的径向压缩性能展开参数化研究。研究了改变四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳中芯体壁厚对四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳性能的影响，仿真结果如图10所示。结构中的其他几何参数保持不变，只有无量纲的芯体壁厚不同。结果显示，随着无量纲的芯体壁厚由0.01增大到0.12，结构的比吸能（specific energy absorption，SEA），由1.8 J/g增加到5.38 J/g，结构的峰值载荷（Pmax）由3.75 kN增加到了13.97 kN。仿真结果表明，芯体壁厚的增加将提高四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳的峰值力和比吸能。
4　结论
收起
本研究通过实验和数值相结合的方法研究了四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳的准静态径向压缩行为，得到了以下结论。
1）四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳结构在径向压缩载荷作用下会经历弹性阶段、塑性阶段和折叠压溃3个变形阶段。
2）对于四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳，随着压缩位移的增加，四方蜂窝芯体与内外圆柱壳之间发生了明显的脱焊以及芯体褶皱和断裂，这表明结构主要通过塑性铰的形成以及芯体褶皱来耗散更多的压溃能。
3）相较于结构各个部件的简单叠加，四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳的承载能力和能量吸收都得到大大提高。四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳增加了许多塑性变形区，结构主要通过塑性铰的形成来进行耦合增强。
4）无量纲芯体壁厚的增加将提高四方蜂窝夹芯圆柱壳的峰值力和比吸能。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(12102327)
文献
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2025年第42卷第6期
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doi: 10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.006
  • 接收时间：2025-03-25
  • 首发时间：2026-03-27
  • 出版时间：2025-12-15
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  • 收稿日期：2025-03-25
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(12102327)
作者信息
    1.西安交通大学机械结构强度与振动国家重点实验室，710049　西安
    2.中国飞机强度研究所，710065　西安

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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