Article(id=1244316348424237449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16285/j.rsm.2025.0089, pmid=null, cstr=32223.14.j.rsm.2025.0089, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737561600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1746633600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-05-08, onlineDate=1774597735744, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1763049600000, pubDateStr=2025-11-14, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774597735744, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774597735744, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597735744, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244316342938087728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, year='2025', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='3329', pageEnd='3672', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774597734436, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597825220, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244316723801862468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244316723806056773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3523, endPage=3533, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244316348772364693, articleId=1244316348424237449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, language=EN, title=Experimental study on vacuum combined with electro-osmosis for reinforcing ultrafine particle dredged soil, columnId=1244316343936332083, journalTitle=Rock and Soil Mechanics, columnName=Fundamental Theory and Experimental Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Vacuum preloading, as a widely adopted ground improvement method for saturated soft soils with high water content, is extensively applied in large-scale coastal reclamation projects. However, post-reinforcement bearing capacity remains insufficient in many engineering cases, particularly with limited strength improvement in deep soil layers. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the consolidation efficiency of vacuum preloading is constrained by two critical factors: depth-dependent attenuation of vacuum pressure and fine particle enrichment-induced clogging of drainage paths near prefabricated vertical drains. To address these challenges, this study integrates electro-osmosis with vacuum preloading (EVP) during the later stage of vacuum preloading in the dredger fill project of Yueqing Bay North Port Area. A large-scale model test pool was employed, where conventional vacuum preloading was conducted for 108 days until settlement stabilization, followed by a two-phase EVP intervention. The first phase lasted 11 days, after which electrode polarity was reversed for the second phase (6.5 days), totaling 17.5 days of EVP reinforcement. Post-EVP results revealed significant improvements: at depths of 20 cm, 60 cm, and 100 cm, soil water content decreased by 4.2%,4.84%, and 2.34%, respectively, while vane shear strength increased by 32%, 75%, and 61.1%. The test results indicate that superimposing the electro-osmosis method during the later stage of vacuum preloading can achieve a significant improvement in vane shear strength (with a water content reduction of less than 5%). Particularly for deep soil layers with low initial strength that are difficult to reinforce solely by vacuum preloading, the strength increased by 61%−75%, demonstrating effective reinforcement performance.

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真空预压作为一种常见的处理高含水率饱和软土的地基加固方式,在大面积围海造陆工程中应用广泛。但是在许多真空预压加固饱和软土的工程案例中存在加固后地基承载力偏低,尤其是深层土体强度提高幅度有限的情况。大量研究表明,真空预压的加固效果受限于两个核心因素:真空度随深度的衰减效应以及细颗粒在排水板附近的富集对水流路径的阻塞作用。针对上述问题,依托乐清湾北港区吹填工程,提出在真空预压加固后期,采用电渗联合真空预压(electro-osmosis with vacuum preloading,简称EVP)进行短期加固以研究土体强度增长规律。试验通过采用大尺寸模型试验池的方式,先按正常的真空预压步骤抽气108 d,待沉降曲线稳定后,开启电渗联合真空预压加固。该阶段分为两个小的阶段,第1阶段持续11 d,然后对阴阳极进行互换开启第2阶段电渗联合真空预压试验,第2阶段持续6.5 d,共进行17.5 d电渗联合真空预压加固。经电渗联合真空预压加固后,20、60、100 cm 3个深度的土体含水率分别降低4.2%、4.84%、2.34%,十字板强度分别提高32%、75%、61.1%。试验结果表明:真空预压后期通过叠加电渗法,可在含水率降幅小于5%的情况下,实现十字板强度较大幅度的提升,特别是对于原先强度较低,单纯真空预压法加固困难的深层土体,强度提升了61%~75%,具有较好的加固效果。

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胡小波,男,1984年生,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事近海工程地基处理、海岸稳定性等研究。E-mail:
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王兵,男,1985年生,硕士,工程师,主要从事水利及水运工程质量检测、安全评估与科研工作。E-mail:

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王兵,男,1985年生,硕士,工程师,主要从事水利及水运工程质量检测、安全评估与科研工作。E-mail:

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王兵,男,1985年生,硕士,工程师,主要从事水利及水运工程质量检测、安全评估与科研工作。E-mail:

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A calculation method of permeability coefficient of clogging zone in vacuum preloading of waste slurry[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2024, 45(7): 2085-2093., articleTitle=A calculation method of permeability coefficient of clogging zone in vacuum preloading of waste slurry, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1244316370943455599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348424237449, awardId=2024YFC3212400, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFC3212400), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1244316371048313207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348424237449, awardId=2024YFC3212400, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFC3212400), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1244316371182530941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348424237449, awardId=208085US0, language=EN, fundingSource=Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation Joint Fund Project for Water Science(208085US0), fundOrder=null, country=null), 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348424237449, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of particle size distributions in dredged soils from typical navigation channels across China's sea regions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海域典型航道主要粒径类型黏粒占比范围/%工程特性
渤海湾唐山港、天津港粉砂、淤泥15~30低渗透性中等固结,易受冲刷
黄海青岛港、连云港港粉砂、细砂10~20
东海上海港、宁波舟山港粉砂、粗粉砂5~15高流动性抗剪强度低,易液化
南海广州港、深圳港砂、粉砂混合10~25
), ArticleFig(id=1244316366887563450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348424237449, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

我国各海域典型航道疏浚土粒径分布对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海域典型航道主要粒径类型黏粒占比范围/%工程特性
渤海湾唐山港、天津港粉砂、淤泥15~30低渗透性中等固结,易受冲刷
黄海青岛港、连云港港粉砂、细砂10~20
东海上海港、宁波舟山港粉砂、粗粉砂5~15高流动性抗剪强度低,易液化
南海广州港、深圳港砂、粉砂混合10~25
), ArticleFig(id=1244316366975643844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348424237449, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Mineral composition percentage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号质量百分比/%
石英蒙脱石伊利石绿泥石方解石
试样110~1515~2520~3030~35<5
试样210~1515~2535~4025~30<5
), ArticleFig(id=1244316367072112847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348424237449, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

矿物组成百分数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号质量百分比/%
石英蒙脱石伊利石绿泥石方解石
试样110~1515~2520~3030~35<5
试样210~1515~2535~4025~30<5
), ArticleFig(id=1244316367176970452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348424237449, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Physical and mechanical properties of undisturbed soil in navigation channel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩土名称含水率/%天然重度/(kN·m−3孔隙比e0土体相对密度黏聚力/kPa内摩擦角/(°)
①层 淤泥66.316.211.8242.756.14.7
②层 淤泥74.015.612.0762.767.43.4
), ArticleFig(id=1244316367269245148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348424237449, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

航道原状土物理力学指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩土名称含水率/%天然重度/(kN·m−3孔隙比e0土体相对密度黏聚力/kPa内摩擦角/(°)
①层 淤泥66.316.211.8242.756.14.7
②层 淤泥74.015.612.0762.767.43.4
), ArticleFig(id=1244316367390879973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348424237449, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of the first stage of vacuum combined with electro-osmotic testing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
点位十字板强度/kPa含水率/%
20 cm深60 cm深100 cm深20 cm深60 cm深100 cm深
阴115.35.24.750.1354.3259.97
阴213.16.34.949.9555.3757.85
阴阳313.57.16.448.8753.2757.83
阴阳420.89.04.948.5453.5657.62
阴阳520.18.75.948.3954.1257.94
阳619.68.76.849.0354.0658.05
阳714.78.77.448.5254.3358.57
), ArticleFig(id=1244316367491543277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348424237449, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

第1阶段真空联合电渗后检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
点位十字板强度/kPa含水率/%
20 cm深60 cm深100 cm深20 cm深60 cm深100 cm深
阴115.35.24.750.1354.3259.97
阴213.16.34.949.9555.3757.85
阴阳313.57.16.448.8753.2757.83
阴阳420.89.04.948.5453.5657.62
阴阳520.18.75.948.3954.1257.94
阳619.68.76.849.0354.0658.05
阳714.78.77.448.5254.3358.57
), ArticleFig(id=1244316367621566713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348424237449, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Average soil indicators after the first stage of electro-osmosis combined with vacuum preloading reinforcement

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
点位十字板强度/kPa含水率/%
20 cm深60 cm深100 cm深20 cm深60 cm深100 cm深
电渗前平均值12.654.884.7352.4257.5760.60
阴极附近平均值14.205.754.8050.0454.8558.91
阳极附近平均值17.158.707.1048.7854.2058.31
阴阳之间平均值18.138.275.7348.6053.6557.80
), ArticleFig(id=1244316369232179461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348424237449, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

第1阶段真空预压联合电渗加固后土体指标平均值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
点位十字板强度/kPa含水率/%
20 cm深60 cm深100 cm深20 cm深60 cm深100 cm深
电渗前平均值12.654.884.7352.4257.5760.60
阴极附近平均值14.205.754.8050.0454.8558.91
阳极附近平均值17.158.707.1048.7854.2058.31
阴阳之间平均值18.138.275.7348.6053.6557.80
), ArticleFig(id=1244316369370591502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348424237449, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Change rates of soil indicators after first stage electro-osmosis combined with vacuum preloading reinforcement

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
深度/%阴极附近平均变化率/%阳极附近平均变化率/%阴阳极之间变化率/%3个测点平均值/%
十字板强度含水率十字板强度含水率十字板强度含水率十字板强度含水率
2012.302.3835.603.6443.303.8230.403.28
6017.802.7278.303.3769.503.9255.203.34
1001.501.6950.102.2921.102.8024.232.26
), ArticleFig(id=1244316369529975069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348424237449, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

第1阶段真空预压联合电渗加固后土体指标变化率

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深度/%阴极附近平均变化率/%阳极附近平均变化率/%阴阳极之间变化率/%3个测点平均值/%
十字板强度含水率十字板强度含水率十字板强度含水率十字板强度含水率
2012.302.3835.603.6443.303.8230.403.28
6017.802.7278.303.3769.503.9255.203.34
1001.501.6950.102.2921.102.8024.232.26
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Test results of the second stage of vacuum preloading combined with electro-osmosis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
点位十字板强度/kPa含水率/%
20 cm深60 cm深100 cm深20 cm深60 cm深100 cm深
119.67.35.449.3054.1158.43
213.87.56.349.1553.6858.25
320.911.713.248.8453.4558.31
415.610.312.948.2452.5357.49
521.511.26.548.1952.3557.34
612.87.46.947.5953.1556.34
716.28.16.148.2151.7556.25
814.67.87.247.6353.5757.27
915.98.06.147.3552.8556.73
1017.59.27.348.3652.3757.34
1118.77.27.448.2351.7456.93
1213.96.86.247.8951.3657.33
1316.18.77.647.9252.5656.50
), ArticleFig(id=1244316369836159278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348424237449, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

真空联合电渗二阶段检测结果

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点位十字板强度/kPa含水率/%
20 cm深60 cm深100 cm深20 cm深60 cm深100 cm深
119.67.35.449.3054.1158.43
213.87.56.349.1553.6858.25
320.911.713.248.8453.4558.31
415.610.312.948.2452.5357.49
521.511.26.548.1952.3557.34
612.87.46.947.5953.1556.34
716.28.16.148.2151.7556.25
814.67.87.247.6353.5757.27
915.98.06.147.3552.8556.73
1017.59.27.348.3652.3757.34
1118.77.27.448.2351.7456.93
1213.96.86.247.8951.3657.33
1316.18.77.647.9252.5656.50
), ArticleFig(id=1244316369953599801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348424237449, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Data analysis of the second stage of vacuum preloading combined with electro-osmosis tests

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
点位十字板强度/kPa含水率/%
20 cm深60 cm深100 cm深20 cm深60 cm深100 cm深
116.737.675.8649.0654.1558.26
216.708.557.6248.2252.7357.27
), ArticleFig(id=1244316370087817538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348424237449, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

真空联合电渗二阶段试验数据分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
点位十字板强度/kPa含水率/%
20 cm深60 cm深100 cm深20 cm深60 cm深100 cm深
116.737.675.8649.0654.1558.26
216.708.557.6248.2252.7357.27
), ArticleFig(id=1244316370230423880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348424237449, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Statistics of electricity consumption for vacuum combined electro-osmosis tests

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶段工序持续时间/d电渗电压变化真空用电量/kW·h电渗用电量/kW·h
1阶段电渗+真空预压9.0前3 d由5.5 V逐渐减小至4.5 V,后稳定在4.5 V23859.73
纯真空预压2.0
2阶段纯真空预压2.523553.1
电渗+真空预压4.0前4 h,电压升至57.9 V,后20 min迅速降至24 V,后稳定在22~26 V
), ArticleFig(id=1244316370381418832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348424237449, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

真空联合电渗用电情况统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶段工序持续时间/d电渗电压变化真空用电量/kW·h电渗用电量/kW·h
1阶段电渗+真空预压9.0前3 d由5.5 V逐渐减小至4.5 V,后稳定在4.5 V23859.73
纯真空预压2.0
2阶段纯真空预压2.523553.1
电渗+真空预压4.0前4 h,电压升至57.9 V,后20 min迅速降至24 V,后稳定在22~26 V
), ArticleFig(id=1244316370536608093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348424237449, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

Detection results before and after vacuum electro-osmosis tests

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加固阶段电渗前均值十字板强度/kPa含水率/%
20 cm深60 cm深100 cm深20 cm深60 cm深100 cm深
电渗前均值12.654.884.7352.4257.5760.60
电渗后均值16.708.557.6248.2252.7357.27
), ArticleFig(id=1244316370758906208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316348424237449, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

真空电渗前后的检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加固阶段电渗前均值十字板强度/kPa含水率/%
20 cm深60 cm深100 cm深20 cm深60 cm深100 cm深
电渗前均值12.654.884.7352.4257.5760.60
电渗后均值16.708.557.6248.2252.7357.27
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真空联合电渗加固超细颗粒疏浚土试验研究
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王兵 1, 2 , 胡小波 3 , 孔楠楠 1, 2
岩土力学 | 基础理论与实验研究 2025,46(11): 3523-3533
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岩土力学 | 基础理论与实验研究 2025, 46(11): 3523-3533
真空联合电渗加固超细颗粒疏浚土试验研究
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王兵1, 2 , 胡小波3 , 孔楠楠1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.安徽省(水利部淮河水利委员会)水利科学研究院,安徽 合肥 233040
  • 2.安徽省水科学与智慧水利重点实验室,安徽 合肥 233040
  • 3.中交上海三航科学研究院,上海 200032
  • 王兵,男,1985年生,硕士,工程师,主要从事水利及水运工程质量检测、安全评估与科研工作。E-mail:

通讯作者:

胡小波,男,1984年生,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事近海工程地基处理、海岸稳定性等研究。E-mail:
Experimental study on vacuum combined with electro-osmosis for reinforcing ultrafine particle dredged soil
Bing WANG1, 2 , Xiao-bo HU3 , Nan-nan KONG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Anhui Provincial (Huaihe River Conservancy Commission of the Ministry of Water Resources) Water Resources Science Research Institute, Hefei, Anhui 233040, China
  • 2.Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Science and Intelligent Water Conservancy, Hefei, Anhui 233040, China
  • 3.CCCC Third Harbor Scientific Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200032, China
出版时间: 2025-11-14 doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2025.0089
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真空预压作为一种常见的处理高含水率饱和软土的地基加固方式,在大面积围海造陆工程中应用广泛。但是在许多真空预压加固饱和软土的工程案例中存在加固后地基承载力偏低,尤其是深层土体强度提高幅度有限的情况。大量研究表明,真空预压的加固效果受限于两个核心因素:真空度随深度的衰减效应以及细颗粒在排水板附近的富集对水流路径的阻塞作用。针对上述问题,依托乐清湾北港区吹填工程,提出在真空预压加固后期,采用电渗联合真空预压(electro-osmosis with vacuum preloading,简称EVP)进行短期加固以研究土体强度增长规律。试验通过采用大尺寸模型试验池的方式,先按正常的真空预压步骤抽气108 d,待沉降曲线稳定后,开启电渗联合真空预压加固。该阶段分为两个小的阶段,第1阶段持续11 d,然后对阴阳极进行互换开启第2阶段电渗联合真空预压试验,第2阶段持续6.5 d,共进行17.5 d电渗联合真空预压加固。经电渗联合真空预压加固后,20、60、100 cm 3个深度的土体含水率分别降低4.2%、4.84%、2.34%,十字板强度分别提高32%、75%、61.1%。试验结果表明:真空预压后期通过叠加电渗法,可在含水率降幅小于5%的情况下,实现十字板强度较大幅度的提升,特别是对于原先强度较低,单纯真空预压法加固困难的深层土体,强度提升了61%~75%,具有较好的加固效果。

超细颗粒疏浚土  /  高含水率  /  真空预压  /  电渗  /  模型试验

Vacuum preloading, as a widely adopted ground improvement method for saturated soft soils with high water content, is extensively applied in large-scale coastal reclamation projects. However, post-reinforcement bearing capacity remains insufficient in many engineering cases, particularly with limited strength improvement in deep soil layers. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the consolidation efficiency of vacuum preloading is constrained by two critical factors: depth-dependent attenuation of vacuum pressure and fine particle enrichment-induced clogging of drainage paths near prefabricated vertical drains. To address these challenges, this study integrates electro-osmosis with vacuum preloading (EVP) during the later stage of vacuum preloading in the dredger fill project of Yueqing Bay North Port Area. A large-scale model test pool was employed, where conventional vacuum preloading was conducted for 108 days until settlement stabilization, followed by a two-phase EVP intervention. The first phase lasted 11 days, after which electrode polarity was reversed for the second phase (6.5 days), totaling 17.5 days of EVP reinforcement. Post-EVP results revealed significant improvements: at depths of 20 cm, 60 cm, and 100 cm, soil water content decreased by 4.2%,4.84%, and 2.34%, respectively, while vane shear strength increased by 32%, 75%, and 61.1%. The test results indicate that superimposing the electro-osmosis method during the later stage of vacuum preloading can achieve a significant improvement in vane shear strength (with a water content reduction of less than 5%). Particularly for deep soil layers with low initial strength that are difficult to reinforce solely by vacuum preloading, the strength increased by 61%−75%, demonstrating effective reinforcement performance.

ultra-fine-grained dredged soil  /  high water content  /  vacuum preloading  /  electro-osmosis  /  model test
王兵, 胡小波, 孔楠楠. 真空联合电渗加固超细颗粒疏浚土试验研究. 岩土力学, 2025 , 46 (11) : 3523 -3533 . DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2025.0089
Bing WANG, Xiao-bo HU, Nan-nan KONG. Experimental study on vacuum combined with electro-osmosis for reinforcing ultrafine particle dredged soil[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (11) : 3523 -3533 . DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2025.0089
真空预压法作为一种常见的疏浚土地基加固方法,具有较高的效费比,然而,由于抽真空过程中细颗粒向塑料排水板不断富集,在抽真空的后期,塑料排水板的淤堵效应越发明显[1],不仅导致后期出水越来越困难,同时也造成加固效果的下降和抽真空电费的上升。对于超细颗粒疏浚土地基,以往诸多工程案例的检测表明,经真空预压处理后,其深层的含水率仍然较高,十字板强度仍然较低,有时甚至很难达到验收标准,这给地基加固的质量和后续的地基使用带来了困难[2-3]。本文提出在抽真空的后期,当真空预压的加固效能逐渐降低,沉降基本收敛后,探索采用电渗联合真空预压法以进一步降低其含水率,改善加固效果,通过短期的电渗联合真空预压法,进一步提高地基强度。在电渗加固软土方面,近年来多位学者已开展相关研究和应用[4-16],高志义等[6]较早开展室内模型试验研究,发现真空联合电渗法较单独的真空预压加固法可使土体强度提高数倍,加固效果十分明显。王军等[7-9]采用间歇式真空预压联合电渗的方法,有效解决了持续抽真空后期效果不好且耗能较多的困扰,降低土体流变性、增强稳定性。卢雪清等[10]研究发现:联合电渗法可以有效提升水平向排水结构和竖向排水结构真空预压法后期排水效率,提高远端土体固结程度,且采用间歇断开式联合电渗法处理工程废浆,可以明显提升土体整体强度和均匀性。张雷[11]、潘卓杰[12]等通过添加絮凝剂的方式模拟悬浮状疏浚土的沉淀过程,认为在固结度达到80%时介入电渗可以达到较好的加固效果。然而该研究跟实际的前期抽真空情形还存在着差异,不能完全真实地反映实际工程中抽真空后期塑料排水板淤堵的情形。周凤玺等[13]研究建立了非饱和土体在电渗-真空作用下电场—孔压场—位移场相互耦合的数学模型,分析总结了排水固结规律,并结合室内模型试验验证应用效果。李水江等[14]研究发现对于疏浚淤泥地基,真空预压联合逐级动力压实和电渗法的处理加固效果更显著,探究了动力压实的最佳启动时间。孙召花等[15-16]研究发现:真空预压与电渗异步加固时效果更佳,研究成果应用于温州某围海造地吹填土地基现场。本文依托乐清湾疏浚土加固工程,在项目附近设计了一个试验池,前期进行真空预压试验,真空预压达到卸载标准后进行土体物理和力学指标的检测,完成检测后,在试验池安装电渗试验用的电极,并分阶段进行电渗-真空预压联合加固试验。相比内陆地区软土地基加固,由于海水中含钠、镁、钙、钾、锶等阳离子,其中钠离子含量约占海水的35‰,对于提高电渗性能应该有积极的作用。Burnnotte[17]、Ou[18]等学者通过研究发现,在电极或者土体里注入含盐的化学溶液后能明显改善电渗性能。
本次试验所用的吹填土来自乐清湾港区航道处,属海相静水流或缓慢水流环境沉积的淤泥土,具有高孔隙率、高含水率、高灵敏度、高触变性、低抗剪强度及排水固结缓慢等特性,工程性质极差。从工程场地采取土样,进行室内颗粒分析试验,试验采用比重瓶法进行,获得本试验用的疏浚土颗粒分布,如图1所示。
根据图1可知,该疏浚土粒径小于75 μm的细颗粒含量达97.86%,粒径小于5 μm的黏粒含量达49.04%。根据文献资料统计,我国各海域黏粒分布范围如表1所示。
表1可知,本工程所用的疏浚土黏粒含量明显大于我国四大海域典型的几条航道中疏浚土的黏粒含量。从微观角度看,相对于较粗的颗粒,黏粒具有较大的比表面积,较强的黏聚力,这种特性导致疏浚土在宏观上表现出更低的渗透系数,排水固结的效果较差,土体的力学指标较差。在工程场地选取2份土试样,采用HX041型X射线衍射仪,在温度为25 ℃、湿度为42%的环境下进行矿物成分检测,分析结果见表2
表2可知,该疏浚土中亲水性强的矿物主要为蒙脱石,含量在15%~25%之间,其层间结合力弱,完全可交换阳离子(如Na+、Ca2+),易吸附水分子进入层间并导致膨胀。伊利石属于较强亲水性矿物,其表面水云母表面因含有羟基(−OH)和层间阳离子(如K+、Na+),易与水分子结合,表现出较强的亲水性,伊利石含量在20%~40%之间。这两种矿物累积含量在35%~65%之间,因此本地区疏浚土具有很强的亲水性。
根据室内土工试验的结果,本工程①层、②层淤泥液限分别为45.0%、52.1%,塑限为26.0%、29.1%,对应的塑性指数分别为19.0、22.9。据表3可知,其天然含水率均超过其液限,疏浚前,原状土的液限指数分别为2.12、1.97,均为流塑状态,其天然孔隙比均大于1.5,表现出较差的物理和力学特性。
本次室内试验前,在现场大面积吹填区域设置了4个100 m×30 m的现场试验区,对不同的塑料排水板插设间距、不同的真空梯度加载方式、不同的塑料排水板型号进行了对比试验。试验采用正交法设计以减少对比组数量。以A区为例,其塑料排水板采用了B型板,插板深度约为5.0 m,塑料排水板间距为80 cm,经过长达136 d的真空预压后(中间因台风停泵实际抽真空时间约为122 d),对其0.5、1.5、2.5、3.5 m深度进行取样检测,各深度平均含水率分别为59.19%、63.89%、65.50%、70.17%,对应的十字板抗剪强度分别为5.6、4.6、2.7、3.2 kPa。与表3对比可知,经过长时间真空预压加固后,其含水率仅略低于航道原状土的天然含水率,明显高于其液限,但因其原有结构被破坏,其抗剪强度甚至低于原状土抗剪强度。因此,本试验设计的主要目的在于解决真空预压后期含水率下降慢、强度增长困难的问题。表2表明,甬台温地区悬浮状疏浚土矿物成分以中强亲水性的黏土矿物蒙脱石和中等强度亲水性的伊利石占比较高,蒙脱石主要依靠黏滞性的结合水膜连接,静吸附能力强,颗粒间以润滑摩擦为主。非黏性土矿物如石英,颗粒间直接接触较多而吸附水膜很薄,静吸附力非常微弱,主要靠直接摩擦和机械咬合力抵抗颗粒间的滑动,但缺乏黏聚力。因此,该吹填土具有较高的塑性、较大的压缩性和较低的渗透性。
结合本工程吹填土的工程特性以及前期现场试验的检测结果,本试验设计的主要思路是在真空预压的后期,通过电渗的介入,加强土体中水分的排出,从而达到继续降低含水率,促进土体固结,提高其力学强度的目的。
为了对真空预压及电渗过程进行更加详细准确的监测及检测,本次试验主要采用设置真空预压试验池的方式进行。试验池平面尺寸为8.15 m×2.90 m,分割成3个2.4 m×2.4 m的小池,深度为1.9 m,分别进行不同真空梯度下的真空预压试验。本次真空联合电渗试验在C池进行,为了平衡泥浆对试验池的压力,试验池一部分在地面以下,一部分在地面以上,地面以上高为1.1 m,地面以下深为0.8 m。现场模型试验池如图2所示。
在真空预压前,利用泥浆泵从吹填区抽出泥浆后灌入试验池,泥面高度为1.8 m,并采用搅拌设备充分搅拌均匀以模拟真实的吹填状态,搅拌均匀后其初始含水率约为142%,然后静置15 d左右以模拟现场自然沉淀的状态。试验总体分为两个阶段,第1阶段为正常真空预压阶段,按照40、80 kPa两级加载的方式进行抽真空,至沉降稳定后卸载并检测,第1阶段共持续108 d;第2阶段为真空预压联合电渗阶段,分两个小阶段进行,第1阶段耗时11 d(先进行9 d真空预压联合电渗,再进行2 d纯真空预压),该阶段完成后,先对电极正负极进行互换,然后继续开展第2小阶段试验,第2阶段共耗时6.5 d(先进行2.5 d的纯真空预压,再进行4 d的真空预压联合电渗)。
该试验装置主要包含试验池、水气分离系统、真空稳压系统、真空泵、量测系统、塑料排水板及密封膜等,塑料排水板间距为60 cm,采用A型板。其平面、断面布置如图3所示。
真空预压的主要工序为:在泥面铺设一层编织土工布、插设塑料排水板、布置水平滤管系统并与塑料排水板相连、铺设两层无纺土工布、铺设两层密封膜并压入压膜沟、布设真空压力表、连接抽真空系统[19]。具体流程如图4所示。
为了更好地对膜下真空度进行控制,试验池调压系统由电接点真空表和控制电箱组成,以达到自动控制真空度的目的。主要方法是设定最大阈值和最小阈值(最大阈值大于所需要的真空梯度压力,最小阈值为真空度下限),当真空压力小于最小阈值时自动开启射流泵,当真空压力大于最大阈值时自动关闭射流泵。真空泵采用5.5 kW的射流泵。抽真空过程对其孔压消散情况、表层沉降、每天出水量、真空度等进行详细的记录,并在第1阶段抽真空完成卸载后采用原位十字板试验以及钻孔取样的方式进行加固效果检测。试验系统原理如图5所示。试验过程中,通过使用水气分离桶和电子秤对真空预压过程中的出水量进行测定,试验池累计出水量和出水速率随时间的变化曲线如图6所示。
根据图6可知,在真空预压前期,出水速率较快,从A、B、C 3个试验池出水量累计曲线看,3个试验池前50 d的日均出水量(daily average water,简称DAW)的平均值为57.5 kg/d,此后出水速率明显减缓,从第50~108 d,3个试验池日均出水量的平均值约为7.5 kg/d,前50 d的累计出水量占全过程出水量的比例约为86.8%。据图6可知,真空预压卸载前,即抽真空最后一周的日平均出水量约为3.14 kg/d。根据对试验池表层沉降的全过程监测,其沉降曲线如图7所示。
图7可知,在真空预压期间,根据表层沉降观测数据,泥面累计沉降平均值为608 mm,日均沉降量为5.63 mm,抽真空完成后土体的竖向压缩变形率为33.8%。从沉降曲线看,抽真空前50 d的沉降速度发展较快,日均沉降量(average daily settlement,简称ADS)为10.4 mm,前50 d累计沉降约占抽真空全过程总沉降量的86%,这与前50 d累计出水量占抽真空全过程的比例高度一致,按照土体的三相组成理论,可以印证这个关系,说明试验数据测量具有良好的质量。从曲线形态看,后58 d的沉降速率明显变缓,日均沉降量为1.52 mm,上述曲线形态和数据与图6的出水量累计曲线高度一致。图67说明抽真空后期,出水速率减慢,沉降趋于收敛,土体固结发展的速度越来越慢,抽真空后期的效费比越来越低。
抽真空完成后,对试验池20、60、80 cm深度处进行十字板原位剪切试验和取样含水率试验,3个深度的十字板强度分别为12.65、4.88、4.73 kPa,含水率分别为52.42%、57.57%、60.60%,其随深度的关系曲线分别如图89所示。根据试验池的十字板强度换算的3处深度的地基极限承载力分别为69.8、26.9、26.1 kPa,可见其强度随深度衰减得非常快,0.5m以下的强度仍然非常低。
根据图89可知,本工程疏浚土含水率在降低至接近57%以后,土体强度的增长和含水率的降低呈现非线性变化,含水率的小幅度降低可能会引起土体强度较明显的增长。然而,根据对现场大面积吹填区的孔压监测结果表明,埋置于2.5、5.0 m深的两个孔压计在抽真空期间总的孔压消散值分别为23.8、13.7 kPa,孔压消散值沿深度的衰减为2.92 kPa/m,与同类型的项目相比,该地区疏浚土的孔压消散衰减速率明显偏高,上述特性造成了在本地区超细颗粒含量较高的情况下,真空预压效能的降低,土体含水率在降低至一定程度后,很难通过抽真空进一步降低。通过分析图89,假如通过合适的措施进一步降低土体含水率,可能在含水率降幅有限的情况下获得土体强度明显的涨幅。
针对上述情况,设计了第2阶段真空预压联合电渗试验,真空预压联合电渗采用将塑料排水板包裹在电极上的方案,以促进水分向塑料排水板运动,其平面布置方案如图10所示。
文献[17-18]调研表明,电渗加固饱和土体的主要机制主要有电渗效应、电泳效应和电化学反应。电渗效应主要作用方式为:在电场作用下,孔隙水从阳极向阴极流动,导致土体排水固结,孔隙比减小,强度提高,电渗效应的主要影响因素有电场强度、土体渗透性和孔隙水性质。电泳效应的主要作用机制为带电颗粒在电场中向相反电极移动,重新排列,使土体结构更密实;影响电泳效应的主要因素有土颗粒表面电荷、电场强度、孔隙水化学性质。电化学反应的主要作用机制为电极处发生氧化还原反应,改变孔隙水化学性质,生成胶结物质,增强土体强度;其主要影响因素有电流密度、电极材料、孔隙水化学成分。综上所述,电渗的影响因素都与电场强度、孔隙水化学成相关,本试验设计考虑后期推广应用,因此选用了最常见的钢筋作为电极材料,另外,本试验加固的土体为海里的疏浚土,海水里本身含有一定量的阳离子,因此未考虑加入化学溶液的方案。电压梯度E按下式选用:
式中:V为施加电压(V);L为电极间距(m)。
本试验电极间距为0.5 m,考虑到采用了联合真空的方案,选用了10 V/m的较低电压梯度,因此将试验的电压设置为5 V。最终,真空联合试验确定的电极材料为直径为6.5 mm的钢筋。试验采用三台稳压直流电源,其最大输出电压和电流分别为64 V和5 A,如图11(b)所示。真空电渗试验的真空度保持在30~40 kPa之间,远小于之前真空预压的70~80 kPa。远小于先期固结压力的低真空排水,是为了平衡池中水的自重作用,使得此次试验的目的性更明显,更易观察真空电渗试验中的电渗作用,电渗过程如图11所示。
真空预压联合电渗试验分两个阶段进行,以第1阶段的出水速率作为判断其工作效能的初步控制标准,当真空联合电渗的出水速率接近单独真空最后一周的出水速率时第1阶段结束,此时将电源的阴阳极互换,开展第2阶段真空预压联合电渗试验。具体的控制标准为,当真空联合电渗的每小时平均出水量低于上阶段纯真空预压最后一周每小时平均出水量,即小时出水量低于0.16 kg时,开始第2阶段的试验。第1阶段试验共进行了11 d,其中前面9 d为真空联合电渗试验,后面2 d为纯真空预压试验,在第1阶段真空预压联合电渗试验中,正负电极间电压稳定在4.5~5.5 V之间,电流稳定在2.98~3.01 A之间。在出水量接近阈值时结束第1阶段试验。第1阶段试验结束后,进行了原位十字板试验和取样检测,其检测结果如表4所示。
表4经过第1阶段真空预压联合电渗加固后检测得到的结果进行分类统计,考虑到电极的极性和取样点对检测结果的影响,分别统计了阴极附近、阳极附近、阴极和阳极之间3个典型位置的含水率和十字板强度,如表5所示。
表5统计得到的各深度、各取样点位置的土体物理力学指标与前期纯真空预压结束后的指标进行对比,其对比情况如表6所示。
表56可以看出,从深度方向看,经真空预压联合电渗加固后,在含水率降幅较小的情况下,各个深度的土体十字板强度均有较明显的增长,增幅最大的为阳极附近在60 cm深度处,达到78.30%,增幅最小的为阴极附近100 cm深度的点位,仅为1.5%,考虑到该深度处阳极附近、阴极与阳极之间的十字板增幅分别为50.1%和21.1%,均有较明显的增长,因此该点可以认为检测的离散性造成的。从深度方向具体的增长规律来看,60 cm深度处的含水率平均降幅较大,十字板强度增幅最大。从表6可知,前期抽真空结束时,土体含水率随深度逐渐增加,因此表层的土体含水率最低,影响了其含水率的进一步降低。但由于真空预压联合电渗时,真空度传递仍然与单纯的真空预压类似,随着深度的增加,负压的衰减越来越明显,因此,100 cm深度处的含水率降幅与十字板强度增幅小于60 cm处的。上述土体物理力学指标的变化规律与单纯的真空预压既有相同之处,也有明显的差异,可以从指标的变化看到其共同作用的结果。
从不同测点位置物理力学指标的变化来分析,20、60、100 cm 3个深度阳极附近十字板强度的提高幅度均显著大于阴极附近的强度增长,这说明真空预压联合电渗加固饱和软土,除了电渗效应发挥的排水作用外,电泳效应和电化学反应也促进了土体强度的提高。阳极附近土体强度比较高的主要原因为靠近阳极附近的电泳效应和电化学反应更明显,因此阳极附近的土体强度更高。本试验采用的疏浚土主要矿物成分为蒙脱石、伊利石等黏土矿物,这些矿物中的阳离子被其他离子替代,导致晶格中产生负电荷,使得这些黏土矿物容易向阳极附近移动,在阳极附近由于电场强度通常更高,因此电泳效应更为显著。此外,在阳极附近,在强电场的作用下,阳极发生氧化反应,生成氧气和H+,导致阳极附近pH显著降低,形成酸性环境,阳极区域富集的H+会中和黏土表面负电荷,导致其ζ电位降低,双电层压缩,从而减弱颗粒间的静电排斥力,促进凝聚或絮凝。
对第1阶段真空预压联合电渗加固后的土体强度检测结果分析发现,土体强度与离电极的位置和距离具有相关性,因此第2阶段对电极的正负进行互换再次进行短期的联合加固以验证极性对加固效果的影响。第2阶段共持续了6.5 d,其中前面2.5 d进行纯真空预压以恢复土体中的真空度,后4 d进行真空预压联合电渗试验。
二阶段结束后对试验池不同平面位置及不同深度进行了原位十字板剪切试验及钻孔取样试验,其检测点平面布置如图12所示。
二阶段各点位及深度的检测结果如表7所示。
对上述检测结果进行统计,并与一阶段检测结果进行对比分析,得到表8
表8可知,在阴阳极互换后进行短期的真空预压联合电渗加固后,在各个不同深度的加固效果有显著的区别。在20 cm深度处,含水率下降了1.71%,十字板强度变化率为−0.17%,考虑到取样的随机性和十字板试验过程中的人为误差,可以认为20 cm处的十字板强度在加固前后没有明显变化。从该深度的含水率分析,其1阶段真空预压联合电渗加固后的含水率为49.06%,经过2阶段加固后的含水率为48.22%。根据该土的液塑限分析,表层土的液限约为45%左右,考虑到疏浚土中混合有部分液限为52%的②层淤泥,其综合液限应该略大于45%。据此推测,上述加固方式在接近土体的天然液限时,其含水率的降幅和强度增长的幅度受限,因此采用真空预压联合电渗加固有一定的经济界限,土体含水率接近液限后其加固效果明显降低。
再分析60、100cm两个较深的深度加固效果,60 cm深度处,十字板强度提高了11.50%,含水率降低了2.62%;100 cm深度处,十字板强度提高了30.15%,含水率降低了1.70%。说明真空预压联合电渗加固对于中下部的土体加固效果更明显。
在真空预压联合电渗试验全过程中,对电渗电压、电流、电渗用电量以及抽真空用电量进行全程监测并记录,其电压-时间曲线如图13所示。
真空联合电渗加固一二阶段各阶段耗时及用电情况如表9所示。
图13表9可知,真空预压联合电渗加固第1阶段的电流和电压基本维持在较稳定的区间,反映了该过程土体电流阻抗的变化不大。第2阶段为了维持电流强度的基本稳定,对电压进行了动态的调整,试验全过程电流强度维持在2.98~3.01 A之间,电极互换后刚恢复电渗时的电压强度为5.0 V,后面迅速上升至57.9 V,又很快降低至22~26 V。与第1阶段的电渗电压、电流比较发现,在保持电流强度基本不变的情况下,该阶段的电压强度明显大于第1阶段,这主要是以下几个方面的原因导致的:①电渗过程中,孔隙水被排出,土体含水率降低,导致电阻增大,为了维持相对恒定的电流,需要提供更高的电压;②长时间的通电会使电极发生极化,增加界面电阻,导致电压上升;③电渗作用使土体颗粒重新排列,孔隙结构改变,增加了电流通过的阻力;④电渗过程中,离子迁移导致局部浓度变化,可能形成浓度梯度,导致电阻增加。
对真空联合电渗加固两阶段的用电量统计显示,第2阶段共用电288.5 kW·h,其中电渗用电53.1 kW·h度,真空用电235.4 kW·h,电渗占该阶段总用电量比例约为18.4%。真空联合电渗全过程共用电586.2 kW·h,其中电渗用电量112.83 kW·h,抽真空用电量473.37 kW·h,电流值在2.98~3.01 A之间,电渗占该阶段总用电量的比例为19.2%,总体来说,电渗用电量占联合加固的总用电量的比例较低。
在真空联合电渗加固的全过程,对试验池的出水进行了收集并每天测定其出水量,出水量的计量主要采取称重的方式进行并平均到每小时,出水率-时间曲线如图14所示。
图14可知,在真空联合电渗开始时,试验池出水速率约为1.45 kg/h。随着真空联合电渗试验的进行,出水速率呈指数形式减少,出水率快速下降反映了真空联合电渗的效能在快速地下降,至真空联合电渗试验结束,出水速率最终基本稳定在0.1 kg/h。根据图6计算的纯真空预压最后一周的出水速率为3.14 kg/d,约合0.13 kg/h。据此计算,采用真空联合电渗初始时刻,其出水效率约为单纯真空预压的11.2倍。在第2阶段真空联合电渗加固结束后,对土体不同深度的含水率、土体强度进行了检测,并与真空联合电渗加固前的土体物理力学指标进行对比,对比情况如表10所示。
表10可知,经过真空联合电渗加固,含水率在各个深度均有所下降,但下降幅度在60 cm处最大(−4.84%),其次是20 cm深度(−4.21%),从十字板强度的变化来看,60 cm深度的土体十字板强度增幅最大,达到了75.28%,其次是100 cm深度处,增幅达到61.16%。这说明,与纯真空预压由于真空度衰减引起的真空压差随着深度衰减的特性不同,真空联合电渗加固表现出了兼具两种加固方式的特性,一方面,电渗加固引起的含水率下降和土体强度增高往往与含水率相关,初始含水率越高,电渗加固效果越明显;另外一方面,由于仍然需要借助于真空的压差迫使水从塑料排水板下部沿着塑料排水板向上排,对于深部的土体,仍然受制于真空度的衰减,到了100 cm深度处,其含水率的降幅和十字板强度的增幅仍然低于60 cm深度处。综上分析,在前期经过真空预压加固后,通过短期的真空预压联合电渗加固,对于中下部的土体强度可取得不错的土体强度增长,经过真空电渗后,深层土体强度较为均匀。
通过对表10的分析可知,经过真空电渗加固,土体的含水率有所降低,与强度提高率不成正比。从十字板强度和含水率的检测结果来看,此次试验结果与工况较为一致。为了发挥真空电渗中的电渗作用,而非真空作用,真空电渗试验设计的真空度保持在30~40 kPa之间,小于之前真空预压的70~80 kPa。30~40 kPa之间的真空压力仅仅是为了平衡池中水的自重作用。试验结果中,深层土体强度提高率远大于表层土体强度提高率,深层土体强度较为均匀,都说明了此次真空电渗试验中,电渗在发挥主要作用,且电渗作用能使深层土体强度得到60%到75%较大幅度的提高。将各阶段土体含水率、十字板强度绘制成散点图,如图15所示。
图15可知,乐清湾超细颗粒悬浮状疏浚土,由于吹填后该土体已经完全丧失原有的结构性,本地区疏浚土力学强度与含水率呈现非线性关系,在含水率低于约53%之后,其力学强度增长的速度明显加快。由于本地区土颗粒矿物成分中亲水性矿物成分含量较高,渗透系数较低,加上真空预压后期塑料排水板周边的淤堵效应明显,阻止了抽真空后期含水率的进一步降低,即便通过延长抽真空时间,也很难通过单纯的真空预压方式将土体各深度的含水率降低至上述值以下,因此限制了其强度的提高。通过采用真空预压联合电渗的方式,通过较短的时间,使得含水率降低至该界限以下,虽然含水率的降幅并不大,但是强度却得到较大的提升。
表10可知,3个检测深度在真空预压联合电渗加固后,其含水率下降平均幅度为4.12%。根据图6可知,在单纯抽真空前后一周,日均出水量约为3.14 kg,假设此后的出水速率基本稳定不变,进行17.5 d的纯真空预压对比试验,推算的累计出水量约为54.95 kg,根据试验池中土体的实际体积与重度推算的土体重量约为8 680 kg,则可推算得到假如采用纯真空预压进行等长时间的对比试验,土体含水率下降约为0.6%,明显小于真空联合电渗的幅值。据此可以推算,在抽真空后期,抽空预压对土体含水率下降的贡献率约为0.6%,根据第4节对用电量的分析,其占总用电量的比例约为80.8%,而电渗对含水率的下降贡献率约为3.52%,其占总用电量的19.2%。
根据前述的用电量统计,纯真空预压与电渗单位含水率下降的能耗比分别为
式中:η1η2分别为纯真空预压单位耗电量的含水率变化量、电渗单位耗电量含水率的变化量。
据此可以推算电渗与真空预压在后期加固中单位含水率下降的效能比约为24.6倍。综上所述,在抽真空稳定后,土体含水率逐渐减小,土体强度趋于稳定时,采用短期真空预压联合电渗,可以进一步降低含水率,提高土体强度,其综合效能较优。
本文主要探索了在超细颗粒无结构土真空预压加固后期,通过真空预压联合电渗提升加固效果的可行性,未对电渗的电极材料、电渗电势差控制、电渗添加溶液的效果等进行具体探讨。
本文针对真空预压处理超软土地基时,真空预压后期塑料排水板周围被细颗粒淤堵、抽真空能力下降的问题,依托乐清湾吹填造陆工程,采用模型试验的方式对真空联合电渗加固在抽真空后期的效果及经济性进行了研究,得到以下结论:
(1)在真空预压后期,沉降稳定后,叠加电渗可以在土体含水率下降幅度小于5%的情况下,实现土体强度较大幅度的提升,特别对于较深的土体,实现了土体强度60%~75%的增长。
(2)真空预压联合电渗加固兼具真空预压和电渗的特点,电渗加固不像真空预压存在随深度真空度明显衰减的特点,因此其对真空预压难以加固的土体中下部加固效果较好。在前期真空预压加固的基础上进行短期联合加固,可以提高土体在各个深度强度的均匀性。
(3)真空联合电渗加固在接近土体液限时,其含水率的下降幅度明显减小,因此采用该法加固有其经济合理的区间,适宜于真空预压稳定后短期加固,一味地加长时间并不能持续的提升加固效果。
(4)真空联合电渗加固时,电渗除了发挥其加速水分渗透的作用,还存在电泳、电化学作用,因此阳极附近区域的土体强度比较好,加固过程对极性互换是有必要的。
(5)进行阴阳极互换后,深层土体强度能够得到约11%~30%的进一步提高,且越深层处,土体强度越低处,土体强度提高率越大,深层土体强度的均匀性更好。
(6)在低电压低电流的真空电渗中,电渗用电量占联合加固的比重较低。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFC3212400)
  • 安徽省自然科学“水科学”联合基金项目(208085US0)
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2025年第46卷第11期
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doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2025.0089
  • 接收时间:2025-01-23
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-11-14
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-23
  • 录用日期:2025-05-08
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFC3212400)
国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFC3212400)
Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation Joint Fund Project for Water Science(208085US0)
安徽省自然科学“水科学”联合基金项目(208085US0)
作者信息
    1.安徽省(水利部淮河水利委员会)水利科学研究院,安徽 合肥 233040
    2.安徽省水科学与智慧水利重点实验室,安徽 合肥 233040
    3.中交上海三航科学研究院,上海 200032

通讯作者:

胡小波,男,1984年生,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事近海工程地基处理、海岸稳定性等研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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