Article(id=1244316352190726313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16285/j.rsm.2024.00578, pmid=null, cstr=32223.14.j.rsm.2024.00578, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731945600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1743436800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-01, onlineDate=1774597736641, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1763049600000, pubDateStr=2025-11-14, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774597736641, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774597736641, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597736641, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244316342938087728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, year='2025', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='3329', pageEnd='3672', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774597734436, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597825220, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244316723801862468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244316723806056773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3513, endPage=3522, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244316352459161780, articleId=1244316352190726313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, language=EN, title=Stabilization of slip behavior of a clay-bearing fault, columnId=1244316343936332083, journalTitle=Rock and Soil Mechanics, columnName=Fundamental Theory and Experimental Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Tectonic fault cores are formed substantially of clay minerals. Even a slight change in mineral composition or in water saturation can result in a significant alteration of the sliding regime on the fault. We present results of laboratory experiments on a slider model set-up that was used to study the regularities of slip behavior in a model fault filled with gouge. The gouge consisted of quartz sand and clays of different types (bentonite, illite and kaolinite). The slip behavior essentially depended on gouge mineralogy. The accumulated stress could release via both fast and slow slips. The scaled kinetic energy for fast slips was 10−5–10−3, while that for the slowest slips was 10−9–10−7. Fast stick-slip is characteristic of model faults filled with quartz sand in dry and moistened conditions. A gradual transformation from stick-slip to stable sliding was observed for quartz sand/clay gouge as the clay content approached 20%. Under moistening clay, mineralogy played a key role. If the illite clay content was 5%, the moistening led to an increase in peak velocity by more than an order of magnitude; if the bentonite clay was 5%, it led to stabilization of sliding. While alteration in friction coefficient after moistening remained relatively small, the scaled kinetic energy could vary by several orders of magnitude.

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构造断层核主要由黏土矿物构成,黏土矿物成分或含水饱和度的轻微变化将会导致断层滑动状态发生显著改变。利用滑块模型装置对填充有断层泥的模型断层进行试验,以研究其滑动规律。断层泥由石英砂和不同类型黏土(膨润土、伊利石和高岭石)组成。断层滑动行为主要取决于断层泥的矿物学特性。累积应力可通过快速滑动和缓慢滑动2种方式释放,快速滑动的比例动能介于10−5~10−3之间,而缓慢滑动的比例动能为10−9~10−7。在干燥和湿润条件下,填充有石英砂的模型断层具有快速黏滑特征。当黏土含量接近20%时,石英砂/黏土断层泥从黏滑逐渐转变为稳定滑动。在黏土湿润的情况下,矿物学特性起到了关键作用。当伊利石含量为5%时,湿润会导致峰值速度增加一个数量级以上;当膨润土含量为5%时,则会使滑动稳定。虽然湿润后摩擦系数的变化相对较小,但比例动能的变化可达几个数量级。

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SHATUNOV Ivan,男,2000年生,博士研究生,主要从事断层带、断层带水文地质方面的研究。E-mail:
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KOCHARYAN Gevorg,男,1954年生,科学博士,主要从事断层带地质力学方面的研究。E-mail:

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Mineral content of the clays used in experiments.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
黏土类型矿物含量/%
蒙脱石高岭石伊利石绿泥石石英微斜长石斜长石锐钛矿菱铁矿
174.715.67.50.71.5
26.350.46.315.27.06.9
384.07.08.01.0
), ArticleFig(id=1244321764055036610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316352190726313, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验所用黏土的矿物含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
黏土类型矿物含量/%
蒙脱石高岭石伊利石绿泥石石英微斜长石斜长石锐钛矿菱铁矿
174.715.67.50.71.5
26.350.46.315.27.06.9
384.07.08.01.0
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含黏土断层滑动行为稳定性
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KOCHARYAN Gevorg 1 , OSTAPCHUK Alexey 1, 2 , SHATUNOV Ivan 1, 2 , 戚承志 3
岩土力学 | 基础理论与实验研究 2025,46(11): 3513-3522
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岩土力学 | 基础理论与实验研究 2025, 46(11): 3513-3522
含黏土断层滑动行为稳定性
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KOCHARYAN Gevorg1 , OSTAPCHUK Alexey1, 2, SHATUNOV Ivan1, 2 , 戚承志3
作者信息
  • 1.俄罗斯科学院 萨多夫斯基地圈动力学研究所,俄罗斯 莫斯科
  • 2.莫斯科物理技术学院,俄罗斯 多尔戈普鲁德内
  • 3.北京建筑大学 土木与交通工程学院,北京 102627
  • KOCHARYAN Gevorg,男,1954年生,科学博士,主要从事断层带地质力学方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

SHATUNOV Ivan,男,2000年生,博士研究生,主要从事断层带、断层带水文地质方面的研究。E-mail:
Stabilization of slip behavior of a clay-bearing fault
Gevorg KOCHARYAN1 , Alexey OSTAPCHUK1, 2, Ivan SHATUNOV1, 2 , Cheng-zhi QI3
Affiliations
  • 1.Sadovsky Institute for Dynamics of Geospheres, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
  • 2.Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
  • 3.School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 102627, China
出版时间: 2025-11-14 doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.00578
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构造断层核主要由黏土矿物构成,黏土矿物成分或含水饱和度的轻微变化将会导致断层滑动状态发生显著改变。利用滑块模型装置对填充有断层泥的模型断层进行试验,以研究其滑动规律。断层泥由石英砂和不同类型黏土(膨润土、伊利石和高岭石)组成。断层滑动行为主要取决于断层泥的矿物学特性。累积应力可通过快速滑动和缓慢滑动2种方式释放,快速滑动的比例动能介于10−5~10−3之间,而缓慢滑动的比例动能为10−9~10−7。在干燥和湿润条件下,填充有石英砂的模型断层具有快速黏滑特征。当黏土含量接近20%时,石英砂/黏土断层泥从黏滑逐渐转变为稳定滑动。在黏土湿润的情况下,矿物学特性起到了关键作用。当伊利石含量为5%时,湿润会导致峰值速度增加一个数量级以上;当膨润土含量为5%时,则会使滑动稳定。虽然湿润后摩擦系数的变化相对较小,但比例动能的变化可达几个数量级。

滑动状态  /  黏土断层泥  /  辐射效率  /  断层流变  /  滑块模型

Tectonic fault cores are formed substantially of clay minerals. Even a slight change in mineral composition or in water saturation can result in a significant alteration of the sliding regime on the fault. We present results of laboratory experiments on a slider model set-up that was used to study the regularities of slip behavior in a model fault filled with gouge. The gouge consisted of quartz sand and clays of different types (bentonite, illite and kaolinite). The slip behavior essentially depended on gouge mineralogy. The accumulated stress could release via both fast and slow slips. The scaled kinetic energy for fast slips was 10−5–10−3, while that for the slowest slips was 10−9–10−7. Fast stick-slip is characteristic of model faults filled with quartz sand in dry and moistened conditions. A gradual transformation from stick-slip to stable sliding was observed for quartz sand/clay gouge as the clay content approached 20%. Under moistening clay, mineralogy played a key role. If the illite clay content was 5%, the moistening led to an increase in peak velocity by more than an order of magnitude; if the bentonite clay was 5%, it led to stabilization of sliding. While alteration in friction coefficient after moistening remained relatively small, the scaled kinetic energy could vary by several orders of magnitude.

sliding regime  /  clay gouge  /  radiation efficiency  /  fault rheology  /  slider-model
KOCHARYAN Gevorg, OSTAPCHUK Alexey, SHATUNOV Ivan, 戚承志. 含黏土断层滑动行为稳定性. 岩土力学, 2025 , 46 (11) : 3513 -3522 . DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.00578
Gevorg KOCHARYAN, Alexey OSTAPCHUK, Ivan SHATUNOV, Cheng-zhi QI. Stabilization of slip behavior of a clay-bearing fault[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (11) : 3513 -3522 . DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.00578
构造断层是地壳的主要结构特征。若岩体中形成了断层,构造应力的进一步累积和释放也将受到断层结构特性的控制。人为诱发的更强烈的地震通常发生在构造断层附近。地震既可能位于正在进行的采矿作业区附近,也可能位于距离采矿作业区一定距离的地方。人为诱发地震可能异常严重,会造成的人员伤亡严重和资源损失巨大[1-2]
在初始原岩改造过程中形成的成熟断层,这些原岩是不同类型岩石和矿物成分的拼合体[3-6]。断层的长期演化伴随着交代过程,并且会有活动流体输入。地壳和地幔流体渗入断层,促进化学反应,即强矿物相被弱矿物相所替代。因此,黏土矿物(伊利石、蒙脱石和其他矿物类型)通常集中在断层核心[2, 7],并影响断层的摩擦特性[8-10]。在湿润后,黏土矿物性质会发生本质变化。主滑移带中的黏土矿物可以吸收层间水,显著改变断层核心的强度和摩擦特性。温石棉、蒙脱石和利蛇纹石等矿物在吸水饱和后强度可降低约50%[11]。在某些条件下,含黏土层会表现出明显的膨胀,这可能会导致强烈的交叉流动、孔隙压力降低和滑动失稳[12]。浅层富含黏土矿物断层的滑动行为可通过其黏弹性特性来确定。黏弹性特性受微观机制差异的影响,如微观层面的热活化过程,这些过程无法通过宏观测量得到。
关于不连续面填料中黏土矿物比例变化对摩擦系数影响的试验研究表明,摩擦系数会发生本质变化。Ruggieri等[13]指出,将方解石基质中页岩材料的比例从0增加到50%,摩擦系数会从0.71降低到0.37。根据Kocharyan等[14]的试验,当石英砂中滑石的比例增加至25%时,摩擦系数会从0.61降低到0.39。含黏土的材料主要表现出速度强化特性(即滑动速度增加时断层抗剪力增强),这与石英、长石和方解石填料不同,后者表现出速度弱化特性[7, 9]
根据构成断层核的矿物成分,在受到构造力或重力作用的断层上可以出现不同的地震型或无地震型滑动模式[15-16]。除其他事项外,实验室试验促进了我们对断层行为机制和浅层地震活动变化的理解。本研究通过实验室试验,探讨了湿润条件下填充砂–黏土的模型断层滑动规律,研究了从黏滑到稳定蠕滑的转变,并展示了动态滑动在流变特性和能量特性上的变化。
本文开展了模型断层摩擦滑动的实验室试验,试验装置如图1所示。采用2块有机玻璃粗糙表面的接触面模拟模型断层,有机玻璃表面的粗糙度高度约为0.5 mm,有机玻璃之间的间隙填充了一层由砂和黏土混合而成的颗粒材料(S)。在试验中,尺寸为8 cm×8 cm×3 cm的可移动块体B1在法向应力(σN)和剪切应力(σs)的作用下沿不可移动块体B2滑动。法向应力σN由载荷重量决定,通常约为80 kPa,剪切应力通过刚度为60 kN/m的弹簧K施加,弹簧的末端以约20 µm/s的恒定位移速率(us)拉动。块体的相对位移使用激光传感器(D)ILD2300-100(Micro-Epsilon,德国)在0~5 kHz的频率范围内测量,精度为1 µm。剪切力使用传感器(F)CFT/5 kN(HBM,德国)控制,精度为1 N。力学参数随时间的变化趋势如图2所示。
在固定块上钻了2个直径为1 mm的小孔,孔距为3 cm。这2个孔通过一个注入通道(W,见图1)相连,用于将室温下矿化度为1 g/L的水泵入模型断层。试验中排水量保持恒定,在滑动模式变得规律后开始抽水,抽水持续120~150 s,超压不超过0.5 kPa,当块间接触面完全被水浸湿时停止抽水。在该试验设置下,孔隙压力没有明显变化,因此,所有观察到的效应都是由完全浸水后断层泥层流变特性的改变引起的。
本试验采用石英砂和不同黏土的混合物充当模型断层的填充物。石英砂由中等圆度的颗粒组成,粒径范围为0.160~0.315 mm。膨润土、伊利石和高岭石等黏土被用作填充物的第2组分。黏土的矿物成分见表1。选择这些黏土是因为它们分布广泛,且常出现在构造断层核的断层泥中[17]。黏土经过精细研磨,偶尔会夹杂粉砂岩物质,这些物质将在探针制备阶段被去除。所展示的黏土组(膨润土、伊利石和高岭石)中主要黏土矿物的含量各不相同。黏土组成材料的比例决定了黏土的物理和化学性质。例如,随着蒙脱石含量的减少,黏土的膨胀能力降低,其吸附活性也随之降低。
试验中实现了从规则黏滑到稳定蠕滑的广泛滑动状态。滑动行为(动态滑动)被定义为模型断层两侧的相对位移,其峰值速度超过加载速度us,并确定采用动态滑动参数(位移幅度Δx、剪应力降Δσs、滑动持续时间ΔT、峰值速度Vpeak)来描述滑动状态。
模型断层填充物成分的改变导致了动态滑移参数的显著变化。在室温与湿度条件下,填充有石英砂的模型断层表现出规律的黏滑运动。动态滑移的峰值速度Vpeak为0.6~3.0 mm/s,平均约为1.5 mm/s。断层湿润后,动态滑移的特性发生了本质变化:峰值速度增加40倍,应力降幅度和每次滑移的位移幅度增加3倍,而动态滑移的持续时间减少了250%。湿润后的摩擦系数从0.45增加到0.50。
在干燥条件下,当向砂土中加入黏土且黏土比例增加时,观察到断层滑动状态趋于稳定(见图3)。这种稳定表现为峰值速度降低、剪切应力下降、位移幅度减小以及滑动持续时间延长。当填料中的黏土含量达到20%时,滑动最终稳定(过渡到稳定蠕变),这一数值对于所研究3种矿物类型的黏土均相同。值得注意的是,含黏土断层的摩擦系数不依赖于黏土类型,其值从0.46(无黏土)增加到0.54~0.55(黏土含量为20%)。
与干燥条件下的摩擦强度相比,含黏土断层的摩擦强度在断层湿润后并未发生变化,但它们的变形特性却产生了根本性改变。在相同黏土含量下,不同类型黏土的峰值速度差值达到了2个数量级(见图3(c))。对于所有3种类型的黏土,随着填料中黏土含量的增加,峰值速度呈下降趋势。与含膨润土和高岭石的断层相比,含伊利石的断层在动态滑动时表现出相当高的峰值速度,直至黏土含量达到15%。对于含5%伊利石黏土的模型断层,其峰值滑动速度相对于纯石英砂填充的断层降低了不到一个数量级。对于膨润土和高岭石,在黏土浓度相同的情况下,峰值速度降低2~3个数量级(见图3(c))。当填料中黏土含量为20%时,含不同类型黏土的断层行为差异已无法区分。
剪应力降与滑移量之比随填料中黏土含量的变化表现出相同的变化趋势,但趋势不太明显(见图3(d))。模型断层在湿润后滑动状态转变的特性可通过Z因子的变化来体现[6]Z因子表征了断层湿润后平均峰值滑移速度相对于其在干燥条件下的初始状态的相对减小量,其计算方法如下:
式中:为湿润前的平均峰值速度;为湿润后的平均峰值速度。因此,如果Z因子为负,则表明湿润后峰值速度有所增加;如果该参数接近于0,则表明湿润前后的峰值速度几乎相同。Z因子与填料中黏土含量之间的关系(见图4)表明,对于纯石英砂,其湿润后的峰值速度增加了约30%(Z≈-30)。对于含有至少5%膨润土或高岭土的填料,湿润后的峰值速度几乎保持不变(Z≈0)。然而,对于含有5%~10%伊利石的填料,湿润后的峰值速度与干燥条件下的峰值速度相比显著增加。随着填料中伊利石含量的增加,峰值速度降低,滑动状态逐渐稳定。伊利石的Z因子表现出独特的行为,这可以通过湿润后的峰值速度显著高于湿润前的峰值速度来解释。从图4中可以看出,湿润后的峰值速度几乎是湿润前峰值速度的50倍。
改变填料中的黏土含量实质上影响了动态滑移过程中的能量平衡。针对所有检测到的事件,其比例动能估算如下:
式中:elab为比例动能;Ek为滑移过程中可动块体B1的最大动能值;Mlab为实验室地震矩,其计算方法如下[18]
式中:L为块体的长度;S为接触面积。
参数elab与能量/地震矩比e=Es/M0Es为地震能量,M0为标量地震矩)[18]类似,在地震学中用于表征地震的效率。elab的小值对应“慢滑事件或慢地震”,而大值则特指“实验室地震”。
比例动能可以很容易地通过动态滑移参数来表示:
图5展示了取决于动态滑移参数的elab变化情况。在干燥条件下,含黏土的断层会产生慢速滑移,其比例动能介于10−9~10−7之间。不同矿物类型的黏土之间差异不明显,且在大多数“动态”事件中,elab不超过10−5。模型断层湿润后,elab在10−7~10−5范围内的动态滑移次数显著增加。当伊利石含量达到5%~10%时,峰值速度增加了2个数量级,比例动能量级达到10−3
在所进行的试验中,动态滑移参数的变化表明,由于填料中黏土含量的增加和矿物成分的变化,断层上的滑动状态发生了改变。这种变化涵盖了广泛的缩尺动能范围(6个数量级)。
断层行为的特殊性由断层泥的流变特性决定。通常用于描述多晶材料变形的结构超塑性模型,也可用于描述断层流变[19]。结构超塑性现象决定了在边界高应力集中下发生的晶间滑移和晶粒旋转的机制(在试验条件下,不会发生晶粒破坏)。多晶材料行为的特殊性表明,经典位错蠕变并不局限于每个晶粒的塑性变形,而是许多晶粒集体行为的特点。因此,在某些条件下,颗粒材料的变形可通过晶间滑动现象特有的关系来描述[6, 20]
式中:为应变率;ς为材料常数;σs为施加应力;α为表征应力敏感性的材料参数。
当剪切变形主要集中在断层核部时,位移描述如下:
式中:W为沿界面的位移;t为滑移持续时间;τ为该过程的特征时间,σs0为蠕变开始时模型断层边界处的切向应力,ks为断层的剪切刚度。
式(6)中用于估算断层泥流变特性的关键参数包括指数α、过程特征时间τ和剪切刚度ks。式(6)中的指数α在0到1之间变化。当α趋近于1时,式(6)趋近于黏性流体的相应流变方程:
α趋近于0时,式(6)渐近趋于库仑(干)摩擦的对数关系特征[20]
图6为具有不同流变参数的动态滑移位移记录。通过式(6)对试验记录进行逼近,以描述流变特性。曲线中应用近似的部分对应于后动态运动阶段。该部分的起点对应于滑动速度最大的时刻,终点对应于蠕变开始的时刻。当后动态阶段的速率等于弹簧被拉伸的速率时,即达到这一时刻。参数ατ是通过使用MATLAB中的nlinfit方法进行非线性近似确定的。
参数α可用于估算湿润对含黏土断层流变性的影响。对于填充纯石英砂的断层,参数α接近于0,即其流变特性可通过干摩擦关系来描述。对于不同类型黏土含量变化时参数α的变化,图7所示的结果表明,随着黏土比例的增加,干燥和湿润状态下的断层行为逐渐过渡到黏性流体的流变特性,但这种过渡的特性取决于黏土的矿物类型和湿润情况。例如,填充物中含有高岭石的模型断层在干燥和饱水状态下的流变特性几乎相同(见图7(b)),而对于含有伊利石的填充物,随着黏土比例的增加,干混合物向“黏性流体”流变特性的过渡要快得多。
特征时间τ表示后动态阶段的持续时间,其变化范围较大。随着黏土含量的增加,τ会增加1~2个数量级,但这种增加的特性在很大程度上取决于填料中黏土的矿物类型(见图8)。
流体饱和度会从根本上改变含黏土断层的滑动状态,滑动状态转变的特性主要由填料的矿物成分以及湿润程度决定。地震滑动机制通常是在考虑孔隙压力上升[21-22]这一经典效应以及流体流入断层区导致摩擦系数降低[23]的背景下进行的。在浅层,流体可以渗透到岩体中,并因人为过程(向地层内部注水或水库水位变化[24])而引发地震。它也可能因自然过程而发生,如冰雪融化[25]和大量降雨[26]。流体的内生来源也可能发挥重要作用,例如沿断层上升的岩浆流体和地幔流体,或在沉积物和变质岩内部循环的地壳流体[27]。此外,当水被困在低渗透性岩石内部或之间时,它会施加稳定作用,并在岩石变形时提供高孔隙压力;或者,当水在矿物结构中松散结合时,如在水合黏土中,当黏土被压缩时,水会产生伪孔隙压力[28]
湿度增加本质上会影响黏土的流变特性。由于水饱和后吸附材料的强度降低,蒙脱石或利蛇纹石等材料的摩擦系数在饱和后将降低数倍[29]。然而,摩擦系数本身的降低并不一定意味着诱发地震滑动的概率更高。事实上,剪切摩擦阻力的变化可能会在滑动动力学中发挥更重要的作用。众所周知,富含弱层状硅酸盐矿物的层状结构断层泥比颗粒结构的矿物混合物表现出更稳定的滑动(连续蠕变),且黏土颗粒的排列方向是断层活动的重要指标[30]。这种效应在从断层带提取的天然材料和人造化合物中均有所发现。所进行的试验揭示了含黏土模型断层在湿润后的摩擦行为存在本质差异,例如,当填料中湿润伊利石的含量在5%~10%之间时,会发生快速动态滑动,在此过程中,大部分累积能量以弹性振动的形式释放。
这些滑移可被视为具有高辐射效率的“普通地震的实验室模拟”[29]。同时,当填充物中含有10%的湿润膨润土时,模型断层表现出稳定的蠕变。然而,目前尚不清楚在不同压力-温度(P-T)条件和剪切速率下,断层泥中页硅酸盐的阈值含量为多少时能够提供滑动稳定。所进行的试验表明,在低正应力下,任何黏土材料含量达到20%就足以使断层滑动完全稳定。增加正应力显然会导致阈值升高,例如,对于由方解石和页岩组成的材料,当页岩的比例超过30%~50%时,干接触就会稳定[26]
滑移模式受断层泥的影响已在现场得到验证[15, 31-32]。在2个不同的岩体中,观察到了采矿期间由波纹状爆炸引发的微地震事件参数的显著差异[15, 31-32]。比较了俄罗斯别尔哥罗德区Korobkovskoe铁矿床和摩尔曼斯克区Khibiny磷灰石-霞石矿床的地震活动,在这2个矿床中,都发现了大型断层带。Korobkovskoe矿床的围岩是由含铁石英岩组成的完整岩石,没有矿物集合体分异过程的迹象。东北断层核心的主要滑移带由断层泥构成,主要矿物是绿泥石,形成非常细小的集合体(颗粒尺寸不超过10 μm)。黑云母的含量高达1%,与绿泥石集合体共生。构成主要滑移带的地质材料表现出速度增强特性[32]。在Khibiny磷灰石–霞石矿床观察到的剖面中,存在以Egirin矿脉(一种高脆性矿物)和破碎蚀变带(霞石氧化带)形式存在的构造不连续性。霞石在风化过程中很容易被破坏,在断层带中,它被沸石、钙和钠的水铝硅酸盐所替代,包括形成大量的黏土矿物,如钠板石、蒙脱石、球粒石、蒙脱石和钾伊利石。
所分析的地震活动是在开采活动停止后,即波纹状爆炸发生时记录的,所获得的波形用于定位和估算震源参数。Korobkovskoe矿床的地震事件主要集中在爆破硐室附近和断层带沿线,检测到的地震事件震级从−2.8~−0.8不等。在Khibiny地块的磷灰石–霞石矿床处检测到的震级较高,为0.74~2.50。在这2个矿床记录的地震事件中,地震能量减少量和破裂传播的平均速度存在本质差异。Khibiny矿床中计算得出的地震能量减少量在5.4×10−7~10−5 J/(N·m)之间,而破裂速度为Vr=(0.36~0.80)Cβ(地块中剪切波的传播速度),这与“正常”地震的范围相对应[15]。在Korobkovskoe铁矿床处,获得的地震能量减少量明显较低:Es/M0=5.3×10−9~2.2×10−6 J/(N·m)。破裂速度为(0.008~0.500)Cβ,剪切裂缝的平均值为0.16Cβ,拉伸裂缝的平均值为0.09Cβ,这些值对应于所谓的“慢速”地震[32]
这种地震能量减少和破裂速度的显著差异是由裂缝填充物的不同物质组成引起的。如上所述,组成Korobkovskoe矿床主要滑移带的地质材料通常表现出速度增强特性,但在Khibiny矿床,许多已识别出的地震事件(检测到了同震破裂的迹象)发生在Egirin矿脉沿线,即由脆性材料组成的不连续面沿线,这些材料表现出速度减弱特性。值得注意的是,Khibiny地块发生的最强烈地震之一(1989年,震级为4.8~5.0)的震源是沿一条平倾Egirin矿脉的动态滑动[25]
根据多年观测结果,在Khibiny地块,与枯水期(11−4月)相比,融雪和降雨期间(5−10月)地震次数呈现季节性增长[25, 33-34]。许多学者将这一现象归因于孔隙压力增大,因为大气降水沿着霞石氧化带的高渗透性区域渗入地块内部[33-34]。我们认为,更可能的原因是含有大量黏土矿物(蒙脱石和皂石)的破碎蚀变带,在遇水时,这些破碎蚀变带的摩擦系数会异常降低[29]
改变构成断层主要滑移带的黏土矿物学特征可能导致从无震变形状态向孕震状态的转变。据推测,在特定条件下,蒙脱石向伊利石的转变可促进地震活动区域的出现[35]。根据计算,在巴巴多斯增生楔(7~18 km)下发生这种转变的深度与增生楔朝海部分下方的地震空白区与前弧海沟下方的地震带之间的边界(10~12 km)相吻合[35]
大多数诱发地震发生在板内区域。在历史上无地震的地区,人为诱发的地震活动可能发生,甚至规模较大[1]。断层再活化可能由流体注入引发[36],但滑动行为可能不会诱发地震[37]。若没有历史地震记录,则地震风险评估将失效[38]。对于采矿作业区,由于微地震活动、断层结构和流变特性之间存在联系[32],因此可用地质信息来补充地震数据的不足。
控制充填断层滑动的关键机制是受限断层泥层中颗粒间的相互作用[39-40]。正应力与剪应力的作用导致填充物内部形成力链,这些力链由承担主要载荷的颗粒组成,而周围颗粒则基本不受载荷,正是这些力链决定了模型断层的摩擦阻力,这一现象经常可在光弹性材料试验中观察到[41]。当断层被润湿且其填充物中含有黏土成分时,黏土的吸湿活性会导致黏土质黏塑性组分的体积增加。因此,硬质石英颗粒之间形成强颗粒间接触的概率降低,力链的数量和结构也相应减少[42]。具有最高吸湿活性和最高膨胀能力的黏土材料是蒙脱石、贝得石和非特龙石等蒙脱石类矿物。伊利石不吸水,在水中也不膨胀。因此,当填充物中伊利石的比例较高时,由伊利石组成的断层滑动会趋于稳定,这与本文所得结果完全一致(见图3)。使用颗粒间滑动模型来描述含黏土断层的变形特性十分方便,该模型能够根据黏土含量、矿物类型和湿润程度估算模型中参数的变化。之后,可以估算在环境因素变化下的流变变化。
在受限断层泥层中发生的力学过程的特性,可通过该层的有效黏度来描述[43]。随着断层填充物中黏土含量的增加,可观察到从干摩擦流变到“黏性流体”流变的转变。在经典的“速率和状态”摩擦方程中引入一个附加项(即剪切的“黏性”阻力),以在数值模拟中更好地解释这一转变[44]
式中:τvis为与动态黏度相关的抗剪力;η为有效黏度;δ为层厚。值得注意的是,固体的有效黏度并非其材料的固有属性,这一点与牛顿流体不同。该参数是固体流变特性的一个特征,取决于变形过程的具体时间,或者更准确地说,取决于变形速率。因此,可以通过现场观测结合数值模拟来进行地震危险性评估。
研究表明,含黏土断层的滑动模式随着黏土含量和矿物学特性的变化而转变,包括在干燥和湿润状态下的变化。对于石英砂和含高达10%伊利石的混合物,多表现为快速动态滑动;而在含5%~20%黏土的断层泥中,则向稳定蠕变转变,且转变的阈值随矿物成分的不同而变化。尽管在湿润过程中摩擦系数变化很小,但滑动过程中耗散的能量却显著不同,这反映了断层泥流变特性的根本变化。
随着黏土比例的增加,干断层和含水断层的总体流变行为逐渐从干摩擦转变为黏性摩擦。这种变化的性质在很大程度上取决于矿物学特征,这强调了矿物成分在决定断层稳定性和滑动动力学中的关键作用。即使黏土含量相同,不同的黏土矿物也可能增加滑动稳定性或导致动态弱化,这对评估地震风险具有重要意义。了解这些流变变化对于改进断层力学预测模型至关重要,尤其是在含水变化随时间影响断层行为的地区。
  • IDG RAS项目(125012700824-4)
  • 俄罗斯科学基金会(20-77-10087)
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2025年第46卷第11期
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doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.00578
  • 接收时间:2024-11-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-11-14
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-19
  • 录用日期:2025-04-01
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projects of IDG RAS(125012700824-4)
IDG RAS项目(125012700824-4)
Russian Science Foundation(20-77-10087)
俄罗斯科学基金会(20-77-10087)
作者信息
    1.俄罗斯科学院 萨多夫斯基地圈动力学研究所,俄罗斯 莫斯科
    2.莫斯科物理技术学院,俄罗斯 多尔戈普鲁德内
    3.北京建筑大学 土木与交通工程学院,北京 102627

通讯作者:

SHATUNOV Ivan,男,2000年生,博士研究生,主要从事断层带、断层带水文地质方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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