Article(id=1244340203935089586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, issueId=1244340201636610993, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1682784000000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774603423340, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1765728000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774603423340, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774603423340, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774603423340, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244340201636610993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, year='2025', volume='42', issue='6', pageStart='1207', pageEnd='1446', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774603422792, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774603751062, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244341578555306992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, issueId=1244340201636610993, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244341578555306993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, issueId=1244340201636610993, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1364, endPage=1374, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244340204299994040, articleId=1244340203935089586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, language=EN, title=Study on the damage mechanism of rock-like materials containing bicircular holes under uniaxial compression, columnId=1244340204216107958, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics, columnName=Dynamic and Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the effect of double circular holes on the mechanical properties of rocks and the crack extension process, a uniaxial compression model for rock specimens containing double circular holes was constructed, and the correctness and rationality of the numerical model were verified based on the comparison of the macroscopic mechanical parameters obtained from experiments and simulations. In addition, the crack extension process of specimens containing double circular holes and the evolution of the stress field around the circular holes were analyzed. The results show that the numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results;the initial tensile crack first sprouts at the upper and lower ends of the circular hole, and with the increase of axial stress, structural weak zones are usually formed at the left and right sides of the hole wall. The sprouting direction of the initial tensile crack is in the axial load-ing direction, independent of the orientation angle α, but the damage pattern of the specimen is influenced by the orientation angle α. The initial tensile crack is generated in the tensile stress concentration area;the tensile stress concentration area at the upper and lower ends of the circular hole moves and dissipates accordingly with the expansion of the initial tensile crack. The compressive stress concentration area of the stress component σyy is located on the left and right sides of the circular hole, while a shielding area of compressive stress is formed at the upper and lower ends of the circular hole, and the smaller the distance from the vertical center line of the circular hole, the stronger the shielding effect and the weaker the compressive stress.

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为深入认识双圆形孔洞对岩石的力学特性及裂纹扩展过程的影响,采用颗粒流程序PFC2D构建了含双圆孔类岩石试样的单轴压缩模型,根据试验和模拟得到的宏观力学参数的对比验证了数值模型的正确性和合理性。然后,对含双圆孔试样的裂纹扩展过程以及圆形孔洞周围应力场的演变过程进行了分析。结果表明:数值模拟与试验结果吻合良好;圆孔的上下两端首先萌生初始拉伸裂纹,随着轴向应力的增大,通常在孔壁左右两侧形成结构薄弱区,初始拉伸裂纹的萌生方向都为轴向加载方向,与桥角α无关,但试样的强度和破坏形态受到桥角α的影响;初始拉伸裂纹在受拉应力集中区萌生,随着初始拉伸裂纹的扩展,圆形孔洞上下两端的拉应力集中区域相应地移动和消散,应力分量σyy的受压应力集中区位于圆形孔洞的左右两侧,而在圆形孔洞的上下两端则形成了一个“梭形”的压应力集中屏蔽区,且与圆形孔洞垂直中线的距离越近,屏蔽效果越强,压应力越小。

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马雯波,教授。E-mail:
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Chinese journal of geotechnical engineering, 2015, 37(6): 1047-1056(in Chinese)., articleTitle=Mechanical behavior of sandstone containing double circular cavities under uniaxial compression, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1244340222373249430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340203935089586, awardId=12072309, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(12072309), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1244340208993419290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340203935089586, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244340209001807899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340203935089586, companyId=1244340208993419290, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Civil Engineering, Xiangtan University, 411105 Xiangtan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1244340209010196508, 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compression, figureFileSmall=a7xChZmQULxnACEAIvHpAg==, figureFileBig=y4/lhmmaJGbOT2SINHvukQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340219084914955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340203935089586, language=CN, label=图7, caption=单轴压缩下含孔洞试样的应力-应变-微裂纹曲线, figureFileSmall=a7xChZmQULxnACEAIvHpAg==, figureFileBig=y4/lhmmaJGbOT2SINHvukQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340219206549779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340203935089586, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Crack extension in TS-0 specimens under uniaxial compression, figureFileSmall=ZsU1kuW85nC+fkkqa2bnfg==, figureFileBig=izssgGvYs8aTPdy44dly5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340219294630173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340203935089586, language=CN, label=图8, caption=单轴压缩下TS-0试样裂纹扩展过程, figureFileSmall=ZsU1kuW85nC+fkkqa2bnfg==, figureFileBig=izssgGvYs8aTPdy44dly5A==, 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language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Distribution of measurement circles around prefabricated round holes, figureFileSmall=pkB4ax4N6WYIyGdmM0HXRQ==, figureFileBig=aHt9EeebT622cRbiUtwcqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340221622468952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340203935089586, language=CN, label=图12, caption=预制圆孔周围的测量圆分布, figureFileSmall=pkB4ax4N6WYIyGdmM0HXRQ==, figureFileBig=aHt9EeebT622cRbiUtwcqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340221710549345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340203935089586, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Stress component σxx around the hole at different loading stages with different orientation angle, figureFileSmall=SgyGd72deNllbFD73WIjuQ==, figureFileBig=PM1LhRxZiNOiGOwc6Hh/sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340221815406955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340203935089586, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同桥角下不同加载阶段预制孔洞周围的应力分量σxx, figureFileSmall=SgyGd72deNllbFD73WIjuQ==, figureFileBig=PM1LhRxZiNOiGOwc6Hh/sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340221907681653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340203935089586, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Stress component σyy around the hole at different loading stages with different orientation angle, figureFileSmall=U5hdFhh3f016oH2wBiltcA==, figureFileBig=0eCyV+NNR19JAfBL+wTiwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340222012539256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340203935089586, language=CN, label=图14, caption=不同桥角下不同加载阶段预制孔洞周围的应力分量σyy分布, figureFileSmall=U5hdFhh3f016oH2wBiltcA==, figureFileBig=0eCyV+NNR19JAfBL+wTiwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340222129979778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340203935089586, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Microscopic parameters used for the specimens

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
细观参数取值
最小颗粒半径/mm0.3
颗粒的最大与最小半径比3
颗粒接触模量/GPa2
颗粒接触刚度比1.5
平行黏结弹性模量/GPa2
平行黏结刚度比1.5
平行黏结法向强度/MPa12
平行黏结切向强度/MPa16.7
颗粒间摩擦系数0.1
颗粒与墙体摩擦系数0
), ArticleFig(id=1244340222230643080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340203935089586, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试样所使用的细观参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
细观参数取值
最小颗粒半径/mm0.3
颗粒的最大与最小半径比3
颗粒接触模量/GPa2
颗粒接触刚度比1.5
平行黏结弹性模量/GPa2
平行黏结刚度比1.5
平行黏结法向强度/MPa12
平行黏结切向强度/MPa16.7
颗粒间摩擦系数0.1
颗粒与墙体摩擦系数0
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单轴压缩下含双圆孔类岩石材料破坏机理研究
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周志伟 1 , 马雯波 2
应用力学学报 | 动力学与控制 2025,42(6): 1364-1374
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应用力学学报 | 动力学与控制 2025, 42(6): 1364-1374
单轴压缩下含双圆孔类岩石材料破坏机理研究
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周志伟1, 马雯波2
作者信息
  • 1.湘潭大学土木工程学院,411105 湘潭
  • 2.湘潭大学机械工程与力学学院,411105 湘潭

通讯作者:

马雯波,教授。E-mail:
Study on the damage mechanism of rock-like materials containing bicircular holes under uniaxial compression
Zhiwei ZHOU1, Wenbo MA2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Civil Engineering, Xiangtan University, 411105 Xiangtan, China
  • 2.School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Xiangtan University, 411105 Xiangtan, China
出版时间: 2025-12-15 doi: 10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.016
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为深入认识双圆形孔洞对岩石的力学特性及裂纹扩展过程的影响,采用颗粒流程序PFC2D构建了含双圆孔类岩石试样的单轴压缩模型,根据试验和模拟得到的宏观力学参数的对比验证了数值模型的正确性和合理性。然后,对含双圆孔试样的裂纹扩展过程以及圆形孔洞周围应力场的演变过程进行了分析。结果表明:数值模拟与试验结果吻合良好;圆孔的上下两端首先萌生初始拉伸裂纹,随着轴向应力的增大,通常在孔壁左右两侧形成结构薄弱区,初始拉伸裂纹的萌生方向都为轴向加载方向,与桥角α无关,但试样的强度和破坏形态受到桥角α的影响;初始拉伸裂纹在受拉应力集中区萌生,随着初始拉伸裂纹的扩展,圆形孔洞上下两端的拉应力集中区域相应地移动和消散,应力分量σyy的受压应力集中区位于圆形孔洞的左右两侧,而在圆形孔洞的上下两端则形成了一个“梭形”的压应力集中屏蔽区,且与圆形孔洞垂直中线的距离越近,屏蔽效果越强,压应力越小。

岩石力学  /  双圆形孔洞  /  单轴压缩  /  颗粒流程序  /  裂纹扩展  /  应力场

To study the effect of double circular holes on the mechanical properties of rocks and the crack extension process, a uniaxial compression model for rock specimens containing double circular holes was constructed, and the correctness and rationality of the numerical model were verified based on the comparison of the macroscopic mechanical parameters obtained from experiments and simulations. In addition, the crack extension process of specimens containing double circular holes and the evolution of the stress field around the circular holes were analyzed. The results show that the numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results;the initial tensile crack first sprouts at the upper and lower ends of the circular hole, and with the increase of axial stress, structural weak zones are usually formed at the left and right sides of the hole wall. The sprouting direction of the initial tensile crack is in the axial load-ing direction, independent of the orientation angle α, but the damage pattern of the specimen is influenced by the orientation angle α. The initial tensile crack is generated in the tensile stress concentration area;the tensile stress concentration area at the upper and lower ends of the circular hole moves and dissipates accordingly with the expansion of the initial tensile crack. The compressive stress concentration area of the stress component σyy is located on the left and right sides of the circular hole, while a shielding area of compressive stress is formed at the upper and lower ends of the circular hole, and the smaller the distance from the vertical center line of the circular hole, the stronger the shielding effect and the weaker the compressive stress.

rock mechanics  /  bicircular hole  /  single-axis compression  /  granular flow procedure  /  crack extension  /  stress field
周志伟, 马雯波. 单轴压缩下含双圆孔类岩石材料破坏机理研究. 应用力学学报, 2025 , 42 (6) : 1364 -1374 . DOI: 10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.016
Zhiwei ZHOU, Wenbo MA. Study on the damage mechanism of rock-like materials containing bicircular holes under uniaxial compression[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics, 2025 , 42 (6) : 1364 -1374 . DOI: 10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.016
自然界中广泛存在的岩石是隧道、地下空间和水利水电等工程的重要媒介。在各种地质作用下,岩石类材料的内部可能会存在各种形状和尺度的裂隙、孔洞等地质缺陷,致使其力学强度降低并表现出复杂的破坏特征,进而对工程的稳定性产生直接影响[1-4]。因此,研究含有预制孔洞岩石和类岩石的裂纹萌生、扩展和聚结具有重要意义。
近年来,人们对含有预制孔洞岩石和类岩石试样的力学和破坏特征进行了大量的研究。DZIK等[5]对含有半径2.5~50 mm单圆孔的花岗岩试样进行了单轴压缩试验,结果表明,当圆孔半径小于20 mm时,拉伸裂纹稳定扩展,当圆孔半径大于40 mm时,拉伸裂纹的扩展不稳定。李正一等[6]对不同孔径和不同孔数的砂岩试样展开了研究,结果表明,孔洞的存在会造成试样的力学参数明显劣化。LIN等[7]探讨了多孔洞的分布情况对花岗岩中裂纹聚结和破坏行为的影响,其研究结果表明,垂直和水平阵圆孔间的相互作用比对角阵圆孔间的相互作用要弱。李银平等[8]对含预制孔洞的大理岩在单轴压缩下的裂纹搭接机制进行了研究。王涛等[9]采用数字图像相关的非接触应变测量方法,对非对称荷载单轴压缩下含单孔洞煤岩的损伤破坏过程进行了分析。此外,数值模拟,如颗粒流程序(particle flow code,PFC),因为能够从细观层面揭示岩石和类岩石的裂纹扩展机理,被广泛应用于岩石和类岩石的研究中。冯帆等[10]通过数值模拟研究了单孔试样孔洞周边的裂纹扩展规律,发现首先在圆形孔洞上下端出现拉伸裂纹,随着轴向应力的增大,在孔洞两侧相继萌生剪切裂纹并逐渐贯通。衣宏正等[11]对含不同孔洞倾角的多孔洞岩石试样进行了单轴压缩数值模拟,结果表明含孔洞缺陷试样的承载能力和变形破坏特征与孔洞倾角密切相关。LI等[12]则使用PFC2D探索了多孔洞的分布情况对脆性材料力学特性的影响。WONG等[13]通过数值模拟对不同孔径和试样宽度下岩石试样的强度以及破坏形态进行了研究。TANG等[14]和WONG等[15]采用数值模拟方法,进一步研究了孔洞数量、直径、桥角、间距对花岗岩试样裂纹聚结和破坏模式的影响。上述研究提高了对预开孔岩石和类岩石的力学和破坏行为的认识,但是到目前为止,有关含双圆形孔洞类岩石试样的研究还比较少。在岩溶地区修建隧道时,其邻近区域可能会存在溶洞[16];在地下构建物中,会因为管道安装等构造需求而预留孔洞,这些情况下都会形成双圆形孔洞结构,双圆孔之间的相互作用将极大地影响材料的力学行为,因此有必要研究双圆形孔洞试样的破裂机制。此外,孔洞周围的应力分布本质上是导致裂纹萌生和扩展从而使得岩石破坏的关键因素。因此,有必要获得含双圆孔试样的应力分布。然而,在室内试验中,需借助复杂的测试系统才能获得应力场的信息[17],而PFC则可通过编程,较为容易地获取应力分布数据。
基于上述问题,本研究采用PFC2D构建了含双圆形孔洞试样的数值模型。首先,根据完整试样的室内试验结果,标定了数值试样的细观参数,并对单轴压缩下含圆形孔洞的类岩石试样进行了模拟;其次,详细分析了含双圆孔试样的裂纹扩展过程;最后,对圆形孔洞周围应力场的演变过程进行了分析。本研究完善了含双圆孔类岩石材料的破坏机理,为确保相关岩石工程的安全稳定提供了理论基础。
离散元方法(discrete element method,DEM)是一种基于刚性颗粒间相互作用的数值模拟方法,它将各类介质看作是离散刚性颗粒的集合体。在DEM中,平行黏结模型(parallel bonding model,PBM)适合用于对黏结材料的模拟[18]。颗粒之间通过平行键连接,平行键可以看作是一组均匀分布在接触面的弹簧,它可以使相互接触的刚性颗粒结合在一起形成任意形状的组合体,力和力矩可以在颗粒之间传递[19-20]。当最大拉伸应力超过拉伸强度或最大剪切应力超过剪切强度时,平行键就会断裂,此时与其相关的力、力矩和刚度则会被去除,模型退化为线性模型。接触颗粒之间平行键的断裂可以被看作是组合体中微裂缝的产生和传播,可以直观地表现裂纹的起始和扩展过程。当平行键断裂后形成损伤,进而扩展成破裂面使试样破坏,这与实际类岩石材料的损伤发展相符。平行黏结模型如图1[21]所示。
在本课题组先前的室内试验中,类岩石试样是由水泥砂浆制备而成的,水泥砂浆采用水泥∶沙子∶骨料∶水按质量比2∶3.4∶7∶11搅拌混合而成,制成矩形薄平板试样[22](高200 mm、宽150 mm、厚30 mm)。本研究的重点是裂纹的扩展,PFC2D能更清晰地表现出裂纹的扩展形式,因此本研究对试样进行了二维平面应力模型的数值模拟[23]。采用PFC2D建立了一个如图2所示的完整试样,用IS表示。数值试样的尺寸与室内试验试样的尺寸相同,即宽150 mm、高200 mm。为了忽略模型中颗粒尺寸效应的影响,无量纲参数特征长度比L/R(模型高度L与颗粒平均半径R的比值)需足够大。有研究表明[24],当L/R≥200时,颗粒尺寸对各项力学参数的总体分布以及模型的破坏形式影响很小。因此,本研究选择试样中的粒径范围为0.3~0.9 mm,颗粒大小遵循均匀分布。室内试验中含有圆形孔洞的试样是通过将水泥砂浆放入带有圆形钢管的特殊磨具中制备而成[22]。本研究通过删除球颗粒的方法创建了含有预制圆形孔洞的试样。为了详细研究孔洞的分布形式对试样强度、变形特性和裂纹扩展行为的影响,设计了如图3所示的孔洞分布形式:只有1个孔洞的试样定义为试样OS,其中r表示圆形孔洞的半径;将含有2个半径为r的圆形孔洞的试样称为试样TS,S表示第1个裂隙①与第2个裂隙②之间的距离,桥角α表示2个圆形孔洞中心的连线与水平方向的夹角。随着α的变化,含有2个圆形孔洞的试样分别被定义为TS-0、TS-30、TS-60和TS-90。
通过上下加载板的轴向运动实现加载,为了确保试样在整个模拟过程中保持准静态平衡,必须施加足够低的加载速率。有学者通过PFC2D详细分析了加载速率对包含裂隙的试样在单轴压缩下开裂行为的影响[25]。结果表明,即使对于不同的裂隙倾角,当加载速率从0.005 m/s增加到0.08 m/s时,裂纹萌生应力和单轴抗压强度基本保持恒定。因此,在本研究中,采用了0.01 m/s的加载速率,当轴向应力下降到峰值强度的80%时,停止加载。根据含有圆形孔洞试样在单轴压缩下的数值结果,可以详细分析试样中的裂纹演变过程和预先存在的孔洞周围的应力场。
在PFC2D中,真实试样的宏观基本物理力学参数不能直接用于模型的建立,必须对细观参数进行标定[26-27]。在本研究中,细观参数通过室内试验所获得的完整试样IS的宏观行为来标定。根据平行黏结模型参数敏感性分析结果[28],先调整颗粒模量(Eball)、黏结模量(Ebond)、颗粒刚度比(kball)和黏结刚度比(kbond),使得弹性模量达到室内试验的测定值,然后不断调整平行黏结法向强度(σbond)、平行黏结切向强度(τbond)和颗粒摩擦系数(μ),直到模拟与试验的结果达到良好的一致性。表1列出了本研究中通过标定得到的细观参数。
图4为试样IS在单轴压缩下的试验和模拟应力-应变曲线。从图4可以看到,模拟曲线与室内试验曲线吻合良好。包括弹性变形阶段、峰值强度之前的裂纹萌生和增长阶段以及峰值强度之后的不稳定破坏阶段。然而,由于岩石中一些原始裂缝和空隙的闭合,试验的应力-应变曲线在加载初期显示出了向下凹的初始孔隙压密阶段,但在数值试样中未观察到,这使得模拟与试验的峰值应变εp相差较大。这是由于在PFC2D中,颗粒之间的接触相对紧密,颗粒和与之接触的其他颗粒不少于3个,这使得与室内压缩试验中相同的初始孔隙压密阶段没有得到体现[3]。计算得到的IS试样模拟的单轴抗压强度σp、弹性模量E分别为26.71 MPa、3.07 GPa,而试验所得的σpE分别为27.15 MPa、3.20 GPa,两者基本一致,这表明表1中的细观参数是合理的并可用于后续的计算分析中。
图5显示了含有圆形孔洞试样的试验和模拟之间强度和变形参数的比较。从图5(a)中2条黑色曲线可以看到,模拟得到的峰值抗压强度σp的结果与试验结果具有相同的趋势,即先降低后增加。值得注意的是,含有2个圆形孔洞的试样TS-90的σp值大于只有1个孔洞的试样OS,而试样TS-60的σp值最小[22]。这表明试样的力学特性不仅取决于孔洞的数量,而且取决于孔洞的分布情况。而从图5(a)中2条红色曲线可以观察到,在相同的孔洞分布条件下,数值模拟得到的弹性模量与室内试验得到的弹性模量非常接近。图5(b)显示了数值模拟和室内试验得到的峰值应变的比较。可以看到,在相同的孔洞分布条件下,试样在试验下的峰值应变(黑色曲线)都高于模拟得到的峰值应变(红色曲线),这主要是由于真实试样的初始非线性变形造成的。如果考虑到初始非线性变形,含有圆形孔洞试样在模拟下的峰值应变εp可以通过增加一个初始应变值(试样OS模拟与试验εp的差值,约3.9×10-3)来修正,可以看到,修正后的模拟曲线(蓝色曲线)与试验的εp吻合良好。
图6展示了含双圆形孔洞试样在单轴压缩下,试验和模拟中桥角α对极限破坏模式的影响。可以看出,虽然模拟与试验之间存在一些差异,这些差异可以解释为:一方面是由于数值模拟试样是由许多标准的圆形颗粒组成,这与真实的试样存在差异;另一方面是受到了测试材料的异质性和数值模拟的固有随机性的影响[29]。但是,模拟得到的整体极限破坏特征与试验基本相同,两孔洞之间的贯通形式吻合良好,这说明PFC2D可以用于模拟类岩石材料的开裂特性。
以具有代表性的试样TS-0、TS-60、TS-90为例,图7~图10展示了3个试样的裂纹扩展过程,以此研究桥角α对试样裂纹扩展过程的影响。从图7~图10可以看到,试样中的裂纹是一个逐渐演变的过程,大多数微观裂纹都在峰值强度之后萌生,并随应变的增加呈指数级增长。
为了方便后续的研究,本研究将各试样的应变达到3×10-3时的状态定义为初始压缩状态,如图7所示,此时没有微裂纹的萌生。图7~图10a点对应的轴向应力是裂纹起始应力。对于裂纹起始应力,各文献的定义方式不尽相同[30-32]。在这项研究中,当试样中的裂纹数达到峰值强度下总裂纹数的约10%时,相应的应力被定义为裂纹起始应力。对于在单轴压缩下含有双圆形孔洞的试样,可以从图7~图10中详细分析裂纹聚结过程。应当注意的是,图7中的字母与图8~图10中所列的字母相对应。
图8给出了试样TS-0的裂纹扩展过程,其中的数字表示裂纹扩展顺序,数字的上标表示同一时间不同位置的裂纹。当试样加载到a点(图8a)时,在孔洞①的上下边缘和孔洞②的上边缘处产生了初始拉伸裂纹1a~1c,且初始拉伸裂纹1a~1c的萌生方向都为轴向加载方向,这是因为在单轴压缩下,孔洞周围产生应力集中现象,沿孔洞垂直中线上的拉应力通常远高于其余地方的拉应力。
随着轴向应力的增大(图8b),孔洞①的右侧孔壁在高压应力作用下发生了塌落破坏,形成了结构薄弱区[33],从而产生了裂纹2a,与此同时,拉剪混合裂纹2b在试样的上半部分萌生。当加载至峰值应力时(图8c),裂纹2b沿着轴向快速发展,在试样下半部分也产生了与裂纹2b基本等长的拉剪混合裂纹3b,在孔洞②的下边缘萌生了拉伸裂纹3c,随后在孔洞①左侧边缘也发生了塌落破坏进而萌生了裂纹3a。随着轴向变形进一步增大(图8d),裂纹3a向着试样左上方迅速扩展,在孔洞②右侧边缘也由塌落破坏而造成新的裂纹4c,此外,在试样的左上和右下部分还观察到2个远场裂纹4a和4b。试样加载至e点(图8e)后,试样内产生的剪切裂纹5a使得裂纹4c与4b聚结。裂纹3a进一步扩展并与裂纹4a交汇,试样最终被混合裂纹2b和3b穿透,表明试样完全破坏。值得注意的是,裂纹2a产生后斜向上发展,最终与2b在圆形孔洞中上部交汇,二者没有将2个圆形孔洞直接贯通。
试样TS-60的裂纹扩展过程如图9所示。可以看到当将试样加载到a点(图9a)时,达到了裂纹起始应力,4个初始拉伸裂纹1a~1d从2个圆形孔洞的上下边缘开始萌生,同时沿着轴向应力方向发展。当轴向应力达到b点(图9b)时,孔洞①左侧边缘和右侧边缘同时出现塌落破坏,随后裂纹2a和2b分别在2个薄弱区萌生。当轴向应力达到c点(图9c)时,孔洞②的右侧边缘也出现塌落破坏进而形成了裂纹3b,2条远场裂纹3a和3c也在试样的左上角和右下角产生,初始拉伸裂纹1a和1d沿着轴向应力方向发展,此外,裂纹2b延伸到了孔洞②的左上边界,但试样整体依然存在一定的承载能力。当轴向应力下降至d点(图9d)时,初始拉伸裂纹1a和1d延伸很小,这可能是因为试样边界的限制,剪切裂纹4a也在此时产生并与裂纹3b与3c汇集。当将试样加载至e点(图9e)时,初始拉伸裂纹1a扩展到试样上边缘,萌生的剪切裂纹5a迅速发展并与裂纹2a与3a汇集,此时试样完全失去承载力。值得注意的是,TS-60试样2个圆形孔洞之间在竖直方向上发生贯通。
图10展现了试样TS-90在单轴压缩作用下的裂纹扩展过程。可以看出当试样达到裂纹起始应力a点时(图10a),在孔洞①的上边缘和孔洞②的下边缘处分别产生了初始拉伸裂纹1a和1b,且初始拉伸裂纹1a和1b的萌生方向都为轴向加载方向。随着试样轴向应力增加至b点(图10b),裂纹2a与2b分别在孔洞②的上边缘处和右侧开始萌生。当加载至峰值应力c点(图10c)时,在孔洞①孔壁的两侧以及孔洞②孔壁的左侧发生了塌落破坏,萌生了裂纹3a~3c,且裂纹3b斜向下发展与裂纹2b发生了聚结,裂纹3d在孔洞②的左侧生成,并与裂纹3c聚结。此外,与TS-60试样相同,远场裂纹3e和3f分别在试样的左上角和右下角产生。峰值后轴向应力跌落至d点(图10d),萌生的剪切裂纹4a将裂纹2b与3f汇集,使得孔洞①与试样边缘形成连通。值得注意的是,裂纹3d向上延伸与裂纹3a汇集,裂纹2b延伸至孔洞②的右侧孔壁处,这使得孔洞①与孔洞②在孔壁的左右两侧都形成了贯通。将试样加载至e点(图10e),裂隙3a延伸至试样上表面,此时试样完全破坏。与试样TS-60不同,在裂隙中线上萌生的初始拉伸裂纹在加载到c点后似乎不再延伸,因此并没有扩展至试样的边缘。
力链是为描述紧密排列的颗粒间接触力而提出来的一种概念,能够展现颗粒间接触力的变化及传递过程,从试验的角度来看,这几乎是不可能获得的。以试样TS-60为例,图11展示了试样裂纹萌生前后颗粒间的力链分布图。其中,红色表示微裂纹,黑色线段表示平行键的受压力链,绿色线段表示平行键的受拉力链,线段的粗细代表力的大小。
图11可知,随着含双圆形孔洞试样的加载,它在裂纹的萌生和扩展过程中,颗粒间的黏结力不断演化。在初始压缩阶段,2个圆形孔洞的上下两端都会产生受拉力链集中区,而左右两侧会产生受压力链集中区,表明在这些区域产生了应力集中。随着加载的进行(a点),初始拉伸裂纹1a~1d在受拉力链集中区萌生。当轴向应力达到b点,初始拉伸裂纹进一步扩展,受拉力链集中区域耗散变小且转移到了初始裂纹的尖端,同时裂纹2a和2b分别在受压力链集中区(孔洞①左右两侧萌生),这是由于岩石类材料抗拉强度比抗压强度低,试样的破坏从拉破坏开始。加载至c点,裂纹3b在孔洞②的右侧受压力链集中区萌生并扩展,而原本位于孔洞①右侧和孔洞②左侧的受压力链集中区由于2个孔洞之间的贯通而发生了消散。继续加载至d点,随着拉伸和剪切微裂纹的增加,孔洞①的左侧和孔洞②的右侧仍然处于受压力链集中区。在试样最后破坏失稳的状态下(e点),在裂纹5a的两端出现受压力链集中区,孔洞左右两侧的受压力链集中区发生了耗散,此时试样的力链分布由较均匀分布转变为非规则分布。
孔洞周围的应力分布本质上是导致裂纹萌生和扩展从而使试样破坏的关键因素。为了更深入地了解试样的裂纹演化机理,本节将对圆形孔洞周围应力场的分布演变过程进行研究。如图12所示,通过在预制的圆形孔洞周围布置多个测量圆来对圆孔周围的应力分布情况进行测量。每个测量圆包含8~10个颗粒。在测量了平均应力后,可以绘制出相应的应力分布云图。
本研究测量了桥角α分别为0°、60°和90°时在初始压缩阶段、a阶段(轴向应力达到a点)和b阶段(轴向应力达到b点)圆孔周围的应力分布情况。相应的生成了σxxσyy的应力分布云图。如图13~图14所示,应力云图采用圆形孔洞的局部坐标系,坐标原点位于2个预制圆孔中心线的中点,xy坐标值都已无量纲化(除以圆形孔洞的直径2r)。受压时应力值为负,受拉时则为正。
图13显示了不同桥角α下各阶段圆形孔洞周围应力分量σxx的分布情况。在初始压缩阶段,可以观察到,在圆形孔洞的左右边缘出现了较大范围的受压应力集中区(蓝色区域),而圆形孔洞的上下边缘则出现了受拉应力集中区(橙红色区域),这也是初始拉伸裂纹的萌生区域。出现这种现象的原因应该是轴向的压缩使得圆形孔洞有闭合的趋势,此时对于圆形孔洞左右两侧较大的压应变使孔洞上下两侧产生拉应变,从而使圆形孔洞周围产生拉应力。当α=0°时,孔洞①右侧与孔洞②左侧的压应力相互交汇,随着α的增大,孔洞①右侧与孔洞②左侧的压应力之间的距离逐渐增大。与此同时,孔洞①下侧与孔洞②上侧的拉应力逐渐靠拢。随着轴向应力的增大,初始拉伸裂纹在a阶段萌生。与图8~图10中裂纹萌生过程对比,可以观察到初始拉伸裂纹在受拉应力集中区萌生,并在该区域释放了拉伸应力。随着初始拉伸裂纹的扩展,受压应力集中区(蓝色区域)基本不受影响,但原先处于圆形孔洞边缘处的受拉应力集中区则移动到了初始拉伸裂纹的尖端(橙红色区域)。当轴向应力达到b点时,随着裂纹的继续扩展,受拉应力集中区进一步转移和消散。
圆形孔洞周围的应力分量σyy的分布情况如图14所示。两孔洞周围的应力分布比较相似,在单轴压缩作用下,孔洞周围的应力分量σyy均为负值。从图中可以看到受压应力集中区(蓝色区域)位于圆形孔洞的左右两侧,这使得在圆形孔壁左右两侧形成塌落破坏。而在圆形孔洞的上下两端则似乎形成了一个“梭形”的压应力集中屏蔽区(红色区域),与圆形孔洞的垂直中线的距离越小,屏蔽效果越强,压应力越弱。值得注意的是,当α=90°时,2个圆形孔洞之间的压应力集中屏蔽区相互交汇,这表明两个圆形孔洞之间不会受到高压应力的作用。
本研究使用PFC2D,构建了含圆孔类岩石试样并对其进行了单轴压缩试验。此外,对含双圆孔试样的裂纹扩展过程以及圆形孔洞周围力链场和应力场的演变过程进行了分析,得到以下主要结论。
1)根据完整试样的室内试验结果,标定了类岩石试样数值模型的细观参数,然后对单轴压缩下含圆形孔洞的试样进行了模拟,根据试验和模拟得到的宏观力学参数的对比验证了数值模型的正确性和合理性。通过将模拟结果与试验结果进行定量比较,发现数值模拟结果与试验结果吻合良好。
2)大多数微观裂纹都在峰值强度之后萌生,并随着轴向应变的增加呈指数级增长。当轴向应力达到裂纹起始应力后,首先在圆形孔洞的上下两端萌生初始拉伸裂纹,随着轴向应力的增大,通常在圆形孔洞的左右两侧形成结构薄弱区。初始拉伸裂纹的萌生方向都为轴向加载方向,与桥角α无关,但试样的强度和破坏形态受到桥角α的影响。
3)初始拉伸裂纹在受拉应力集中区萌生,随着初始拉伸裂纹的扩展,圆形孔洞上下端的拉应力集中区域相应地移动和消散。应力分量σyy的受压应力集中区位于圆形孔洞的左右两侧,而在圆形孔洞的上下两端则形成了一个“梭形”的压应力集中屏蔽区,与圆形孔洞垂直中线的距离越近,屏蔽效果越强,压应力越小。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(12072309)
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2025年第42卷第6期
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doi: 10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.016
  • 接收时间:2023-04-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-12-15
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-30
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(12072309)
作者信息
    1.湘潭大学土木工程学院,411105 湘潭
    2.湘潭大学机械工程与力学学院,411105 湘潭

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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