Article(id=1244316348831084953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1497, pmid=null, cstr=32223.14.j.rsm.2024.1497, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733414400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1737475200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-01-22, onlineDate=1774597735840, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1763049600000, pubDateStr=2025-11-14, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774597735840, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774597735840, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597735840, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244316342938087728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, year='2025', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='3329', pageEnd='3672', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774597734436, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597825220, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244316723801862468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244316723806056773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3410, endPage=3420, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244316349082743204, articleId=1244316348831084953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, language=EN, title=Experimental investigation on dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of biocemented coral sand, columnId=1244316343936332083, journalTitle=Rock and Soil Mechanics, columnName=Fundamental Theory and Experimental Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) technique can effectively enhance the mechanical properties of coral sand. To investigate the small-strain dynamic characteristics of MICP-treated coral sand, resonant column tests were conducted on specimens with varying biocementation cycles Nb and effective confining pressures and the development laws of dynamic shear modulus G and damping ratio λ were comparatively analyzed. The test results reveal that: at small strains, the dynamic shear modulus G increases significantly with both Nb and . The maximum dynamic shear modulus Gmax exhibits a linear correlation with Nb and a power-law correlation with . A significant power-law relationship exists between Gmax and unconfined compressive strength (qucs). As Nb increases, the reference strain γ0 decreases gradually while the G/Gmax-γd curves shift downward, indicating enhanced nonlinearity. Both minimum and maximum damping ratios increase, with the λ-γd curve moving upward and characterized by greater energy dissipation. In contrast, increasing produces opposite trends in both G/Gmax-γd and λ-γd curves, exhibiting reduced nonlinearity and energy dissipation. Empirical relationships are established to quantify the nonlinear dynamic behavior and energy dissipation characteristics of MICP-treated coral sand. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations reveal that stiffness improvement primarily results from three mechanisms: contact cementation between sand grains, grain coating by calcite precipitates, and matrix supporting through pore filling.

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微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(microbially induced calcite precipitation,简称MICP)技术能够有效改善珊瑚砂的力学性能。为研究微生物加固珊瑚砂的小应变动力特性,对不同加固次数Nb和有效围压的微生物加固珊瑚砂试样开展共振柱试验,对比分析其动剪切模量G和阻尼比λ的发展规律。试验结果表明:在小应变范围内,微生物加固珊瑚砂的动剪切模量GNb增加而显著增长;最大动剪切模量GmaxNb的增加分别表现出线性和幂律形式的增长趋势,且Gmax和无侧限抗压强度qucs存在显著的幂律相关性;随着Nb增加,微生物加固珊瑚砂的参考剪应变γ0逐渐减小,动剪切模量比衰减曲线(即G/Gmax-γd曲线,γd为剪应变)向下方移动,非线性特征愈发显著;同时,微生物加固珊瑚砂的最小阻尼比和最大阻尼比均有所增长,阻尼比曲线(即λ-γd曲线)向上方移动,滞后性特征显著增强;然而,有效围压的增长对G/Gmax-γdλ-γd曲线表现出相反影响趋势,非线性和滞后性特征均逐渐减弱;给出了用于描述微生物加固珊瑚砂动剪切模量和阻尼比非线性和滞后性特征的经验公式及相关参数。扫描电子显微镜试验(scanning electron microscope,简称SEM)结果表明,珊瑚砂经微生物加固后,其刚度增强主要来源于碳酸钙沉淀的胶结,裹覆和填充作用。

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王志华,男,1976年生,博士,教授,主要从事土力学与地震工程及城市地下空间工程新技术方面的研究。E-mail:
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刘璐,女,1990年生,博士,副教授,主要从事微生物岩土及土动力学方面的研究。E-mail:

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刘璐,女,1990年生,博士,副教授,主要从事微生物岩土及土动力学方面的研究。E-mail:

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caption=Biocementation procedure, figureFileSmall=2RI9LVueFBjpUB4be1TgCQ==, figureFileBig=RuDvGzDfnxk7hMbW6YUmfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244316379298509472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348831084953, language=CN, label=图2, caption=微生物加固装置, figureFileSmall=2RI9LVueFBjpUB4be1TgCQ==, figureFileBig=RuDvGzDfnxk7hMbW6YUmfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244316379445310120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348831084953, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Variations of dynamic shear modulus G with shear strain γd for biocemented coral sand at different Nb, figureFileSmall=9f5hLFrab3Cllc/ikxl4iQ==, figureFileBig=+/AzCWx7dTzLetRLb13iVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244316379592110767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348831084953, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同加固次数下微生物加固珊瑚砂的G-γd关系曲线, figureFileSmall=9f5hLFrab3Cllc/ikxl4iQ==, figureFileBig=+/AzCWx7dTzLetRLb13iVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244316379709551285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348831084953, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Variations of dynamic shear modulus G with shear strain γd for biocemented coral sand under different , figureFileSmall=yTWqqMpi/KfvN/okf6Vaxw==, figureFileBig=4g1Hg1TWwnHKeA4GWc+IaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244316379835380414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348831084953, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同有效围压下微生物加固珊瑚砂G-γd关系曲线, figureFileSmall=yTWqqMpi/KfvN/okf6Vaxw==, figureFileBig=4g1Hg1TWwnHKeA4GWc+IaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244316379948626627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348831084953, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Relationship between Gmax and Nb of biocemented coral sand, figureFileSmall=DRpwMj+RWqIunHnhzzSoBA==, figureFileBig=n5m4PO8vdNGkl0mwEHNo4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244316380087038664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348831084953, language=CN, label=图5, caption=微生物加固珊瑚砂的Gmax-Nb关系曲线, figureFileSmall=DRpwMj+RWqIunHnhzzSoBA==, figureFileBig=n5m4PO8vdNGkl0mwEHNo4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244316380233839313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348831084953, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Relationship between Gmax and of biocemented coral sand, figureFileSmall=O1jv4OFWkoYOwyLa7B2nIg==, figureFileBig=YBzIEkdmRtEX3jn8YzOU9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244316380342891221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348831084953, language=CN, label=图6, caption=微生物加固珊瑚砂的关系曲线, figureFileSmall=O1jv4OFWkoYOwyLa7B2nIg==, figureFileBig=YBzIEkdmRtEX3jn8YzOU9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244316380430971612, 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label=图11, caption=不同有效围压下微生物加固珊瑚砂的λ-γd曲线, figureFileSmall=kgWdBmZfjQwYhOovDBCvTg==, figureFileBig=KLFUcc5Qa/s/U4AGtX/JQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244316383085966098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348831084953, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption= G/Gmaxd curves and λ-γd curves of cemented sands, figureFileSmall=Eq2yZ8qVmhQnVXC0n2TiFQ==, figureFileBig=o895aOSKy0W9iKvuKL+JSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244316383199212311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348831084953, language=CN, label=图12, caption=加固砂土的G/Gmaxd曲线和λ-γd曲线, figureFileSmall=Eq2yZ8qVmhQnVXC0n2TiFQ==, figureFileBig=o895aOSKy0W9iKvuKL+JSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244316383287292699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348831084953, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=SEM analysis of biocemented coral sand, figureFileSmall=ONCFUvvuqYdsXLUvqQF+0g==, figureFileBig=C6dEbjXH0fxZjvB6ZUEUCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244316383438287650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348831084953, language=CN, label=图13, caption=微生物加固珊瑚砂SEM分析, figureFileSmall=ONCFUvvuqYdsXLUvqQF+0g==, figureFileBig=C6dEbjXH0fxZjvB6ZUEUCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244316383534756649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348831084953, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical indexes of coral sand

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颗粒相对密度Gs最大孔隙比emax最小孔隙比emin平均粒径d50/mm土类代号
2.811.040.630.32SP
), ArticleFig(id=1244316383618642732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348831084953, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

珊瑚砂物理性质指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
颗粒相对密度Gs最大孔隙比emax最小孔隙比emin平均粒径d50/mm土类代号
2.811.040.630.32SP
), ArticleFig(id=1244316383706723121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348831084953, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Resonant column test conditions

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No. Nb/次加固程度 eb ec /kPa
10未加固0.8280.82125
200.8290.81950
300.8280.812100
44弱加固0.7350.72925
540.7340.72550
640.7370.722100
76中等加固0.6840.67925
860.6830.67550
960.6850.671100
108强加固0.6280.62425
1180.6270.62050
1280.6250.615100
), ArticleFig(id=1244316383819969332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348831084953, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

共振柱试验工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Nb/次加固程度 eb ec /kPa
10未加固0.8280.82125
200.8290.81950
300.8280.812100
44弱加固0.7350.72925
540.7340.72550
640.7370.722100
76中等加固0.6840.67925
860.6830.67550
960.6850.671100
108强加固0.6280.62425
1180.6270.62050
1280.6250.615100
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Test results and model parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Gmax/MPa qucs/MPa ζ γ0 λmin/% λmax/% θ
150.70.951.94×10−40.7121.281.60
265.70.952.40×10−40.6620.181.60
395.40.953.81×10−40.6118.511.60
4125.90.0770.951.40×10−41.3121.941.60
5149.50.0960.951.73×10−41.2220.461.60
6225.20.1590.952.06×10−41.1318.771.60
7164.40.3700.951.15×10−41.4423.491.60
8192.50.4460.951.36×10−41.3521.971.60
9262.40.5600.951.46×10−41.2719.841.60
10204.31.1010.950.86×10−41.6225.581.60
11236.51.2860.950.93×10−41.5223.281.60
12300.51.5100.951.14×10−41.4321.271.60
), ArticleFig(id=1244316384042267454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348831084953, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

部分试验结果及模型参数

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No. Gmax/MPa qucs/MPa ζ γ0 λmin/% λmax/% θ
150.70.951.94×10−40.7121.281.60
265.70.952.40×10−40.6620.181.60
395.40.953.81×10−40.6118.511.60
4125.90.0770.951.40×10−41.3121.941.60
5149.50.0960.951.73×10−41.2220.461.60
6225.20.1590.952.06×10−41.1318.771.60
7164.40.3700.951.15×10−41.4423.491.60
8192.50.4460.951.36×10−41.3521.971.60
9262.40.5600.951.46×10−41.2719.841.60
10204.31.1010.950.86×10−41.6225.581.60
11236.51.2860.950.93×10−41.5223.281.60
12300.51.5100.951.14×10−41.4321.271.60
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微生物加固珊瑚砂动剪切模量与阻尼比特性研究
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刘璐 1, 2 , 李帅学 1, 2 , 张鑫磊 1, 2 , 高洪梅 1, 2 , 王志华 1, 2 , 肖杨 3
岩土力学 | 基础理论与实验研究 2025,46(11): 3410-3420
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岩土力学 | 基础理论与实验研究 2025, 46(11): 3410-3420
微生物加固珊瑚砂动剪切模量与阻尼比特性研究
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刘璐1, 2 , 李帅学1, 2, 张鑫磊1, 2, 高洪梅1, 2, 王志华1, 2 , 肖杨3
作者信息
  • 1.南京工业大学 城市地下空间研究中心,江苏 南京 211816
  • 2.江苏省交通基础设施安全保障技术工程研究中心,江苏 南京 211816
  • 3.重庆大学 土木工程学院,重庆 400045
  • 刘璐,女,1990年生,博士,副教授,主要从事微生物岩土及土动力学方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

王志华,男,1976年生,博士,教授,主要从事土力学与地震工程及城市地下空间工程新技术方面的研究。E-mail:
Experimental investigation on dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of biocemented coral sand
Lu LIU1, 2 , Shuai-xue LI1, 2, Xin-lei ZHANG1, 2, Hong-mei GAO1, 2, Zhi-hua WANG1, 2 , Yang XIAO3
Affiliations
  • 1.Research Center of Urban Underground Space, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
  • 2.Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Transportation Infrastructure Security Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
  • 3.School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
出版时间: 2025-11-14 doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1497
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微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(microbially induced calcite precipitation,简称MICP)技术能够有效改善珊瑚砂的力学性能。为研究微生物加固珊瑚砂的小应变动力特性,对不同加固次数Nb和有效围压的微生物加固珊瑚砂试样开展共振柱试验,对比分析其动剪切模量G和阻尼比λ的发展规律。试验结果表明:在小应变范围内,微生物加固珊瑚砂的动剪切模量GNb增加而显著增长;最大动剪切模量GmaxNb的增加分别表现出线性和幂律形式的增长趋势,且Gmax和无侧限抗压强度qucs存在显著的幂律相关性;随着Nb增加,微生物加固珊瑚砂的参考剪应变γ0逐渐减小,动剪切模量比衰减曲线(即G/Gmax-γd曲线,γd为剪应变)向下方移动,非线性特征愈发显著;同时,微生物加固珊瑚砂的最小阻尼比和最大阻尼比均有所增长,阻尼比曲线(即λ-γd曲线)向上方移动,滞后性特征显著增强;然而,有效围压的增长对G/Gmax-γdλ-γd曲线表现出相反影响趋势,非线性和滞后性特征均逐渐减弱;给出了用于描述微生物加固珊瑚砂动剪切模量和阻尼比非线性和滞后性特征的经验公式及相关参数。扫描电子显微镜试验(scanning electron microscope,简称SEM)结果表明,珊瑚砂经微生物加固后,其刚度增强主要来源于碳酸钙沉淀的胶结,裹覆和填充作用。

珊瑚砂  /  微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀  /  共振柱试验  /  动剪切模量  /  阻尼比

The microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) technique can effectively enhance the mechanical properties of coral sand. To investigate the small-strain dynamic characteristics of MICP-treated coral sand, resonant column tests were conducted on specimens with varying biocementation cycles Nb and effective confining pressures and the development laws of dynamic shear modulus G and damping ratio λ were comparatively analyzed. The test results reveal that: at small strains, the dynamic shear modulus G increases significantly with both Nb and . The maximum dynamic shear modulus Gmax exhibits a linear correlation with Nb and a power-law correlation with . A significant power-law relationship exists between Gmax and unconfined compressive strength (qucs). As Nb increases, the reference strain γ0 decreases gradually while the G/Gmax-γd curves shift downward, indicating enhanced nonlinearity. Both minimum and maximum damping ratios increase, with the λ-γd curve moving upward and characterized by greater energy dissipation. In contrast, increasing produces opposite trends in both G/Gmax-γd and λ-γd curves, exhibiting reduced nonlinearity and energy dissipation. Empirical relationships are established to quantify the nonlinear dynamic behavior and energy dissipation characteristics of MICP-treated coral sand. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations reveal that stiffness improvement primarily results from three mechanisms: contact cementation between sand grains, grain coating by calcite precipitates, and matrix supporting through pore filling.

coral sand  /  microbially induced calcite precipitation  /  resonant column tests  /  dynamic shear modulus  /  damping ratio
刘璐, 李帅学, 张鑫磊, 高洪梅, 王志华, 肖杨. 微生物加固珊瑚砂动剪切模量与阻尼比特性研究. 岩土力学, 2025 , 46 (11) : 3410 -3420 . DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1497
Lu LIU, Shuai-xue LI, Xin-lei ZHANG, Hong-mei GAO, Zhi-hua WANG, Yang XIAO. Experimental investigation on dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of biocemented coral sand[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (11) : 3410 -3420 . DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1497
作为南海岛礁工程建设的主要岩土材料,珊瑚砂具有形状不规则、内孔隙丰富和易破碎等复杂特征[1],其力学特性与陆源砂相比存在明显差异。此外,南海海域地处环太平洋火山地震带,地震灾害时有报道[2]。南海岛礁珊瑚砂地基在地震荷载作用下易发生液化失稳,对上覆建(构)筑物的稳定性造成较大威胁。基于上述内部因素和外在威胁,对南海岛礁珊瑚砂地基采取加固措施十分必要。
传统的物理夯实和化学注浆等地基加固方法在岛礁工程中应用存在诸多限制。综合考虑南海岛礁的生态平衡和可持续性发展需求,具有非扰动、相容性好和高胶结强度等特点的微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(microbially induced calcite precipitation,简称MICP)技术为处理南海岛礁珊瑚砂地基问题提供了新思路[3]。在MICP过程中,脲酶菌通过自身代谢活动促使尿素发生酶解,酶解产物与环境中的钙源相结合,形成以细菌为成核位点的碳酸钙沉淀,并沉积于土颗粒表面和接触位置形成胶结以固化岩土体,宏观表现为岩土材料的强度和刚度显著提升,渗透性明显降低[4-5]
循环荷载作用下,微生物加固方法被证明能够有效改善珊瑚砂的动力特性。刘汉龙等[6]通过动三轴试验研究了微生物加固珊瑚砂的动力特性。结果表明,微生物加固珊瑚砂的动强度和抗液化能力随加固程度提高而显著增强。Xiao等[7]探究了相对密实度、循环应力比和加固程度对微生物加固珊瑚砂动力特性的影响。研究表明,珊瑚砂经微生物加固后,超静孔隙水压力的发展趋势减缓,失稳破坏模式由流动破坏转变为循环活动性,且不同应力水平下的动强度均显著提高。Zhang等[8]基于振动台试验的研究表明,微生物加固方法能够显著减少珊瑚砂地基的地表沉降,并增强其抗液化能力。上述研究主要聚焦于微生物加固珊瑚砂在大应变条件下的动力特性,但其小应变动力特性研究明显不足。
动剪切模量和阻尼比是表征珊瑚砂小应变动力特性的重要参数。现有研究表明,相对密实度、有效围压、颗粒形状、细粒含量等因素对珊瑚砂的动剪切模量和阻尼比特性具有显著影响[9-11]。Liu等[9]研究表明,随着有效围压和相对密实度的增加,珊瑚砂的动剪切模量逐渐增加,但阻尼比逐渐减小;珊瑚砂动剪切模量对相对密实度变化的敏感性随有效围压的增加而逐渐降低。Giang等[10]探讨了颗粒形状对珊瑚砂剪切模量的影响。结果表明,珊瑚砂的剪切模量随着颗粒的棱角愈发突出而明显增加。吴琪等[11]研究发现,当细粒含量小于30%时,细粒含量的增加会削弱珊瑚砂的土骨架力链,强化其非线性及低耗能特性,但阻尼比在小应变范围内对细粒含量的敏感性不强。
上述研究促进了对珊瑚砂动剪切模量和阻尼比特性的认识,但在指导微生物加固珊瑚砂场地进行工程设计时可能出现较大误差。目前,针对微生物加固珊瑚砂动剪切模量和阻尼比特性的研究较少,微生物加固的影响机制尚不明晰。因此,为获取微生物加固珊瑚砂场地地震反应分析的关键参数,本研究利用美国GCTS TSH-100型共振柱测试系统对珊瑚砂和微生物加固珊瑚砂开展共振柱试验,研究加固次数和有效围压对其动剪切模量和阻尼比的影响。建立了最大动剪切模量Gmax与无侧限抗压强度qucs之间的经验关系。基于试验结果,描述了珊瑚砂和微生物加固珊瑚砂的非线性和滞后性特征。根据Darendeli模型和经验方程建立了G/Gmax-γdG为动剪切模量,γd为剪应变)和λ-γdλ为阻尼比)曲线的经验关系,并给出了参数推荐值。
本次试验用珊瑚砂取自南海某岛礁,其颗粒级配曲线如图1所示。珊瑚砂试样的不均匀系数Cu为2.27,曲率系数Cc为1.13,平均粒径d50为0.32 mm。为减少颗粒破碎现象,珊瑚砂的最小孔隙比emin采用ASTM D4254-16[12]建议的静压振动法测量。最大孔隙比emax采用漏斗法和量筒慢转法联合测定。经测算,珊瑚砂的主要物理性质如表1所示。根据《土的工程分类标准》(GB/T 50145-2007)[13],该珊瑚砂属级配不良的砂,土的分类代号为SP。
试验选用巴氏芽孢八叠球菌(Sporosarcina past-eurii)。细菌培养所用培养基配方如下:酵母提取物20 g/L,NH4Cl 10 g/L,MnSO4·H2O 10 mg/L,NiCl2·6H2O 24 mg/L,蒸馏水1 L和琼脂15 g/L(固体培养基中添加)。
培养基调配完成后,需用1 mol/L的NaOH溶液将液体培养基的pH值调整至8.8~9.0。在接种前,培养基须在高压灭菌锅中进行20 min、121 ℃的高温灭菌处理,于超净工作台冷却后通过平板划线法分离与纯化细菌,并倒置于30 ℃恒温箱内培养48 h。挑取经分离纯化所得的单菌落进行液体接种,并将液体培养基置于30 ℃恒温震荡培养箱内以200 r/min的转速培养24 h。将菌液以10%接种量进行扩大培养,扩大培养后所得液体培养基置于30 ℃恒温振荡箱内以80 r/min的转速培养48 h。扩大培养后所得菌液在4 ℃的离心机内以4 000 r/min离心20 min,并取离心瓶底部粉色沉淀稀释于质量分数为0.9%的氯化钠溶液中。
经测定,本次微生物培养所得菌液脲酶活性为0.047 mol/(m3/s),吸光度OD600为1.3。反应液由1 mol/L尿素和1 mol/L氯化钙溶液配置而成,其物质的量比为1∶1。试验环境温度保持25 ℃恒定,且每次加固所用菌液和反应液均为同批次。
本试验使用的制样装置如图2所示,主要由菌液/反应液、蠕动泵、模具筒(包括基座和对开模)和废液等部分组成,制得微生物加固试样的尺寸直径为50 mm、高度为100 mm。
试样的具体制备过程为:①将珊瑚砂分5层装入模具筒内,并通过控制装样高度确保每一层的初始相对密实度均为50%。由于振捣压实上层试样的过程中会使下部土层进行压密,为保证试样的均匀性和连续性,每层的目标高度由下至上逐层递减,每层土样压实后将土层表面刮毛再装入上层土样。②通过蠕动泵将110 mL菌液以3 min/L的速率注入试样,浸泡6 h以保证细菌吸附于珊瑚砂颗粒表面,完成后打开底部排水通道并利用重力作用排出菌液。③通过蠕动泵将110 mL反应液以3 min/L的速率注入试样,静置12 h以充分反应后排出废液,至此实现1轮加固循环。④采用正反向交替灌注的方式进行多轮加固循环保证加固试样的均匀性。⑤加固完成后从试样顶部泵送1 L清水以去除掉残余在试样中的反应液。
共振柱试验采用美国GCTS公司的TSH-100型“固定-自由”型高精度测试系统,能够在试验过程中获取稳定、可靠、准确的试验结果。
微生物加固珊瑚砂试样制备完成后进行饱和:先通入20 min CO2置换试样孔隙中的空气;然后通入无气水进行1 h的水头饱和;最后分级反压饱和至400 kPa,并同步进行饱和度检测。当孔隙压力系数B>0.97时,可认为试样完全饱和。饱和完成后对微生物加固珊瑚砂试样进行均等固结,固结围压分别为25、50、100 kPa,固结时间不少于180 min,共振柱试验的具体试验方案如表2所示。
无侧限抗压强度试验使用的仪器为上海新三思公司的双柱桌面式电子万能试验机,采用与共振柱试验条件相同的同一批次试样。试验采用位移控制方式,其剪切速率设定为0.5 mm/min。
图3展示了在小应变范围(10−6~10−3)内,不同加固次数下微生物加固珊瑚砂动剪切模量G与剪应变γd的关系曲线。从图中可以看出,当剪应变γd<10−5时,珊瑚砂与微生物加固珊瑚砂的动剪切模量衰减幅度均小于10%,但微生物加固珊瑚砂的在同一应变水平处的G值远大于珊瑚砂。以=25 kPa为例(如图3(a)所示),珊瑚砂经4次加固后,其动剪切模量G由50.7 MPa增长至125.9 MPa。对于珊瑚砂,其剪切刚度主要来自于多棱角砂颗粒间的摩擦互锁作用。而微生物加固珊瑚砂的动剪切模量增长主要来源于:①微生物诱导生成的碳酸钙对不规则形状珊瑚砂颗粒的胶结和裹覆作用;②碳酸钙沉淀填充部分孔隙空间,“密实”效应愈发显著。现有研究[14]表明,在所研究的有效围压范围(=25~100 kPa)内,颗粒破碎现象几乎没有发生,其对珊瑚砂小应变特性的影响可忽略不计。随着加固程度进一步增加,上述胶结、裹覆和填充作用愈发增强,微生物加固珊瑚砂的剪切刚度显著增长。图3(a)中表现为珊瑚砂经8次加固后,其动剪切模量G增长至204.3 MPa。
γd发展至10−5后,珊瑚砂与微生物加固珊瑚砂的动剪切模量衰减梯度ΔG均有所增大。值得注意的是,微生物加固珊瑚砂的ΔG随加固程度增加而明显增长,图3中表现为γd发展至10−4后,不同加固程度微生物加固珊瑚砂试样的G-γd曲线均趋于一致。究其原因,当剪应变γd发展至一定水平后,珊瑚砂经微生物加固后的土体刚度强化效果在逐渐减弱,促使微生物加固珊瑚砂的非线性特征增强,该结果与Simatupang等[15]的酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀固化砂结果一致。
图4给出了不同有效围压条件下珊瑚砂和微生物加固珊瑚砂的G-γd关系曲线。当从25 kPa增长至100 kPa时,珊瑚砂在γd˂10−5时的G由50.7 MPa增长至95.4 MPa。对于珊瑚砂,的增长促使不规则形状珊瑚砂颗粒间的接触愈发紧密,摩擦互锁作用有所增强。对于微生物加固珊瑚砂,碳酸钙沉淀的裹覆和填充作用致使砂颗粒接触较未加固试样更为紧密,的增长也促使砂颗粒间摩擦互锁作用进一步增强。以弱加固珊瑚砂为例(如图4(b)所示),当由25 kPa增长至100 kPa时,G由125.9 MPa增长至225.2 MPa。此外,珊瑚砂与微生物加固珊瑚砂的动剪切模量衰减梯度ΔG的影响下变化不大,图中表现为G-γd曲线近似平行。
最大动剪切模量Gmax是预测土体动力变形的重要参数,可基于Hardin-Drnevich双曲线模型[16]由外推法计算得到:
式中:ab均为拟合参数。
图5描述了微生物加固珊瑚砂的最大动剪切模量Gmax与加固次数Nb的关系曲线,且该关系可表示为
式中:kn均为拟合参数。相关性系数R2均大于0.97。在所研究的Nb范围内,微生物加固珊瑚砂的GmaxNb增加呈现近似线性的增长趋势。究其原因,珊瑚砂的Gmax主要来源于砂颗粒间的摩擦互锁作用。然而,微生物加固珊瑚砂的刚度增长除摩擦互锁作用外,还包括碳酸钙沉淀的胶结、裹覆和填充作用,且上述强化作用随Nb增加而逐渐增强。
图6给出了微生物加固珊瑚砂的最大动剪切模量Gmax随有效围压变化的关系曲线,且其幂律相关性可表示为
式中:AB均为拟合参数。
图6所示,微生物加固珊瑚砂的Gmax增加而以幂律形式增长,但曲线的增长速率系数b随加固次数增加而线性降低,表明Gmax的影响有所减弱,该现象与Rivero等[17]的MICP胶结Fraser河砂结果一致。这种现象的原因可能在于,随着加固程度的增加,胶结作用成为微生物加固珊瑚砂剪切刚度增长的主要来源;摩擦互锁作用尽管随增长而有所增强,但其在刚度增长中的贡献比例逐渐降低。
无侧限抗压强度qucs和最大动剪切模量Gmax是表征岩土体强度和刚度的基础参数。相较于共振柱试验,无侧限抗压强度试验更为简便高效,在岩土工程实践中已经获得了广泛应用。因此,建立无侧限抗压强度qucs与最大动剪切模量Gmax之间的经验关系能够快速便捷地获取微生物加固珊瑚砂的Gmax预测值。具体地,Gmax-qucs经验关系可通过幂律形式表示为
式中:αβ为拟合系数。
图7给出了基于qucs的微生物加固珊瑚砂最大动剪切模量Gmax的预测曲线。如图7所示,Gmax的预测值同共振柱试验值较为吻合,相关性系数R2均大于0.96。这表明,Gmax-qucs经验关系能够根据现场实测的qucs表征微生物加固珊瑚砂在不同有效围压条件下Gmax的变化规律,具有较好的准确性和合理性。
基于Hardin模型[16],Darendeli模型[18]引入控制动剪切模量比G/Gmax衰减曲率的重要参数,能够较好地描述胶结材料的动剪切模量比衰减特性,其形式可表示为
式中:ζ为控制动剪切模量比衰减曲率的拟合参数,其值可取0.95;γ0为参考剪应变,其值取G/Gmax=0.5时的剪应变γd幅值[18]。珊瑚砂与微生物加固珊瑚砂动剪切模量比经验方程的参数推荐值如表3所示。
图8描述了不同加固次数下珊瑚砂与微生物加固珊瑚砂的动剪切模量比-剪应变关系曲线。珊瑚砂与微生物加固珊瑚砂的动剪切模量比衰减曲线均表现出显著的非线性特征:即γd˂10−5时,动剪切模量比G/Gmaxγd的增长而略有衰减,土体刚度基本不变;随着剪应变γd的进一步增长,砂颗粒间的胶结逐渐损伤劣化,G/Gmax迅速衰减;当γd并增长至10−2后,G/Gmax的衰减速度逐渐降低,且其值趋向于0。
然而,在同一有效围压下,珊瑚砂与微生物加固珊瑚砂的G/Gmax-γd曲线随加固次数Nb变化呈现明显差异:在有效围压=25 kPa条件下,当珊瑚砂的动剪切模量比G/Gmax由1.0衰减至0.5时,其对应的剪应变幅值(即参考剪应变γ0)为1.94×10−4。随着Nb逐渐增加,微生物加固珊瑚砂的γ0值逐渐减小,并在8次加固后减少为0.86×10−4,其变化幅值为1.08×10−4图8(a)中表现为G/Gmax-γd曲线向下方移动,非线性特征更为显著,表明微生物加固珊瑚砂的应变敏感性随加固次数增加而有所增强。有效围压分别为50、100 kPa时珊瑚砂和微生物加固珊瑚砂的G/Gmax-γd曲线分别如图8(b)和图8(c)所示。珊瑚砂与微生物加固珊瑚砂的G/Gmax在加固次数影响下的变化趋势同=25 kPa结果较为类似,但其变化幅值由25 kPa条件下的1.08×10−4增长至100 kPa条件时的2.67×10−4,分布范围逐渐变大。
图9描述了有效围压对珊瑚砂和微生物加固珊瑚砂的G/Gmax-γd曲线的影响。随着有效围压的增加,珊瑚砂G/Gmax-γd曲线的衰减梯度逐渐减小,非线性特征减弱。的增加强化了珊瑚砂的骨架力链,土体刚度显著增强。
对于微生物加固珊瑚砂,G/Gmax-γd曲线的衰减梯度亦随增加而逐渐减小,与珊瑚砂结果较为相似。然而,对比图9(a)和图9(d)可知,G/Gmax-γd曲线分布范围逐渐减小,γ0的增长幅值由1.87×10-4减少至0.28×10−4,表明珊瑚砂经微生物加固后,G/Gmax-γd曲线对的依赖性逐渐降低。
采用陈国兴等[19]提出的经验公式对微生物加固珊瑚砂的阻尼比进行拟合分析:
其中:λminγd=1×10−6对应的阻尼比幅值;λmax与土的类型和加载条件相关;决定阻尼比曲线形状的形状系数θ,其值为1.60。表3给出了珊瑚砂与微生物加固珊瑚砂阻尼比经验方程的参数推荐值。
图10为珊瑚砂和微生物加固珊瑚砂的阻尼比λ与剪应变γd的关系曲线。从图10中可以看出,珊瑚砂与微生物加固珊瑚砂试样的阻尼比增长曲线(即λ-γd曲线)均表现出显著的滞后性特征:剪应变γd˂10−5时,试样的阻尼比λγd的增大均略有增长;随着γd的进一步发展(γd>10−5),试样的λγd增大而逐渐增长,且其增长速度开始逐渐增加;当γd增长至10−2后,试样的λ趋于稳定。然而,在相同的有效围压条件下,珊瑚砂与微生物加固珊瑚砂的λ-γd曲线随加固次数Nb的变化表现出明显差异:①在极小应变范围(10−6~10−5)内,试样的最小阻尼比随Nb增加表现出小幅增长趋势,λ-γd曲线随Nb的变化较小,表明λ-γd曲线在极小应变范围内对Nb的敏感性较低。②在小应变范围(10−5~10−3)内,Nb越大,同一剪应变γd处对应的阻尼比λ越大,图中表现为微生物加固珊瑚砂的阻尼比增长曲线随加固次数增加而向上方移动,λ-γd曲线的分布范围明显增大,该现象与Li等[20]报道的水泥胶结砂结果相同。相较于未胶结试样,弹性波在胶结砂土中传播需要消耗的能量增加[21-22],阻尼比滞后性特征更为显著。
图11描述了有效围压对珊瑚砂和微生物加固珊瑚砂阻尼比与剪应变关系曲线的影响。随着的增加,珊瑚砂和微生物加固珊瑚砂的阻尼比λ均随剪应变γd的增长速度逐渐降低,即100 kPa条件下,试样在相同剪应变γd处的阻尼比λ较25 kPa结果更低,图中表现为λ-γd曲线随有效围压增加向下方移动。这种现象的原因在于,有效围压的增加促使砂颗粒的摩擦互锁作用更为紧密,颗粒间接触点增加,因颗粒相对运动而产生的能量传播损耗降低,低耗能特性显著。
Liu[9]、Li[20]和Maher[23]等分别给出了南海珊瑚砂、水泥胶结砂和丙烯酸酯胶结Ottawa 20/30砂的动剪切模量与阻尼比曲线的分布范围。
图12给出了不同加固程度微生物加固珊瑚砂动剪切模量比和阻尼比分布范围与上述研究成果的对比。结果表明,微生物加固珊瑚砂结果同Liu等[9]给出珊瑚砂的G/Gmaxd分布范围存在差异,但与λ-γd曲线分布范围存在局部重合。这是因为微生物加固珊瑚砂的级配分布和最大、最小孔隙比等物理指标同Liu等[9]报道珊瑚砂存在较大差异。对于胶结砂土,微生物加固珊瑚砂的G/Gmaxd分布范围超出了Li[20]、Maher[23]等报道的硅酸盐水泥胶结砂和丙烯酸酯胶结Ottawa砂的G/Gmaxd曲线下边界范围,非线性特征显著。微生物加固珊瑚砂的阻尼比λγd˂10−5范围内同珊瑚砂和水泥胶结砂的阻尼比特性较为吻合;然而,随着剪应变的进一步发展,微生物加固珊瑚砂较Li等[20]给出的硅酸盐水泥胶结砂表现出更强的滞后性特征,但与Maher等[23]的丙烯酸酯胶结Ottawa砂的阻尼比范围存在局部重合。究其原因,珊瑚砂具有内孔隙丰富、形状不规则,颗粒强度低等特点,较之陆源石英砂具有更强的非线性和低耗能特性。
总体而言,微生物加固珊瑚砂的动剪切模量和阻尼比特性较珊瑚砂和各类水泥胶结砂土结果的差异较为明显。当采用适用于水泥固化砂土的经验公式对微生物加固珊瑚砂的小应变特性进行预测时,其预测所得经验参数可能与实际结果偏差较大。本研究为南海岛礁微生物加固珊瑚砂场地的动力响应分析提供了可靠参考依据。
图13给出了微生物加固珊瑚砂的扫描电镜结果。如图13所示,微生物诱导生成的碳酸钙沉淀以菱形方解石为主,主要分布在珊瑚砂颗粒表面和颗粒间的接触位置处。分布于颗粒间接触位置的碳酸钙沉淀增强了多棱角珊瑚砂的互锁作用,并通过“空间网状”结构[24]将土体胶结强化,胶结作用促使其强度和刚度显著提升。分布于颗粒表面的碳酸钙沉淀包裹珊瑚砂并填充部分内孔隙,该裹覆作用促使颗粒间的相互摩擦有所增强。同时,微生物加固珊瑚砂试样的孔隙空间中也可观察到碳酸钙沉淀沉积,试样孔隙体积减小,填充密实效应愈发显著,促使珊瑚砂的强度和刚度明显增强。
通过对微生物加固珊瑚砂开展系列共振柱试验,重点探讨了加固次数Nb和有效围压对微生物加固珊瑚砂动剪切模量特性、动剪切模量比衰减特性和阻尼比特性的影响,主要结论如下:
(1)在小应变范围内,微生物加固珊瑚砂的动剪切模量G表现出显著的非线性特征:当剪应变γd˂10−5时,微生物加固珊瑚砂的衰减较为缓慢,GNb的增加而显著增加;随着剪应变进一步发展,动剪切模量的衰减梯度明显增大,且衰减梯度随Nb的增大而增大,但对较不敏感。
(2)微生物加固珊瑚砂的最大动剪切模量GmaxNb的增加而分别以线性和幂律形式增长。微生物加固珊瑚砂的Gmax与无侧限抗压强度qucs存在显著相关性,并建立了微生物加固珊瑚砂Gmax的预测公式。
(3)微生物加固珊瑚砂的动剪切模量比衰减曲线和阻尼比增长曲线随Nb的增加分别表现出“由上到下”和“由下到上”的变化,非线性和滞后性特征愈发显著。随着增大,微生物加固珊瑚砂的非线性和滞后性特征逐渐减弱。
(4)根据研究结果,给出了微生物加固珊瑚砂动剪切模量和阻尼比预测公式的经验参数,并描述了微生物加固珊瑚砂动剪切模量和阻尼比的变化范围,试验结果为南海岛礁微生物加固珊瑚砂场地的动力响应分析提供参考依据。
(5)微生物诱导生成的碳酸钙沉淀主要分布于珊瑚砂颗粒表面,颗粒间接触处和孔隙空间中,充分发挥胶结作用,裹覆作用和填充作用,促使微生物加固珊瑚砂的强度和刚度显著增强。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52008207; 52108324)
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2025年第46卷第11期
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doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1497
  • 接收时间:2024-12-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-11-14
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-06
  • 录用日期:2025-01-22
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52008207; 52108324)
国家自然科学基金(52008207; 52108324)
作者信息
    1.南京工业大学 城市地下空间研究中心,江苏 南京 211816
    2.江苏省交通基础设施安全保障技术工程研究中心,江苏 南京 211816
    3.重庆大学 土木工程学院,重庆 400045

通讯作者:

王志华,男,1976年生,博士,教授,主要从事土力学与地震工程及城市地下空间工程新技术方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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