Article(id=1244340206279700844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, issueId=1244340201636610993, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727193600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774603423899, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1765728000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774603423899, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774603423899, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774603423899, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244340201636610993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, year='2025', volume='42', issue='6', pageStart='1207', pageEnd='1446', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774603422792, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774603751062, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244341578555306992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, issueId=1244340201636610993, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244341578555306993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, issueId=1244340201636610993, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1340, endPage=1352, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244340207852564857, articleId=1244340206279700844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, language=EN, title=Shear characteristics of interface between loess and geogrid, columnId=1244340205327593820, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics, columnName=Solid Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The objective of this paper is to study the mechanical characteristics of the interface between loess and geosynthetics, in hope of providing targeted suggestions for the design of reinforced loess projects. A large-scale interface shear apparatus was used to conduct direct shear tests on the geogrid-loess interface to study the effects of the moisture content and compaction degree of loess on the shear stress-shear displacement relationships, shear strength indices, and thickness of shear band of the geogrid-loess interface. The mechanism of the effects was analyzed, and the constitutive model of the geogrid-loess interface was discussed. The test results show that as the moisture content increases(not exceeding the plastic limit), the shear stress-shear displacement curves of the geogrid-loess interface change from softening type to hardening type. The interface cohesion and friction angle significantly decrease with the increase of the moisture content, and thus the interface shear strength decreases accordingly. The thickness of shear band increases with the moisture content. The compaction degree of loess has little influence on the shear strength of the geogrid-soil interface, but it affects the thickness of shear band significantly. The thickness of shear band increases greatly when the compaction degree reaches 90%. Hence, the compaction degree of the backfill of reinforced loess engineering should not be less than 90%. The thickness of the shear band of geogrid-loess interface decreases continuously along the shear direction, with a maximum thickness of 3 cm approximately. This indicates that the shear band between the reinforcement and soil is the thinnest at the facing column in reinforced loess retaining walls. Hence, a flexible or integral facing column is recommended to be used in reinforced loess retaining walls. The hyperbolic interface constitutive model can effectively reflect the shear behavior of the geogrid-loess interface.

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为探究黄土与土工合成材料界面的力学特性,对加筋黄土工程设计提出针对性建议,本研究采用大型结构面剪切仪开展土工格栅-黄土界面直剪试验,研究黄土含水率和压实度对筋土界面剪应力-剪切位移关系、抗剪强度指标和剪切带厚度的影响,分析其机理,并探讨土工格栅-黄土界面本构模型。试验结果表明:随含水率增加(不超过塑限),土工格栅-黄土界面的剪应力-剪切位移曲线从软化型向硬化型转变,界面黏聚力和摩擦角均显著下降,界面抗剪强度随之降低,剪切带厚度增大;黄土压实度对筋土界面抗剪强度影响较小,但对剪切带厚度影响显著,压实度达到90%时剪切带厚度大幅增加,建议加筋黄土工程的填土压实度不低于90%;土工格栅-黄土界面剪切带厚度的最大值约为3 cm,剪切带厚度沿剪切方向不断降低,在加筋黄土挡墙中表现为面板处筋土剪切带最薄,建议采用柔性或整体性较好的面板;双曲线界面模型可以较好地反映土工格栅-黄土界面的剪切行为。

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郭聚坤,副教授。E-mail:
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注:①法向加压系统;②水平剪切系统;③控制及数据采集系统;④空气压缩机;⑤可视化观察窗。

, figureFileSmall=WjTfzk7xqbf0YANGIpBHkA==, figureFileBig=9GJX7ifMYNdkeCjjTPVAGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340231407775872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Cumulative particle size distribution curve of test loess, figureFileSmall=UbI94URk0JA5FsOb5O8qUQ==, figureFileBig=0cyGnK/x5l7MSruyooEB/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340231541993611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=CN, label=图2, caption=试验黄土粒径级配累积曲线, figureFileSmall=UbI94URk0JA5FsOb5O8qUQ==, figureFileBig=0cyGnK/x5l7MSruyooEB/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340231680405648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Test loess, figureFileSmall=3BPVkKHSVUEVSwhRvQsp5A==, figureFileBig=244tKzqXcmlP4cGrqhMxbA==, tableContent=null), 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figureFileSmall=MOP1HoenG05lGVgr1srjlA==, figureFileBig=BCtzMOKKzIPN3zIudIpMLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340233068720364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=CN, label=图8, caption=峰值剪应力-法向应力关系, figureFileSmall=MOP1HoenG05lGVgr1srjlA==, figureFileBig=BCtzMOKKzIPN3zIudIpMLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340234582864117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Relation between the vertical displacement of loading pad and the shear displacement of interface at the normal stress of 200 kPa, figureFileSmall=oWPhs1yddGPtkY2Nl1Qvbw==, figureFileBig=BZ3zVL1S7ZxuAp9UMeqc5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340234704498945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=CN, label=图9, caption=200 kPa正应力下加载板竖向位移与界面剪切位移关系, figureFileSmall=oWPhs1yddGPtkY2Nl1Qvbw==, figureFileBig=BZ3zVL1S7ZxuAp9UMeqc5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340234834522377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Photo of color sand strips before and after test, figureFileSmall=venkeXwK3ExoCQoy57wIeg==, figureFileBig=ejRV8LGKwSpz0vZLI5zFaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340234960351509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=CN, label=图10, caption=试验前后彩砂条带照片, figureFileSmall=venkeXwK3ExoCQoy57wIeg==, figureFileBig=ejRV8LGKwSpz0vZLI5zFaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340235081986337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Schematic diagram of thickness and area division of shear band, figureFileSmall=PwAtmRJXoO5lsQ2KQaq7IA==, figureFileBig=Q3+Sgo02Tj9ZPG+L6KR4Ig==, tableContent=null), 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articleId=1244340206279700844, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Offset of colored sand strips after the tests under different compaction degrees, figureFileSmall=8IY4WtXxEfoCtzB220j3eg==, figureFileBig=f6zetVsR8PzYcIrXjuYWrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340235694354766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同压实度工况试验后彩砂条带偏移量, figureFileSmall=8IY4WtXxEfoCtzB220j3eg==, figureFileBig=f6zetVsR8PzYcIrXjuYWrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340235824378197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Distribution law of shear band thickness under different water content, figureFileSmall=998c6Besb0j+qf37fJQD3A==, figureFileBig=vQSFEoOriTAQ9BgS5IJBaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340235933430108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=CN, label=图14, caption=不同含水率下黄土剪切带厚度分布规律, figureFileSmall=998c6Besb0j+qf37fJQD3A==, figureFileBig=vQSFEoOriTAQ9BgS5IJBaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340236038287716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Distribution law of shear band thickness under different compaction degrees, figureFileSmall=4Lp26s3BVixI6H/f+OOVVA==, figureFileBig=6I+X0g3lIsTPh7dLS0kasw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340236155728234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=CN, label=图15, caption=不同压实度下黄土剪切带厚度分布规律, figureFileSmall=4Lp26s3BVixI6H/f+OOVVA==, figureFileBig=6I+X0g3lIsTPh7dLS0kasw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340236222837104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=s/τ-s relationship curve under the condition of 15% moisture content, figureFileSmall=05rBh+FF6IxJ5ZOtHOcCuQ==, figureFileBig=amQUhaCvEJnA6OgRaHF4yw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340236323500412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=CN, label=图16, caption=含水率15%工况下的s/τ-s关系曲线, figureFileSmall=05rBh+FF6IxJ5ZOtHOcCuQ==, figureFileBig=amQUhaCvEJnA6OgRaHF4yw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340236440940931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Fitting line of lg(ki/γw)-lg(σn/P)relationship under the condition of 15% moisture content, figureFileSmall=LsSUP2dN+VI2bXD8iUCu7g==, figureFileBig=u1ymXU6rNXUgVIcToyoWrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340236570964362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=CN, label=图17, caption=含水率15%条件下的lg(ki/γw)-lg(σn/P)关系拟合线, figureFileSmall=LsSUP2dN+VI2bXD8iUCu7g==, figureFileBig=u1ymXU6rNXUgVIcToyoWrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340236826816913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Comparison between results from tests and hyperbolic model under different moisture contents, figureFileSmall=GoYdalkSfSPlykGNYqxsuw==, figureFileBig=UZrdgSTFZdeNNXmxiYmsIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340237023949215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=CN, label=图18, caption=不同含水率下试验结果与双曲线模型结果对比, figureFileSmall=GoYdalkSfSPlykGNYqxsuw==, figureFileBig=UZrdgSTFZdeNNXmxiYmsIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340237149778341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Comparison between results from tests and hyperbolic model under different compaction degrees, figureFileSmall=OH9sC9L7aJIlDDw0m4jqqQ==, figureFileBig=MKKon3XUQ7JFtTFn1avTbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340237296578991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=CN, label=图19, caption=不同压实度下试验结果与双曲线模型结果对比, figureFileSmall=OH9sC9L7aJIlDDw0m4jqqQ==, figureFileBig=MKKon3XUQ7JFtTFn1avTbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340237451768250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Physical parameters of test loess

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
液限/%塑限/%塑性指数天然含水率/%最优含水率/%最大干密度/(g•cm-3
31.718.213.510.915.31.85
), ArticleFig(id=1244340239012049346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验黄土物理参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
液限/%塑限/%塑性指数天然含水率/%最优含水率/%最大干密度/(g•cm-3
31.718.213.510.915.31.85
), ArticleFig(id=1244340239146267081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Particle size distribution of test loess

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粒径/mm>0.0750.005~0.075≤0.005
颗粒含量/%21.660.118.3
), ArticleFig(id=1244340239242736084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验黄土粒径分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粒径/mm>0.0750.005~0.075≤0.005
颗粒含量/%21.660.118.3
), ArticleFig(id=1244340239389536731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Mechanical parameters of geogrid

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
极限抗拉强度/(kN•m-12%应变拉伸刚度/(kN•m-15%应变拉伸力/(kN•m-1极限拉伸率/%
32.345264267.89
), ArticleFig(id=1244340239502782948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

土工格栅力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
极限抗拉强度/(kN•m-12%应变拉伸刚度/(kN•m-15%应变拉伸力/(kN•m-1极限拉伸率/%
32.345264267.89
), ArticleFig(id=1244340239616029164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Test plan

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
含水率w/%压实度λ/%法向应力σ/kPa
12,15,188050,100,150,200
1570,80,9050,100,150,200
), ArticleFig(id=1244340239746052596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

试验方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
含水率w/%压实度λ/%法向应力σ/kPa
12,15,188050,100,150,200
1570,80,9050,100,150,200
), ArticleFig(id=1244340239897047554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Average thickness of the shear band of reinforcement-soil interface

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
含水率/%压实度/%法向应力/kPa剪切带厚度Y/cm
1270500.8
1001
1501.2
2001.425
1580501.1
1001.225
1501.475
2001.7
1880501.35
1001.625
1501.825
2001.975
1570500.875
1001.075
1501.4
2001.55
1590501.6
1002.575
1502.525
2003.025
), ArticleFig(id=1244340240001905163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

筋土界面平均剪切带厚度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
含水率/%压实度/%法向应力/kPa剪切带厚度Y/cm
1270500.8
1001
1501.2
2001.425
1580501.1
1001.225
1501.475
2001.7
1880501.35
1001.625
1501.825
2001.975
1570500.875
1001.075
1501.4
2001.55
1590501.6
1002.575
1502.525
2003.025
), ArticleFig(id=1244340240131928594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Parameters of hyperbolic model for geogrid-loess interface

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土体含水率/%土体压实度/%σn/kPaki/(kPa•mm-1τult/kPaRfKm
128050102.04182.6450.9820.94927 9771.379 0
100270.270131.5790.890
150500.000172.4140.932
200666.667188.6790.993
15805020.36771.4290.9120.9153 5400.727 9
10034.60299.0100.953
15049.751156.2500.886
20053.476163.9340.910
18805022.72750.7610.9580.9423 4500.630 1
10028.98676.3360.917
15048.78090.0900.948
20050.761111.1110.943
15705028.81860.2410.9980.9437 3961.755 2
10039.84193.4580.944
150125.000144.9280.892
200357.143151.5150.938
15905052.91072.4640.9880.96913 4301.969 7
10061.349105.5150.999
150166.667151.5150.925
2001 111.111161.2900.966
), ArticleFig(id=1244340240232591894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340206279700844, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

土工格栅-黄土界面双曲线模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土体含水率/%土体压实度/%σn/kPaki/(kPa•mm-1τult/kPaRfKm
128050102.04182.6450.9820.94927 9771.379 0
100270.270131.5790.890
150500.000172.4140.932
200666.667188.6790.993
15805020.36771.4290.9120.9153 5400.727 9
10034.60299.0100.953
15049.751156.2500.886
20053.476163.9340.910
18805022.72750.7610.9580.9423 4500.630 1
10028.98676.3360.917
15048.78090.0900.948
20050.761111.1110.943
15705028.81860.2410.9980.9437 3961.755 2
10039.84193.4580.944
150125.000144.9280.892
200357.143151.5150.938
15905052.91072.4640.9880.96913 4301.969 7
10061.349105.5150.999
150166.667151.5150.925
2001 111.111161.2900.966
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黄土与土工格栅界面剪切力学特性研究
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张琬 1 , 张庆瑶 1 , 薛一峰 2 , 郭聚坤 3 , 赵玮 2 , 牟洪坤 4
应用力学学报 | 固体力学 2025,42(6): 1340-1352
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应用力学学报 | 固体力学 2025, 42(6): 1340-1352
黄土与土工格栅界面剪切力学特性研究
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张琬1, 张庆瑶1, 薛一峰2, 郭聚坤3 , 赵玮2, 牟洪坤4
作者信息
  • 1.西安理工大学土木建筑工程学院,710048 西安
  • 2.陕西省水利电力勘测设计研究院水电工程分院,710001 西安
  • 3.山东交通职业学院公路与建筑系,261206 潍坊
  • 4.中建八局第四建设有限公司,266000 青岛

通讯作者:

郭聚坤,副教授。E-mail:
Shear characteristics of interface between loess and geogrid
Wan ZHANG1, Qingyao ZHANG1, Yifeng XUE2, Jukun GUO3 , Wei ZHAO2, Hongkun MU4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Xi'an University of Technology, 710048 Xi'an, China
  • 2.Shaanxi Province Institute of Water Resources and Electric Power Investigation and Design, Hydropower Engineering Branch, 710001 Xi'an, China
  • 3.Department of Highways and Architecture, Shandong Transport Vocational College, 261206 Weifang, China
  • 4.China Construction Eighth Bureau Fourth Construction Co. , Ltd. , 266000 Qingdao, China
出版时间: 2025-12-15 doi: 10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.014
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为探究黄土与土工合成材料界面的力学特性,对加筋黄土工程设计提出针对性建议,本研究采用大型结构面剪切仪开展土工格栅-黄土界面直剪试验,研究黄土含水率和压实度对筋土界面剪应力-剪切位移关系、抗剪强度指标和剪切带厚度的影响,分析其机理,并探讨土工格栅-黄土界面本构模型。试验结果表明:随含水率增加(不超过塑限),土工格栅-黄土界面的剪应力-剪切位移曲线从软化型向硬化型转变,界面黏聚力和摩擦角均显著下降,界面抗剪强度随之降低,剪切带厚度增大;黄土压实度对筋土界面抗剪强度影响较小,但对剪切带厚度影响显著,压实度达到90%时剪切带厚度大幅增加,建议加筋黄土工程的填土压实度不低于90%;土工格栅-黄土界面剪切带厚度的最大值约为3 cm,剪切带厚度沿剪切方向不断降低,在加筋黄土挡墙中表现为面板处筋土剪切带最薄,建议采用柔性或整体性较好的面板;双曲线界面模型可以较好地反映土工格栅-黄土界面的剪切行为。

黄土  /  土工格栅  /  筋土界面  /  含水率  /  压实度  /  剪切带

The objective of this paper is to study the mechanical characteristics of the interface between loess and geosynthetics, in hope of providing targeted suggestions for the design of reinforced loess projects. A large-scale interface shear apparatus was used to conduct direct shear tests on the geogrid-loess interface to study the effects of the moisture content and compaction degree of loess on the shear stress-shear displacement relationships, shear strength indices, and thickness of shear band of the geogrid-loess interface. The mechanism of the effects was analyzed, and the constitutive model of the geogrid-loess interface was discussed. The test results show that as the moisture content increases(not exceeding the plastic limit), the shear stress-shear displacement curves of the geogrid-loess interface change from softening type to hardening type. The interface cohesion and friction angle significantly decrease with the increase of the moisture content, and thus the interface shear strength decreases accordingly. The thickness of shear band increases with the moisture content. The compaction degree of loess has little influence on the shear strength of the geogrid-soil interface, but it affects the thickness of shear band significantly. The thickness of shear band increases greatly when the compaction degree reaches 90%. Hence, the compaction degree of the backfill of reinforced loess engineering should not be less than 90%. The thickness of the shear band of geogrid-loess interface decreases continuously along the shear direction, with a maximum thickness of 3 cm approximately. This indicates that the shear band between the reinforcement and soil is the thinnest at the facing column in reinforced loess retaining walls. Hence, a flexible or integral facing column is recommended to be used in reinforced loess retaining walls. The hyperbolic interface constitutive model can effectively reflect the shear behavior of the geogrid-loess interface.

loess  /  geogrid  /  reinforcement-soil interface  /  moisture content  /  degree of compaction  /  shear band
张琬, 张庆瑶, 薛一峰, 郭聚坤, 赵玮, 牟洪坤. 黄土与土工格栅界面剪切力学特性研究. 应用力学学报, 2025 , 42 (6) : 1340 -1352 . DOI: 10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.014
Wan ZHANG, Qingyao ZHANG, Yifeng XUE, Jukun GUO, Wei ZHAO, Hongkun MU. Shear characteristics of interface between loess and geogrid[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics, 2025 , 42 (6) : 1340 -1352 . DOI: 10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.014
土工合成材料与土体间的摩擦、嵌锁作用可提高土体的整体强度,是岩土工程领域常见的加筋材料之一,广泛用于加筋挡墙、加筋边坡和加筋地基等加筋土工程。然而,筋土界面水敏性高,孟亚等[1]发现砂土-土工格栅界面的剪切强度随含水率的提高而减小;刘飞禹等[2]根据界面直剪试验结果得出,随着含水率增加,花岗岩残积土与土工格栅界面的黏聚力先增大后减小,而摩擦角不断降低;YUAN等[3]开展单向土工格栅在黄土中的拉拔试验,得到筋土界面的蠕变位移随黄土含水率的增加而增大。因此,当雨水或地下水渗入加筋土内部,筋土界面摩擦作用将大幅下降,从而导致加筋土结构稳定性降低[4]
加筋土工程相关设计规范[5]建议使用透水性良好的粗粒土作为填料。因此,粗粒土与土工材料界面的摩擦特性是研究者们十分关注的问题,已有一系列针对不同土粒参数、筋材种类、剪切速率等条件的研究成果。例如,王建秀等[6]根据拉拔和直剪试验结果提出加筋主要通过提高筋土界面似黏聚力来增大复合砂土的抗剪强度;VENKATESWARLU等[7]开展方形、矩形、三角形3种网孔形状的土工格栅与砂土的界面直剪试验,发现三角形网孔土工格栅与砂土的界面抗剪强度明显优于其他两种网孔形状的格栅;童艳光等[8]研究了砂土粒径和含水率对筋土界面剪切特性的影响,得到土工格栅-砂土界面的抗剪强度随砂土粒径的增大而增大;王家全等[9]通过界面剪切试验研究了土体压实度和剪切速率对土工格栅-碎石土界面力学特性的影响,发现随土体压实度提高,界面似黏聚力增大,而界面摩擦角则减小,并且界面抗剪强度在剪切速率为1.5 mm/min时达到最大。
尽管粗粒土填料可为加筋土结构带来更高的稳定性,但在砂石料缺乏的地区,出于经济、资源节约、生态环境保护等方面的考虑,就地选用黏性土、粉性土等细粒土作为填料的情况也较为多见。细粒土与土工材料界面的摩擦特性与粗粒土存在较大差别,王协群等[10]通过直剪试验发现黏土与土工格栅界面的摩擦角小于砂土-格栅界面;ABDI等[11-12]对比土工格栅与砂土和黏土界面的拉拔特性,认为在砂土中最大拉拔力由土体对格栅横勒的被动土压力提供,而在黏土中由界面摩阻力提供,砂土-格栅界面的拉拔力-位移曲线为软化型,而黏土-格栅界面的拉拔曲线为硬化型;LIU等[13]提出土工格栅横肋对红土-格栅界面抗剪强度的贡献大于对砾石-格栅界面的贡献。
我国西北地区分布着大量黄土,西北黄土地区多为山地、丘陵地貌,该地区的道路建设常面临深挖高填的情况,随着“一带一路”建设的推进,加筋黄土填方工程大量涌现[14-15]。用于加筋土工程的黄土填料一般为非饱和压实黄土,其在干燥环境下具有较高的强度和较低的压缩性,工程性质良好,但由于其渗透性差,在雨水入渗条件下,不论是填料自身还是筋土界面的强度均会因基质吸力的减小而显著下降,从而导致加筋作用减弱。目前,对于加筋黄土的研究多集中于筋土整体的变形和强度特性,例如彭淑君等[16]对土工格栅加筋黄土开展了三轴试验研究,试验结果表明加筋增大了黄土的黏聚力,加筋黄土的应力-应变曲线呈硬化型,且受含水率影响显著;晏长根等[17]对比了土工格室和土工格栅加筋黄土的抗剪强度,得出土工格室的加筋效果更优;张琬等[18]通过三轴试验研究了纤维加筋黄土的强度特性,并提出了最优纤维掺量。关于黄土与筋材界面特性的研究十分有限,杨敏等[19]开展了土工布在黄土中的拉拔试验,试验结果表明土工布-黄土界面拉拔力与拉拔位移关系呈软化型,且界面强度受到黄土压实度的影响。黄土与筋材界面摩擦特性研究的缺乏导致对加筋黄土工程工作机理的认识尚不完善,不利于加筋土技术在黄土地区的推广应用。
本研究开展土工格栅-黄土界面的大型剪切试验,分析黄土含水率及压实度对筋土界面剪应力-剪切位移关系、抗剪强度和剪切带范围的影响,引入双曲线本构模型对土工格栅-黄土界面剪切行为进行描述。研究成果可为黄土地区加筋土工程的设计提供参考。
试验所用设备为自主研制的大型多功能结构物-土体界面直剪仪,如图1所示。该设备由法向加压系统、水平剪切系统、控制及数据采集系统3部分组成,通过空气压缩机和滚动膜片气缸来施加法向荷载,通过伺服电机来施加水平剪切力,剪切位移、剪切速率和法向应力大小等参数通过控制系统进行设置,试验数据通过采集系统实时监测。上剪切盒的内部空间尺寸为400 mm×200 mm×200 mm(长×宽×高),下剪切盒的内部空间尺寸为500 mm×200 mm×100 mm(长×宽×高)。
试验所用黄土取自陕西咸阳,将取回的黄土过2 mm孔径的土工筛并装样备用。参照《公路土工试验规程》(JTG 3430—2020)[20],对试验黄土开展物理性质试验和粒径分析试验,所得参数见表1表2图2
试验所用土工材料为泰安现代塑料有限公司生产的TGSG-30型聚丙烯双向土工格栅,格栅网孔内尺寸为35 mm×35 mm,横纵肋最小宽度均为3 mm,对其开展宽条拉伸试验,得到的力学参数见表3
分别对不同含水率和压实度条件下的黄土开展筋土界面剪切试验,试验方案如表4所示。含水率取试验黄土的最优含水率及其±3%的值。不同含水率土样的制备方法为:将黄土放进105℃的烘箱内烘干,然后把大颗粒碾碎,在土中加入目标含水率对应质量的水进行拌和,将拌好的土样装进黑色塑料袋内闷料24 h,保证土样水分分布均匀,各含水率黄土的状态如图3所示。
《公路路基施工技术规范》(JTG/T 3610—2019)[21]要求路基土体压实度不低于90%,在特殊干旱地区,压实度可降低2~3个百分点。此外,本试验还选取了70%和80%两个较低的压实度值,旨在研究加筋土结构下部土体受到侵蚀这种不利情况下,如加筋土挡墙墙趾处受到水流掏蚀、加筋地基下伏溶洞塌陷等情况[22-23],加筋体内部土体压实度下降,筋土界面剪切特性会如何变化。
为保证土工格栅在试验过程中始终处于上下剪切盒的剪切面上,根据《ASTM D5321—2020》[24]及《公路工程土工合成材料试验规程》(JTG E 50—2006)[25]中的规定,在下剪切盒中放置刚性板,将裁剪好的土工格栅用强力胶黏结在刚性板上表面,土工格栅的一侧用刚性板和下剪切盒夹紧,以保证试验过程中土工格栅的位置不会改变,具体布置如图4所示。在上剪切盒中分层填入黄土,压实至所需压实度,并对每层土样表面进行拉毛处理,保证相邻土层结合紧密,试样安装完毕后固结2 h。而后对同一参数的试样分别在50、100、150、200 kPa的正应力下,以1 mm/min的剪切速率开展试验。
在剪切试验过程中,试验土体在筋材附近一定区域内产生剪切变形,该区域称为剪切带。剪切带范围的确定对加筋土结构中筋材间距的设计有重要意义。许多学者通过试验手段对结构面剪切带展开了研究,如胡峰等[26]采用在土样中布置细铝丝的方法标识剪切带范围,徐超等[27]、PAN等[28]利用PIV技术分析剪切带的形成与机理。为记录剪切带范围,本试验在装土样前,于上剪切盒的玻璃观察窗(长400 mm×宽50 mm,如图1中⑤所示)处等距放置4根直径为4.5 mm的铝棒,待填土完成后将铝棒拔出,在形成的竖向圆孔中装入彩砂,形成如图5(a)所示的A、B、C、D 4条彩砂条带。
在彩砂条带上方和左侧的剪切盒表面粘贴标尺,如图5(b)所示。在试验过程中通过拍照记录彩砂变形情况以分析剪切带发展规律。
图6为不同含水率下土工格栅-黄土界面的剪应力-剪切位移关系曲线。
图6可见,同一含水率下,筋土界面的峰值剪应力随法向应力的增加而增大;同一法向应力下,筋土界面的峰值剪应力随黄土含水率的增加而减小,例如在200 kPa的正应力下,含水率为12%、15%和18%的土体对应的界面峰值剪应力分别为191.1、149.3、104.9 kPa。
对比不同含水率下筋土界面的剪应力-剪切位移曲线形态可见,含水率w=12%时(图6a),各法向压力下曲线的峰值点较为清晰,曲线达到峰值后出现较为明显的下降段,随后变化不大;而当w=15%和18%时(图6b、图6c),各法向压力下界面剪应力随剪切位移的增加而不断增大,在剪切位移达到20 mm后,剪应力基本不变,剪应力-剪切位移曲线没有明显峰值点。由此可见,随着黄土含水率的增加,曲线由软化型逐渐转变为硬化型,该现象产生的原因与不同含水率下黄土的状态有关。当w=12%时,土体较为碎散(图3a),装样后容易压密,孔隙率也较小,在剪切过程中筋土界面上的土颗粒间发生错动,土体变疏松,界面强度降低,因而剪应力-剪切位移曲线呈软化型。当w提高到15%和18%,土颗粒在水分的作用下团聚成块(图3b、图3c),装样后土体中存在较大的孔隙,加之土颗粒的结合水膜增厚导致颗粒间润滑作用增强,在剪切作用下,筋土界面处的团聚体易破碎成更小的块体填充孔隙,土体不断密实,界面强度提高,因而剪应力-剪切位移曲线呈硬化型。砂土、花岗岩残积土与土工格栅界面的剪应力-剪切位移关系受含水率影响也呈现类似的规律[1-2]
图7为不同土体压实度下土工格栅-黄土界面的剪应力-剪切位移关系曲线。由图可见,在同一法向应力下,筋土界面的峰值剪应力总体上随黄土压实度的增加而增大,例如在200 kPa的正应力下,压实度为70%、80%和90%的土体对应的界面峰值剪应力分别为143.0、149.3、154.0 kPa,这是因为土体压实度越大,筋土之间的嵌固作用越强,导致界面抗剪强度越大。但与黄土含水率对筋土界面抗剪强度的影响相比,黄土压实度的影响较小。此外,各压实度下筋土界面曲线均没有出现明显的软化趋势,基本上在达到峰值剪应力后较为平稳,可见压实度对土工格栅-黄土界面的剪应力-剪切位移曲线形态影响也较小。而格栅-砂土界面的剪应力-剪切位移曲线会随着土体压实度的增加由硬化型向软化型转变[29]
图8为筋土界面抗剪强度包络线,其中数据点取自图6图7,对于硬化型曲线选取剪切位移40 mm所对应的剪应力,根据包络线所得到的界面黏聚力c和摩擦角φ也列于图8。剪切过程中,土工格栅横肋对筋材两侧土体的约束作用,以及筋材网孔间嵌固的土体与筋材两侧土体间的黏结作用,都为筋土界面提供了黏聚强度;筋土间的摩擦作用为筋土界面提供了摩擦强度。由图8可见,随着黄土含水率的增加,筋土界面黏聚力和摩擦角均显著下降。当含水率从12%增大到18%,c值从52.2 kPa减小至31.2 kPa,减幅为40.2%,φ值从35.2°减小至20.2°,减幅为42.6%。这是因为含水率增加,黄土颗粒的结合水膜增厚,筋土间直接接触减少,润滑作用增强,使得筋土间的吸力和摩擦作用均减弱,前者减弱导致筋土界面黏聚力减小,后者减弱导致筋土界面摩擦角下降。
随着黄土压实度从70%增大到90%,筋土界面黏聚力从33.2 kPa增大至47.2 kPa,增幅为42.2%,而界面摩擦角变化不明显,其值稳定在30°附近。这是因为压实度增大使土工格栅网孔中嵌固的土体体积增大,筋土界面上土颗粒之间的接触面积增加,导致筋土界面的黏结作用增强,界面黏聚力随之增大。但筋土界面黏结力增强的同时会使摩擦作用减弱,抵消掉了界面接触面积增大而产生的摩擦强度,故筋土界面摩擦角随压实度增大而变化不大,甚至有所减小。然而,砂土与土工材料的界面摩擦角随土体压实度提高而明显增大,这是因为砂土密实度越高,筋土界面剪胀效应越大,界面处砂颗粒受剪转动使得界面摩擦作用增强[29],而本试验中不同压实度条件下格栅-黄土界面的体变呈现剪缩特征,如图9所示(竖向位移以土体压缩方向为正)。
图10为土体含水率15%、压实度80%工况试验前后彩砂条带的对比照片。由图可见,试验后4条彩砂均沿剪切方向发生了偏移,每条彩砂在筋土界面处偏移量最大,随着距界面距离的增大,偏移量逐渐减小至0。每条彩砂发生偏移的起始点距筋土界面的垂直距离即为该彩砂位置处剪切带的厚度(图11)。
为了量化分析土工格栅-黄土界面剪切带厚度,对法向应力为100 kPa条件下各组试验的彩砂条带照片进行图像分析。将试验结束后的彩砂条带绘制于X(剪切方向)、Y(竖直方向)坐标系中,如图12图13所示,图中X轴坐标刻度代表距玻璃视窗左侧的距离。
图12~图13可见,剪切带厚度和彩砂偏移量最大值沿剪切方向依次减小,该现象由土工格栅对土体的“黏着-犁耕作用”[30]导致,即剪切过程中土体被土工格栅带动,因剪切盒侧壁的限制,不同位置的土颗粒移动速度不同,土体形成了如图11所示的松散区、过渡区和密实区,3个区域的土体位移量依次减小。
土工格栅-黄土界面的剪切带形态特征可为加筋黄土挡墙的设计提供参考。加筋土挡墙主动区内筋土间的作用形式为界面剪切,该区域填土在自身重力作用下向挡墙面板方向移动,筋材通过锚固段的固定产生拉力阻止面板位移,筋土间产生指向面板方向的剪应力,则筋土界面剪切带在面板处最小,向筋材尾端逐渐增大。这造成面板处筋土的协同运动性能最差,即筋材对填土的摩阻力向填土内部传递的距离最短,则相邻两层筋材中间位置处面板受到的土压力最大,若挡墙采用小尺寸模块式面板或板块式面板,面板很可能在两层筋材中间位置处发生鼓出、脱落等破坏。因此,建议加筋黄土挡墙采用刚度较大的整体现浇式面板,或适应变形能力强的反包柔性面板。
图14图15给出了各组试验结束后A、B、C、D这4处剪切带的厚度,并对每组试验的数据进行了线性拟合。
将拟合线段与X轴所围合成的面积S与该面积包含的X轴长度x的比值定义为筋土界面的平均剪切带厚度(图14a),各工况的 列于表5。由图14表5可见,相同法向应力下,随着黄土含水率增加,筋土界面剪切带厚度逐渐增大,含水率12%、15%和18%工况对应的平均剪切带厚度分别在0.80~1.43 cm、1.10~1.70 cm和1.35~1.98 cm范围内。该现象产生的原因为:土体含水率增大,土颗粒周围的结合水膜增厚,由于本试验中的最大含水率18%未超过试验黄土的塑限含水率(18.2%),故土中结合水为强结合水,强结合水已失去液体性质,可以承受并传递剪应力,因此结合水膜越厚,筋土界面上的剪应力向土体中传递的范围越广,剪切带越厚。
图15表5可见,在同一法向应力下,随着土体压实度的提高,剪切带厚度增大,压实度70%、80%和90%工况对应的平均剪切带厚度分别在0.88~1.55 cm、1.10~1.70 cm和1.60~3.03 cm范围内。压实度90%工况的剪切带厚度相较于低压实度工况显著增大,因此建议加筋黄土工程的填土压实度达到90%,以优化加筋黄土的整体性。此外,在同一压实度下,随着法向应力的增大,筋土界面平均剪切带厚度增大。压实度和法向应力对筋土界面剪切带厚度的影响规律一致,这两个参数增加均导致土体更加密实,土颗粒接触面积增大,剪应力在土中传递范围更广,剪切带厚度随之增大。徐超等[27]开展土工格栅-砂土界面剪切试验,测得界面剪切带厚度为4.80 cm,比本研究土工格栅-黄土界面最大剪切带厚度3.03 cm大1.77 cm,这是由于砂土颗粒间的摩擦、咬合作用较黄土更强,更有利于剪应力的传递所致。
图6图7可见,土工格栅-黄土界面的剪应力-剪切位移曲线接近双曲线形态,因此采用结构面双曲线模型[31]对土工格栅-黄土界面的受力-变形行为进行描述。
双曲线模型中剪应力和剪切位移的关系式为
式中:τ为剪应力;s为剪切位移;ab分别为图6图7τ-s曲线初始剪切刚度ki的倒数和渐近线剪应力τult的倒数,即a=1/kib=1/τult,若将图6图7τ-s曲线改绘为s/τ-s线性关系的形式,则ab分别为s/τ-s的截距和斜率。
图6图7τ-s曲线特征以及上述ab的物理含义可知,ab的值与法向应力σn有关,为建立abσn的关系式,引入以下3个公式[32]
式中:Rf为筋土界面剪切破坏比;τf为界面抗剪强度;cφ分别为界面黏聚力和摩擦角;K为刚度数(无量纲);γw为水的重度;P为标准大气压;m为刚度指数(无量纲)。则双曲线界面模型可表示为
为确定本研究格栅-黄土界面的双曲线模型表达式,对任一σn,均有KγwPmRfcφ这7个参数值需要确定,其中γwP为常数,分别取9.8 kN/m3和101.325 kPa,cφ已列于图8,还需确定KmRf这3个参数的值。以下根据陈建峰[31]所提方法确定KmRf值。
图16为依据图6(b)中的数据绘制的s/τ-s关系曲线,并给出了曲线中线性段的拟合公式。各拟合公式的斜率和截距即为式(1)中ba的值,则根据ab的物理含义可确定kiτult的值,列于表6。根据图6(b)确定各σn条件下界面抗剪强度τf值,并按式(2)计算各σn所对应的Rf值,对4个Rf取平均值,记为值,列于表6。根据此方法确定各工况下的值见表6
对式(4)两边取对数,可得
采用图16确定的ki值,以及已知的γwPσn的值,绘制lg(ki/γw)-lg(σn/P)关系的拟合线,如图17所示,lgKm分别为拟合直线的截距和斜率。将采用此方法确定的各工况对应的Km值列于表6
表6中的参数代入到双曲线界面模型式(5)中,计算得到不同工况下土工格栅-黄土界面的剪应力-剪切位移曲线,如图18图19所示,图中还给出了试验曲线作为对比。由图可见,计算得到的模型曲线与试验曲线在形态和数值上均较为吻合,这表明采用双曲线模型来描述本试验中土工格栅-黄土界面的剪切行为是可行的。
本研究开展土工格栅-黄土界面大型剪切试验,分析了黄土含水率(12%、15%、18%)和压实度(70%、80%、90%)对筋土界面的剪应力-剪切位移关系、抗剪强度指标和剪切带范围的影响,并引入双曲线模型描述筋土界面的受力-变形行为,得到以下结论。
1)土工格栅-黄土界面的剪应力-剪切位移曲线在低含水率条件下呈软化型,达到最优含水率后向硬化型转变;界面黏聚力和摩擦角均随黄土含水率提高而显著降低,界面抗剪强度随之减小;在黄土塑限含水率内,筋土界面剪切带厚度随含水率升高而增大。
2)随着黄土压实度增大,筋土界面的黏聚力明显增大,但摩擦角变化不大,抗剪强度略有提高,筋土界面剪切带厚度增大,并在达到90%压实度时骤增,因此建议加筋黄土工程的填土压实度不低于90%。
3)各工况下,土工格栅-黄土界面剪切带厚度最大值约为3 cm;剪切带厚度沿剪切方向逐渐减小,在加筋黄土挡墙中表现为筋材与面板连接处剪切带最薄,故不建议使用模块式或板块式面板,宜采用刚度较大的整体现浇式面板,或适应变形能力强的反包柔性面板。
4)双曲线界面模型可较好地反映土工格栅-黄土界面的剪应力-剪切位移关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42007264)
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2023-JC-QN-0630)
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2025年第42卷第6期
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doi: 10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.014
  • 接收时间:2024-09-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-12-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-25
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(42007264)
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2023-JC-QN-0630)
作者信息
    1.西安理工大学土木建筑工程学院,710048 西安
    2.陕西省水利电力勘测设计研究院水电工程分院,710001 西安
    3.山东交通职业学院公路与建筑系,261206 潍坊
    4.中建八局第四建设有限公司,266000 青岛

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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