Article(id=1244316349082743207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1479, pmid=null, cstr=32223.14.j.rsm.2024.1479, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732982400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1740067200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-02-21, onlineDate=1774597735901, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1763049600000, pubDateStr=2025-11-14, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774597735901, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774597735901, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597735901, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244316342938087728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, year='2025', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='3329', pageEnd='3672', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774597734436, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597825220, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244316723801862468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244316723806056773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3329, endPage=3345, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244316349858689475, articleId=1244316349082743207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, language=EN, title=Analytical solution for one-dimensional transient seepage of water in the unsaturated vegetated soil considering the effects of roots on hydrological properties, columnId=1244316343936332083, journalTitle=Rock and Soil Mechanics, columnName=Fundamental Theory and Experimental Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the natural environment and engineering scenarios, there are not only bare unsaturated soils but also unsaturated soils covered by vegetation (i.e., unsaturated vegetated soils). For the unsaturated vegetated soil with a uniform root architecture, on the basis of considering the effects of roots on the hydrological properties, the linearized governing equations for one-dimensional transient seepage of water are acquired by some simplifying assumptions and variable substitution. The analytical solution for one-dimensional transient seepage of water in the unsaturated vegetated soil is obtained through the methods of separation of variable and series transformation. Subsequently, the computational results of this analytical solution have been compared with those of the existing analytical solution and the corresponding finite-difference solution to verify its reasonableness. Finally, a simple vegetated cover is taken as an example to analyze the influences of root-related parameters on its effectiveness in blocking rainwater infiltration. The results show that the cumulative leakage CQb at the bottom zone of a vegetated cover under the same rainfall scenario is smaller than that of a single cover without vegetation, and an increase in the rooted soil thickness lg enhances the effectiveness of the vegetated cover in blocking rainwater leakage. The increase of the transpiration rate Tp significantly reduces the leakage rate at the bottom zone of the vegetated cover under the rainfall scenario, and the cumulative leakage CQb tends to decrease linearly with an increase in Tp. Compared with the extreme case where the root volume ratio Rv is zero and the effects of roots on the hydrological properties of soil are ignored, the effectiveness of the vegetated cover in blocking rainwater leakage is enhanced when the saturated permeability coefficient of the rooted soil decreases due to the value Rv, and conversely, it is weakened. Overall, this study could provide scientific guidance for engineering practices related to water infiltration in unsaturated vegetated soils.

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在自然环境和工程场景中,不仅存在裸露非饱和土,也存在被植被覆盖的非饱和土(即非饱和植被土)。针对根系为均匀形的非饱和植被土,在考虑根系对水文特性影响的基础上,通过一些简化假定和变量代换得到了线性化的水分一维瞬态渗流控制方程。采用分离变量和级数变换等方法,求得了非饱和植被土中水分一维瞬态渗流解析解。随后,将该解析解计算结果与现有解析解和相应有限差分解的计算结果比较,验证了其合理性。最后,以一个简单的植被盖层为例,分析了根系相关参数对其阻隔雨水入渗效果的影响。结果表明,与无植被的单一盖层相比,相同降雨场景下植被盖层底部的累计渗漏量CQb较小,且根系土层厚度lg越大,这种阻隔雨水渗漏的效果越为显著。蒸腾速率Tp的增大可明显降低降雨场景下植被盖层底部的渗漏速率,且随着Tp增大,累计渗漏量CQb呈线性减小趋势。与根系体积占比Rv为0且忽略根系对土体水文特性影响的极端情况相比,当Rv值使得根系土的饱和渗透系数减小时,植被盖层阻隔雨水渗漏的效果会增强,反之则会减弱。总的来说,本研究可为非饱和植被土中水分渗流相关工程实践提供科学指导。

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江文豪,男,1996年生,博士,副教授,主要从事边坡工程、环境岩土工程方面的研究。E-mail:
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王浩,男,1978年生,博士,教授,主要从事地质灾害防治、环境岩土工程等方面的研究。E-mail:

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王浩,男,1978年生,博士,教授,主要从事地质灾害防治、环境岩土工程等方面的研究。E-mail:

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王浩,男,1978年生,博士,教授,主要从事地质灾害防治、环境岩土工程等方面的研究。E-mail:

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Soils and Foundations, 2022, 62(5): 101211., articleTitle=General analytical solutions for one-dimensional large strain consolidation of soft soils under electro-osmosis-surcharge preloading, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244316406997692702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316349082743207, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=39, issue=2, pageStart=359, pageEnd=365, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=68, authorNames=邱清文, 詹良通, 黄依艺, journalName=岩土工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=邱清文, 詹良通, 黄依艺. 考虑任意初始条件的均质土质覆盖层降雨入渗解析解[J]. 岩土工程学报, 2017, 39(2): 359-365., articleTitle=考虑任意初始条件的均质土质覆盖层降雨入渗解析解, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244316407073190176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316349082743207, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=39, issue=2, pageStart=359, pageEnd=365, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=69, authorNames=QIU Qing-wen, ZHAN Liang-tong, HUANG Yi-yi, journalName=Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QIU Qing-wen, ZHAN Liang-tong, HUANG Yi-yi. 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Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2017, 39(2): 359-365., articleTitle=Analytical solutions for rainfall infiltration into monolithic covers considering arbitrary initial conditions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244316407190630690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316349082743207, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=50, issue=1, pageStart=32, pageEnd=40, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=70, authorNames=朱帅润, 何博, 吴礼舟, journalName=水文地质工程地质, refType=null, unstructuredReference=朱帅润, 何博, 吴礼舟, . 非饱和渗流模拟中非均匀空间网格的改进方法[J]. 水文地质工程地质, 2023, 50(1): 32-40., articleTitle=非饱和渗流模拟中非均匀空间网格的改进方法, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244316407274516772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316349082743207, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=50, issue=1, pageStart=32, pageEnd=40, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=71, authorNames=ZHU Shuai-run, HE Bo, WU Li-zhou, journalName=Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU Shuai-run, HE Bo, WU Li-zhou, et al. 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Applied Mathematical Modelling, 2020, 80: 408-425., articleTitle=Application of the Chebyshev spectral method to the simulation of groundwater flow and rainfall-induced landslides, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244316407425511720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316349082743207, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=54, issue=11, pageStart=1537, pageEnd=1552, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[58], rfOrder=73, authorNames=SHAO W, NI J J, LEUNG A K, journalName=Canadian Geotechnical Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHAO W, NI J J, LEUNG A K, et al. Analysis of plant root-induced preferential flow and pore-water pressure variation by a dual-permeability model[J]. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 2017, 54(11): 1537-1552., articleTitle=Analysis of plant root-induced preferential flow and pore-water pressure variation by a dual-permeability model, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1244316398336454804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316349082743207, awardId=511503, language=EN, fundingSource=Project of Research Initiation Fund of Fuzhou University(511503), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1244316398407757974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316349082743207, awardId=511503, language=CN, fundingSource=福州大学科研启动基金项目(511503), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1244316398495838360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316349082743207, awardId=42477165, language=EN, fundingSource=Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(42477165), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1244316398583918746, 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figureFileBig=boS2QvXkL430KxmtdbSMdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244316397942190219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316349082743207, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Simplified calculation parameters for water seepage in the unsaturated vegetated soil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
速率qa/(10−7 m·s−1 q0/(10−7 m·s−1厚度/m去饱和系数αc/(1·m−1饱和渗透系数kc,s/(10−7m·s−1蒸腾速率Tp/(10−7 m·s−1饱和体积含水率θc,s/(m3·m−3残余体积含水率θc,r/(m3·m−3压力水头h0/m
前期降雨蒸发降雨蒸发 lc lg
−0.10.90.9−0.11.50.50.51.00.40.380.080.0
), ArticleFig(id=1244316398021881997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316349082743207, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

非饱和植被土中水分渗流的简化计算参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
速率qa/(10−7 m·s−1 q0/(10−7 m·s−1厚度/m去饱和系数αc/(1·m−1饱和渗透系数kc,s/(10−7m·s−1蒸腾速率Tp/(10−7 m·s−1饱和体积含水率θc,s/(m3·m−3残余体积含水率θc,r/(m3·m−3压力水头h0/m
前期降雨蒸发降雨蒸发 lc lg
−0.10.90.9−0.11.50.50.51.00.40.380.080.0
), ArticleFig(id=1244316398143516816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316349082743207, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Calculated parameters related to the unsaturated vegetated soil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
降雨速率q0/(10−7 m·s−1厚度lglc/m去饱和系数αc/(1·m−1饱和渗透系数kc,s/(10−7 m·s−1植被根系的蒸腾速率Tp/(mm·d−1饱和体积含水率θc,s/(m3·m−3残余体积含水率θc,r/(m3·m−3下卧土初始体积含水率fcz底部压力水头h0/m根系体积占比Rv渗透系数拟合参数Ck渗透系数增大参数ηdec根系土初始体积含水率fgz残余体积含水率θg,r/(m3·m−3
0.4和0.80.5和0.51.61.04.00.400.10 θc,s−(θc,sθc,r)⋅z/(2L20.00.050.067 65.2 θg,s−(θg,sθg,r)⋅z/(θ2L2 θg,s/4
), ArticleFig(id=1244316398219014290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316349082743207, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

与非饱和植被土相关的计算参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
降雨速率q0/(10−7 m·s−1厚度lglc/m去饱和系数αc/(1·m−1饱和渗透系数kc,s/(10−7 m·s−1植被根系的蒸腾速率Tp/(mm·d−1饱和体积含水率θc,s/(m3·m−3残余体积含水率θc,r/(m3·m−3下卧土初始体积含水率fcz底部压力水头h0/m根系体积占比Rv渗透系数拟合参数Ck渗透系数增大参数ηdec根系土初始体积含水率fgz残余体积含水率θg,r/(m3·m−3
0.4和0.80.5和0.51.61.04.00.400.10 θc,s−(θc,sθc,r)⋅z/(2L20.00.050.067 65.2 θg,s−(θg,sθg,r)⋅z/(θ2L2 θg,s/4
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考虑根系对水文特性影响下非饱和植被土中水分一维瞬态渗流解析解
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王浩 1, 2 , 侯泓冰 1, 2 , 江文豪 1, 2
岩土力学 | 基础理论与实验研究 2025,46(11): 3329-3345
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岩土力学 | 基础理论与实验研究 2025, 46(11): 3329-3345
考虑根系对水文特性影响下非饱和植被土中水分一维瞬态渗流解析解
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王浩1, 2 , 侯泓冰1, 2, 江文豪1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.福州大学 紫金地质与矿业学院,福建 福州 350108
  • 2.福州大学 地质工程福建省高校工程研究中心,福建 福州 350108
  • 王浩,男,1978年生,博士,教授,主要从事地质灾害防治、环境岩土工程等方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

江文豪,男,1996年生,博士,副教授,主要从事边坡工程、环境岩土工程方面的研究。E-mail:
Analytical solution for one-dimensional transient seepage of water in the unsaturated vegetated soil considering the effects of roots on hydrological properties
Hao WANG1, 2 , Hong-bing HOU1, 2, Wen-hao JIANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Zijin School of Geology and Mining, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
  • 2.Engineering Research Center of Geological Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
出版时间: 2025-11-14 doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1479
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在自然环境和工程场景中,不仅存在裸露非饱和土,也存在被植被覆盖的非饱和土(即非饱和植被土)。针对根系为均匀形的非饱和植被土,在考虑根系对水文特性影响的基础上,通过一些简化假定和变量代换得到了线性化的水分一维瞬态渗流控制方程。采用分离变量和级数变换等方法,求得了非饱和植被土中水分一维瞬态渗流解析解。随后,将该解析解计算结果与现有解析解和相应有限差分解的计算结果比较,验证了其合理性。最后,以一个简单的植被盖层为例,分析了根系相关参数对其阻隔雨水入渗效果的影响。结果表明,与无植被的单一盖层相比,相同降雨场景下植被盖层底部的累计渗漏量CQb较小,且根系土层厚度lg越大,这种阻隔雨水渗漏的效果越为显著。蒸腾速率Tp的增大可明显降低降雨场景下植被盖层底部的渗漏速率,且随着Tp增大,累计渗漏量CQb呈线性减小趋势。与根系体积占比Rv为0且忽略根系对土体水文特性影响的极端情况相比,当Rv值使得根系土的饱和渗透系数减小时,植被盖层阻隔雨水渗漏的效果会增强,反之则会减弱。总的来说,本研究可为非饱和植被土中水分渗流相关工程实践提供科学指导。

非饱和植被土  /  瞬态渗流  /  解析解  /  水文特性  /  根系吸水

In the natural environment and engineering scenarios, there are not only bare unsaturated soils but also unsaturated soils covered by vegetation (i.e., unsaturated vegetated soils). For the unsaturated vegetated soil with a uniform root architecture, on the basis of considering the effects of roots on the hydrological properties, the linearized governing equations for one-dimensional transient seepage of water are acquired by some simplifying assumptions and variable substitution. The analytical solution for one-dimensional transient seepage of water in the unsaturated vegetated soil is obtained through the methods of separation of variable and series transformation. Subsequently, the computational results of this analytical solution have been compared with those of the existing analytical solution and the corresponding finite-difference solution to verify its reasonableness. Finally, a simple vegetated cover is taken as an example to analyze the influences of root-related parameters on its effectiveness in blocking rainwater infiltration. The results show that the cumulative leakage CQb at the bottom zone of a vegetated cover under the same rainfall scenario is smaller than that of a single cover without vegetation, and an increase in the rooted soil thickness lg enhances the effectiveness of the vegetated cover in blocking rainwater leakage. The increase of the transpiration rate Tp significantly reduces the leakage rate at the bottom zone of the vegetated cover under the rainfall scenario, and the cumulative leakage CQb tends to decrease linearly with an increase in Tp. Compared with the extreme case where the root volume ratio Rv is zero and the effects of roots on the hydrological properties of soil are ignored, the effectiveness of the vegetated cover in blocking rainwater leakage is enhanced when the saturated permeability coefficient of the rooted soil decreases due to the value Rv, and conversely, it is weakened. Overall, this study could provide scientific guidance for engineering practices related to water infiltration in unsaturated vegetated soils.

unsaturated vegetated soil  /  transient seepage  /  analytical solution  /  hydrologic properties  /  root water uptake
王浩, 侯泓冰, 江文豪. 考虑根系对水文特性影响下非饱和植被土中水分一维瞬态渗流解析解. 岩土力学, 2025 , 46 (11) : 3329 -3345 . DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1479
Hao WANG, Hong-bing HOU, Wen-hao JIANG. Analytical solution for one-dimensional transient seepage of water in the unsaturated vegetated soil considering the effects of roots on hydrological properties[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (11) : 3329 -3345 . DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1479
水分在非饱和土中渗流是无处不在的现象[1-2],其往往涉及边坡稳定性[3-5]、路基沉降[6-7]、填埋场盖层性能评估[8-9],以及污染物迁移等多种工程问题[10-11]。为此,近几十年来,已有许多学者对非饱和土中水分的渗流行为开展了研究。
降雨场景下非饱和土中水分一维渗流是最为经典和最为常见的非饱和渗流问题之一[12-15]。在现有研究中,学者们多基于Richards所提一维偏微分方程(即一维Richards方程)来描述该物理过程[16-22]。例如,基于Richards方程,Warrick等[17]获得时变入渗条件下水分一维渗流解析解,并分析了不同初始条件下非饱和土中体积含水率的分布。Huang等[19]假设体积含水率和渗透系数均为压力水头的指数函数,利用Richards方程得到了降雨场景下非饱和土中水分一维竖向渗流的解析解。此外,采用Laplace变换和一些简化假定,Srivastava等[21]得到了降雨作用下水分在双层非饱和土中一维渗流的瞬态解析解。陈佩佩等[23]基于齐次化构建原理,获得了非饱和土中水分一维瞬态渗流解析解,这种解法也为水分非饱和渗流问题的解析计算提供新思路。尽管上述解析解的提出丰富了非饱和土中水分一维渗流的解析理论,但它们都仅限于研究裸露非饱和土中水的非饱和渗流行为[12-14, 17-23]
在自然环境中,不仅有裸露非饱和土,也存在表层被植被覆盖的非饱和土(即非饱和植被土,下同)[24-26]。实际上,近些年来,植被在岩土工程中的应用得到了越来越多的关注[24-27]。例如,对于填埋场盖层,鉴于传统单一土质盖层在干湿循环和冻融循环等自然环境影响下易发生开裂,从而导致防渗性能失效,植被盖层(即表层有植被的填埋场盖层)逐渐在工程实践得到了应用[28-31],如图1所示。
植被盖层通常包括根系土层和下卧土层(见图1)。对于根系土层,其存在不仅可保护下卧土层如黏质土层免受风雨侵蚀,还可通过根系吸水来降低孔隙水压力,并增大土体抗剪强度[32-34]。此外,根系吸水也可减少雨水入渗,进而提升填埋场盖层的储水能力[32-35]。值得补充的是,植被还具有很好的美学与生态价值。由于植被盖层为填埋场上方,在服役时通常处于非饱和状态,因而可认为其是一类典型的非饱和植被土。
实地和室内试验研究均发现,植被根系占据土孔隙会改变土体的孔径分布,从而影响土的渗透性[31-38]。此外,植被根系会吸收水分,进而影响土体中孔隙水压力的分布[32-35]。这些研究结果表明,植被根系存在会显著影响非饱和土中水分的渗流行为[32-35]。目前,已有一些学者对非饱和植被土中水分的渗流特性开展了研究[32-35, 39-42]。例如,基于指数函数形式的土-水特征曲线,Yuan等[39]发展得到了非饱和植被土中水分一维渗流解析解。考虑到实际的根系结构可能呈现均匀形、三角形、指数形和椭圆形等多种形式,Ng等[32]推导得到了无限非饱和植被边坡中水分渗流的稳态解和瞬态解。上述解析解可用于计算降雨作用下植被盖层底部中水分的渗漏速率。此外,Min[40]和Feng[41]等分别给出了不同根系结构下植被单层土和植被多层土中水分非饱和渗流的稳态解析解,这些解析解可预测稳态条件下孔隙水压力随深度分布特征。
尽管上述解析解可用于描述非饱和植被土中水分的渗流行为,但它们尚存在一些局限性。例如,对于现有稳态解析解,其无法计算降雨场景下水分渗流速率随时间变化。对于瞬态解析解,其往往假定根系土层的渗透系数与下卧土层的渗透系数一致[32-33, 39],忽略了根系存在对土体饱和渗透系数的影响,这可能会产生相当大误差。实际上,植被根系存在会显著改变土体的水文性质[35-37],如改变土体饱和渗透系数和饱和含水率。因此,相比于单层非饱和土,基于双层非饱和土(即认为根系土层与下卧土层是两种不同类型的土层,如图1所示)开展水分渗流的解析理论研究更为合理。此外,现有瞬态解析解大多采用前期稳态计算得到的含水率分布作为初始条件[32-33, 39],难模拟任意初始条件下非饱和植被土中水分一维瞬态渗流行为。值得补充的是,现有瞬态解析解获得常基于Laplace变换,由于涉及Laplace正逆变换步骤,因而求解过程较为复杂[32-33, 39]。基于这些考虑,有必要采用新方法发展非饱和植被土中水分一维瞬态渗流解析解,以更为合理地描述降雨场景下水分的渗流特性。
本研究的目的是推导考虑根系对水文特性影响下非饱和植被土中水分一维瞬态渗流解析解。该解析解的求解过程涉及变量代换、分离变量和级数变换等方法。随后,通过与现有解析解及相应有限差分解对比,有效验证了该解析解的正确性。最后,以一个简单植被盖层为例,开展参数分析,研究了根系土层厚度、根系体积占比等因素对降雨场景下植被盖层对阻隔雨水渗漏效果的影响。
参考Min[40]和Feng[41]等研究,图2展示了降雨或蒸发场景下非饱和植被土(由根系土层和下卧土层组成)中水分瞬态渗流示意图。特别地,在非饱和植被土中,考虑了任意初始含水率的分布(θcz,0)=fcz)和θgz,0)=fgz)分别表示下卧土和根系土的初始含水率,fcz)和fgz)分别为下卧土和根系土中初始体积含水率的分布函数)。为便于描述,自底部向上建立直角坐标系(坐标轴用z表示)。根系土层和下卧土层厚度分别记为lglc。参考Min[40]和Feng[41]等研究,设定土体的下边界为恒定孔隙水压力(简称恒压水头,下同)边界,对应水头大小记为h0。在土体上方,当对应降雨场景时,上边界处的水分渗流通量q0为正值[40-41];当对应蒸发场景时,上边界处的水分渗流通量q0为负值[40-41]
进一步,在后续建立数学模型时,除考虑根系存在影响土体的水文特性等特别说明外,参考Yuan[39]和Min[40]等研究,作如下几点假定:
(1)在饱和状态下,根系土层和下卧土层均是均质、各项同性的弹性材料;
(2)在降雨过程中,忽略非饱和植被土中土骨架和孔隙水发生变形;
(3)在降雨作用下,非饱和植被土中水分的瞬态渗流是一维的;
(4)在根系土层,可采用一个“汇项”来表征根系吸水引起的蒸腾效应;
(5)在雨水入渗过程中,忽略非饱和植被土中孔隙气压力的变化。
在植被种植前,可认为根系土层中土体的物理力学性质与下卧土的物理力学性质完全一致[36, 40]。在植被种植后,根系的存在会占据土体孔隙,从而影响土体的饱和渗透系数和饱和含水率等水文性质。参考Liu[35]、Ng[36]等研究,可采用如下公式来近似描述根系引起的孔隙率变化:
式中:eg分别为植被种植前后土体的孔隙比(植被种植后的土体也称为根系土);Rv为根系体积占比,其定义是单位体积土体中根系总体积[36](该参数主要受根系直径大小和根系数量的影响)。值得补充的是,出于数学简化考虑,这里认为根系的存在不影响土体的孔隙结构[35, 43]
进一步,参考Liu等[35]和Yin[44]的研究,根系土的饱和渗透系数随孔隙比的变化关系可写为
式中:kg,s分别为植被种植前后土体的饱和渗透系数;Ck为饱和渗透系数随孔隙比变化的拟合参数;ηdec为根系腐烂或根系土中优先流引起的渗透系数增大参数。参考Ni等[45]研究可知,土中根系存在通常会使得增大1.3~6.5倍。因此,ηdec通常在1.3~6.5之间变化。值得补充的是,对于这些与渗透相关的参数,其大小可通过开展多类型根系土的渗透系数测定试验来确定[35-38, 45]
根据现有非饱和土中水分瞬态渗流解析理论,指数函数形式最常被用于描述土体的渗透系数和体积含水率随压力水头变化[32-35, 39-42]。基于此,可采用该函数形式来表征根系土的渗透系数和体积含水率随压力水头变化[32-35]
式中:kg为根系土的渗透系数;αg为根系土的去饱和系数;ψg为根系土中的压力水头;θgθg,sθg,r分别为根系土的含水率、饱和含水率和残余含水率。
参考Min[40]和Feng[41]等研究工作,下卧土层中水分一维瞬态渗流的控制方程可写为
式中:t为时间;kc为下卧土的渗透系数;ψc为下卧土中的压力水头;θc为下卧土的体积含水率。
同样,结合Min[40]和Feng[41]等研究工作,如下关系式可被采用以描述下卧土的渗透系数kc和体积含水率θc随压力水头ψc的变化:
式中:kc,s为下卧土的饱和渗透系数;αc为下卧土的去饱和系数;θc,sθc,r分别为下卧土的饱和含水率和残余含水率。
Ωc=exp(αcψc),并结合式(6)、(7),控制方程式(5)可改为
值得补充的是,根据式(7)可知,关键变量Ωc也可称为下卧土的有效饱和度[46]
对于根系土层中水分一维非饱和瞬态渗流控制方程,可参考Ng[32]和Yuan[39]等研究获得。在考虑根系吸水情况下,根系土层中水分一维瞬态渗流的控制方程可写为
式中:Hzlc)为Heaviside函数;Sz)表示根系吸水的汇项[32-34]
根据Ng等[32]研究,Hzlc)的表达式为
参考Liu等[35]研究工作,这里设定根系呈均匀形分布。在这种情况下,根系土的饱和渗透系数kg,s和饱和含水率θg,s将随深度均匀分布。也因此,Sz)的表达式可写为[35]
式中:Tp为根系吸水引起的蒸腾速率。
进一步,令Ωg=exp(αgψg),利用式(3)和式(4),式(9)可改写为
式中:Ωg也称为根系土的有效饱和度[46]
根据上述推导,我们可获得线性化的水分一维瞬态渗流控制方程,其中式(8)和式(12)分别对应下卧土层和根系土层。
非饱和植被土底部的压力水头为h0,则下边界可写为[40]
根据Ωc=exp(αcψc),可将式(13)改写为
式中:ψ0=exp(αch0),ψ0为常数。
在非饱和植被土的上方,需满足水分渗流通量连续。则有:
式中:vg为根系土中的水分渗流通量(也称为水分渗流速率)。
利用式(3)、(4)和Ωg=exp(αgψg),式(15)可改写为
在下卧土层和根系土层界面处,需满足压力水头和水分渗流通量连续:
式中:vc为下卧土中的水分渗流通量。
同样,利用Ωc=exp(αcψc)和Ωg=exp(αgψg),式(17)可进一步改写:
αcαg不相等情况下,式(18)中第1式会呈现高度非线性特征[47-50]。为得到相应解析解,参考现有研究,假定根系存在未改变去饱和系数[32-33, 39]。因此,有αg=αc,则式(18)可改写为
根据图2,初始时刻的体积含水率分布可写为
结合式(4)、(7)、Ωg=exp(αgψg)和Ωc=exp(αcψc),式(19)可变换为
式中:,为下卧土在初始时刻的有效饱和度[46],为根系土在初始时刻的有效饱和度。
为了更好地进行解析求解,可将控制方程(8)和(12)重新表示为以下形式:
式中:α=αc=αgα为土体的去饱和系数;Θ2=α⋅(θ2,sθ2,r)/k2,sL0=0;L1=lcL2=lc+lg。下标i分别为1、2,表示下卧土和根系土。Ω1Ω2Θ1Θ2ω2L1L2均为变换后的参数或待求解的变量。
因此,边界条件、连续性条件和初始条件可重新表达为
式中:ψ0=exp(αh0);k1,sk2,sSi,inii=1,2)均为变换后的参数。
参考Yuan[39]、江文豪[51]等所开展的研究,可令Ωizt)=Uiz)⋅q0+Ziz)+Wizt),则待求解式(22)可转换为如下3个子问题:
式中:Uiz)、Ziz)和Wizt)为待求解的3个变量。
对于变量Uiz),其求解条件可写为
对于变量Ziz),其求解条件可写为
对于变量Wizt),其求解条件可写为
根据式(27)中第1式,可以确定变量Uiz)的通解为
式中:a1b1a2b2均为待定参数。
结合式(30),可获得如下关系式:
式中:r12=0;r21=(1−k1,s/k2,s)⋅exp(αL1);r22=1。
进一步,利用式(28)、(29),则有
根据式(39)~(41),可确定待定参数a1b1a2b2
根据式(27)中第2式,可以确定与变量Ziz)相关的两个关系式为
式中:c1c2均为待确定的常数。
进一步,利用式(31)和式(43)中第1式可得
利用式(32),可确定c2=−ω2L2
因此,利用式(33)中第2式可得
进一步,根据式(44)、(45),可确定Z1z)的表达式为
因此,式(33)中第1式可改写为
式中:ψ1为常数。
进一步,令Z2z)=R2z)+ψ1 exp[−αzL1)],则有关R2z)的控制方程和边界条件可写为
参考Yuan等[39]的研究工作和式(48),可获得R2z)的解析解为
式中:Gzs)为Green函数;s为待积分的虚拟变量。
利用式(49)以及Z2z)和R2z)的关系,可确定Z2z)的表达式为
结合江文豪等[51-52]的研究和式(27)中第3式的形式,可假定Wizt)的表达式为
式中:m=1,2,…,∞;Pimz)为与mi有关的待求解变量;Tmt)为与m有关的待求解变量。
将式(52)代入到式(27)中第3式,可得到如下两个关键方程:
式中:βm为与m有关的待确定参数。
根据式(53)中第1式,可获得Tmt)的通解为
式中:hm为与m有关的待确定参数。
对于Pimz)的通解,存在两种情况[51-53]。当[51-53],则有
式中:λimIimJim均为与mi有关的待确定参数。
时,则有
进一步,根据式(36)可得
式中:n11n12n21n22均表示待定系数。
由于Pimz)的表达式与的大小有关,因此待定系数n11n12n21n22存在4种情况。情况1为;情况2为;情况3为;情况4为。关于这4种情况的类似讨论,可参见Jiang等[53]的研究。对于4种情况下n11n12n21n22的表达式,见附录A。
进一步,利用上下边界条件可得
式中:V11V12N11N12均为待定系数。
在式(58)中,鉴于sin(λ1,mL0)和sinh(λ1,mL0)均为0,而cos(λ1,mL0)和cosh(λ1,mL0)均为1。因此有:V11=0,V12=1。
在式(59)中,N11N12的表达式存在两种情况,这与的大小有关。当时,则有N12=a/2cosh(λ2,mL2)+λ2,m sinh(λ2,mL2);相反,当时,则有
此外,为进一步求解,可令I1,m=1,则J1,m=0。
结合式(57)、(58)、(59),可获得与βm有关的超越方程为
在实际开展运算时,尽管利用式(60)可获得无穷多个βm,但通常取前100个即可获得稳定的计算结果。有关这种通过超越方程确定待定系数βm的解析运算方法在Chen[1]、Jiang[54]等的研究中也有介绍。当βm确定后,待定系数λ1,mλ2,m可被确定。利用上述关系式,可确定J1,mI2,mJ2,m。也因此,可确定待定函数P1,mz)和P2,mz)。
进一步,根据式(37),可确定hm表达式为
鉴于的值是恒定的,而βm的值会随级数m的增大而增大。因此,小于的个数是有限的[51-53]。这里记小于BiBi为大于或等于0的整数),则Wizt)的表达式可写为
根据Ωizt)=Uiz)⋅q0+Ziz)+Wizt)和上述关系式,可确定Ωizt)的表达式为
进一步,可确定渗透系数kizt)、含水率θizt)和压力水头ψizt)的表达式为
若本研究所考虑非饱和植被土为植被盖层,则在任意时刻,其底部的渗漏速率(即渗流速率)Qb和累计渗漏量CQb可写为[40, 55]
值得补充说明的是,对于式(67)的具体表达式,可通过式(63)中第1式确定。对于蒸发和降雨速率较小的工程场景,渗漏速率Qb值可能会出现小于0的情况。当Qb值小于0时,由于此时不会产生累计渗漏量的增加,式(68)中的Qb取为0。
Yuan等[39]基于Laplace变换,发展得到了恒定降雨速率下水分在非饱和植被土中一维瞬态渗流解析解。在该解析解中,初始含水率被设定为之前稳态渗流计算得到的含水率。此外,为得到相应解析解,Yuan等[39]未考虑根系存在引起的渗透系数、饱和含水率等水文性质改变,仅考虑了根系吸水引起的蒸腾作用。设前期降雨/蒸发速率为qa,在稳态渗流条件下,渗透系数kiz)的表达式为
因此,本研究可参考Yuan等[39]解析解简化相关参数,如忽略根系引起的土体饱和渗透系数等水文性质变化,并将两种解析解的计算结果进行对比。在开展后续分析时,具体计算参数见表1
图3展示了两种解析解计算所得的有效饱和度Ωii=1,2)随竖向坐标z分布。在两种初始稳态渗流条件下,可发现两个解析解所得计算结果均具有很好的一致性。进一步,图4对比了两种初始稳态渗流条件下底部渗流速率Qb随时间变化,可发现两个解析解所得结果同样具有较好一致性。图34中的对比结果一定程度验证了本研究所提解析解的正确性。
数值方法如有限差分法也用于求解水分瞬态渗流控制方程,进而模拟水分在非饱和土中的渗流规律[56-57]。为进一步验证所提解析解的合理性,本节可将解析解计算结果与相应有限差分解计算结果对比。在开展数值计算时,参考朱帅润等[56]采用的Chebyshev网格划分方法(一种改进的非均匀网格划分方法)进行有限差分,详细步骤和数值计算方法可参考朱帅润[56]和Wu[57]等的研究。在对比研究中,表2所示的参数被采用。
图5所示为两种计算方法所得压力水头ψii=1,2)随竖向坐标z的变化。在不同时刻和两种降雨速率下,可发现基于解析和数值两种方法所得压力水头ψi的分布也具有较好的一致性,这进一步验证了本研究所提解析解的正确性。
在工程实践中,固废填埋场地的顶部区域通常需建造一个盖层系统以隔绝周边生态环境[8-10, 40],如图1所示的植被盖层。为研究植被存在对填埋场盖层阻隔雨水渗漏效果的影响,可开展参数分析,明确不同根系土层厚度lg、蒸腾速率Tp、根系体积占比Rv等关键参数下底部渗漏速率Qb和累计渗漏量CQb的变化特征。值得说明的是,为便于比较分析,无植被的情况也被考虑,此时根系土层与下卧土层的工程性质完全相同,且不存在蒸腾作用,该盖层也被记为单一盖层。除特别说明外,可采用表2中所示参数开展后续研究。
根系垂直长度的变化意味着根系土层厚度lg发生变化。为研究其影响,图6给出了不同lg下植被盖层底部的渗漏速率Qb随时间变化,其中单一盖层下Qb的变化也被提供。可以发现,在同一时刻和两种降雨速率q0下,单一盖层中的渗漏速率Qb均始终大于植被盖层中的渗漏速率Qb,且对应的Qb差值随时间呈增大趋势。此外,可发现lg的增大会使同一时间下的Qb值减小,即lg越大,同一时刻下的Qb值越小。上述结果表明,植被根系存在有助于减小降雨场景下填埋场盖层底部水分渗漏量,且lg越大,这种阻隔雨水渗漏的效果越为显著。
值得补充说明的是,当q0为0.4×10−7 m/s时,不同类型盖层中Qb均随时间逐渐减小。当q0为0.8×10−7 m/s时,对于植被盖层,在lg较小情况下(如lg=0.2 m时),Qb随时间也呈逐渐减小趋势。然而,对于单一盖层和lg较大的植被盖层(如lg=0.8 m时),Qb随时间呈先减小后增大的变化趋势。出现这一结果的主要原因在于,对于本研究所考虑的初始条件,填埋场盖层自身(初始时刻未达到Qb值为0的稳定渗流状态)会产生底部渗漏,因而在初始阶段,不同盖层渗漏速率Qb均会出现先减小的变化趋势。根据渗流连续性条件可知,对于单一盖层,对应Qb会趋于q0,因而在q0较小情况下,Qb会逐渐减小;在q0较大情况下,由于雨水入渗至底部的时间较长,因而Qb会先减小后逐渐增大。在降雨场景下,植被盖层与单一盖层中的渗流行为是基本一致的,但由于植被土层中的根系可吸收水分,因而对应的Qb值以更大的下降速率减小。同样,由于雨水在植被盖层中的入渗需要时间,对于lg较大的植被盖层,其底部水分的渗漏速率Qb出现了先减小后略微增大的变化趋势。
为进一步分析根系土层厚度lg对植被盖层阻隔雨水渗漏效果的影响,图7给出了15 d时两种降雨速率q0下的累计渗漏量CQb,并给出了单一盖层下的CQb值。与渗漏速率Qb的变化趋势一致,在同一q0下,单一盖层中的CQb值最大。当q0为0.4×10−7 m/s和0.8×10−7 m/s时,单一盖层中对应的CQb值分别为0.063 5 m和0.074 8 m。对于植被盖层,在q0等于0.4×10−7 m/s情况下,lg为0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8 m时对应的CQb值依次为0.048 9、0.045 4、0.039 8、0.032 6 m;在q0等于0.8×10−7 m/s情况下,lg为0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8 m时对应的CQb值依次为0.060 4、0.056 6、0.050 6、0.042 9 m。另外,对比可发现,对于不同类型盖层,两种降雨速率下的CQb差值基本一致,对应平均差值为0.011 0 m。上述结果进一步表明,植被土层厚度lg的增大有助于减小填埋场盖层底部的渗漏量。同时,这一结果也显示,不同lg下植被盖层对雨水渗漏的阻隔效果有限。当降雨速率q0继续增大时,相同q0增量下CQb增量的变化较小。
蒸腾速率Tp是影响降雨场景下植被盖层中水分入渗速率的重要参数,其与根系的吸水强度有关。为研究其影响,图8给出了不同Tp下植被盖层底部的渗漏速率Qb随时间变化,其中单一盖层下Qb的变化也被给出以作参考。与图6一致,在同一时刻和两种降雨速率q0下,植被盖层中的渗漏速率Qb始终低于单一盖层中的渗漏速率Qb,且蒸腾速率Tp越大,两类盖层下Qb的差异也越大。进一步,可发现Tp的增大会使同一时刻下的Qb值减小。上述结果表明,蒸腾速率Tp的增大可显著减小降雨场景下填埋场盖层底部的渗漏速率。
为进一步探讨蒸腾速率Tp对植被盖层阻隔雨水渗漏效果的影响,图9展示了15 d时两种降雨速率q0下的累计渗漏量CQb,并给出了单一盖层下的CQb值。可以发现,在不同q0下,单一盖层中的CQb值始终大于植被盖层中的CQb值,这与图8Qb的变化一致。进一步,可以看出,随着蒸腾速率Tp的增大,两种降雨速率q0下填埋场盖层底部的累计渗漏量CQb呈线性减小趋势。例如,在q0为0.4×10−7 m/s时,Tp从1.5 mm/d增大至6.0 mm/d,使得CQb从0.053 9 m减小至0.034 0 m。相似地,在q0为0.8×10−7 m/s时,Tp从1.5 mm/d增大至6.0 mm/d,使得CQb从0.065 0 m减小至0.045 0 m。需补充的是,与图7相似,对于不同类型填埋场盖层,两种降雨速率下的CQb差值基本一致,对应平均差值为0.011 0 m。这些结果进一步显示,蒸腾速率Tp是影响植被盖层阻隔雨水渗漏效果的关键参数,在特定降雨场景下,盖层底部的累计渗漏量CQb会随Tp的增大呈线性降低趋势。
值得注意的是,在图8(a)中,当蒸腾速率Tp为6 mm/d(即0.694×10−7 m/s)时,由于Tp明显大于植被盖层上方的降雨速率q0(此时q0为0.4×10−7 m/s),因而渗漏速率Qb出现了为负值的情况,其本质是填埋场盖层底部的水分出现了向上渗流。这一结果反映了当降雨速率q0小于根系土层中根系吸水所引起的蒸腾速率Tp时,降雨场景可能不会引起填埋场盖层中的水分发生向下渗漏。
根系体积占比Rv的变化会改变根系土的水文性质如饱和渗透系数和饱和含水率,从而影响植被盖层的工程性能。鉴于填埋场盖层中底部的渗漏速率Qb与累计渗漏量CQb变化规律一致,图10仅给出了不同RvCQb随时间的变化,其中Rv为0的极端情况也被考虑。对于Rv为0.00的极端情况,渗透系数增大参数ηdec被设定等于1.0以模拟忽略根系对水文特性影响对应的工程场景[32, 35]
图10可知,当Rv为0.016和0.032时,同一时刻下植被盖层底部的累计渗漏量CQb大于极端情况(Rv=0.00)下的CQb。相反,当Rv为0.048和0.064时,同一时刻下植被盖层中的CQb值低于极端情况下的CQb值。此外。当Rv处于0.016~0.064之间,在ηdec保持不变的情况下,CQb值随Rv的增大而减小。这说明,根系体积占比的增大有助于提升植被盖层阻隔雨水渗漏的效果。
进一步,出现图10中计算结果的主要原因可通过图11来说明。图11为不同根系体积占比Rv下根系土饱和渗透系数kg,s的变化。可以看出,与极端情况(Rv=0.00)下的kg,s相比,当Rv为0.016和0.032时,根系土的kg,s较大;当Rv为0.048和0.064时,根系土的kg,s较小。在本研究中,由于未考虑渗透系数增大参数ηdec的变化,根系体积占比Rv的增大会使kg,s呈对数形式减小[35],这会减小降雨场景下底部水分的渗漏速率,进而降低同一时刻下填埋场盖层底部的累计渗漏量CQb。上述结果表明,根系存在引起饱和渗透系数变化也会影响植被盖层阻隔雨水渗漏的效果,不应被忽略。
值得补充说明的是,Ni等[45]总结现有研究结果指出,渗透系数增大参数ηdec通常在1.3~6.5之间变化。对于低密度植被土,根系生长会占据土体孔隙,这会降低根系土的饱和渗透系数[36-37, 58]。然而,对于高密度植被土,腐烂根系的存在容易形成优势渗流孔道,这可能会整体上增大根系土的饱和渗透系数[36-37, 58]。对于不同类型的植被根系,渗透系数增大参数ηdec也可能会存在较大差异[45]。在根系体积占比等参数相同情况下,ηdec的增大会增大根系土的渗透系数,从而增加降雨作用下植被盖层底部雨水的渗漏量。此外,当根系体积占比Rv变化时,ηdec也可能会发生变化,从而改变根系土的饱和渗透系数(或增大,或减小)[26, 58],但出于实用、简化分析考虑,这方面被忽略了。在后续研究中,有必要结合根系类型和试验结果进一步分析Rv对植被盖层阻隔雨水渗漏效果的影响。
本文针对根系为均匀形的非饱和植被土,在考虑根系对水文特性影响的基础上,通过变量代换获得了线性化的水分一维瞬态渗流控制方程。采用变量分离和级数变换等方法,求得了非饱和植被土中水分瞬态渗流解析解。随后,将其计算结果与已有解析解和相应有限差分解的计算结果比较,验证了该解的合理性。最后,以一个简单的植被盖层(一类填埋场盖层)为例,分析了根系相关参数对其阻隔雨水渗漏效果影响。主要结论如下:
(1)与无植被的单一盖层相比,相同降雨场景下植被盖层底部的累计渗漏量CQb较小,且根系土层厚度lg越大,这种阻隔雨水渗漏的效果越为显著。然而,不同lg下的植被盖层对雨水渗漏的阻隔效果有限,当降雨速率q0继续增大时,相同q0增量下CQb增量的变化较小。
(2)根系土层中蒸腾速率Tp的增大可明显降低降雨场景下盖层底部水分的渗漏速率,且随着Tp的增大,累计渗漏量CQb呈线性减小趋势。此外,当降雨速率q0<Tp时,降雨场景可能不会引发植被盖层底部水分发生向下渗漏。
(3)相较于根系体积占比Rv为0且不考虑根系对水文特性影响的极端情况,当Rv值使得根系土的饱和渗透系数减小时,植被盖层阻隔雨水入渗的效果会增强,反之则会减弱。这主要是由于Rv的变化会改变根系土的饱和渗透系数,从而影响植被盖层在服役时的工程性能。
  • 福州大学科研启动基金项目(511503)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(42477165)
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2025年第46卷第11期
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doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1479
  • 接收时间:2024-12-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-11-14
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-01
  • 录用日期:2025-02-21
基金
Project of Research Initiation Fund of Fuzhou University(511503)
福州大学科研启动基金项目(511503)
Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(42477165)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(42477165)
作者信息
    1.福州大学 紫金地质与矿业学院,福建 福州 350108
    2.福州大学 地质工程福建省高校工程研究中心,福建 福州 350108

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江文豪,男,1996年生,博士,副教授,主要从事边坡工程、环境岩土工程方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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