Article(id=1244340207697375604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, issueId=1244340201636610993, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743350400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774603424238, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1765728000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774603424238, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774603424238, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774603424238, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244340201636610993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, year='2025', volume='42', issue='6', pageStart='1207', pageEnd='1446', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774603422792, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774603751062, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244341578555306992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, issueId=1244340201636610993, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244341578555306993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, issueId=1244340201636610993, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1418, endPage=1428, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244340208485904777, articleId=1244340207697375604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, language=EN, title=Slip line solutions of active earth pressure for a circular platform foundation pit under transient infiltrations, columnId=1244340204216107958, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics, columnName=Dynamic and Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to characterize the distribution law of active earth pressure with depth for a circular platform foundation pit under transient infiltrations, this study derived the slip line equation for the active earth pressure of circular platform foundation pits. The derivation was based on the strength equation of generalized effective stress for unsaturated soils and matric suction under transient infiltration conditions. Subsequently, the differential iterative method was adopted to obtain the slip line solution of active earth pressure for circular platform foundation pits under transient infiltrations. Last, the accuracy of the obtained slip line solution was verified, and an influencing factor analysis was conducted. The results indicate that the obtained slip line solution, compared with the existing solutions, can reasonably account for comprehen-sive influences of transient infiltration(time, infiltration ratio, nonlinear profiles of suction stress), soil types(sand, silt, clay), foundation pit model parameters(wall dip angle, wall-soil friction angle), and the circumferential stress coefficient on the active earth pressure of foundation pits. The accuracy of the obtained slip line solution of active earth pressure under specific reduced conditions is demonstrated by comparing it with the slip line solution of circular platform foundation pits in saturated soils(when suction stress is zero), and the limit equilibrium solution of plane retaining walls under transient infiltrations(when the radius of foundation pit tends to infinity)reported in the literature. The influence of time and infiltration ratio on the value and distribution of active earth pressure is most pronounced for foundation pits in clay, followed by foundation pits in silt. However, it is negligible for foundation pits in sand, which is caused by nonlinear profiles of suction stress for different soils. The active earth pressure of foundation pits decreases significantly with the increase of wall dip angle, wall-soil friction angle and circumferential stress coefficient, while its distribution and change with depth are closely related to soil types.

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为描述瞬态入渗下圆台形基坑主动土压力沿深度的分布规律,基于非饱和土的广义有效应力强度公式和瞬态入渗下的基质吸力,建立了圆台形基坑主动土压力的滑移线方程,继而采用差分迭代法获得了瞬态入渗下非饱和土圆台形基坑主动土压力的滑移线解答,最后对所得滑移线解答开展准确性验证和影响因素分析。研究结果表明:所得滑移线解答相比现有解能合理考虑瞬态入渗(时间、入渗率、吸应力非线性分布)、土体类别(砂土、粉土、黏土)、基坑模型参数(墙壁倾角、墙土摩擦角)和环向应力系数对基坑主动土压力的综合影响,其准确性在特定条件下得到文献饱和土圆台形基坑主动土压力滑移线解答(吸应力为0时)、瞬态入渗下平面挡墙主动土压力极限平衡解答(基坑半径趋于无穷时)的退化验证;时间、入渗率对黏土基坑主动土压力大小及分布的影响最明显,对粉土基坑主动土压力的影响次之,而对砂土基坑主动土压力的影响可忽略不计,这是由不同土体的吸应力非线性分布造成的;基坑主动土压力随着墙壁倾角、墙土摩擦角、环向应力系数的增加均显著减小,且沿深度的分布及变化与土体类别密切相关。

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张常光,教授。E-mail:
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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340244439478969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340207697375604, language=CN, label=图15, caption=环向应力系数对主动土压力的影响, figureFileSmall=NrKptLtl93aUjeDFQxL6pQ==, figureFileBig=6WgCrm9nvaGcUcAEURWhkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244340244535947967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340207697375604, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Unsaturated soil parameters around foundation pits

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土体类别γs/(kN•m-3γd/(kN•m-3c′/kPaφ′/(°)Kz/(m•s-1D0/(m2•s-1λ/(kPa-1n
砂土24210303×10-41.4×10-20.58.5
粉土22197224×10-71.2×10-20.032.5
黏土201710155×10-81.0×10-20.012.0
), ArticleFig(id=1244340244653388484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244295746212642849, articleId=1244340207697375604, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基坑周围非饱和土参数

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土体类别γs/(kN•m-3γd/(kN•m-3c′/kPaφ′/(°)Kz/(m•s-1D0/(m2•s-1λ/(kPa-1n
砂土24210303×10-41.4×10-20.58.5
粉土22197224×10-71.2×10-20.032.5
黏土201710155×10-81.0×10-20.012.0
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瞬态入渗下圆台形基坑主动土压力的滑移线解答
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张宁 1 , 张常光 2 , 李海祥 2
应用力学学报 | 动力学与控制 2025,42(6): 1418-1428
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应用力学学报 | 动力学与控制 2025, 42(6): 1418-1428
瞬态入渗下圆台形基坑主动土压力的滑移线解答
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张宁1, 张常光2 , 李海祥2
作者信息
  • 1.长安大学经济与管理学院,710064 西安
  • 2.长安大学建筑工程学院,710061 西安

通讯作者:

张常光,教授。E-mail:
Slip line solutions of active earth pressure for a circular platform foundation pit under transient infiltrations
Ning ZHANG1, Changguang ZHANG2 , Haixiang LI2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Economics and Management, Chang'an University, 710064 Xi'an, China
  • 2.School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, 710061 Xi'an, China
出版时间: 2025-12-15 doi: 10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.021
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为描述瞬态入渗下圆台形基坑主动土压力沿深度的分布规律,基于非饱和土的广义有效应力强度公式和瞬态入渗下的基质吸力,建立了圆台形基坑主动土压力的滑移线方程,继而采用差分迭代法获得了瞬态入渗下非饱和土圆台形基坑主动土压力的滑移线解答,最后对所得滑移线解答开展准确性验证和影响因素分析。研究结果表明:所得滑移线解答相比现有解能合理考虑瞬态入渗(时间、入渗率、吸应力非线性分布)、土体类别(砂土、粉土、黏土)、基坑模型参数(墙壁倾角、墙土摩擦角)和环向应力系数对基坑主动土压力的综合影响,其准确性在特定条件下得到文献饱和土圆台形基坑主动土压力滑移线解答(吸应力为0时)、瞬态入渗下平面挡墙主动土压力极限平衡解答(基坑半径趋于无穷时)的退化验证;时间、入渗率对黏土基坑主动土压力大小及分布的影响最明显,对粉土基坑主动土压力的影响次之,而对砂土基坑主动土压力的影响可忽略不计,这是由不同土体的吸应力非线性分布造成的;基坑主动土压力随着墙壁倾角、墙土摩擦角、环向应力系数的增加均显著减小,且沿深度的分布及变化与土体类别密切相关。

瞬态入渗  /  圆台形基坑  /  主动土压力  /  滑移线法  /  环向应力系数

In order to characterize the distribution law of active earth pressure with depth for a circular platform foundation pit under transient infiltrations, this study derived the slip line equation for the active earth pressure of circular platform foundation pits. The derivation was based on the strength equation of generalized effective stress for unsaturated soils and matric suction under transient infiltration conditions. Subsequently, the differential iterative method was adopted to obtain the slip line solution of active earth pressure for circular platform foundation pits under transient infiltrations. Last, the accuracy of the obtained slip line solution was verified, and an influencing factor analysis was conducted. The results indicate that the obtained slip line solution, compared with the existing solutions, can reasonably account for comprehen-sive influences of transient infiltration(time, infiltration ratio, nonlinear profiles of suction stress), soil types(sand, silt, clay), foundation pit model parameters(wall dip angle, wall-soil friction angle), and the circumferential stress coefficient on the active earth pressure of foundation pits. The accuracy of the obtained slip line solution of active earth pressure under specific reduced conditions is demonstrated by comparing it with the slip line solution of circular platform foundation pits in saturated soils(when suction stress is zero), and the limit equilibrium solution of plane retaining walls under transient infiltrations(when the radius of foundation pit tends to infinity)reported in the literature. The influence of time and infiltration ratio on the value and distribution of active earth pressure is most pronounced for foundation pits in clay, followed by foundation pits in silt. However, it is negligible for foundation pits in sand, which is caused by nonlinear profiles of suction stress for different soils. The active earth pressure of foundation pits decreases significantly with the increase of wall dip angle, wall-soil friction angle and circumferential stress coefficient, while its distribution and change with depth are closely related to soil types.

transient infiltration  /  circular platform foundation pit  /  active earth pressure  /  the slip line method  /  the circumferential stress coefficient
张宁, 张常光, 李海祥. 瞬态入渗下圆台形基坑主动土压力的滑移线解答. 应用力学学报, 2025 , 42 (6) : 1418 -1428 . DOI: 10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.021
Ning ZHANG, Changguang ZHANG, Haixiang LI. Slip line solutions of active earth pressure for a circular platform foundation pit under transient infiltrations[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics, 2025 , 42 (6) : 1418 -1428 . DOI: 10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.021
圆台形基坑由于良好的受力特性、便捷的施工修建和显著的经济效益等优势,广泛出现在重大交通枢纽、超高层建筑和城市地下空间等建设中[1]。主动土压力是圆台形基坑挡墙设计所依据的主要荷载,确定主动土压力的大小及分布具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。
许多学者采用理论分析、模型试验以及数值模拟探讨了饱和土圆形竖直基坑的主动土压力计算[2-5],而圆台形基坑相对圆形竖直基坑存在一定的墙壁倾角,LIU等[6]借助差分迭代法得到了饱和土圆台形基坑主动土压力的滑移线解答,但干旱、半干旱地区的地下水位较深,基坑周围土体多处于非饱和状态,同时非干旱地区常通过内外降水使地下水位降至坑底以下,坑周土体因含水率降低而变为非饱和土,可见饱和土基坑的主动土压力解答不能反映坑周土体的实际非饱和状态,也不利于发挥坑周土体的真实强度潜力。
关于非饱和土圆台形基坑的主动土压力理论计算,仅有VO等[7]假定吸应力沿深度为线性分布,推导了非饱和土圆台形基坑主动土压力的滑移线解答,但难以解决时间、入渗率、土体类别等因素影响以及吸应力沿深度的非线性变化。IVERSON[8]基于Richards方程建立了降雨瞬态入渗下的基质吸力公式,已用于平面挡墙土压力、边坡稳定性和地基承载力的确定,还未用于求解瞬态入渗下基坑的主动土压力。另外,LU等[9]借助吸应力概念,提出了对全吸力范围均适用的非饱和土广义有效应力与强度公式。
因此,为解决降雨瞬态入渗时非线性吸应力下非饱和土圆台形基坑主动土压力的大小及分布,基于非饱和土的广义有效应力强度公式与瞬态入渗下的IVERSON基质吸力,首先构建了圆台形基坑主动土压力的滑移线方程,继而采用差分法对3类边值问题依次插值迭代,求得了瞬态入渗下非饱和土圆台形基坑主动土压力的滑移线解答,最后对比文献特定理论解答进行准确性退化验证,并开展影响因素分析。
图1为圆台形基坑主动土压力计算的力学模型,其中基坑顶部半径为a;开挖深度为H;墙后地表水平;墙壁倾角为ω;地表均布荷载为q
选择柱坐标系分析此空间绕z轴对称的圆台形基坑主动土压力,取基坑竖直剖面的水平方向与竖直方向分别设为r轴、z轴,假定墙后单元体的净大主应力(σ1-ua)与水平r轴的夹角为δ,单元体破裂面的连线形成了α族滑移线与β族滑移线,两族滑移线与(σ1-ua)的夹角都为μ,非饱和土强度在滑移线上达到峰值。在图1中,(σn-uaaτna分别为土体施加给挡墙的净法向应力、切向应力,二者的合力为基坑挡墙的主动土压力pa
鉴于非饱和土在高吸力段、低吸力段的力学特性不同,LU等[9]提出适用于全吸力范围的广义有效应力σ′为
式中:σ为总应力;ua为孔隙气体的压力;σs为吸应力,其表达式为
式中:uw为孔隙水的压力;λ近似为土体进气值的倒数;n为无量纲的常数;砂土、粉土、黏土的λn具有不同的取值范围[9]
将式(1)代入Mohr Coulomb准则得非饱和土的广义有效应力强度公式为
式中:τf为非饱和土的抗剪强度;c′和φ′分别为有效黏聚力、有效内摩擦角。
采用IVERSON[8]推导的瞬态入渗基质吸力公式,需满足:1)在入渗过程中,基质吸力等值线、地下水位线始终与地表平行,且不影响地下水位的深度;2)Kz为沿z方向的渗透系数,砂土、粉土、黏土的Kz常相差几个数量级[9]Iz为沿z方向的降雨强度,而入渗率Iz/Kz保持不变,0≤Iz/Kz≤1,Iz/Kz=0表示无降雨,Iz/Kz=1表示最大入渗;3)地表无积水,忽略水力扩散度D0的变化。
当墙后地表水平时,时间t、深度z处的压力水头ψzt)为[8]
式中:T为降雨持时,t/T≤1表示降雨阶段,t/T>1表示降雨停后阶段;D=4D0d为沿z方向地下水位离地表的距离;ε为气体扩散系数,可取为1;erfc(•)为余误差函数。
在式(4)求得压力水头后,基质吸力可表示为
由式(2)、式(4)和式(5)可知,基质吸力(ua-uw)沿r轴不变,吸应力σs对坐标z即沿竖直方向的导数为
进而判断ψzt)的正负以去掉式(5)的绝对号,再由ψzt)对坐标z求导得
在瞬态入渗下,土体重度随着基质吸力的改变而变化。非饱和土的重度γ
式中:γd为干重度;γs为饱和重度。
在空间绕z轴对称问题的图1柱坐标系下,单元体沿径向与竖向的平衡方程为
式中:(σz-ua)、(σr-ua)和(σθ-ua)分别为沿竖向、径向、环向的净法向应力;τrz为作用在r平面内指向z轴的切应力,τzr为作用在z平面内指向r轴的切应力。
当墙后非饱和土达到强度峰值时,应力分量可由图2
式中:为平均有效应力;分别有效第一主应力、有效第三主应力。
根据空间绕z轴对称问题的应力状态知[10],环向应力σθ为中间主应力σ2,并假定σθ=σ3+mσ1-σ3)/2,0≤m≤2,其中m为环向应力系数,反映环向应力σθ与第一主应力σ1、第三主应力σ3之间的大小关系:m=2时σθ=σ1,对应Haar-Von Karman假定;m=1时σθ=(σ1+σ3)/2,m=0时σθ=σ3。由式(10)得净环向应力(σθ-ua)为
将式(10)和式(11)代入式(9)得
差分迭代法已广泛用于滑移线方程的求解,由图2可知μ=π/4-φ′/2。由式(12a)和式(12b)分别乘以sin(δ±μ)、cos(δ±μ),两式相减并除以
式中,参数ηξρκ的表达式为
式中:σ0为单位应力,以保证量纲符合要求。
图1可知,α滑移线、β滑移线的斜率方程为
将参数ηξ对坐标rz进行全微分并同除以dr,继而结合式(13)和式(15)得沿α滑移线、沿β滑移线的平衡方程为
最后,只需联立求解式(15)和式(16)。假设已知A点、B点的(rzδγ),且A点在α滑移线上,B点在β滑移线上。利用差分法迭代求得α滑移线与β滑移线的交点P
式中:;下角标ABP分别对应A点、B点、P点。
图3为圆台形基坑主动土压力滑移线法求解时的3类边值问题[11]:Cauchy问题、Riemann问题与混合问题。由图3(a)可知,地表处的净大主应力(σ1-ua)为地表均布荷载q,地表处的δg分别为
图3(c)图4墙壁处的有效应力Mohr圆,得墙壁点的zwδwΔw分别为
式中:ζ为墙土摩擦角;cw为墙土黏聚力;下标w代表墙壁。
从地表点开始,联立式(17)~式(19),依次由Cauchy问题求出地表至C点延伸的第一条α滑移线范围内各点的数据,Riemann问题求出由C点延伸的α滑移线与β滑移线的交点数据,混合问题求出基坑墙壁点的(rwzwδwγw),进而结合式(20a)将墙壁点的转换为净法向应力(σn-uaa、切向应力τna,最后由式(20b)求得瞬态入渗下非饱和土圆台形基坑主动土压力的滑移线解答。需要注意的是,逐渐减小地表点的间隔,直至墙壁处相邻两次迭代得到的主动土压力相差小于0.01 kPa。
上述基于非饱和土的广义有效应力强度公式和基质吸力的IVERSON公式,所建立的瞬态入渗下非饱和土圆台形基坑主动土压力的滑移线解答即式(20),相比现有的饱和土[6]或假定吸应力线性分布的非饱和土圆台形基坑主动土压力的滑移线解答[7],可合理描述砂土、粉土、黏土基坑在不同的入渗率、非线性吸应力、墙壁倾角、墙土摩擦角和环向应力系数下随着深度、时间变化的主动土压力大小及分布规律,具有广泛的适用性和重要的理论意义。
下面将通过与吸应力为0时饱和土圆台形基坑主动土压力的滑移线解答[6]、瞬态入渗下基坑半径趋于无穷时平面挡墙主动土压力的极限平衡解答[11]进行对比,以验证本研究解答在特定条件下退化的准确性。
LIU等[6]考虑墙壁倾角、墙土摩擦角等因素,提出了饱和土圆台形基坑主动土压力的滑移线解答,属于本研究解答在吸应力为0时的一个特例。图5为本研究吸应力为0时与文献[6]的饱和土圆台形基坑主动土压力pa对比,相关参数为:基坑顶部半径a=20 m,开挖深度H=25 m,墙土黏聚力cw=20 kPa,地表均布荷载q=20 kPa;饱和土的重度γ=20 kN/m3,有效黏聚力c′=20 kPa,有效内摩擦角φ′=30°;环向应力系数m=2,对应Haar-Von Karman假定即σθσ1
图5可看出,本研究吸应力为0时退化的饱和主动土压力与文献[6]的饱和土圆台形基坑主动土压力滑移线解答吻合良好,二者的平均绝对相对误差仅为2.4%,这是因地表点间隔不同造成的迭代差异,验证了本研究解答的退化准确性;但相比文献[6],本研究解答还能用于分析瞬态入渗吸应力非线性分布下不同类别土体圆台形基坑主动土压力随着深度、时间的变化规律,可详见下文4.1节。
HU等[12]同样依据非饱和土的广义有效应力强度公式与瞬态入渗IVERSON吸力,由薄层单元法建立了非饱和土平面挡墙主动土压力的极限平衡解答。当基坑半径趋于无穷时,图6为本研究圆台形基坑退化为细长基坑时与文献[12]的瞬态入渗下非饱和土平面挡墙主动土压力pa对比,相关参数为:墙高H=6 m,墙壁倾角ω=-30°,墙土摩擦角ζ=15°,墙土黏聚力cw=0 kPa;地下水位离地表的距离d=15 m,地表均布荷载q=0 kPa;砂土的饱和重度γs=20 kN/m3、干重度γd=17 kN/m3、有效黏聚力c′=0 kPa,有效内摩擦角φ′=30°,渗透系数Kz=1×10-5m/s,水力扩散度D0=0.025 m2/s;参数λ=0.1 kPa-1n=1.89;降雨持时T=1×104s,时间t=1×104s;环向应力系数m=1,对应平面应变状态即σθ=(σ1+σ3)/2。
图6可看出,本研究退化为细长基坑时由滑移线法所得主动土压力差分迭代解答,非常接近文献[12]的平面挡墙主动土压力极限平衡解答,特别是在入渗率Iz/Kz=0.1,0.3时,且总体上二者的平均绝对相对误差为4.9%,这既表明了本研究解答的退化合理性,也说明其对圆台形基坑和平面挡墙的主动土压力计算均适用,相比文献[12]具有更广阔的工程应用前景。
主要探讨瞬态入渗时间t、入渗率Iz/Kz形成的基质吸力非线性与吸应力非线性、墙壁倾角ω、墙土摩擦角ζ和环向应力系数m对非饱和土基坑主动土压力大小及分布的影响特性,算例相关参数为:基坑顶部半径a=8 m,开挖深度H=15 m,墙土黏聚力cw=0.5c′;地下水位离地表的距离d=18 m,地表均布荷载q=30 kPa,降雨持时T=3 h;墙壁倾角ω=5°,墙土摩擦角ζ=5°,环向应力系数m=1即σθ=(σ1+σ3)/2。基坑周围土体分别设为砂土、粉土和黏土,3类土体根据文献[9]给定具体参数值,如表1所示。
时间t与降雨持时T之比即t/T在(0,1]内代表降雨阶段,而大于1代表降雨停后阶段,图7为在深度z=7.5 m处基质吸力(ua-uw)随时间t的变化。
图7可看出,当入渗率Iz/Kz=0.5,1时,随时间t的增加,基质吸力先非线性减小后非线性增大,且入渗率越大,基质吸力下降的幅度也越大。此外,土体类别不同,基质吸力变化的幅度也有差异,砂土基质吸力随时间的变化幅度最大,黏土基质吸力随时间的变化幅度最小,而粉土基质吸力随时间的变化幅度居中。
为取得基质吸力的最小值,需先判断压力水头的正负以去掉式(5)的绝对号,再对时间t进行求导,如式(21)所示,并由∂ψzt)/∂t=0求时间t,得出基质吸力达到最小值的时间与入渗率Iz/Kz无关,而与深度z、水力扩散度D0、降雨持时T等因素有关。
在深度z=7.5 m处,砂土、粉土、黏土的基质吸力分别在t/T=1.33,即t=3.99 h、t/T=1.38即t=4.14 h、t/T=1.45即t=4.35 h时达到最小值。因此,基质吸力并不是在降雨停止tT时达到最小值,而是具有一定的滞后性。
当入渗率Iz/Kz=1时,图8为不同时间t下基质吸力沿深度的分布。
图8可看出,基质吸力沿深度的非线性变化与具体的参数有关,并没有统一的规律,如在图8(b)中,当t/T=0,2时,基质吸力沿深度逐渐减小,但当t/T=1时,基质吸力沿深度先略微增大后明显减小;砂土、粉土、黏土分别在深度z=8.3、7.8、7.2 m处,t/T=1与t/T=2的基质吸力相等。
吸应力对基坑主动土压力的影响相比基质吸力更为直观,图9为吸应力σs(取绝对值)沿深度的非线性分布,可看出黏土吸应力在不同时间t下的大小及分布变化最显著,粉土的次之,砂土的吸应力几乎为0。
当入渗率Iz/Kz=1时,图10为不同时间t下基坑主动土压力pa沿深度的分布,可看出黏土基坑在不同时间t下主动土压力大小及分布的变化最明显,粉土基坑的次之,砂土基坑可忽略变化;粉土、黏土基坑分别在z=8.7、7.4 m处,t/T=1与t/T=2的主动土压力相等。此外,t=0时主动土压力最小,即降雨将导致主动土压力的增大,需考虑不同时间下的主动土压力变化,以提高基坑挡墙设计的合理性。
入渗率Iz/Kz=0表示无降雨,Iz/Kz>0表示存在瞬态入渗,Iz/Kz=1表示最大入渗。当时间tT时,不同入渗率下基坑主动土压力pa沿深度的分布,如图11所示。
图11可看出,黏土基坑主动土压力的大小及分布受入渗率的影响最大,粉土基坑的次之,而砂土基坑的与入渗率几乎无关。当Iz/Kz=0时,3种土体基坑的主动土压力均最小,且随着入渗率的增加,粉土、黏土基坑主动土压力不断增大,这是由于入渗率增加使得基质吸力下降。若忽略入渗率对主动土压力的不利影响,可诱发基坑工程安全事故。
在深度z=15 m处,不同入渗率下基坑主动土压力pa随时间t的变化,如图12所示。
图12可看出,当Iz/Kz=0.5、1时,随时间t的增加,粉土、黏土基坑主动土压力均先增大后减小,且入渗率最大即Iz/Kz=1时,主动土压力变化的幅度最大,但具体变化幅度则与土体类别有关。
墙壁倾角、墙土摩擦角为圆台形基坑模型的基本参数。当时间tT,入渗率Iz/Kz=1时,图13为墙壁倾角ω对基坑主动土压力pa的影响,图14为墙土摩擦角ζ对基坑主动土压力pa的影响。
图13可看出,随着墙壁倾角ω的增加,主动土压力明显减小但沿深度分布基本不变,同样在图14中,随着墙土摩擦角ζ的增加,主动土压力也在减小且沿深度分布变化很小,但墙壁倾角的影响程度相比墙土摩擦角的要大些,故改变墙壁倾角、墙土摩擦角可使基坑更加安全。
环向应力系数m越大,表示环向应力即中间主应力越大。当时间tT,入渗率Iz/Kz=1时,图15为环向应力系数m对基坑主动土压力pa的影响。
图15可看出,环向应力系数对主动土压力大小及分布的影响均很显著,随着环向应力系数的减小,主动土压力明显增大且沿深度分布更加线性化。环向应力系数m=2即σθσ1,对应Haar-Von Karman假定,所得主动土压力过小,基于此的基坑挡墙设计偏于危险。
1)结合非饱和土的广义有效应力强度公式与瞬态入渗下基质吸力的IVERSON公式,所建立的瞬态入渗下非饱和土圆台形基坑主动土压力的滑移线解答相比现有解有效解决了瞬态入渗(时间、入渗率、吸应力非线性分布)、土体类别(砂土、粉土、黏土)、基坑模型参数(墙壁倾角、墙土摩擦角)与环向应力系数的综合影响,具有广泛的适用性和重要的理论意义。
2)本研究结果与文献饱和土圆台形基坑主动土压力滑移线解答、瞬态入渗下平面挡墙主动土压力极限平衡解答的良好吻合,验证了所得基坑主动土压力滑移线解答在特定条件下退化的准确性和合理性,相比现有解能探讨更多的因素影响规律,可为圆台形基坑的设计与施工优化提供有益指导。
3)瞬态入渗时间、入渗率对3种非饱和土基坑主动土压力大小及分布的影响存在明显差异,其中黏土基坑主动土压力的变化最明显,粉土基坑主动土压力的变化次之,砂土基坑主动土压力几乎不变,这与不同土体的吸应力非线性分布有关;基坑主动土压力随时间的增加先增大后减小,而随着入渗率的增加而增大。
4)墙壁倾角、墙土摩擦角对基坑主动土压力大小的影响显著,随着墙壁倾角、墙土摩擦角的增加,主动土压力均在减小,但沿深度分布基本不变;改变环向应力系数可得到环向应力的多种取值,主动土压力随着环向应力系数的增加而明显减小,且沿深度分布更加线性化。选取合适的基坑模型参数和环向应力系数,可提高基坑挡墙设计的安全性。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(41202191)
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2025年第42卷第6期
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doi: 10.11776/j.issn.1000-4939.2025.06.021
  • 接收时间:2025-03-31
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-12-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-31
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(41202191)
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    1.长安大学经济与管理学院,710064 西安
    2.长安大学建筑工程学院,710061 西安

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张常光,教授。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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