Article(id=1244340204694253907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, issueId=1244340201636610993, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1709568000000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774603423521, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1765728000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774603423521, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774603423521, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774603423521, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244340201636610993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, year='2025', volume='42', issue='6', pageStart='1207', pageEnd='1446', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774603422792, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774603751062, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244341578555306992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, issueId=1244340201636610993, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244341578555306993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, issueId=1244340201636610993, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1237, endPage=1245, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244340205109490007, articleId=1244340204694253907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, language=EN, title=Vibration transfer path test and analysis of the passenger aircraft, columnId=1244340205021409622, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics, columnName=Special Column on Aeronautics and Astronautics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the development of civil aircraft design technology, the focus of today's passenger aircraft design transits from structural safety to cabin comfort, of which the vibration comfort is a key factor. From the perspective of passenger vibration comfort, We carried out the vibration transfer path test of a certain type of passenger aircraft under three working conditions, namely, the cruising condition, the low-altitude flight condition, and the runway running condition. Based on the test data of these conditions, the Vibration Transfer Path models were built, and the key factors affecting the vibration comfort were studied. The following conclusions are drawn:Under the cruising and low-altitude flight condition, the cabin vibration response mainly comes from the coupling of engine rotor excitation and the structure at the fundamental frequency and the double frequency;under the runway running condition, the vibration response in the cabin comes from the coupling of the main landing gear excitation and the structure in the low frequency range(especially 50 Hz). This test not only provides a basis for the vibration reduction and isolation design of passenger cabins, but also fills the gap of the vibration comfort test and verification platform for all passenger aircraft in China.

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随着民用客机设计技术的发展,当今客机设计的重点开始从结构安全性向客舱舒适性过渡,振动舒适性是其中的重点因素之一。从民机乘员振动舒适性角度出发,开展了某型客机在空中巡航、低空飞行、及跑道滑跑3种运行工况下的振动传递路径试验,基于试验数据搭建了振动传递路径模型,并研究了影响客机振动舒适性的关键因素,得出了以下结论:空中巡航、低空飞行工况,客舱内振动响应主要来源于发动机转子基频和二倍频处激励与结构耦合;跑道滑跑工况,客舱内振动响应主要来源于低频范围(特别是50 Hz)左右主起落架激励与结构耦合。此次试验不仅为客机客舱的减振、隔振设计提供了依据,还填补了国内以客机全机为对象的振动舒适性测试、验证平台的空白。

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李益萱,高级工程师。E-mail:
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departmentName=null, remark=中国飞机强度研究所强度与结构完整性全国重点实验室,710065 西安)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1244340221530190522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204694253907, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=TPA research contents, figureFileSmall=uFPIs8OvH7aE5KvpuXfG8A==, figureFileBig=3FqV3vcjclkmzN4tFapmAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340221605687998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204694253907, language=CN, label=图1, caption=振动传递路径研究内容, figureFileSmall=uFPIs8OvH7aE5KvpuXfG8A==, figureFileBig=3FqV3vcjclkmzN4tFapmAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340221802820293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204694253907, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The passenger aircraft, figureFileSmall=1xdvy3wpmtmtnxvRV3rmIg==, figureFileBig=cDSwvCuvLTVagzuJc1wkog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340221895094984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204694253907, language=CN, label=图2, caption=某型客机全机状态, figureFileSmall=1xdvy3wpmtmtnxvRV3rmIg==, figureFileBig=cDSwvCuvLTVagzuJc1wkog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340222004146896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204694253907, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The measure points in the cabin, figureFileSmall=Z8IWNBkwO/qEFqI4VTKcrQ==, figureFileBig=j/EefwLrxawbMUL/ZQB4mA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340222125781720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204694253907, language=CN, label=图3, caption=飞机舱内测点位置, figureFileSmall=Z8IWNBkwO/qEFqI4VTKcrQ==, figureFileBig=j/EefwLrxawbMUL/ZQB4mA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340222222250719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204694253907, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The measure points of the single seat, figureFileSmall=Nebbst86M40YXb7ifTGjew==, figureFileBig=iqW+w1VChlPlWs7wsRcVgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340222339691239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204694253907, language=CN, label=图4, caption=舱内座椅测试位置, figureFileSmall=Nebbst86M40YXb7ifTGjew==, figureFileBig=iqW+w1VChlPlWs7wsRcVgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340222415188718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204694253907, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The aircraft support in the cruising condition, figureFileSmall=Yw0psLIR/9p3YwWna2nfpQ==, figureFileBig=gv0Eggj7TZshiWvBnqn8fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340222520046330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204694253907, language=CN, label=图5, caption=空中巡航工况试验件支持, figureFileSmall=Yw0psLIR/9p3YwWna2nfpQ==, figureFileBig=gv0Eggj7TZshiWvBnqn8fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340222616515329, 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ArticleFig(id=1244340228228493331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204694253907, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The testing conditions and vibration sources

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
振源典型工况
跑道滑跑低空飞行空中巡航
发动机
起落架
起落架舱及舱门
), ArticleFig(id=1244340230032044063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340204694253907, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

振动传递路径试验工况与振源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
振源典型工况
跑道滑跑低空飞行空中巡航
发动机
起落架
起落架舱及舱门
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民用客机的振动传递路径试验及分析
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李益萱 , 李凯翔 , 白春玉 , 张飞 , 何石
应用力学学报 | 航空航天工程专栏 2025,42(6): 1237-1245
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应用力学学报 | 航空航天工程专栏 2025, 42(6): 1237-1245
民用客机的振动传递路径试验及分析
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李益萱 , 李凯翔, 白春玉, 张飞, 何石
作者信息
  • 中国飞机强度研究所强度与结构完整性全国重点实验室,710065 西安

通讯作者:

李益萱,高级工程师。E-mail:
Vibration transfer path test and analysis of the passenger aircraft
Yixuan LI , Kaixiang LI, Chunyu BAI, Fei ZHANG, Shi HE
Affiliations
  • National Key Laboratory of Strength and Structural Integrity, Aircraft Strength Research Institute, 710065 Xi'an, China
出版时间: 2025-12-15 doi: 10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.003
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随着民用客机设计技术的发展,当今客机设计的重点开始从结构安全性向客舱舒适性过渡,振动舒适性是其中的重点因素之一。从民机乘员振动舒适性角度出发,开展了某型客机在空中巡航、低空飞行、及跑道滑跑3种运行工况下的振动传递路径试验,基于试验数据搭建了振动传递路径模型,并研究了影响客机振动舒适性的关键因素,得出了以下结论:空中巡航、低空飞行工况,客舱内振动响应主要来源于发动机转子基频和二倍频处激励与结构耦合;跑道滑跑工况,客舱内振动响应主要来源于低频范围(特别是50 Hz)左右主起落架激励与结构耦合。此次试验不仅为客机客舱的减振、隔振设计提供了依据,还填补了国内以客机全机为对象的振动舒适性测试、验证平台的空白。

民用客机  /  振动舒适性  /  振动传递路径试验  /  贡献量分析

With the development of civil aircraft design technology, the focus of today's passenger aircraft design transits from structural safety to cabin comfort, of which the vibration comfort is a key factor. From the perspective of passenger vibration comfort, We carried out the vibration transfer path test of a certain type of passenger aircraft under three working conditions, namely, the cruising condition, the low-altitude flight condition, and the runway running condition. Based on the test data of these conditions, the Vibration Transfer Path models were built, and the key factors affecting the vibration comfort were studied. The following conclusions are drawn:Under the cruising and low-altitude flight condition, the cabin vibration response mainly comes from the coupling of engine rotor excitation and the structure at the fundamental frequency and the double frequency;under the runway running condition, the vibration response in the cabin comes from the coupling of the main landing gear excitation and the structure in the low frequency range(especially 50 Hz). This test not only provides a basis for the vibration reduction and isolation design of passenger cabins, but also fills the gap of the vibration comfort test and verification platform for all passenger aircraft in China.

civil aircraft  /  vibration comfort  /  vibration transfer path test  /  contribution analysis
李益萱, 李凯翔, 白春玉, 张飞, 何石. 民用客机的振动传递路径试验及分析. 应用力学学报, 2025 , 42 (6) : 1237 -1245 . DOI: 10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.003
Yixuan LI, Kaixiang LI, Chunyu BAI, Fei ZHANG, Shi HE. Vibration transfer path test and analysis of the passenger aircraft[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics, 2025 , 42 (6) : 1237 -1245 . DOI: 10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.003
客机在运行工况中,往往受到多个振动激励源激励,如发动机激励、起落架舱激励,及起落架激励等,这些激励源经由不同的传递路径抵达客机驾驶舱、客舱位置后叠加而成总的振动响应,从而被人体感知到,造成客机的振动舒适性问题[1-3]
综合考虑客机各飞行状态下多种激励和多条传递路径的情况,振动传递路径分析(transfer path analysis,TPA)方法是一个行之有效的方法。通过TPA分析,确定各路径流入的激励能量在整个问题中所占的比例,找出传递路径上对驾驶舱、客舱振动起主导作用的环节,通过控制这些主要环节,使振动的强度、路径的振动灵敏度等参数在合理的范围里,以使驾驶舱、客舱结构的振动控制在预定的目标值内,达到客机振动舒适性要求[4-6]。目前,TPA技术在汽车等行业有了初步的应用,但是很难清晰正确地阐明多维路径的贡献量,及振源、传递路径之间的相互作用[7]。对于复杂的航空结构,由于激励源较多,并且激励源与激励源、激励源与结构相互耦合,相关研究较少,特别是基于飞机全机结构的TPA试验的研究,在国内更是处于空白状态。
对于任何一个复杂的结构,都会受到多种振动/噪声的激励,每种激励源产生的振动/噪声通过不同的传递路径传递到多个位置形成响应[8-10]。因此,可以采用“激励-传递路径-响应”模型描述振动、噪声系统,这种模型的建立不仅可以更好地研究系统本身,还能够预测系统在不同激励下的响应,同时还可以有针对性地对系统进行减振降噪。
振动传递路径分析是研究这种系统特性非常有效的方法,分析模型可以采用式(1)描述[11-12]。针对目标点(输出)响应过大的情况,需要研究是由哪个环节造成的,是激励源,还是路径,或者是二者共同作用引起的,如图1所示[13-14]
式中:Yj为系统第j个输出(振动加速度等)信号;Xi为系统第i个输入(力、加速度等)信号;Hij为系统从第i个输入到第j个输出的传递函数(振动传递函数等)。
图2为某型客机全机状态现场图,其两侧发动机使用模拟假件替代,拆除外翼。本次试验包含飞机跑道滑跑(起飞滑跑与着陆滑跑)、低空飞行(起飞低空飞行与着陆低空飞行)以及空中巡航3种典型工况,模拟发动机、起落架、起落架舱3种主要振源,各典型工况主要振源对应情况见表1
以搭建飞机跑道滑跑、低空飞行、空中巡航3种典型工况下振动传递路径模型为目的,测试各激励源至驾驶舱、客舱频响函数和驾驶舱、客舱振动响应数据[15-16]
根据测试需求,本次响应测试的主要区域有驾驶员座椅区域、头等舱座椅区域及经济舱座椅区域,包含1个副驾驶座椅、4个头等舱座椅及12个经济舱座椅,具体测点分布如图3所示。图3中,“红色圆点”代表该座椅需要测量座椅背靠、座椅表面、座椅扶手、座椅滑轨及座椅前地板处加速度响应(图4),“蓝色方块”代表该座椅只需测量座椅前地板处加速度响应。所以,驾驶舱、座舱区域共计34个测点,包括10个坐垫传感器(三向)测点和24个一般传感器(三向)测点,每个测点包括3个方向的振动测试,共计102个测试通道。
a)试验件支持
空中巡航状态下,飞机机翼产生的升力可完全抵消飞机的重力,飞机处于自由-自由状态。所以该工况下飞机完全由仿升悬吊系统提供支持,该升力模拟悬吊频率<1 Hz,现场试验件支持和仿升悬吊系统如图5所示。
b)试验载荷及加载
空中巡航工况,只有发动机载荷,该载荷由发动机地面开车测试响应反演得到,测试过程中,发动机的转速和输出功率保持和空中巡航状态一致。综合考虑发动机载荷模拟所需的推力和频率范围,采用大推力电磁激振器进行左、右发动机的振源模拟,图6为试验中左、右发动机实际加载值。
由于经反演得到的发动机垂向载荷远大于侧向,所以试验中只加载垂向载荷。试验现场飞机支持状态确定后,发动机距离地面约3 m。因此电磁激振器由刚性支撑架安装固定,如图7所示。
c)模型搭建与验证
基于测试数据搭建巡航工况下的振动传递路径模型(图8),并基于新工况下响应数据,对该振动传递路径模型进行验证。
图9为客舱某响应点的模型计算值与实测值对比。由图可知,巡航工况下,基于振动传递路径模型的计算响应和实测响应变化趋势一致,除个别低频处,响应基本重合,即认为该工况下搭建的振动传递路径模型是有效的,可以用来作进一步的贡献量分析。
a)试验件支持
低空飞行状态下,飞机同样处于空中自由-自由状态,试验件支持同空中巡航状态。
b)试验载荷及加载
低空飞行工况,试验载荷有发动机载荷和起落架舱载荷。发动机载荷由发动机地面开车测试响应反演得到,同样采用大推力电磁激振器进行左右垂向发动机振源模拟。起落架舱载荷由计算得到,主要有前起落架舱及舱门、左右主起落架舱及舱门3项加载载荷,试验中忽略垂向载荷,只施加航向载荷,图10为低空飞行工况载荷实际加载图。图11为起落架舱及舱门现场加载现场图。
c)模型搭建与验证
基于测试数据搭建低空飞行工况下的振动传递路径模型(图12),并基于新工况下响应数据,对该振动传递路径模型进行验证。
图13为客舱某响应点的模型计算值与实测值对比。可以得出,低空飞行工况下,基于振动传递路径模型的计算响应和实测响应变化趋势一致,除个别频率,响应基本重合,即认为该工况下搭建的振动传递路径模型是有效的,可以用来作进一步的贡献量分析。
a)试验件支持
飞机跑道滑跑状态下,飞机由仿升悬吊系统与静压支撑缸共同支持,仿升悬吊系统可为飞机提供部分仿升力,剩余重量由起落架下方静压支撑缸承担,现场试验件支持如图14所示。
b)试验载荷及加载
跑道滑跑工况,试验载荷有发动机载荷、起落架舱载荷及起落架载荷。发动机载荷由发动机地面开车所测响应反演得到,起落架舱载荷由计算得到,加载设备与方法同低空飞行工况。起落架载荷形式为飞机跑道路面谱,激励点位于起落架轮胎下方,载荷方向为垂向,试验中采用旧金山R28跑道谱。图15为跑道滑跑工况载荷实际加载图,100 Hz以下主要表现为起落架载荷,100~200 Hz主要为发动机载荷。跑道滑跑工况下起落架舱及起落架载荷加载现场图如图16所示。
c)模型搭建与验证
跑道滑跑工况涉及到3种振源形式:发动机振源、起落架振源,及起落架舱振源。首先进行每项振源不同位置不同方向到客舱响应点的频响函数测试,再开展跑道滑跑工况下客舱响应点的工况数据测试。基于这两类测试数据搭建跑道滑跑工况下的振动传递路径模型(图17),并基于新工况下响应数据,对该振动传递路径模型进行验证。图18为客舱某响应点的模型计算值与实测值对比,可以得出,跑道滑跑工况下,基于振动传递路径模型的计算响应和实测响应变化趋势一致,除个别低频处,响应基本重合,即认为该工况下搭建的振动传递路径模型是有效的,可以用来作进一步的贡献量分析。
基于客舱右侧某座位滑轨位置(垂向)做贡献量分析。图19为3种工况下滑轨垂直位置的总贡献量分析:空中巡航工况下2条振动传递路径,右侧发动机传递路径总贡献量稍大于左侧;低空飞行工况下5条振动传递路径,2侧发动机传递路径总贡献量远大于起落架舱传递路径,同样,右侧发动机传递路径总贡献量稍大于左侧;跑道滑跑工况下8条振动传递路径,起落架传递路径总贡献量为3种激励源中最大,且右主起落架总贡献量大于左主起落架,相对前起落架总贡献量较小。
图20为3种工况下滑轨垂直位置在10~200 Hz频域上的分布贡献量分析:空中巡航工况下,右侧发动机传递路径在70 Hz处和120~140 Hz范围均有贡献,左侧发动机传递路径贡献则主要集中在120~140 Hz范围;低空飞行工况下,左右发动机传递路径作为对响应的主要贡献来源,频率范围还是集中在70 Hz和120~140 Hz范围内;跑道滑跑工况下,响应贡献基本来自前起落架、左右主起落架垂向激励,频率分布范围较分散。
图21为3种工况下滑轨垂直位置响应在10~200 Hz频域中的贡献量分解。
空中巡航工况下,70 Hz处响应主要由左侧发动机激励与频响函数耦合造成,140 Hz处响应主要由右侧发动机激励与频响函数耦合造成,后期减振优化主要考虑降低左右发动机传递路径对应频率处的传递函数。120~135 Hz频域中左右侧发动机激励与其频响函数均发生耦合,此范围内频响函数峰值大、分布广,针对此频段的减振优化较难实现。另外,总响应在175 Hz处有一较小峰值,经贡献量分解主要由左右侧发动机传递路径频响较大造成,可考虑此路径175 Hz处的减振优化手段。
低空飞行工况下,由于飞机支持状态、发动机激励频域分布与巡航工况基本一致,所以响应贡献量分解类似巡航工况,基本为左右发动机激励与该传递路径频响函数耦合,后期该工况下的减振优化主要考虑降低70 Hz和140 Hz范围内频响函数峰值。
跑道滑跑工况下,除了70 Hz和120~140 Hz范围内考虑进行左右侧发动机传递路径的减振优化,前起落架、左右主起落架传递路径造成的响应更大。50 Hz处响应为左右主起落架载荷较大,与该路径频响函数耦合所致,可以考虑在起落架载荷传递至飞机结构之前,对50 Hz附近载荷进行隔振处理,从而降低客舱内耦合响应。另外,在160 Hz附近和190 Hz附近,响应较大原因主要为左右主起落架传递路径频响函数较大,此处载荷虽小,仍然导致耦合响应大,考虑对其传递路径在此频段进行减振优化。
本研究从民机乘员振动舒适性角度出发,开展了某型客机在空中巡航、低空飞行、及跑道滑跑3种运行工况下的振动传递路径试验,基于试验数据搭建了各工况下的振动传递路径模型,并采用新工况数据对模型进行了验证。在此基础上,开展了各工况下造成客舱内较大振动响应的激励源和结构传递路径的贡献量分析及分解,得出了以下结论。
1)空中巡航工况,客舱内振动响应主要源于发动机转子基频和二倍频激励与结构耦合,基频70 Hz处主要考虑左侧发动机至客舱传递路径减振,二倍频140 Hz范围需要考虑右侧发动机至客舱传递路径减振。
2)低空飞行工况,客舱内振动响应主要来源于发动机激励,起落架舱激励贡献较小,减振优化措施同空中巡航工况。
3)跑道滑跑工况,客舱内振动响应最大来源为起落架激励,主要分布在低频10~70 Hz范围内,在50 Hz频率处,左右主起落架激励与传递函数发生耦合,造成较大的响应,所以在50 Hz处需要采取减振优化措施。
此次试验为国内首次开展以客机全机为对象的振动传递路径测试,基于测试结果的分析为客机下阶段的减振优化提供了依据,更是开拓了振动传递路径分析技术在复杂航空结构上的应用,同时为国内客机在振动舒适性设计、减振、评估与验证等研究提供了支撑。
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2025年第42卷第6期
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doi: 10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.003
  • 接收时间:2024-03-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-12-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-05
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    中国飞机强度研究所强度与结构完整性全国重点实验室,710065 西安

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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