Article(id=1244316348533293157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16285/j.rsm.2025.0570, pmid=null, cstr=32223.14.j.rsm.2025.0570, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748793600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1757952000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-16, onlineDate=1774597735769, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1763049600000, pubDateStr=2025-11-14, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774597735769, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774597735769, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597735769, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244316342938087728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, year='2025', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='3329', pageEnd='3672', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774597734436, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597825220, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244316723801862468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244316723806056773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3649, endPage=3660, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244316349640589436, articleId=1244316348533293157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, language=EN, title=Field test and numerical simulation on thermo-mechanical response characteristics of a bridge energy row pile under heating-cooling cycles, columnId=1244316348088693118, journalTitle=Rock and Soil Mechanics, columnName=Numerical Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Combining bridge row piles with energy piles to create energy row piles can harness shallow geothermal energy for bridge deck deicing in winter and cooling in summer, respectively, while also supporting the mechanical loads of the bridge deck. This study investigates the thermo-mechanical response of energy row piles under heating-cooling cycles through field tests, and analyzes the interactions among energy row piles, slab, and unheated piles. An interface model considering the cyclic shear characteristics of the pile-soil interface is developed in a finite element software, and thermo-mechanical coupling numerical models of energy row piles are established to further explore the changes and mechanisms of long-term settlement of energy row pile under the combined effect of mechanical loads and heating-cooling cycles. The findings reveal that interactions among the energy row pile, slab, and unheated piles can result in load redistribution, leading to high thermally induced stresses of approximately 80% of the maximum thermally induced stress of the energy row pile (i.e. 1.1 MPa) at the top of the energy row piles due to strong restraining effects. Meanwhile, the slab experiences tensile stress exceeding the tensile strength of C30 concrete, reaching 3.75 MPa. Moreover, when the mechanical load is large, energy row piles progressively develop long-term settlement with an increasing number of thermal cycles, exhibiting a negative exponential growth pattern. This phenomenon is attributed to the mechanical load driving the pile-soil interface toward its limiting state, where cyclic shear at the interface readily induces plastic shear displacements, ultimately resulting in the long-term settlement of the energy row piles.

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将桥梁排桩与能量桩相结合构成桥梁能量排桩,可利用浅层地热能在冬夏季分别进行桥面除冰和桥面降温,同时还能支撑桥梁荷载。通过开展现场试验,研究了冷-热循环下桥梁能量排桩的热-力响应特性,揭示了桥梁能量排桩-承台-非加热桩的相互作用机制。将考虑桩-土界面循环剪切特性的界面模型在有限元软件中进行二次开发,建立了桥梁能量排桩热-力耦合数值模型,进一步探究了桩顶荷载和冷-热循环联合作用下桥梁能量排桩长期沉降特性及产生机制。研究表明,桥梁能量排桩-承台-非加热桩的相互作用会造成荷载重分布,导致桥梁能量排桩顶部受到较强约束作用而产生较大热应力,可达桩体最大热应力的80%(约为1.1 MPa);承台的附加应力最大可达3.75 MPa,超过了C30混凝土抗拉强度。当桩顶荷载较大时,随着冷-热循环次数的增加,桥梁能量排桩逐渐产生长期沉降并呈负指数增长,这一现象可归因于施加桩顶荷载会导致桩-土界面的力学性能接近极限状态,极限状态下桩-土界面循环剪切容易产生塑性剪切位移,最终导致桥梁能量排桩长期沉降的产生。

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缪玉松,男,1986年生,博士,副教授,主要从事地下工程方面的研究。E-mail:
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吴迪,男,1990年生,博士,副教授,主要从事能源岩土与地下结构工程方面的研究。E-mail:

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吴迪,男,1990年生,博士,副教授,主要从事能源岩土与地下结构工程方面的研究。E-mail:

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吴迪,男,1990年生,博士,副教授,主要从事能源岩土与地下结构工程方面的研究。E-mail:

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Material parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料 γ/(kN·m−3/MPa E v λ/(W·m−1·k−1 αT(1·K−1 c/kPa φ/(°)
土层①18.81200.301.661×10−66015
土层②20.31000.321.761×10−64513
土层③20.21300.301.851×10−67016
土层④20.72000.251.851×10−68518
混凝土25.040 0000.201.901×10−5
), ArticleFig(id=1244316371195117591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348533293157, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料 γ/(kN·m−3/MPa E v λ/(W·m−1·k−1 αT(1·K−1 c/kPa φ/(°)
土层①18.81200.301.661×10−66015
土层②20.31000.321.761×10−64513
土层③20.21300.301.851×10−67016
土层④20.72000.251.851×10−68518
混凝土25.040 0000.201.901×10−5
), ArticleFig(id=1244316371333529631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348533293157, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Simulation conditions for numerical modelling

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模拟工况运行时长桩顶荷载P温度变化
现场试验1 200 h0%Pu图2
桩顶荷载影响20 a0%Pu
20%Pu
40%Pu
60%Pu
80%Pu
图4
), ArticleFig(id=1244316371564216360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348533293157, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

数值模拟研究工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模拟工况运行时长桩顶荷载P温度变化
现场试验1 200 h0%Pu图2
桩顶荷载影响20 a0%Pu
20%Pu
40%Pu
60%Pu
80%Pu
图4
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吴迪 1 , 陈嵘 1 , 孔纲强 2 , 牛庚 1 , 缪玉松 1 , 王振兴 3
岩土力学 | 数值分析 2025,46(11): 3649-3660
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岩土力学 | 数值分析 2025, 46(11): 3649-3660
冷-热循环温度下桥梁能量排桩热-力响应特性现场试验与数值模拟
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吴迪1 , 陈嵘1, 孔纲强2, 牛庚1, 缪玉松1 , 王振兴3
作者信息
  • 1.青岛理工大学 理学院,山东 青岛 266525
  • 2.河海大学 土木与交通学院,江苏 南京 210024
  • 3.中建八局发展建设公司,山东 青岛 266061
  • 吴迪,男,1990年生,博士,副教授,主要从事能源岩土与地下结构工程方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

缪玉松,男,1986年生,博士,副教授,主要从事地下工程方面的研究。E-mail:
Field test and numerical simulation on thermo-mechanical response characteristics of a bridge energy row pile under heating-cooling cycles
Di WU1 , Rong CHEN1, Gang-qiang KONG2, Geng NIU1, Yu-song MIAO1 , Zhen-xing WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Science, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266525 China
  • 2.College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210024, China
  • 3.The Development Construction Co. Ltd. of China Construction Eighth Engineering Division, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, China
出版时间: 2025-11-14 doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2025.0570
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将桥梁排桩与能量桩相结合构成桥梁能量排桩,可利用浅层地热能在冬夏季分别进行桥面除冰和桥面降温,同时还能支撑桥梁荷载。通过开展现场试验,研究了冷-热循环下桥梁能量排桩的热-力响应特性,揭示了桥梁能量排桩-承台-非加热桩的相互作用机制。将考虑桩-土界面循环剪切特性的界面模型在有限元软件中进行二次开发,建立了桥梁能量排桩热-力耦合数值模型,进一步探究了桩顶荷载和冷-热循环联合作用下桥梁能量排桩长期沉降特性及产生机制。研究表明,桥梁能量排桩-承台-非加热桩的相互作用会造成荷载重分布,导致桥梁能量排桩顶部受到较强约束作用而产生较大热应力,可达桩体最大热应力的80%(约为1.1 MPa);承台的附加应力最大可达3.75 MPa,超过了C30混凝土抗拉强度。当桩顶荷载较大时,随着冷-热循环次数的增加,桥梁能量排桩逐渐产生长期沉降并呈负指数增长,这一现象可归因于施加桩顶荷载会导致桩-土界面的力学性能接近极限状态,极限状态下桩-土界面循环剪切容易产生塑性剪切位移,最终导致桥梁能量排桩长期沉降的产生。

桥梁能量排桩  /  热-力响应特性  /  冷-热循环  /  现场试验  /  数值模拟

Combining bridge row piles with energy piles to create energy row piles can harness shallow geothermal energy for bridge deck deicing in winter and cooling in summer, respectively, while also supporting the mechanical loads of the bridge deck. This study investigates the thermo-mechanical response of energy row piles under heating-cooling cycles through field tests, and analyzes the interactions among energy row piles, slab, and unheated piles. An interface model considering the cyclic shear characteristics of the pile-soil interface is developed in a finite element software, and thermo-mechanical coupling numerical models of energy row piles are established to further explore the changes and mechanisms of long-term settlement of energy row pile under the combined effect of mechanical loads and heating-cooling cycles. The findings reveal that interactions among the energy row pile, slab, and unheated piles can result in load redistribution, leading to high thermally induced stresses of approximately 80% of the maximum thermally induced stress of the energy row pile (i.e. 1.1 MPa) at the top of the energy row piles due to strong restraining effects. Meanwhile, the slab experiences tensile stress exceeding the tensile strength of C30 concrete, reaching 3.75 MPa. Moreover, when the mechanical load is large, energy row piles progressively develop long-term settlement with an increasing number of thermal cycles, exhibiting a negative exponential growth pattern. This phenomenon is attributed to the mechanical load driving the pile-soil interface toward its limiting state, where cyclic shear at the interface readily induces plastic shear displacements, ultimately resulting in the long-term settlement of the energy row piles.

bridge energy row piles  /  thermo-mechanical characteristic  /  heating-cooling cycle  /  field test  /  numerical simulation
吴迪, 陈嵘, 孔纲强, 牛庚, 缪玉松, 王振兴. 冷-热循环温度下桥梁能量排桩热-力响应特性现场试验与数值模拟. 岩土力学, 2025 , 46 (11) : 3649 -3660 . DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2025.0570
Di WU, Rong CHEN, Gang-qiang KONG, Geng NIU, Yu-song MIAO, Zhen-xing WANG. Field test and numerical simulation on thermo-mechanical response characteristics of a bridge energy row pile under heating-cooling cycles[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (11) : 3649 -3660 . DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2025.0570
在“双碳”目标的背景下,开发清洁能源,减少碳排放,实现能源可持续利用是土建行业重要的发展方向[1]。浅层地热能分布广、储量大且清洁可再生,利用浅层地热能代替传统的化石能源,可以在不产生碳排放的前提下实现建筑室内的供暖或制冷[2]。能量桩是将传统桩基础和地埋管换热器结合而成的一种新型桩基,其不仅能发挥桩基支撑结构荷载的作用,还能替代地埋管换热器进行地热能提取,从而起到“一桩两用”的效果。由于能量桩无需额外钻孔,因此其施工成本较低[3]。相比于地埋管换热器,能量桩的直径较大,可为换热管的布置提供更大空间,因此具有更优的换热效率。
能量桩运行过程中会同时受到机械荷载和温度荷载的双重作用,导致其热-力响应特性更加复杂。目前,国内外学者针对能量桩的热-力耦合特性已开展相关研究。现场试验方面,任连伟等[4]通过开展微型能量群桩现场试验,揭示了微型能量桩的桩身温度与应力规律。高磊等[5]通过将分布式光纤智能感测技术应用于能量桩现场测试,揭示了荷载-温度联合作用下能量桩承载性状与荷载传递机制。刘春阳等[6]基于现场试验测试了能量桩的热-力性能,发现间歇运行模式有利于减小能量桩的附加热应力与侧摩阻力。模型试验具有试验周期短、条件易控等优势,相关学者利用模型试验探究了约束条件[7]、土体特性[8-9]、桩顶荷载[10]、换热管型[11]和桩基形式[12-13]等因素对能量桩热-力响应特性的影响。除了试验方法外,相关学者考虑土体类别、运行条件、加载方式等因素,开展了单次温度和循环温度条件下能量桩热-力响应特性的数值模拟和理论分析研究,为解释能量桩热-力响应特性的试验现象提供了支持和补充[14-23]
目前已有关于能量桩的研究主要是针对建筑荷载下桩-筏形式的能量桩。桥梁工程中常用到排桩支撑桥梁荷载,在排桩中布设换热管构成桥梁能量排桩,除了可以支撑桥梁荷载外,还能提取浅层地热能,在冬季进行桥面除冰[24],在夏季进行路面降温[25],起到“一桩三用”的效果,拓展和延长了桥梁排桩的使用价值。但目前关于桥梁能量排桩的研究案例相对较少。
相比于建筑荷载下桩-筏形式的能量桩,桥梁能量排桩受力特点存在以下两方面不同之处。首先,桥梁能量排桩顶部常设有刚性较大的承台来提高其整体性,可能会导致桥梁能量排桩顶部受到较大约束[7],进而引起能量排桩、承台和相邻桩之间的力学相互作用;其次,桥梁能量排桩运行过程中会受到多次冷-热循环(夏季桥面降温时受热,冬季桥面除冰时受冷)作用,冷-热循环温度作用下能量桩-土界面受到循环剪切,导致其荷载传递更为复杂[14],且该效应受桩顶荷载大小的影响[20-23]。因此,能量排桩-承台-相邻桩的相互作用和冷-热循环温度会加剧桥梁能量排桩热-力响应特性的复杂性。
综上所述,桥梁能量排桩的热-力响应特性比桩-筏形式下的能量桩更为复杂,但目前针对桥梁能量排桩的研究相对较少,尤其缺乏现场试验。鉴于此,本文通过开展现场试验,测试了冷-热循环温度作用下桥梁能量排桩的热-力响应特性,探究了能量排桩-承台-非加热桩的相互作用机制。同时,将考虑桩-土界面循环剪切特性的界面模型在有限元软件中进行二次开发,建立了能量排桩热-力耦合数值模型,利用现场试验结果验证了数值模型,并利用数值模型进一步探究了桩顶荷载和冷-热循环联合作用下能量排桩长期沉降的变化规律,揭示了能量排桩长期沉降的产生机制。
现场试验是基于江阴市的一例能量桩桥面除冰工程项目开展[24]。测试现场包含一组1×5排桩,桩基的编号分别为A~E,如图1所示。桩基采用钻孔灌注桩,混凝土等级为C30。由于桥梁能量排桩的热胀冷缩变形会受到顶部承台的约束,而承台的位移又受到能量桩两侧非加热桩的约束。处于中间位置的桩B、桩C及桩D,其约束条件更具有一般代表性。另外,现场试验时项目仍在施工,桩C靠近场地中间位置,附近不具备放置测试设备的空间,因此选择桩B作为桥梁能量排桩,试验过程中受到冷-热循环温度作用。5根桩基的尺寸相同,桩长和直径分别为20.0 m和1.0 m,桩间距为5.4 m。桩基顶部与一根长×宽×高分别为26.0 m×1.3 m×1.1 m的承台相连。测试期间未施工桥梁面板,因此可将承台上部视为无机械荷载。桥梁能量排桩的钢筋笼上绑扎了5根串联连接的U型换热管,换热管材质为高密度聚乙烯,外径和壁厚分别为25.0 mm和2.3 mm。通过向换热管通入不同温度的换热液体,实现温度荷载的施加。
为了测试冷-热循环温度荷载对桥梁能量排桩热-力响应的影响,在桩B、承台、相邻非加热桩(桩A和桩C)中不同位置埋设了温度和应变传感器。传感器预先绑扎在桩基和承台钢筋笼的既定位置处,然后随钢筋笼一起浇筑在混凝土内部。传感器位置如图1所示。地勘报告显示在桩深范围内(0~20.0 m)现场土层共包括4层土体,第1、3层为粉质黏土,厚度分别为6.2、8.8 m;第2层为淤泥质黏土局部夹杂砾石,厚度为4.1 m;最底层为砂质黏土,桩端位于该层土体中,土体参数如表1所示。
现场试验目的是为了揭示冷-热循环温度对桥梁能量排桩热-力响应特性的影响,从而为正式运行状态下能量排桩的结构安全分析提供基础。桥梁能量排桩在夏季用于桥面降温[25],在冬季用于桥面除冰[24]。由于桥面板的温度受气温影响,因此桥梁能量排桩换热管入口温度与气温相关。江阴市冬季平均气温为3~10 ℃,夏季平均气温为28~37 ℃。另外,为了避免桩体及桩周土体热堆积的产生,试验采用冷-热平衡的温度荷载[14],即桥梁能量排桩换热管入口温度关于初始地温(测试现场为21.0 ℃)对称变化,这样可保证冬季取热和夏季注热的功率相同。综合考虑制冷机的功率,现场试验制冷、制热阶段换热管入口最低和最高温度分别为5 ℃和37 ℃。考虑到工期的限制,现场试验包括2轮冷-热温度循环,每轮冷-热温度循环中制冷和制热的周期均为180 h,总共720 h。试验过程中桥梁能量排桩换热管入口温度的变化如图2所示。换热管内换热液体的流速为0.9 m3/h,对应的雷诺数为15 300,可保证管道中的换热液体处于湍流状态,从而达到更优的换热效果[2]。冷-热循环结束后关闭循环水泵,使桩体的温度自然恢复至初始状态为止,最终恢复时间为480 h,现场试验总时长为1 200 h。
利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立了桥梁能量排桩热-力耦合三维数值模型,在复现桥梁能量排桩现场试验的基础上,进一步开展了拓展研究。数值模型中承台和桩基的几何形状及布置形式均与现场相同,土体分层与现场试验一致,如图3所示。模型中所用的材料参数与试验现场一致(见表1)。为了避免边界效应的影响,桩基到土体边界的最小距离选为10倍桩径[2],土体几何的长×宽×高分别为42.0 m× 20.0 m×40.0 m。
数值模型的建立基于以下假定:
(1)桩体和土体中能量传递为热传导,其控制方程为能量守恒方程[26]
(2)桩体为均匀各向同性的热弹性材料[14]
(3)土体为弹塑性材料,采用摩尔-库仑模型[16]
(4)通过在换热管位置处施加温度边界来模拟换热管的加热效应[17]
(5)桩-土界面采用Goodman单元,其中切向接触为考虑循环剪切特性的双曲线模型;法向接触为硬接触。
模型采用顺序耦合的方式对桥梁能量排桩热-力耦合特性进行模拟。首先,建立桥梁能量排桩的传热模型,计算得到能量排桩的温度场变化的结果。随后,建立桥梁能量排桩热-力耦合模型,热-力耦合模型中温度场的变化调用传热模型的温度场计算结果。所建立的传热模型和热-力耦合模型采用相同的几何模型及网格划分。热-力耦合模型包括3个分析步,第1步进行地应力平衡;第2步施加桩顶机械荷载(桩顶无机械荷载的工况不包括此分析步);第3步进行热-力耦合的计算,最终得到冷-热循环过程中桥梁能量排桩热-力响应的结果。
数值模型中土体和承台采用8面体网格,水平向采用映射的方式进行网格划分,轴向采用扫略的方式进行网格划分,如图3所示。数值模型的网格单元类型为C3D8R。由于热量扩散主要发生在能量排桩及附近土体区域,该区域温度梯度较大,因此对桩体及附近土体的网格进行了细化,模型中能量排桩水平向最大单元尺寸为0.13 m,桩-土界面上桩体与土体的网格相匹配。
力学边界方面,土体侧表面为辊支撑约束,底面为固定约束,土体顶面和承台表面为自由约束。冷-热循环温度作用下桥梁能量排桩产生热胀冷缩变形,导致桩-土接触面受到循环剪切作用[4]。为此,数值模型采用了考虑循环剪切特性的桩-土界面模型[27],通过编写子程序实现了该模型在ABAQUS中的二次开发。桩-土界面模型采用双曲线形式,桩侧剪应力和桩-土相对位移的关系为
式中:τ为桩-土界面上的剪应力;u为桩-土相对位移;Emax为桩-土界面荷载位移曲线的最大切线模量(初始模量),取为土体的弹性模量;b为模型参数,通过下式计算:
式中:Rf为曲线拟合参数,取为1[27]τf为桩-土界面极限剪应力;为桩-土界面上的法向应力;为桩-土界面的内摩擦角。
式(1)适用于单调加载。Chin等[27]通过将Masing's法则引入该式,使其能够考虑循环剪切作用下桩-土界面的力学特性,对于卸载时,有:
式中:τrur分别为荷载位移曲线转折点所对应的桩-土界面上的剪应力和相对位移。
对于再加载时,有:
式中:c为桩土接触面初始剪切模量的衰减系数,取为0.8[20]
传热边界方面,土体边界为热绝缘。Batini等[18]研究发现,换热管内换热液体的平均温度基本等于进口和出口温度的平均值,因此,数值模型通过在桥梁能量排桩换热管的位置添加温度边界来模拟换热管对能量桩的加热和制冷效应,该温度边界上的温度变化为现场试验测得的换热管进出口平均温度(见图2)。模型中桩体和土体的初始温度为21.0 ℃。
数值模拟研究工况包括2部分(见表2)。首先,对桥梁能量排桩现场试验进行复现,模型中施加于能量排桩的冷-热循环温度与现场试验一致,通过对比数值与试验结果,验证了模型的合理性,并为现场试验提供补充数据。其次,探究了桩顶荷载大小对桥梁能量排桩长期沉降特性的影响,桩顶荷载P分别为0%、20%、40%、60%、80%的极限承载力Pu,共包括20轮冷-热循环,每轮循环周期为1 a,温度变化采用正弦函数形式[14](见图4(a))。桥梁能量排桩的极限承载力Pu根据荷载-位移曲线确定(见图4(b))。图中,ΔT为温度变化量。
桥梁能量排桩温度的变化和分布规律如图5所示。由图5(a)可知,桩体温度与换热管温度变化规律一致。但由于混凝土存在热阻[8],桩体温度始终小于换热管温度。现场试验中采用冷-热平衡的温度荷载,制热和制冷过程中桩体的温度变化量基本一致。试验结束后经过480 h的自然恢复,桩体温度基本可恢复至初始值21 ℃。由图5(b)可知,沿桩深方向桩体温度基本为均匀分布,证明沿桩的轴向换热管对桩体产生了均匀的加热效应,Batini等[18]开展的研究中也发现了相同现象。数值模拟得到的桩体温度结果与现场实测结果基本吻合,说明建立的数值模型能够较为准确地模拟换热管对桥梁能量排桩的加热效应。
桩周土体及相邻非加热桩A和桩C的温度如图6所示。由图6(a)可知,当桥梁能量排桩温度升高/降低时,桩体向土体释放/吸收热量,导致桩体周围土体温度升高/降低。由于土体存在较大热阻,随着与桩体距离(r)的增加,土体温度迅速下降,最终温度影响范围约为1.5倍桩径(1.5 m)。现场试验中非加热桩与能量排桩之间的距离为5.4 m,该距离大于能量排桩的温度影响范围。因此,两根相邻非加热桩(桩A和桩C)的温度基本未受到能量排桩的影响,从而均未产生明显的温度变化(见图6(b))。桩C温度的轻微下降(约0.6 ℃)可归因于试验期间及之前一段时间内长期低气温导致桩基温度产生了轻微的降低。另外,由于桥梁能量排桩受到了冷-热平衡的温度荷载,因此,2轮循环过后桩周土体温度也未发生明显的累积现象(见图6),这一规律与桩-筏形式下能量桩的传热特性一致[14]
地热交互过程中桩体热胀冷缩,在土体和承台的约束下[4],桩体内产生了较大热应力。热应力由下式计算:
式中:σT为热应力;εT为热应变;αT为混凝土的热膨胀系数。桥梁能量排桩的热应力变化如图7所示。制冷阶段桩体内热应力为拉应力,制热阶段为压应力,热应力的变化趋势与桩体温度的变化基本一致,即温度变化越明显,桩体热应力越大。现场试验中桥梁能量排桩的温度变化量最大值约为±12 ℃,此时桩体热应力最大值为±1.6 MPa。制热过程中桩体最大附加压应力为−1.6 MPa,远小于C30混凝土抗压强度标准值,说明制热过程不会对桥梁能量排桩的力学性能造成过大的影响。然而,制冷过程桩体最大附加拉应力(1.6 MPa)接近C30混凝土抗拉强度的标准值2.01 MPa。因此,在冬季供暖需求较大的寒冷地区,应对桥梁能量排桩的混凝土强度等级或配筋予以加强。
试验结束后经过480 h自然恢复,桩体温度基本恢复至初始状态,此时桥梁能量排桩的热应力基本可恢复至0 MPa(见图7),证明冷-热循环过程中桥梁能量排桩未产生累积应力,LaLoui等[3]开展的桩-筏形式下能量桩现场试验中也观察到了相似的现象,可归因于现场试验时桩顶荷载等级较低。
由于桥梁能量排桩、非加热桩和承台连接为一个整体,当桥梁能量排桩B受热膨胀(或受冷收缩)时,其顶部产生向上(或向下)的位移,导致其与承台相互挤压或拉伸(见图8),造成桥梁能量排桩顶部和承台内均产生了较大附加应力。此外,桥梁能量排桩B会通过承台影响到相邻的两根非加热桩A和桩C,造成桩A和桩C受到承台的拉伸或压缩(见图8)。桩D和桩E在杠杆原理的作用下,也会受到承台的拉伸或压缩,作用力的方向与桩C相反。
图9(a)所示为非加热桩A和桩C的附加应力分布。需要强调非加热桩A和桩C距离桥梁能量排桩B的距离大于温度影响范围1.5倍桩径(见图6(a)),因此,桩A和桩C的温度未产生明显的变化(见图6(b))。然而,非加热桩A和桩C均产生了明显的拉/压应力,最大值发生在桩顶附近,约为±0.4 MPa(桥梁能量排桩最大热应力的25%),随着深度增加逐渐减小,符合轴向拉压荷载作用下桩基的荷载分布规律[28-29],此结果印证了桥梁能量排桩的热胀冷缩变形对相邻非加热桩受力的影响。
在桥梁能量排桩B及非加热桩A和桩C的共同作用下,承台会产生弯曲变形,导致承台内产生附加应力,如图9(b)所示。以加热工况为例,桥梁能量排桩B受热向上膨胀,B处承台变形为向上凸,承台上侧产生拉应力;非加热桩和承台的节点为刚性连接,因此桩A和桩C处承台变形为向下凹,承台上侧产生压应力;由于承台弯曲变形的挠曲线为连续光滑曲线,因此位置AB和BC处为反弯点,这两个位置承台的弯矩为0,因此横截面上应力几乎无变化;制冷工况下承台的受力与上述分析相反。上述承台的变形机制与承台顶部应力的分布规律相吻合(见图9(b)),印证了图8所示的桥梁能量排桩-承台-非加热桩相互作用机制。
为了进一步探讨桩顶承台对桥梁能量排桩的约束效应,与Laloui[3]和Amatya[30]等开展的桩-筏形式下能量桩现场试验的结果进行了对比,如图10所示。图中利用能量桩的最大热应力将桩体热应力分布进行了归一化。Laloui等[3]开展的试验中能量桩顶部为筏板,Amatya等[30]开展的现场试验中能量桩顶无约束。当桩顶无约束时,桩顶向上的热膨胀变形可自由发展,此时能量桩顶处几乎不产生热应力;当桩顶为筏板时,由于筏板可在一定程度上限制能量桩顶的热膨胀变形,能量桩顶观察到了明显的热应力,约为桩体最大热应力的57%。本文开展的现场试验中桥梁能量排桩顶部为刚度较大的承台,承台对桥梁能量排桩造成了较强的约束,导致桩体顶部产生较大的热应力,达到桩体最大热应力的80%。上述结果强调了桩顶的约束类型对能量桩热应力的影响。因此,当能量桩顶部结构刚度较大时,应考虑对桩顶局部进行加强。
制冷和制热工况下承台产生的最大应力约为±2.0 MPa,超过了桥梁能量排桩的最大热应力±1.6 MPa,接近C30混凝土抗拉强度标准值2.01 MPa,此时承台容易产生开裂,因此设计中除了需要考虑温度荷载对桥梁能量排桩力学特性的影响外,还应重点考虑承台的力学特性。此外,由图9可知,数值模拟得到的非加热桩和承台力学响应结果与现场实测结果能够较好的吻合,说明建立的数值模拟能模拟桥梁能量排桩-承台-非加热桩相互作用。
Olgun等[14]开展的研究表明,在不平衡的冷-热循环温度条件下能量桩向周围土体吸收和释放的热量不相等,此时能量桩及周围土体会产生热堆积现象,从而导致能量桩的长期沉降。而本文的研究目标是揭示不同等级桩顶荷载对桥梁能量排桩长期沉降的影响机制,需排除桩体及土体热堆积现象的干扰。因此,本研究采用了平衡的冷-热循环温度(见图4(a))。
模型计算得到的20轮冷-热循环过程中桥梁能量排桩的温度变化,如图11所示。由图可知,热-冷循环温度会导致桥梁能量排桩的温度交替上升和下降。每轮温度循环过程中,桥梁能量排桩的温度变化量基本相同,不随循环次数的增加而变化。这一结果表明在平衡的冷-热循环温度条件下能量排桩未产生热堆积现象。此外,不同等级桩顶荷载(P/Pu分别为0%、20%、40%、60%、80%)所对应的数值模型中,施加于桥梁能量排桩的温度条件一致,进一步排除了温度条件对能量排桩长期沉降的影响,从而突出了桩顶荷载等级的影响。
不同桩顶荷载下桥梁能量排桩长期沉降的变化如图12所示。由图可知,当P/Pu=0时,冷-热循环未导致桥梁能量排桩产生长期沉降,这与现场试验的结果吻合。当P/Pu≠0时,随着冷-热循环次数的增加,桥梁能量排桩逐渐产生沉降,但沉降产生的速率逐渐减小,且随着桩顶荷载的增大该现象更加显著。此规律与Nguyen等[10]开展的能量桩模型试验的规律一致。
为了方便预测桥梁能量排桩长期沉降的变化,采用下式对结果进行了拟合:
式中:δT为冷-热循环中桥梁能量排桩的长期沉降;Nc为冷-热循环次数;为20轮冷-热循环后桥梁能量排桩的沉降;β为拟合参数。由图12可知,式(6)能较好地预测桥梁能量排桩的长期沉降(图中实线),说明冷-热循环温度下桥梁能量排桩的长期沉降的变化趋势呈负指数增长。
为了进一步揭示桥梁能量排桩长期沉降的产生机制,分析了不同桩顶荷载下(P/Pu=0%和60%)桥梁能量排桩-土界面上侧摩阻力与剪切位移的关系,如图13所示。假设当桩体相对土体产生向下的位移为负,该方向的桩-土相对位移引起的桩-土界面上的侧摩阻力为正。由图13(a)可知,当P/Pu=0%时,桩体受热膨胀,此时桩体下部(z=15 m)相对土体产生向下位移,桩体受冷收缩时则相反,多次冷-热循环温度下,桩-土界面上的侧摩阻力与桩-土相对位移交替变号,说明冷-热循环会引起桩-土界面的循环剪切。
图13(a)可知,当P/Pu=0%时,随着温度循环次数的增加,桩-土界面上荷载-位移曲线的初始切线斜率(桩-土界面的剪切刚度)逐渐减小,这是由于数值模型采用的桩-土界面模型中初始刚度随着循环剪切次数增加逐渐降低。另外,当桩顶荷载水平较低时(P/Pu=0%),桩-土之间的相对位移主要由桩体热胀冷缩变形所引起,此时桩-土界面上的剪切位移量较小,所导致桩-土界面上产生的侧摩阻力远小于界面的摩阻力极限值,侧摩阻力留有足够的储备,因此桩-土之间的循环剪切并未导致不可恢复塑性位移的产生,故P/Pu=0%时桥梁能量排桩未产生长期沉降(见图12)。
上述桩-土界面的受力过程在每次冷-热循环过程中均会出现,因此随着冷-热循环次数增加,桥梁能量排桩长期沉降逐渐增大(见图12)。综上,桩顶机械荷载越大,侧摩阻力的安全储备越小,冷-热循环导致的桩-土循环剪切越容易导致桥梁能量排桩产生不可恢复的桩-土相对位移,最终造成更大的长期沉降。
不同桩顶荷载下(P/Pu分别为0%、60%)桩端阻力变化与桩体温度变化的关系如图14所示。为了突出桩顶荷载与冷-热温度循环的施加对桩端阻力的影响,将地应力平衡分析步结束时的桩端阻力做了归零化处理,图中所示为桩顶荷载施加与冷-热温度循环阶段桩端阻力的变化。由图可知,当桩体温度升高时,桩端阻力增大;当桩体温度降低时,桩端阻力减小。这是由于冷-热循环温度下桩体的热胀冷缩变形会影响桩底与桩端土体之间的相互挤压作用。
P/Pu=0%时,桩体温度升高阶段和降低阶段桩端阻力随桩体温差变化的速率基本相等,因此每轮冷-热循环中桩端阻力的变化基本相同,即桩端阻力表现为热弹性。20轮冷-热循环过后桩端阻力未观察到明显的累积现象,这与P/Pu=0%时桥梁能量排桩未产生长期沉降的结果相符合。
P/Pu=60%时,最初时刻施加桩顶荷载导致桩端阻力迅速增大至865 kN,占桩顶荷载量(2 880 kN)的30%。随后在冷-热循环过程中,桩体升温阶段桩端阻力的变化速率始终大于桩体降温阶段,导致每轮冷-热循环过后桩端阻力产生了累积现象。20轮冷-热循环过后桩端阻力的累积量为945 kN,约为桩顶荷载施加所产生桩端阻力(865 kN)的1.1倍。此外,桩端阻力的累积现象在最初几轮冷-热循环较为明显,随着循环次数增加逐渐趋于稳定,与能量排桩长期沉降的演化规律相似。
上述桩端阻力的累积现象表明,冷-热循环会加剧上部荷载向桩底传递,导致能量排桩侧摩阻力向桩端阻力的转化,可归因于冷-热循环下桥梁能量排桩长期沉降导致的桩底与土体的进一步挤压。因此,桥梁能量排桩设计或施工时应注重桩端的承载性能,例如将桩端设置在力学性能较好的持力层,或浇筑混凝土前应仔细清除钻孔产生的桩底浮渣。
P/Pu=0%和P/Pu=60%时承台下侧的应力分布如图15所示。当P/Pu=0%时,由于冷-热循环中桥梁能量排桩未产生明显的长期沉降,因此20轮冷-热循环过后承台的应力分布基本不变,这与现场试验中观测到的规律一致(见图9)。
P/Pu=60%时,由于随着循环次数增加桥梁能量排桩逐渐产生长期沉降(见图12),导致承台受到能量排桩向下的下拽效应,进而造成承台下侧产生了较大拉应力(见图15(b))。20轮冷-热循环过后,承台下侧的最大拉应力高达3.75 MPa,超过C30混凝土抗拉强度标准值2.20 MPa,这会导致承台混凝土的开裂。因此,当桥梁能量排桩的桩顶荷载较大时,应对承台底部的配筋进行加密处理,从而避免桥梁能量排桩长期沉降导致的承台混凝土开裂。
本文通过现场试验和数值模拟相结合的方法,研究了冷-热循环温度下桥梁能量排桩的热-力学特性,主要得到以下结论:
(1)桩顶承台的较强约束会导致桩顶局部产生较大的热应力,可达桩体最大热应力的80%。尤其在制冷工况下,桩顶局部的热应力(拉应力)达到1.1 MPa,因此桥梁能量排桩顶部配筋应局部加强。
(2)桥梁能量排桩-承台-非加热桩相互作用会导致承台、非加热桩的荷载重分布。承台的最大附加应力接近C30混凝土的抗拉强度2.01 MPa,但非加热桩的最大附加应力仅为桥梁能量排桩最大热应力的25%。
(3)冷-热温度循环会导致桥梁能量排桩产生长期沉降,且长期沉降随着循环次数增加呈负指数增长。桩顶荷载越大长期沉降现象越明显,可归因于较大的桩顶荷载导致桩-土界面的受力接近或达到极限状态,随后冷-热循环造成桩-土界面进一步循环剪切,极限状态下桩-土界面循环剪切会产生塑性剪切位移,最终导致桩体长期沉降的产生。
(4)桥梁能量排桩的长期沉降使承台受到向下的拉拽效应,导致承台内产生的附加应力高达3.75 MPa,超过了混凝土的抗拉强度。因此,需加强桥梁能量排桩顶部承台的配筋以防止混凝土开裂。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52478347; 52008225)
  • 山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2024ME108)
  • 山东省“青创团队计划”(2023KJ115)
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2025年第46卷第11期
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doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2025.0570
  • 接收时间:2025-06-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-11-14
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-02
  • 录用日期:2025-09-16
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52478347; 52008225)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52478347; 52008225)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2024ME108)
山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2024ME108)
Youth Innovation Team Foundation of Shandong Province(2023KJ115)
山东省“青创团队计划”(2023KJ115)
作者信息
    1.青岛理工大学 理学院,山东 青岛 266525
    2.河海大学 土木与交通学院,江苏 南京 210024
    3.中建八局发展建设公司,山东 青岛 266061

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缪玉松,男,1986年生,博士,副教授,主要从事地下工程方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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