Article(id=1244340204719424445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, issueId=1244340201636610993, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.020, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1675440000000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774603423528, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1765728000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774603423528, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774603423528, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774603423528, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244340201636610993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, year='2025', volume='42', issue='6', pageStart='1207', pageEnd='1446', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774603422792, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774603751062, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244341578555306992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, issueId=1244340201636610993, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244341578555306993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, issueId=1244340201636610993, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1410, endPage=1417, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244340205801554907, articleId=1244340204719424445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, language=EN, title=Modeling and analysis of the passive dynamic walker of flexible legged rimless wheel, columnId=1244340204216107958, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics, columnName=Dynamic and Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The modeling of the passive dynamic walker of flexible legged rimless wheel is studied, and the influence of damping coefficient on system dynamics is analyzed. According to the geometric characteristics of the walker, the independent generalized coordinates are selected to describe the position of the system, and the second kind of Lagrange equation is used to establish the dynamic model of the passive dynamic walker of flexible legged rimless wheel. By analyzing the structure and physical properties of the flexible leg, it is concluded that the impact occurs in the tangential direction of the telescopic leg and the impact force is not transmitted between the leg and the ground in the radial direction during the impact stage, and a state jump model under the assumption of partial impact is proposed. The numerical simulation of passive dynamic walking of flexible legged rimless wheels using different damping parameters verifies the effective-ness of the proposed method. When a larger damping coefficient is selected, the double-limb support period of periodic walking accounts for 77.6% of the whole walking cycle, while the single-limb support period accounts for 22.4% of the whole walking cycle. The periodic walking can be achieved when the slope angle is in the range of 0.1-0.7 rad. The slope angle of the flexible legged rimless wheel that can passively and dynamically walk on decreases as the damping coefficient decreases.

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研究柔性腿无缘轮被动动态行走器建模,并分析阻尼系数对系统动力学的影响。根据行走器的几何特征,选择独立广义坐标描述系统的位置,使用第二类拉格朗日方程建立柔性腿无缘轮被动动态行走器的动力学模型。对柔性腿的结构和物理性质进行分析,得到腿与地面的冲击阶段伸缩腿的切向发生冲击,而径向不传递冲击力的结论,并提出部分冲击假设条件下的状态跳变模型。采用不同的阻尼参数进行柔性腿无缘轮被动动态行走的数值仿真,结果验证了所提方法的有效性。选择较大的阻尼系数,周期行走的双支撑阶段占整个行走周期的77.6%,单支撑阶段占整个行走周期的22.4%,斜坡角度在0.1~0.7 rad范围内可以实现周期行走。柔性腿无缘轮可被动动态行走的斜坡角度,随着阻尼系数的减小而减小。

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张奇志,教授。E-mail:
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Chinese quarterly of mechanics, 2019, 40(2): 235-242(in Chinese)., articleTitle=Dynamics and control of bipedal robot with variable length telescopic legs, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1244340235727913952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204719424445, awardId=12172059, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(12172059), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1244340226009711152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204719424445, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244340226018099761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204719424445, companyId=1244340226009711152, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Automation, Beijing Information Science&Technology University, 100192 Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244340226030682674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204719424445, companyId=1244340226009711152, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京信息科技大学自动化学院,100192 北京)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1244340231193871087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204719424445, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Design drawing of rimless wheel with flexible legs, figureFileSmall=nEjRQoTAqqJShhAGfp0Ukw==, figureFileBig=mXnmKYWKoox6dtkUn4b5Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340231319700218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204719424445, language=CN, label=图1, caption=柔性腿无缘轮设计图, figureFileSmall=nEjRQoTAqqJShhAGfp0Ukw==, figureFileBig=mXnmKYWKoox6dtkUn4b5Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340231659438870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204719424445, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Simplified model of flexible legged rimless wheel, figureFileSmall=GNKAZFCRccqlqpQfBCL+aA==, figureFileBig=JSa+i2vOrZ4IRvjIOgHZUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340231755907874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204719424445, language=CN, label=图2, caption=柔性腿无缘轮简化模型, figureFileSmall=GNKAZFCRccqlqpQfBCL+aA==, figureFileBig=JSa+i2vOrZ4IRvjIOgHZUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340231873348398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204719424445, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Sketch map of single-limb support, figureFileSmall=CSEnxKMm5OtRAOme6OqAzQ==, figureFileBig=0bYIGTsu0N6OYUafFmOzcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340232007566136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204719424445, language=CN, label=图3, caption=单支撑阶段示意图, figureFileSmall=CSEnxKMm5OtRAOme6OqAzQ==, figureFileBig=0bYIGTsu0N6OYUafFmOzcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340232150172487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204719424445, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Sketch map of double-limb support, figureFileSmall=y1SK3S1sMCdhcRRJrMec/A==, figureFileBig=nrigNCbmvJDhVTln901Prw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340232288584532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204719424445, language=CN, label=图4, caption=双支撑阶段示意图, figureFileSmall=y1SK3S1sMCdhcRRJrMec/A==, figureFileBig=nrigNCbmvJDhVTln901Prw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340232422802269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204719424445, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Sketch map of collision phase, figureFileSmall=BcBDQt/93W5l6fGDwIx6OA==, figureFileBig=UlZGvQOgvkHlzMhI1Udvag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340232531854183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204719424445, language=CN, label=图5, caption=地面冲击阶段示意图, figureFileSmall=BcBDQt/93W5l6fGDwIx6OA==, figureFileBig=UlZGvQOgvkHlzMhI1Udvag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340232632517488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204719424445, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Phase diagram of leg angnlar, figureFileSmall=2g/YYksnyxAWJpyOh4V/hw==, figureFileBig=X86A1SOHqU+rs5BnPnl37Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340232737375095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204719424445, language=CN, label=图6, caption=腿角度的相平面图, figureFileSmall=2g/YYksnyxAWJpyOh4V/hw==, figureFileBig=X86A1SOHqU+rs5BnPnl37Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340232842232704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204719424445, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Leg angular and angular velocity time curve, figureFileSmall=lY+w4/zzb4vYb2fsRN8bew==, figureFileBig=F9arWmkf2J7PhBNijgRb0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340232926118790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204719424445, language=CN, label=图7, caption=腿角度和角速度时间曲线, figureFileSmall=lY+w4/zzb4vYb2fsRN8bew==, figureFileBig=F9arWmkf2J7PhBNijgRb0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340233068725133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204719424445, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Leg length and stretch velocity time curve, figureFileSmall=dC1l5JEape0R/viqImeOsw==, figureFileBig=qhuwligr5Am1t/HZlXKXOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340234595451796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204719424445, language=CN, label=图8, caption=腿长度和速度时间曲线, figureFileSmall=dC1l5JEape0R/viqImeOsw==, figureFileBig=qhuwligr5Am1t/HZlXKXOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340234712892313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204719424445, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Normal ground reaction force, figureFileSmall=Hf+mGzbcRFxmvwKoMLQs2Q==, figureFileBig=tNlYsMd7NiQ9y5iNEyTORQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340234838721437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204719424445, language=CN, label=图9, caption=地面法向支撑反力, figureFileSmall=Hf+mGzbcRFxmvwKoMLQs2Q==, figureFileBig=tNlYsMd7NiQ9y5iNEyTORQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340234972939170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204719424445, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameter settings of system simulation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数mH/kgα/radφ/radl0/mK/(N•m-1C/(Ns•m-1
数值18π/40.211 000100
), ArticleFig(id=1244340235111351212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204719424445, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

系统仿真参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数mH/kgα/radφ/radl0/mK/(N•m-1C/(Ns•m-1
数值18π/40.211 000100
), ArticleFig(id=1244340235232986039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204719424445, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Impact energy loss(

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
步数12345678910
冲击能量损失量/J6.182 52.892 62.871 62.465 12.253 32.004 91.871 01.665 61.617 41.624 4
), ArticleFig(id=1244340235371398080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204719424445, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

冲击能量损失量(

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
步数12345678910
冲击能量损失量/J6.182 52.892 62.871 62.465 12.253 32.004 91.871 01.665 61.617 41.624 4
), ArticleFig(id=1244340235501421513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204719424445, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Impact energy loss(

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
步数12345678910
冲击能量损失量/J1.919 64.339 34.220 23.567 73.043 92.351 82.006 61.866 81.664 21.617 4
), ArticleFig(id=1244340235602084817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204719424445, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

冲击能量损失量(

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
步数12345678910
冲击能量损失量/J1.919 64.339 34.220 23.567 73.043 92.351 82.006 61.866 81.664 21.617 4
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柔性腿无缘轮被动动态行走器建模与分析
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张奇志 , 戈新生 , 周亚丽 , 赵秋玲
应用力学学报 | 动力学与控制 2025,42(6): 1410-1417
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应用力学学报 | 动力学与控制 2025, 42(6): 1410-1417
柔性腿无缘轮被动动态行走器建模与分析
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张奇志 , 戈新生, 周亚丽, 赵秋玲
作者信息
  • 北京信息科技大学自动化学院,100192 北京

通讯作者:

张奇志,教授。E-mail:
Modeling and analysis of the passive dynamic walker of flexible legged rimless wheel
Qizhi ZHANG , Xinsheng GE, Yali ZHOU, Qiuling ZHAO
Affiliations
  • School of Automation, Beijing Information Science&Technology University, 100192 Beijing, China
出版时间: 2025-12-15 doi: 10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.020
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研究柔性腿无缘轮被动动态行走器建模,并分析阻尼系数对系统动力学的影响。根据行走器的几何特征,选择独立广义坐标描述系统的位置,使用第二类拉格朗日方程建立柔性腿无缘轮被动动态行走器的动力学模型。对柔性腿的结构和物理性质进行分析,得到腿与地面的冲击阶段伸缩腿的切向发生冲击,而径向不传递冲击力的结论,并提出部分冲击假设条件下的状态跳变模型。采用不同的阻尼参数进行柔性腿无缘轮被动动态行走的数值仿真,结果验证了所提方法的有效性。选择较大的阻尼系数,周期行走的双支撑阶段占整个行走周期的77.6%,单支撑阶段占整个行走周期的22.4%,斜坡角度在0.1~0.7 rad范围内可以实现周期行走。柔性腿无缘轮可被动动态行走的斜坡角度,随着阻尼系数的减小而减小。

被动动态行走  /  冲击模型  /  极限环  /  柔性腿无缘轮

The modeling of the passive dynamic walker of flexible legged rimless wheel is studied, and the influence of damping coefficient on system dynamics is analyzed. According to the geometric characteristics of the walker, the independent generalized coordinates are selected to describe the position of the system, and the second kind of Lagrange equation is used to establish the dynamic model of the passive dynamic walker of flexible legged rimless wheel. By analyzing the structure and physical properties of the flexible leg, it is concluded that the impact occurs in the tangential direction of the telescopic leg and the impact force is not transmitted between the leg and the ground in the radial direction during the impact stage, and a state jump model under the assumption of partial impact is proposed. The numerical simulation of passive dynamic walking of flexible legged rimless wheels using different damping parameters verifies the effective-ness of the proposed method. When a larger damping coefficient is selected, the double-limb support period of periodic walking accounts for 77.6% of the whole walking cycle, while the single-limb support period accounts for 22.4% of the whole walking cycle. The periodic walking can be achieved when the slope angle is in the range of 0.1-0.7 rad. The slope angle of the flexible legged rimless wheel that can passively and dynamically walk on decreases as the damping coefficient decreases.

passive dynamic walking  /  impact model  /  limit cycle  /  flexible legged rimless wheel
张奇志, 戈新生, 周亚丽, 赵秋玲. 柔性腿无缘轮被动动态行走器建模与分析. 应用力学学报, 2025 , 42 (6) : 1410 -1417 . DOI: 10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.020
Qizhi ZHANG, Xinsheng GE, Yali ZHOU, Qiuling ZHAO. Modeling and analysis of the passive dynamic walker of flexible legged rimless wheel[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics, 2025 , 42 (6) : 1410 -1417 . DOI: 10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.020
被动动态行走利用系统的非线性动力学,仅以重力势能为能量输入源,机器人即可沿斜坡行走[1]。被动周期行走在相空间形成极限环,因此也称为极限环行走。因为极限环行走器的结构相对简单,且与人类行走的步态相似,所以得到了研究者的广泛关注[2-5]。由于极限环行走器多采用点足或者圆弧脚,与地面的接触抽象为点接触模型,同时为了减少能量消耗,欠驱动和非线性是被动行走的本质特征。极限环的吸引域计算等全局分析是被动动态行走研究的重要内容,吸引域大小决定了系统的抗干扰性能。胞映射方法是一种非线性系统全局分析的有效工具,将系统的状态空间离散化为胞空间,将状态空间的映射转换为胞空间的映射,方便使用计算机进行数值计算[6-7]。胞映射方法在最优控制路径搜索[8],数据驱动的洋海域全局动力学分析[9]等方面得到了成功的应用。极限环行走的研究需要极限环搜索,并分析极限环在状态空间的吸引域,因此胞映射方法在极限环行走的全局分析中得到了成功应用[10]。被动行走虽然采用的模型相对简单,但是其动力学过程可能出现倍周期分岔甚至混沌现象等丰富的非线性行为[11-12]。传统的被动动态行走器对极限环行走的初值要求比较苛刻,收敛的吸引域通常比较小,对专注于被动行走的机理研究是非常不利的。无缘轮是被动行走研究的简化模型[13-15],对专注于研究极限环行走的非线性特征和形成机制,如同步化、混沌、稳定性和效率等问题具有重要意义。日本学者ASANO[13]以经典无缘轮模型为基础,开展了系列的研究:针对刚性腿无缘轮没有双支撑阶段问题,通过添加上体并规划系统的期望轨迹,控制系统出现短暂的双支撑阶段,并减小冲击能量损失。ASANO等[14]提出了组合无缘轮行走器模型,通过控制附加质量的周期振荡间接控制系统的周期行走,并对周期振荡的频率和幅值的影响进行了详细的分析。LI等[15]研究了四足对角步态半被动行走的间接控制问题,并分析了间接控制下机器人的行走速度、能量效率和局部稳定性。XIAO等[16]基于单自由度系统的近似解析解,通过前馈和反馈控制,使系统收敛到稳定的极限环。ASANO等[17]基于刚性无缘轮冲击过程的分析,通过控制系统的轨迹避免腿与地面的冲击作用,实现了无缘轮系统的高能效快速行走。因为行走过程中冲击引起系统的能量损失,如果没有外界能量输入,系统能量单调下降,不能实现在水平面上周期行走,所以无控制的被动动态行走只能在斜坡上实现而且自稳定范围小,因此在被动行走基础上添加小幅度的驱动力,以实现水平面上的稳定周期行走的研究具有重要意义。HARADA等[18]将刚性无缘轮的半被动行走过程抽象为非线性系统在周期激励下的非线性系统的响应问题,利用弱驱动力作用下强迫振动极限环的同步现象。LI等[19]提出了间接控制方法;研究了无缘轮极限环行走器间接控制的非线性问题,发现了系统的同步化和混沌现象。ASANO等[20]针对刚性无缘轮行走没有双支撑阶段的问题,通过引入黏弹性腿,得到了行走的双支撑阶段,并对行走的周期步态和地面支撑力分布进行了初步的分析。BUTTERFIELD等[21]研究了在分体式传送带上的无缘轮行走模型,并分析了行走过程的能量转换机制。采用刚体模型的极限环行走器只有单支撑和地面冲击两个阶段,而含有双支撑阶段是人类行走的基本特征。因此,采用柔性腿模型且具有双支撑阶段的动态行走更符合实际[22]
ASANO的黏弹性腿无缘轮研究,选择非独立的广义坐标采用第一类拉格朗日方法建立系统的动力学方程,得到的是微分代数方程组,需要进行比较复杂的矩阵求逆。冲击模型除了假设后腿不离开地面之外,其余和刚性腿冲击模型完全相同,没有考虑弹性腿与刚性腿的区别。采用较小的弹簧刚度搭配较大的阻尼系数,使得无缘轮必须在0.3 rad(约17°)的斜坡上才能实现周期行走,与传统刚性腿极限环行走器在3°左右浅斜坡上周期行走相差甚远。
针对ASANO黏弹性腿无缘轮研究的不足,本研究将开展以下研究工作:选择合适的独立广义坐标,采用第二类拉格朗日方法建立系统的动力学方程;针对柔性腿无缘轮的特点,提出合理的冲击模型;通过数值仿真,分析腿刚度和阻尼对系统周期行走的影响。
本研究设计的无缘轮模型如图1所示,采用8个相同的缓冲器组成柔性伸缩腿,可伸缩杆与固定缸体之间装有弹簧,缸体内充油并由调节机构来控制阻尼的大小。采用一对无缘轮通过轴连接在一起,保证无缘轮模型仅在平面内运动。观察图1可以发现,柔性腿无缘轮的质量绝大部分固定于中间的圆盘,可伸缩杆的质量相对很小,因此在建立动力学模型时假设所有质量集中于轮心,同时考虑转动惯量的影响,忽略可伸缩杆的质量,将每条腿简化为无质量的弹簧。
本研究采用图2所示的简化模型进行动力学分析,为了简洁,图中未画出与弹簧并联的阻尼器,并采用如下假设。
1)模型是完全被动的,不含任何驱动器;2)腿的质量可以忽略,弹簧并联阻尼组成黏弹性腿,刚度系数k(N/m),阻尼系数c(Ns/m);3)的质量中心位于轮心,集中质量为mH(kg),绕质心转动惯量为I(kg•m2);4)由8个相同的腿组成,对称分布,因此,相邻两条腿之间的夹角为α=π/4(rad);5)撑阶段前腿和后腿分别称为“腿1”和“腿2”,单支撑阶段,支撑腿称为“腿1”;6)“腿1”或“腿2”发生伸缩,其余6条腿处于自然状态,长度为10(m);7)zθ表示“腿1”末端位置和角位置,角度从地面法线顺时针转为正;8)l表示“腿j”的长度(j=1,2);9)ϕ(rad)表示斜坡的角度,参数的物理意义见图3
选择q=[lθ]T为系统的广义坐标,单支撑阶段结构和参数分布如图3所示。为了简洁,图中没有画出另外的6条腿。
质心位置坐标为
对时间求导,可以得到质心的速度
系统动能
取坐标原点为重力势能零点,系统势能为
系统耗散能
拉格朗日函数LK-P,代入到第二类拉格朗日方程
得到系统动力学方程
冲击结束后,系统进入双支撑阶段,前腿称为“腿1”,后腿称为“腿2”。双支撑阶段的示意图如图4所示。
由于平面自由刚体的自由度数为3,两条腿伸缩各有1个自由度,假设支撑腿与地面无滑动接触,可以简化为铰链约束,共有4个约束条件,因此,双支撑阶段系统自由度数为1。广义坐标选择的原则是可以描述物体的位置,同时各广义坐标之间是独立的,则可以利用第二类拉格朗日方程建立简洁的动力学方程。假设两条腿末端之间的距离常数表示为sx1-x,选择前腿与地面法向的夹角θ为广义坐标,根据正弦定理可以得到两条腿的长度如式(8)所示。
进而计算出质心坐标为
质心速度为
系统动能为
取坐标原点为重力势能零点,系统势能为
系统耗散能为
拉格朗日函数LK-P,代入到第二类拉格朗日方程式(6),得到系统动力学方程
在单支撑阶段,当前腿末端与地面接触时,将发生腿与地面的冲击,如图5所示。
柔性双足行走腿与地面的冲击一般假设后腿不离开地面,前腿与地面的冲击常用两种模型假设:一是柔弹簧假设,弹簧不传递任何冲击力[22];另一种是刚性冲击假设,冲击模型与刚性腿冲击模型完全相同,除了后腿不离开地面[20]。显然这两种冲击模型假设都存在不合理性,观察图1可以看出,腿可以在径向伸缩,不传递冲击力,而在切向,腿的套筒结构可以看成刚体,存在冲击作用。因此,本研究采用前腿径向不存在冲击,切向发生冲击的部分冲击模型。接触点坐标为
笛卡尔坐标速度与广义坐标速度之间的关系为
其中:x=[x1z1]T,雅可比矩阵如下
系统的动力学方程为
其中:Hqϕ)是单支撑阶段动力学方程式(7)中,除加速度项以外其它各项组成的向量;f是接触点处的合作用力。腿末端x处的速度在腿切线方向的投影为零
其中,Jτq)=[cos(α-θ)sin(α-θ)],Jc=[sin αl1cos α-l0]。由于只考虑腿的切向有冲击作用,对式(18)在区间[t-t+]分得
其中,NI是切向冲量,根据式(19)~式(20)可得到冲击后的广义速度和腿切向的冲量值
其中,I2表示2阶单位矩阵。冲击结束后,系统进入双支撑阶段,假设冲击瞬间完成,系统的位置冲击前后相同,状态转换公式如下
双支撑阶段,当后腿的长度达到自然长度l0,而且后腿末端的z轴方向速度大于0,则后腿离开地面,即
系统进入单支撑阶段,状态转换公式如下
根据前两节得到的动力学方程式(7)、式(14)冲击模型式(22)和状态转换公式(25),使用Matlab对柔性无缘轮的被动动态行走进行数值仿真,参照文献[20]选择系统的参数见表1
图6给出了腿角度的相平面图,其中图6(a)给出的是系统进入周期行走后的曲线,可以看出该曲线由双支撑阶段(0.59 s,约占整个行走周期的77.6%),单支撑阶段(0.17 s,约占整个行走周期的22.4%)和冲击转换阶段组合而成,是封闭且严格重叠的,形成了极限环。
图6(b)给出的是系统行走全时间段的相平面曲线,从图6(b)可以发现,虽然初始状态离极限环较远,但是仍然能较快地收敛到极限环。因此,柔性腿无缘轮被动周期行走的吸引域比较大,初值选择相对容易。图7(a)给出的是系统进入周期行走后的腿角度随时间变化曲线,图7(b)是与之对应的腿角度速度随时间变化曲线,观察图7可以发现,每个周期内腿角度随时间单调增加。图8(a)给出的是系统进入周期行走后的两条腿长度随时间变化曲线,图8(b)是与之对应的腿长度伸缩速度随时间变化曲线,观察图8可以发现每个周期内两条腿长度随时间变化规律:双支撑阶段,前腿(腿1)单调压缩,后腿(腿2)单调伸长;单支撑阶段,后腿(腿2)长度为自然状态保持不变,前腿(腿1)先压缩,后伸长。
图8中关于后腿的长度和速度两条曲线的水平部分,对应周期行走的单支撑阶段。文献[20]的模型中,腿部质量较大,考虑了伸缩腿离地后继续伸长到最大值的冲击,几乎没有图8中曲线的水平部分。图9给出的是系统进入周期行走后的地面法向反作用力随时间变化曲线,和文献[20]的结果类似,并没有柔性腿双足机器人和人类行走过程出现的双峰曲线。
表2给出了无缘轮行走过程中地面冲击引起的系统能量损失。表2对应的初始角速度(1.2 rad/s)大于稳定周期行走的角速度初值(0.8 rad/s左右);表3对应的初始角速度(0.4 rad/s)大于稳定周期行走的角速度初值。观察表2表3可以发现,在2种初始条件下,随着行走步数的增加,冲击的能量损失都稳定到1.617 4 J左右。
在前面的仿真中,初值只是参考了文献[20]的仿真图粗略选取了状态的初值,从图6(b)可以发现初值离极限环距离较远(角速度差0.4 rad/s),但系统可以稳定到极限环。当0.7 rad≥ϕ≥0.1 rad时,采用相同的初值均可实现稳定的周期行走步态。
柔性腿无缘轮系统的刚度和阻尼设计比较重要,如果像文献[20]一样选择比较小的刚度和大的阻尼,行走器只能在大的斜坡上行走。如此设计的结果是柔性成为了劣势,当然也很容易理解:比如骑自行车时,当轮胎的气压太低,去掉轮胎直接让刚性车圈与地面接触,骑起来更轻便。
阻尼参数对可以实现周期行走的坡度范围有比较大的影响,选取轻阻尼和无阻尼系数进行了仿真,系统可以像刚性腿被动动态行走器一样,在小斜坡上实现周期行走,同时可以周期性走的坡度上限要比大阻尼的周期性走坡度上限小。
本研究选择独立广义坐标,采用第二类拉格朗日方程建立了柔性腿无缘轮系统的动力学方程,避免了选择非独立广义坐标建立系统微分-代数动力学方程组带来的求解复杂性问题。针对柔性腿无缘轮系统的结构和物理特性,提出了部分冲击模型,腿的径向不传递冲击力,只在腿的切向发生冲击作用。通过数值仿真得到了柔性腿无缘轮系统被动动态行走的周期解,双支撑阶段时长0.59 s,约占整个行走周期的77.6%,单支撑阶段时长0.17 s,约占整个行走周期的22.4%。周期行走初值范围比较大,克服了经典被动动态行走需要通过优化技术获得周期行走初值的问题。
柔性腿无缘轮系统与普通柔性腿双足机器人的主要区别是柔性腿无缘轮系统的两腿之间夹角是固定的,这种约束提高了双支撑阶段双腿系统的刚度,因此没有出现地面反力的双峰形状。这种约束使得柔性腿无缘轮系统的被动动态行走变得容易,自稳定周期行走初值的范围变大,对研究被动动态行走机理和特征具有重要意义。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(12172059)
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doi: 10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.020
  • 接收时间:2023-02-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-12-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-04
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(12172059)
作者信息
    北京信息科技大学自动化学院,100192 北京

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张奇志,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

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种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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