Article(id=1244316349229547634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1513, pmid=null, cstr=32223.14.j.rsm.2024.1513, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733760000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1737475200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-01-22, onlineDate=1774597735936, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1763049600000, pubDateStr=2025-11-14, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774597735936, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774597735936, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597735936, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244316342938087728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, year='2025', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='3329', pageEnd='3672', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774597734436, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597825220, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244316723801862468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244316723806056773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3383, endPage=3394, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244316349518954616, articleId=1244316349229547634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, language=EN, title=Creep characteristics and model of salinized silt, columnId=1244316343936332083, journalTitle=Rock and Soil Mechanics, columnName=Fundamental Theory and Experimental Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A widely distributed salinized silt in Northwest China exhibits the physical characteristics of both low-liquid-limit silt and saline soil, yet its long-term deformation behavior remains insufficiently understood. A series of uniaxial creep tests were conducted to investigate its creep properties under varying conditions of salt content, dry density, moisture content, and overburden stress. Test results indicate that, compared to salt-free soil, the creep rate of salinized silt accelerates significantly with increasing salt content, demonstrating more pronounced nonlinear creep characteristics. The final strain of the salt-washed soil was 10%, which increased to 14% at a salt content of 6.4%. To more accurately characterize the soil's creep behavior, the classical creep models were modified, leading to the proposal of two new models: an integer-order model and a fractional-order model. Comparative analysis between the experimental data and the improved models shows that both proposed models describe the actual deformation characteristics more accurately than the classical creep model. However, the integer-order model lacks refinement in describing the decay creep stage, whereas the fractional-order model demonstrates superior accuracy in capturing the detailed features of all creep stages and is therefore recommended for effectively predicting the creep behavior of salinized silt.

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中国西北地区广泛分布的一种盐渍化粉土兼具低液限粉土与盐渍土的物理特征,其长期变形特性不够明朗。针对该土开展了一系列单轴蠕变试验,分析了不同含盐量、干密度、含水率和上覆应力下的蠕变特性。试验结果显示,相较于非含盐土,随着含盐量的增加,该土蠕变速率显著加快,表现出更强的非线性蠕变特性。洗盐土的最终应变为10%,当含盐量达到6.4%时,应变最终达到14%。为了更准确地描述土体蠕变行为,对经典蠕变模型进行改进,分别提出整数阶与分数阶两种盐渍化粉土蠕变模型。将改进的两种理论模型与试验数据进行对比分析,分析结果显示,所提改进理论模型均比经典蠕变模型更准确地描述土体实际变形特性,但整数阶盐渍化粉土蠕变模型对于衰减蠕变阶段的描述不够细致,而分数阶盐渍化粉土蠕变模型对于蠕变各阶段的细节描述均更为准确,可以有效地预测盐渍化粉土的蠕变行为。

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张晨,男,1988年生,博士,高级工程师,主要从事岩土工程技术研究。E-mail:
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潘超钒,男,1997年生,博士研究生,主要从事土的基本理论研究。E-mail:

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潘超钒,男,1997年生,博士研究生,主要从事土的基本理论研究。E-mail:

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潘超钒,男,1997年生,博士研究生,主要从事土的基本理论研究。E-mail:

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San Diego, California: Academic Press, 1998., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244316384818217451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316349229547634, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=70, authorNames=孙宇飞, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孙宇飞. 基于分数阶微积分理论的饱和黏土一维流变固结研究[D]. 舟山: 浙江海洋大学, 2022., articleTitle=基于分数阶微积分理论的饱和黏土一维流变固结研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244316384927269360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316349229547634, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=71, authorNames=SUN Ye-fei, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUN Ye-fei. Research on one-dimensional rheological consolidation of saturated clay based on fractional order calculus theory[D]. 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journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316349229547634, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Fitting results of creep model at dry density of 1.65 g/cm3, figureFileSmall=MO8U19cn9HX3n/FMyRygzQ==, figureFileBig=GdMKMV8BtrlawpeEo2TfvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244316369647420347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316349229547634, language=CN, label=图15, caption=1.65 g/cm3干密度下蠕变模型拟合结果, figureFileSmall=MO8U19cn9HX3n/FMyRygzQ==, figureFileBig=GdMKMV8BtrlawpeEo2TfvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244316369773249475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316349229547634, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic physical parameters of soil samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
颗粒相对密度液限wL/%塑限wP/%塑性指数IP最优含水率/%最大干密度/(g·cm−3
2.6826.316.110.210.81.80
), ArticleFig(id=1244316369873912777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316349229547634, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

土样基本物理参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
颗粒相对密度液限wL/%塑限wP/%塑性指数IP最优含水率/%最大干密度/(g·cm−3
2.6826.316.110.210.81.80
), ArticleFig(id=1244316369970381776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316349229547634, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Uniaxial creep test condition of salinized silt

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号含盐量/%干密度/(g·cm−3荷载/kPa含水率/%
S13.21.65 10.80
S23.21.70 10.80
S33.21.8050, 100, 200,10.80
S4洗盐1.70400, 700, 1 00010.80
S53.21.70 10.80
S66.41.70 10.80
S73.21.7050, 100, 200,7.80
S83.21.70400, 70013.80
), ArticleFig(id=1244316370087822296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316349229547634, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

盐渍化粉土单轴蠕变试验工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号含盐量/%干密度/(g·cm−3荷载/kPa含水率/%
S13.21.65 10.80
S23.21.70 10.80
S33.21.8050, 100, 200,10.80
S4洗盐1.70400, 700, 1 00010.80
S53.21.70 10.80
S66.41.70 10.80
S73.21.7050, 100, 200,7.80
S83.21.70400, 70013.80
), ArticleFig(id=1244316370226234339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316349229547634, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of the creep process between integer-order and fractional-order constitutive models with ρd=1.70 g/cm3, C=3.2%

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
压力/kPa E1/kPa η1/(kPa·min) E2/kPa η2/(kPa·min) ξ/(kPa·min)α α
50299.043 1311.039 9346.260 42 804.182162.481 90.005 62
100129.570 6121.049 9265.202 71 703.18440.377 70.010 22
200445.414 56 822.093 0124.847 1110.04456.332 00.022 47
400164.920 6168.974 0411.603 19 806.32592.006 00.031 26
700487.621 414 660.900 0211.209 8234.188129.348 00.034 86
1 000284.490 2347.346 0539.721 01 7265.54169.984 00.041 64
), ArticleFig(id=1244316370373034985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316349229547634, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

ρd=1.70 g/cm3C=3.2%时分数阶盐渍化粉土蠕变本构模型拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
压力/kPa E1/kPa η1/(kPa·min) E2/kPa η2/(kPa·min) ξ/(kPa·min)α α
50299.043 1311.039 9346.260 42 804.182162.481 90.005 62
100129.570 6121.049 9265.202 71 703.18440.377 70.010 22
200445.414 56 822.093 0124.847 1110.04456.332 00.022 47
400164.920 6168.974 0411.603 19 806.32592.006 00.031 26
700487.621 414 660.900 0211.209 8234.188129.348 00.034 86
1 000284.490 2347.346 0539.721 01 7265.54169.984 00.041 64
), ArticleFig(id=1244316370536612851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316349229547634, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Fitting parameters of the fractional-order creep constitutive model for salinized silt with ρd=1.70 g/cm3, C=6.4%

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压力/kPa E1/kPa η1/(kPa·min) E2/kPa η2/(kPa·min) ξ/(kPa·min)α α
50213.492 7609.613690.2071.83587.1640.007 11
1001 871.958 02.183242.7421 097.88326.9390.015 47
200284.38612 142.860212.413451.55944.3090.020 88
400314.79711 856.76230.701814.56471.4170.029 15
7002.2240.000 1883.0340.003 7259.8010.031 26
1 000343.395768.617338.23415 558.160149.2290.034 47
), ArticleFig(id=1244316370758910970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316349229547634, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

ρd=1.70 g/cm3C=6.4%时分数阶盐渍化粉土蠕变本构模型拟合参数

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压力/kPa E1/kPa η1/(kPa·min) E2/kPa η2/(kPa·min) ξ/(kPa·min)α α
50213.492 7609.613690.2071.83587.1640.007 11
1001 871.958 02.183242.7421 097.88326.9390.015 47
200284.38612 142.860212.413451.55944.3090.020 88
400314.79711 856.76230.701814.56471.4170.029 15
7002.2240.000 1883.0340.003 7259.8010.031 26
1 000343.395768.617338.23415 558.160149.2290.034 47
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Summary of the accuracy of several model descriptions

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模型名称上覆应力/kPa
501002004001000
Burgers模型0.969 30.921 20.910 40.874 60.821 7
Merchant模型0.958 50.901 20.865 10.827 10.780 1
宁波软土五元件模型0.963 40.930 10.920 10.912 30.847 2
整数阶盐渍化粉土模型0.994 30.991 90.983 20.972 90.952 3
分数阶盐渍化粉土模型0.999 90.999 70.999 30.999 20.999 1
), ArticleFig(id=1244316371018956812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316349229547634, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

几种模型描述精度汇总

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模型名称上覆应力/kPa
501002004001000
Burgers模型0.969 30.921 20.910 40.874 60.821 7
Merchant模型0.958 50.901 20.865 10.827 10.780 1
宁波软土五元件模型0.963 40.930 10.920 10.912 30.847 2
整数阶盐渍化粉土模型0.994 30.991 90.983 20.972 90.952 3
分数阶盐渍化粉土模型0.999 90.999 70.999 30.999 20.999 1
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盐渍化粉土的蠕变特征及模型研究
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潘超钒 1 , 张晨 1 , 张星星 2 , 蔡正银 1 , 王旭东 2
岩土力学 | 基础理论与实验研究 2025,46(11): 3383-3394
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岩土力学 | 基础理论与实验研究 2025, 46(11): 3383-3394
盐渍化粉土的蠕变特征及模型研究
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潘超钒1 , 张晨1 , 张星星2, 蔡正银1, 王旭东2
作者信息
  • 1.南京水利科学研究院 岩土工程研究所,江苏 南京 210029
  • 2.南京工业大学 交通运输工程学院,江苏 南京 211816
  • 潘超钒,男,1997年生,博士研究生,主要从事土的基本理论研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

张晨,男,1988年生,博士,高级工程师,主要从事岩土工程技术研究。E-mail:
Creep characteristics and model of salinized silt
Chao-fan PAN1 , Chen ZHANG1 , Xing-xing ZHANG2, Zheng-yin CAI1, Xu-dong WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Geotechnical Engineering Department, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
  • 2.College of Transportation Engineering, Nanjing Tech. University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
出版时间: 2025-11-14 doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1513
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中国西北地区广泛分布的一种盐渍化粉土兼具低液限粉土与盐渍土的物理特征,其长期变形特性不够明朗。针对该土开展了一系列单轴蠕变试验,分析了不同含盐量、干密度、含水率和上覆应力下的蠕变特性。试验结果显示,相较于非含盐土,随着含盐量的增加,该土蠕变速率显著加快,表现出更强的非线性蠕变特性。洗盐土的最终应变为10%,当含盐量达到6.4%时,应变最终达到14%。为了更准确地描述土体蠕变行为,对经典蠕变模型进行改进,分别提出整数阶与分数阶两种盐渍化粉土蠕变模型。将改进的两种理论模型与试验数据进行对比分析,分析结果显示,所提改进理论模型均比经典蠕变模型更准确地描述土体实际变形特性,但整数阶盐渍化粉土蠕变模型对于衰减蠕变阶段的描述不够细致,而分数阶盐渍化粉土蠕变模型对于蠕变各阶段的细节描述均更为准确,可以有效地预测盐渍化粉土的蠕变行为。

盐渍化粉土  /  蠕变试验  /  分数阶元件模型  /  Abel弹壶  /  应力-应变等时曲线

A widely distributed salinized silt in Northwest China exhibits the physical characteristics of both low-liquid-limit silt and saline soil, yet its long-term deformation behavior remains insufficiently understood. A series of uniaxial creep tests were conducted to investigate its creep properties under varying conditions of salt content, dry density, moisture content, and overburden stress. Test results indicate that, compared to salt-free soil, the creep rate of salinized silt accelerates significantly with increasing salt content, demonstrating more pronounced nonlinear creep characteristics. The final strain of the salt-washed soil was 10%, which increased to 14% at a salt content of 6.4%. To more accurately characterize the soil's creep behavior, the classical creep models were modified, leading to the proposal of two new models: an integer-order model and a fractional-order model. Comparative analysis between the experimental data and the improved models shows that both proposed models describe the actual deformation characteristics more accurately than the classical creep model. However, the integer-order model lacks refinement in describing the decay creep stage, whereas the fractional-order model demonstrates superior accuracy in capturing the detailed features of all creep stages and is therefore recommended for effectively predicting the creep behavior of salinized silt.

salinized silt  /  creep test  /  fractional-order component model  /  Abel bomb pot  /  stress-strain isochronous curve
潘超钒, 张晨, 张星星, 蔡正银, 王旭东. 盐渍化粉土的蠕变特征及模型研究. 岩土力学, 2025 , 46 (11) : 3383 -3394 . DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1513
Chao-fan PAN, Chen ZHANG, Xing-xing ZHANG, Zheng-yin CAI, Xu-dong WANG. Creep characteristics and model of salinized silt[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (11) : 3383 -3394 . DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1513
中国西北地区广泛分布着一种盐渍化粉土,该类土是由于土体在冷湿、干旱气候反复波动、逐渐交替的环境中,受到盐碱作用,反复经历着显著的水-热-力-盐过程而形成的一种特殊土[1]。根据北疆阜康地区相关工程的地勘报告披露,该类土的物理性质具有以下特点:一是液限偏低,液限普遍低于30%,属于低液限粉土范畴,表现为干燥状态时为粉状,浸水后易成流体状态,水稳定性差;二是含盐量高,浅表层土的含盐量最高可达6.44%,属于过盐渍土。这使得该盐渍化粉土可能兼具粉土与盐渍土的相关工程特性。就盐渍土而言,盐分的存在引起微结构较为疏松,孔隙较大,这使得盐渍化粉土极易受水分变化、盐分蒸发等作用影响而产生较大变形[2-3]。盐渍土含盐量的不同,其微结构特征会有所不同,刘军勇等[4]通过研究察尔汗盐湖地区盐渍土的微观结构及其力学特性发现,含盐量较低时,盐渍土微结构较为疏松,孔隙较大;含盐量增加时,盐晶体充填其孔隙形成骨架密实结构过渡,直至最终盐晶体形成骨架结构。同时随着含盐量的增加,盐晶体的胶结作用逐渐取代土颗粒的接触-胶结作用,也使得盐渍土的直接剪切强度和无侧限抗压强度会随着含盐量的增加而增加。就低液限粉土而言,由于其液限较低,水分对其压缩性的影响较为显著,含水率越大,土体的压缩性愈大。但是由于盐分种类的不同,不同地区的盐渍化粉土微结构,力学强度与含盐量的变化规律并不相同。综合来看,盐渍化粉土的工程特性易受含盐量、干密度、含水率、应力水平等多因素影响,是一种在工程特性方面比一般欠固结土更为复杂的特殊土[5-7]
除固结、强度等性质以外,长期变形也是该类特殊土问题研究中需要关注的内容,蠕变本构模型是描述土体长期蠕变特性的直接方法。相关学者采用室内蠕变试验分别研究了膨润土、海相沉积土、软土以及黄土等特殊土的蠕变特性[8-13],并且通过经验模型、元件模型和弹塑性模型都能够很好地描述在指定条件下非盐渍土的蠕变行为[14-15]。但是,相较于非盐渍土,盐渍土在蠕变的衰减蠕变与稳定蠕变阶段表现出较强的非线性特征[16-18]。利用本构模型描述盐渍土长期蠕变行为时,无法准确刻画出盐分对土体蠕变产生的影响,且在上覆应力较大时也不能准确描述出非线性特征。为此,学者们通过增加元件数量来描述类似地非线性特性[19]。利用这种方法,相关学者针对高含盐量饱和砂土、河西盐渍土以及宁夏粉质砂土等不同地区、不同种类的盐渍土进行室内蠕变试验,并使用了Hooke-Kelvin(H-K)模型、Singh- Mitchell蠕变模型以及Burgers模型对相应的盐渍土进行了较为准确地描述[20-22]。然而,这种方式会导致元件模型的数量较多,参数较多[23-24]
近年来随着分数阶理论的广泛应用,使得学者们在描述土体非线性特性时多了一种思路[25-26]。分数阶元件是一种非线性的元件,其性质介于弹性和黏性之间,被称为弹壶元件,该元件可以较好地模拟岩土材料的非线性特性[27]。其概念简单、使用灵活,并且额外增加的参数少,大量应用于地基流变固结、隧道长期沉降等数值研究中。例如,殷德顺等[28]将Riemann-Liouville的分数阶微积分引入到元件模型中,建立了介于理想固体和流体之间的软体模型。Chen等[29]采用分数阶弹壶元件替换传统Poyting-Thomson元件模型中黏壶元件,得到分数阶Poyting-Thomson元件模型。陈光耀[30]提出了一种改进分数阶西原蠕变模型,Ding[31]、Wang[32]等也都采用了类似的替换手段建立分数阶元件模型,并将其应用到土的固结等工程问题中。在上述学者的分数阶元件模型与传统元件模型对比中发现新型分数阶模型能够以更少的参数达到更好的模拟效果。通过上述的整数阶和分数阶两种方法都可以较好地描述土体的非线性特性,但如何利用较少的元件描述出盐渍化粉土长期蠕变特性、提升工程应用的适用性具有理论和现实意义。
本文以新疆北疆地区某库区坝基长期变形为研究对象,开展盐渍化粉土的蠕变特性试验研究,探究含盐量、干密度、含水率和上覆应力等影响因素对其蠕变行为的影响,并利用整数阶与分数阶两种方式改进经典元件模型,重点描述盐渍化粉土的长期蠕变行为,为盐渍化粉土地区地基处理等工程实践提供科学依据。
试验土料取自北疆地区某平原水库大坝,平原水库采样照片如图1所示。该水库主坝高约为30 m,坝基覆盖层巨厚,同时坝区内盐渍化粉土广泛分布在坝基上部10~15 m内的土体中,该层含盐量较大,硫酸根离子含量局部可达10 000 mg/L,工程运行十余年坝基变形仍未收敛。本次试验取样深度为坝基线以下5~10 m,密封包装后运回。盐渍化粉土的电镜扫描试验(scanning electron microscope,简称SEM)扫描结果如图2所示,其颗粒形态以絮状为主,且排列无序,混乱。
制备前先对试验土料进行洗盐,洗盐过程为:将土样烘干后用碎土机粉碎,装桶后按照1∶5的比例倒入去离子水,搅拌均匀,静置24 h后将上层清水全部抽出,确保土样不会损失,重复上述操作3~4次。依据《土工试验方法标准》(GB/T 20123-2019)[33]对洗盐后的土样进行土工试验,测得最大干密度为1.80 g/cm3,最优含水率为10.8%。
试样按照烘干→碎土→洗盐→烘干→再碾碎→配盐过程制样。配盐过程使用与原型成分相同的硫酸盐。将配盐完成的土样利用压样器压实成直径为61.8 mm、高为20 mm的圆柱体。试样制好后用保鲜膜密封24 h后进行蠕变试验,试样制备与测试过程如图3所示。基本物理参数如表1所示。
为探究含盐量变化对盐渍化粉土蠕变特性的影响,需要对土样进行含盐量测定,以土样初始含盐量为基准,设置含盐量变化梯度。含盐量测定参考土工试验方法标准,测得土样初始可溶盐含量为32 g/kg,即每千克土样含盐量为32g,含盐土配制将以3.2%为参考设立含盐量梯度。
为了更好地研究上覆应力对于盐渍化粉土的影响,使试样在整个加载过程中更为稳定,采用室内单轴蠕变试验。单轴蠕变试样含盐量、干密度、含水率及上覆荷载按照表2控制,初始含水率为最优含水率10.8%。试样饱和采用真空饱和法进行饱和,饱和过程参考标准[33]有关规定。试验仪器采用南京土壤仪器厂有限公司生产的WG型单杠杆三联中压固结仪。试验环境控制为室温环境,暂不考虑温度等边界条件的影响,重点考察盐分对于盐渍化粉土长期变形特性的影响。参考现场设计资料,坝基土所受的最大垂直土压力为950 kPa,因此,将单轴蠕变试验最后一级荷载设定为1 000 kPa,以便之后与现场实际进行对应。单轴蠕变试验按逐级加载进行,其加载路径为0 kPa→50 kPa→100 kPa→200 kPa→400 kPa→700 kPa→1 000 kPa。试验执行参照标准[33],并以每小时变形量不超过0.005 mm作为试样稳定标准。盐渍化粉土试验工况如表2所示。
图4列出了在不同试验工况下盐渍化粉土蠕变全过程曲线。蠕变曲线呈衰减稳定特性,其过程分为3阶段,即瞬时蠕变阶段、衰减蠕变阶段以及稳态蠕变阶段。可以看出,不同的试验工况直接影响盐渍化粉土的蠕变结果,其蠕变特性主要受含盐量C、干密度ρd、含水率ω以及上覆应力p的影响。
为考虑岩土材料的加载历史记忆效应,引入了能够直观还原真实分级加载情况下的应力-变形曲线。进一步采用陈氏法[34]对各工况下单级荷载作用下的应变曲线进行处理,如图5所示。各工况下应变-时间曲线主要呈现以下特点:
(1)由图5(a)可知,上覆应力相同时,随着含盐量的增加,土体的瞬时应变越大,稳定时间更长,土体总蠕变量也随之增加。洗盐土在1 000 kPa荷载下达到稳定标准时,轴向应变为9.4%,含盐量为6.4%的盐渍化粉土在1 000 kPa荷载下达到稳定标准时,轴向应变为12.85%,提高了36%。因为随着含盐量的增加,盐晶体在土体孔隙中的排列越混乱、松散,蜂窝结构越发明显,这种微结构的变化会使盐渍土长期变形持续时间更长,变形更大[35]
(2)由图5(b)可知,当干密度较大时,土体的孔隙率变小,土颗粒骨架较为紧凑,盐结晶与土颗粒之间的连接较为坚固,微观结构越难遭到破坏,蠕变强度较大,同等压力下土体产生的蠕变变形越小。
(3)由图5(c)可以看出,当上覆应力为50 kPa达到稳定标准时,盐渍化粉土轴向应变为2.23%,在1 000 kPa荷载达到稳定标准时,盐渍化粉土轴向应变为13.4%,轴向应变增加较大。应变有较大增加是因为当加载应力接近或超过其屈服应力时,盐渍土的可压缩性将迅速增加,因此当上覆应力增大时,土体会被迅速压缩,从而导致土体最终蠕变量的增加[35]
(4)由图5(d)可以看出,随着含水率的增大,应变随之增大,蠕变曲线达到稳定状态所需时间越长。其中,当含水率为7.8%,在1 000 kPa荷载下达到稳定标准时的轴向应变为5.06%;当含水率为13.8%时,在1 000 kPa荷载下达到稳定标准时的轴向应变为10.75%。因为水分的增加使得盐渍化粉土的压缩性产生了变化,土体的含水率越高,其压缩性越大,土体越容易产生变形。因此,当含水率越大时,土体越易被压缩,最终蠕变量增加。
为进一步研究盐渍化粉土的蠕变特性,本文基于不同时间t的应力-应变试验数据,绘制了多种工况下盐渍化粉土的应力-应变等时曲线,如图6所示。试验结果显示,在含盐量、干密度和含水率相同的条件下,盐渍化粉土的应力-应变曲线呈现出相似形态,共同构成一簇曲线,且随曲线间距由密变疏,反映出其具有较为一致的非线性蠕变行为。随着时间增加,曲线整体向应变轴方向偏移,表明土体变形逐渐累积,非线性特性随时间推进愈发明显。在较低的上覆应力阶段,等时曲线近似呈直线,变形以黏弹性为主;随着上覆应力增大,曲线形态逐渐弯曲,且应力越高,非线性蠕变特征越显著[35]
图6(b)所示,当含水率及干密度相同时,含盐量较低的盐渍化粉土应力-应变等时曲线较为平缓,随着含盐量增加,曲线逐渐变陡,曲线拐点更加明显,曲线向应变轴偏移程度愈大,说明含盐量越高,土的非线性蠕变特性越强。随着含盐量的增加,应力-应变等时曲线拐点之后的曲线越分散。
采用Spearman分析法对上述的含盐量、干密度、含水率和上覆应力等影响因素对盐渍化粉土的稳定应变进行了相关性分析,得到的稳定应变相关系数矩阵热力图,如图7所示。含盐量与稳定应变的相关系数为0.49,这表明含盐量和稳定应变之间存在中等程度的正相关关系。上覆应力与稳定应变的相关系数为0.68,这表明上覆应力和稳定应变之间存在强的正相关关系。干密度与稳定应变的相关系数为−0.41,这表明干密度和稳定应变之间存在弱的负相关关系。含水率与稳定应变的相关系数为0.24,这表明含水率和稳定应变之间存在弱的正相关关系。对相关系数均取绝对值,按照绝对值大小对其进行排序,为上覆荷载、含盐量、干密度及含水率。因此,除去上覆荷载,含盐量为首要影响因素。
根据上述分析可知,构建盐渍化粉土本构模型时必须考虑含盐量的影响。现选取ρd=1.7 g/cm3,含盐量为0%与3.2%的盐渍化粉土,分别利用不同的蠕变元件模型对其进行描述。
Merchant模型是经典元件模型中最常见用于描述土体蠕变的模型,该模型由一个弹簧和一个Kelvin体串联组成。采用Merchant模型描述盐渍化粉土这两种工况下的蠕变行为,结果如图8(a)所示。Merchant模型在有无含盐量工况下,在低应力下拟合效果均较好,随着应力的增大与时间的增长描述准确度有所下降。但Merchant模型中串联的弹簧使得Merchant模型的应变在稳定蠕变阶段保持不变,不能够准确地描述出盐渍化粉土应变在稳定蠕变阶段随着时间缓慢增长的特征,这也使得Merchant模型在每一级荷载下达到稳定标准时的轴向应变会小于单轴试验的结果。因此,Merchant模型在有无含盐量的工况下,均不能很好地描述盐渍化粉土的长期变形特性。
进一步地,使用Burgers模型对盐渍化粉土的蠕变行为进行描述,该模型在Merchant模型的基础上串联了一个黏壶元件。采用Burgers模型描述盐渍化粉土这两种工况下的蠕变行为,结果如图8(b)所示。Burgers模型在有无含盐量工况下,低应力条件下描述均较为准确,但随着上覆应力的增加,模型对蠕变曲线的描述产生较大的偏差。Burgers模型将土体的稳态蠕变描述为线性增加,这与单轴蠕变试验结果不符。此误差源于其串联的黏壶元件:该元件表征材料的黏性,导致拟合曲线在进入稳态后仍保持线性增长。同时,模型也未能准确描述衰减蠕变阶段应变速率应持续衰减的特征。因此,无论含盐量如何,Burgers模型均难以精确表征盐渍化粉土的长期变形特性,但其整体拟合精度仍略优于Merchant模型。
最后,使用宁波软土五元件模型[36]对盐渍化粉土的蠕变行为进行描述,该模型由两个Kelvin体和一个黏壶串联组成。宁波软土与盐渍土同样具有较强的非线性特性,且随着上覆压力越大,非线性蠕变特性越明显,该模型可以很好地描述宁波软土在蠕变各个阶段的变形特征,且结果较为准确。因此采用宁波软土五元件模型描述盐渍化粉土这两种工况下的蠕变行为,结果如图8(c)所示,发现在无含盐量工况下,该模型在各级压力下地描述均较为准确,能够较好地描述无含盐量情况盐渍化粉土蠕变特性。但当C=3.2%,在高应力下,该模型在稳定蠕变阶段的应变仍随时间线性增加,对于该阶段地描述还不够准确。因此对比有无含盐量两种工况下的曲线,说明软土五元件模型对于含盐量的变化较为敏感,在此元件模型的基础上进行改进可以很好地描述出盐渍化粉土的长期变形特性。
通过4.1节中3种模型对比分析发现,在应力状态不变的条件下,牛顿黏壶元件会使模型应变随着时间线性增加(如Burgers模型);弹簧元件则会是模型应变随着时间的变化保持不变(如Merchant模型)。Kelvin体串联数量的增加可以使模型更好地反映蠕变衰减阶段变形特征(如宁波软土五元件模型)。鉴于此,现以宁波软土五元件模型为基础,重点考虑盐分对蠕变本构模型的影响,建立整数阶盐渍化粉土蠕变本构模型,如图9所示。当盐渍化粉土在不含盐时,含盐“开关”C断开,“开关”S闭合,此时模型为宁波软土五元件模型;当盐渍化粉土的含盐量C高于0%时,含盐开关C闭合,“开关”S断开,此时在宁波软土五元件模型的基础上增加了弹簧元件,以此描述盐渍化粉土在稳定蠕变阶段的特性。图中,σ为轴向应力;E1η1为模型元件中Kelvin体1的弹性模量和黏滞系数;E2η2为模型元件中Kelvin体2的弹性模量和黏滞系数;E3为黏壶的弹性模量;ECηC为随着含盐量C变化的参数;η3为“开关”S断开时,五元件模型牛顿体的黏滞系数。
根据统一瞬时叠加原理[37],整数阶盐渍化粉土蠕变本构模型的蠕变方程由各部分蠕变方程叠加而成。
C=0时,有
C>0时,有
式中:ε为轴向应变。
采用整数阶盐渍化粉土蠕变模型描述盐渍化粉土这两种工况下的蠕变行为,结果如图10所示。从图中可以发现,将软土五元件模型改进之后,其拟合曲线在各个应力水平下拟合曲线较为准确,且能够较为准确反映稳定蠕变阶段的趋势。但同时也可以看出其在衰减蠕变阶段的细节描述仍然不太准确,但与试验结果基本接近,表明整数阶盐渍化粉土蠕变模型有一定的适用性。
通过比较上述4种整数阶元件模型在衰减蠕变阶段的描述,发现整数阶元件模型在蠕变的这一阶段均会存在较大的误差。一般而言,想要进一步使蠕变模型更好地反映出岩土介质的蠕变特性,就需要继续增加元件个数,以此提高模型精度。但是如果继续增加元件个数,会使整数阶蠕变模型参数较多,大大提高模型求解难度。因此,本文在整数阶盐渍化粉土蠕变模型的基础上,将其中的一个整数阶元件模型替换为分数阶元件,建立分数阶盐渍化粉土蠕变模型来描述盐渍化粉土的长期蠕变行为[38]
首先使用分数阶元件Abel弹壶来替代软土五元件模型中的η3,分数阶Abel弹壶元件其实是包含了黏滞系数为ξ和分数阶算子阶次为α的元件,该元件既可以控制土体的变形速率,也可以控制土体的应变。分数阶盐渍化粉土蠕变模型示意图如图11所示。
定义这一分数阶元件需要用到分数阶微积分,本文采用Riemann-Liouville分数阶微积分进行计算过程的简化[39]。Riemann-Liouville(R-L)型分数阶积分定义为
式中:为着Riemann-Liouville分数阶微积分的分数阶算子;τ为积分变量。
分数阶Abel弹壶元件的本构方程为
式中:黏滞系数ξ与黏滞时间t之间满足ξ=(E/tαE为弹性模量,因此弹壶元件黏滞系数单位为(kPa·min)α
对式(4)两侧同时分数阶积分,根据上文所述的R-L型分数阶微积分理论,可以得到应力σt)恒定下应变εt)表达式为
式中:Γ为grammar函数。
根据统一瞬时叠加原理[36],分数阶盐渍化粉土蠕变本构模型的蠕变方程由各部分蠕变方程叠加而成,如下式所示:
式(6)中,α满足0≤α≤1。当α=0时,弹壶元件退化为弹簧元件;当α=1时,弹壶元件退化为牛顿黏壶元件,当0<α<1时,该弹壶元件描述的是黏弹性材料。该值可根据试验数据反演确定。
采用分数阶盐渍化粉土元件模型描述盐渍化粉土这两种工况下的蠕变行为,其拟合结果如图12所示。从图中可以发现,经分数阶处理后的模型,在各个应力水平下拟合曲线较为准确,且能够准确反映稳定蠕变阶段的趋势,同时对于其在衰减蠕变阶段地描述更为贴切。其主要是因为Abel弹壶元件在应力状态不变的情况下,应变可以像处于理想流体和理想固体之间的材料一样随着时间增加而缓慢增大,既不会像牛顿流体那样线性增加,也不会像线弹性体那样保持不变[40]图12表明了分数阶盐渍化粉土五元件模型,对于盐渍化粉土各个阶段的长期变形均具有较为准确地描述。图13为整数阶与分数阶蠕变本构模型蠕变过程对比图,表3表4为分数阶盐渍化粉土蠕变模型的拟合参数汇总表。
将上述的经典模型、整数阶盐渍化粉土模型以及分数阶盐渍化粉土模型拟合精度做对比,雷达图如图14所示,对比如表5所示。
从图表中可以看出,分数阶盐渍化粉土在各个应力下拟合精确度均高于其他4个模型,拟合度均在0.99以上。说明相较于整数阶元件模型而言,分数阶元件模型可以更好地描述岩土材料非线性特性,并可以有效地减少模型参数,避免整数阶模型在增加元件数量时带来参数较多,难以辨识的问题。
将分数阶盐渍化粉土蠕变模型运用到不同干密度的盐渍化粉土中,如图15所示。其依然可以较好地描述不同干密度下盐渍化粉土的蠕变行为,说明该模型对于不同工况下的盐渍化粉土的长期蠕变行为均有较为准确的描述。此外,本文提出的描述盐渍化粉土蠕变行为的分数阶本构模型,根据式(5)及表34可知,可以建立上覆荷载条件下温度、微结构等特征量与阶次α的关系,从而考虑不同种类土体及温度边界等对宏观蠕变行为的进一步影响。
开展了盐渍化粉土的单轴蠕变试验,分析了该特殊土在不同因素影响下的单轴蠕变特性,基于相关性分析,明确了各影响因素与最终稳定蠕变的相关性。在此基础上,构建了适用于盐渍化粉土蠕变特征的本构模型,主要结论如下:
(1)盐渍粉土的蠕变行为呈3阶段发展,通过相关性分析,除上覆荷载外,含盐量对土体最终蠕变量具有最大影响,洗盐土的最终应变为10%,当含盐量达到6.4%时应变最终达到14%。盐渍化粉土的应力-应变等时曲线均表现出显著的非线性特性。随着含盐量的增加,土体有效应力减小,蜂窝结构越明显,导致盐渍土长期变形持续时间更长,变形更大。
(2)根据试验结果,选用Burgers、Merchant以及宁波软土五元件模型描述盐渍化粉土蠕变发展曲线,几者发展趋势基本一致,但不能完全准确地描述各个加载应力条件下的试验结果,尤其是不能描述含盐高应力状态下的衰减蠕变和稳定蠕变阶段,存在一定的局限性。
(3)充分考虑含盐量的影响,通过构建的整数阶与分数阶两种盐渍化粉土蠕变本构模型,两者显著提高了模型描述的准确性,尤其是分数阶盐渍化粉土蠕变本构模型,其在高应力状态和衰减、稳定蠕变阶段下的表现更加贴切。
  • 新疆水发水务集团有限公司员工科研项目(JWYX36/2022)
  • 江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK20221193)
  • 南京水利科学研究院基金(Y323008; Yy324010)
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2025年第46卷第11期
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doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1513
  • 接收时间:2024-12-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-11-14
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-10
  • 录用日期:2025-01-22
基金
Scientific Research Project of Xinjiang Shuifa Water Group Co., Ltd.(JWYX36/2022)
新疆水发水务集团有限公司员工科研项目(JWYX36/2022)
Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation(BK20221193)
江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK20221193)
Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute Fund(Y323008; Yy324010)
南京水利科学研究院基金(Y323008; Yy324010)
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    1.南京水利科学研究院 岩土工程研究所,江苏 南京 210029
    2.南京工业大学 交通运输工程学院,江苏 南京 211816

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张晨,男,1988年生,博士,高级工程师,主要从事岩土工程技术研究。E-mail:
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Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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