Article(id=1244316347988029816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16285/j.rsm.2025.0086, pmid=null, cstr=32223.14.j.rsm.2025.0086, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737734400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1762185600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-04, onlineDate=1774597735639, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1763049600000, pubDateStr=2025-11-14, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774597735639, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774597735639, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597735639, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244316342938087728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, year='2025', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='3329', pageEnd='3672', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774597734436, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597825220, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244316723801862468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244316723806056773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3473, endPage=3484, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244316348743004564, articleId=1244316347988029816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, language=EN, title=Investigation on mechanisms of particle migration and clogging affected by capillary-cohesion in fractured media, columnId=1244316343936332083, journalTitle=Rock and Soil Mechanics, columnName=Fundamental Theory and Experimental Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The cohesion effect induced by liquid bridges between particles, which promotes particle aggregation, is widespread in both natural environments and engineering applications. Understanding the migration and clogging processes of particles in fractured media under the influence of capillary-cohesion is crucial for advancing particle transport knowledge. Through visualization experiments and seepage calculations, the processes of capillary-cohesive particle migration and clogging are studied. A phase diagram of clogging patterns in the space of capillary-cohesion and flowrate is proposed. Experimental results show that capillary-cohesion induces particle agglomeration, increasing effective particle diameter and significantly enhancing fracture clogging. Stripe-like clogging patterns occur at high flow rates, while complete clogging patterns or entrance sealing patterns occur at low flow rates. Hydrodynamic analysis reveals that fluid velocity distributions control the growth of clogging stripes and the change in residual flow channels in the complete clogging patterns. Furthermore, Smoluchowski theory effectively describes the linear growth behavior of clogging stripes over time. These findings elucidate the mechanism of capillary-cohesive particle migration and clogging in rock fractures, providing theoretical and technical guidance for evaluating and controlling particle transport in fractured media.

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颗粒间液桥引起的毛细黏聚作用广泛存在于自然界和工程应用中,其具有胶结作用,使颗粒聚集。研究毛细黏聚颗粒在裂隙介质中的运移-堵塞过程,对于理解颗粒传输过程具有重要意义。通过可视化试验,探讨了粗糙裂隙中毛细黏聚颗粒的运移-堵塞过程,提出了堵塞模式试验相图。结果表明,毛细黏聚作用使颗粒聚集成团,粒径增大,从而显著促进裂隙堵塞,并且运移-堵塞过程在高流速下为条纹堵塞模式,低流速下为完全堵塞模式或入口密封模式。水动力学分析显示,流速分布控制着堵塞条纹的生长及主要渗流通道的改变。此外,Smoluchowski理论能够较好地描述堵塞条纹随时间的线性增长规律。研究成果为评价和控制裂隙中颗粒运移-堵塞过程提供了理论依据和技术思路。

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杨志兵,男,1982年生,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事多孔和裂隙介质渗流理论与控制方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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张仁君,男,1999年生,博士,博士后,主要从事裂隙岩体多相渗流方面的研究。E-mail:

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张仁君,男,1999年生,博士,博士后,主要从事裂隙岩体多相渗流方面的研究。E-mail:

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张仁君,男,1999年生,博士,博士后,主要从事裂隙岩体多相渗流方面的研究。E-mail:

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Soft Matter, 2016, 12(4): 1041-1050., articleTitle=Dynamics of colloid accumulation under flow over porous obstacles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244316387057972129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316347988029816, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=11, issue=4, pageStart=395, pageEnd=403, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=53, authorNames=STAMM M T, GUDIPATY T, RUSH C, journalName=Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=STAMM M T, GUDIPATY T, RUSH C, et al. Particle aggregation rate in a microchannel due to a dilute suspension flow[J]. Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, 2011, 11(4): 395-403., articleTitle=Particle aggregation rate in a microchannel due to a dilute suspension flow, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244316387146052515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316347988029816, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=282, issue=1, pageStart=58, pageEnd=68, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=54, authorNames=BRUNET E, DEGRÉ G, OKKELS F, journalName=Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BRUNET E, DEGRÉ G, OKKELS F, et al. Aggregation of paramagnetic particles in the presence of a hydrodynamic shear[J]. 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journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316347988029816, language=CN, label=图12, caption=完全堵塞模式中悬浮液流动通道改变, figureFileSmall=nTXDJOxPS0ebzF1WgF1kDA==, figureFileBig=uy01rWcbXxzXuNy9gLytuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244316375460721181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316347988029816, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Hydrodynamic mechanism for channel change in the complete clogging regime, figureFileSmall=G2AkFciR2r0x8VsEO0wNYw==, figureFileBig=MNQDExQl0ckYRWIx9xPSvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244316375611716129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316347988029816, language=CN, label=图13, caption=完全堵塞模式下流动通道变化的水动力学机制, figureFileSmall=G2AkFciR2r0x8VsEO0wNYw==, figureFileBig=MNQDExQl0ckYRWIx9xPSvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244316375729156649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316347988029816, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Effective permeability for fractures clogged by capillary-cohesive particles, figureFileSmall=ur0pc8l+R6q2m9Z7xInkVg==, figureFileBig=dY3wq1EOTU5KoW6NYi+IBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244316375867568686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316347988029816, language=CN, label=图14, caption=毛细黏聚作用下的裂隙等效渗透率, figureFileSmall=ur0pc8l+R6q2m9Z7xInkVg==, figureFileBig=dY3wq1EOTU5KoW6NYi+IBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244316375976620599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316347988029816, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Parameters for visualization experiment

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颗粒聚团悬浮液性质流量Q/(mL·min−1
w/%聚氯乙烯颗粒含量/%硅油含量/% D50/μm
0.04.595.5159.75,10,25,100
0.14.595.4206.1
0.24.595.3234.8
0.34.595.2271.4
0.44.595.1329.5
0.54.595.0455.7
), ArticleFig(id=1244316376106644032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316347988029816, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

可视化试验条件参数

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颗粒聚团悬浮液性质流量Q/(mL·min−1
w/%聚氯乙烯颗粒含量/%硅油含量/% D50/μm
0.04.595.5159.75,10,25,100
0.14.595.4206.1
0.24.595.3234.8
0.34.595.2271.4
0.44.595.1329.5
0.54.595.0455.7
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Critical shear stress for channel change

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序号流速Q/(mL·min−1含水率w/%时刻1/min时刻2/min临界流体剪切力τ/s−1
冲刷堵塞
150.25.35.443.718.7
250.413.413.752.924.4
3100.26.87.8111.215.7
4100.38.18.3137.528.9
5100.49.09.2212.146.4
6250.315.415.9372.5153.2
7250.413.313.6538.9163.4
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完全堵塞模式下流动通道变化的临界剪切力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号流速Q/(mL·min−1含水率w/%时刻1/min时刻2/min临界流体剪切力τ/s−1
冲刷堵塞
150.25.35.443.718.7
250.413.413.752.924.4
3100.26.87.8111.215.7
4100.38.18.3137.528.9
5100.49.09.2212.146.4
6250.315.415.9372.5153.2
7250.413.313.6538.9163.4
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裂隙介质中毛细黏聚作用影响颗粒运移-堵塞机制研究
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张仁君 1, 2 , 肖碧 3 , 杨志兵 1, 2 , 郑小康 3 , 胡冉 1, 2 , 陈益峰 1, 2
岩土力学 | 基础理论与实验研究 2025,46(11): 3473-3484
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岩土力学 | 基础理论与实验研究 2025, 46(11): 3473-3484
裂隙介质中毛细黏聚作用影响颗粒运移-堵塞机制研究
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张仁君1, 2 , 肖碧3, 杨志兵1, 2 , 郑小康3, 胡冉1, 2, 陈益峰1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.武汉大学 水资源工程与调度全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430072
  • 2.武汉大学 水工岩石力学教育部重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430072
  • 3.长江勘测规划设计研究有限责任公司,湖北 武汉 430010
  • 张仁君,男,1999年生,博士,博士后,主要从事裂隙岩体多相渗流方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

杨志兵,男,1982年生,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事多孔和裂隙介质渗流理论与控制方面的研究工作。E-mail:
Investigation on mechanisms of particle migration and clogging affected by capillary-cohesion in fractured media
Ren-jun ZHANG1, 2 , Bi XIAO3, Zhi-bing YANG1, 2 , Xiao-kang ZHENG3, Ran HU1, 2, Yi-feng CHEN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Rock Mechanics in Hydraulic Structural Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
  • 3.Changjiang Institute of Survey, Planning, Design and Research Co., Ltd, Wuhan, Hubei 430010, China
出版时间: 2025-11-14 doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2025.0086
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颗粒间液桥引起的毛细黏聚作用广泛存在于自然界和工程应用中,其具有胶结作用,使颗粒聚集。研究毛细黏聚颗粒在裂隙介质中的运移-堵塞过程,对于理解颗粒传输过程具有重要意义。通过可视化试验,探讨了粗糙裂隙中毛细黏聚颗粒的运移-堵塞过程,提出了堵塞模式试验相图。结果表明,毛细黏聚作用使颗粒聚集成团,粒径增大,从而显著促进裂隙堵塞,并且运移-堵塞过程在高流速下为条纹堵塞模式,低流速下为完全堵塞模式或入口密封模式。水动力学分析显示,流速分布控制着堵塞条纹的生长及主要渗流通道的改变。此外,Smoluchowski理论能够较好地描述堵塞条纹随时间的线性增长规律。研究成果为评价和控制裂隙中颗粒运移-堵塞过程提供了理论依据和技术思路。

毛细黏聚作用  /  裂隙渗流  /  颗粒迁移  /  堵塞

The cohesion effect induced by liquid bridges between particles, which promotes particle aggregation, is widespread in both natural environments and engineering applications. Understanding the migration and clogging processes of particles in fractured media under the influence of capillary-cohesion is crucial for advancing particle transport knowledge. Through visualization experiments and seepage calculations, the processes of capillary-cohesive particle migration and clogging are studied. A phase diagram of clogging patterns in the space of capillary-cohesion and flowrate is proposed. Experimental results show that capillary-cohesion induces particle agglomeration, increasing effective particle diameter and significantly enhancing fracture clogging. Stripe-like clogging patterns occur at high flow rates, while complete clogging patterns or entrance sealing patterns occur at low flow rates. Hydrodynamic analysis reveals that fluid velocity distributions control the growth of clogging stripes and the change in residual flow channels in the complete clogging patterns. Furthermore, Smoluchowski theory effectively describes the linear growth behavior of clogging stripes over time. These findings elucidate the mechanism of capillary-cohesive particle migration and clogging in rock fractures, providing theoretical and technical guidance for evaluating and controlling particle transport in fractured media.

capillary-cohesion  /  fracture seepage  /  particle migration  /  clogging
张仁君, 肖碧, 杨志兵, 郑小康, 胡冉, 陈益峰. 裂隙介质中毛细黏聚作用影响颗粒运移-堵塞机制研究. 岩土力学, 2025 , 46 (11) : 3473 -3484 . DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2025.0086
Ren-jun ZHANG, Bi XIAO, Zhi-bing YANG, Xiao-kang ZHENG, Ran HU, Yi-feng CHEN. Investigation on mechanisms of particle migration and clogging affected by capillary-cohesion in fractured media[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (11) : 3473 -3484 . DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2025.0086
裂隙介质中的颗粒迁移与堵塞过程广泛存在于自然界和人类工程活动中,比如:库岸边坡的渗流受到充填裂隙渗流特性的显著影响[1-2];地下能源(如地热能[3]、油气和煤炭资源[4-5]、可燃冰[6]等)的开采过程中,广泛使用颗粒支撑剂来支撑水力压裂产生的裂隙,以获取较大的储层渗透率[7-10];钻孔废弃物地下处置中,对颗粒物质在地下孔隙-裂隙中运移规律的理解,是提高废弃物处置效率的关键[11];此外,裂缝堵塞与解堵过程对于地下水同震响应特征有重要影响[12],而地下水同震响应是揭示地壳介质对应力-应变过程响应最直接有效的方式之一[13]。研究裂隙渗流与充填颗粒冲刷还对重大水利工程的渗流安全[14-16]、突涌水灾害防控[17-18]、以及悬浮颗粒浆液(如水泥浆液)地下灌浆[19-20]等应用有重要意义。在环境方面,颗粒作为污染物(如纳米粒子、非水相污染物、核素、细菌、病毒等)的吸附载体[21],其运移规律是环境领域的重要研究对象。因此,研究颗粒物质在裂隙中的迁移与堵塞规律,对于提高能源开采效率、保障工程安全和修复地下环境有重要意义。
裂隙中的颗粒迁移过程中,各种颗粒间作用力对颗粒滞留与堵塞起到重要影响,比如:范德华力、液桥、静电作用力等[22-23]。在岩土工程与能源开采等实践过程中,颗粒表面常常具有毛细黏聚力,这来源于颗粒间连接的液桥[24]。当颗粒间通过液桥连接时,颗粒会受到液桥表面毛细力的吸引而相互聚集,这种液桥引起的颗粒吸引力即为毛细黏聚力。毛细黏聚力大小为液桥对颗粒的表面张力合力大小,与液桥形状、液桥相-颗粒接触角以及液桥表面张力系数有关。前人研究发现,即使液桥相含量十分微小,毛细黏聚作用也能对整体混合物的力学性能、流动特征等宏观性能造成显著影响。比如,在天然气水合物传输中,水合物颗粒通过液桥相互聚集,形成更大粒径的颗粒聚团,从而改变水合物开采过程中的传输效率[25-26];石油、压裂液和颗粒之间的三相界面会导致颗粒聚集成团,对裂缝支撑效果造成影响[27];另外,由于颗粒间水相液桥的存在,湿润沙堆的抗剪切性能也显著大于干燥沙堆[28]。但毛细黏聚作用对裂隙中颗粒运移与堵塞过程影响及细观机制研究还未见报道。
目前,针对裂隙中颗粒运移过程的研究大多数关注于无黏性颗粒的运移特征,或是无黏性颗粒充填裂隙的渗流特征。刘杰等[1]研究了含有颗粒充填物的砂岩裂隙渗流特性;王鹏飞等[2]研究了不同粗糙度和隙宽的贯通充填裂隙渗流特性,发现粗糙度、围压、裂隙宽度等因素对渗流的影响规律;李术才等[20]研究了裂隙动水条件下的水泥浆液扩散和封堵机制,得到了浆液的快速析水沉积原理和沉积留核扩散规律。这些研究都忽视了毛细黏聚作用对颗粒运移过程的影响。Zhang等[27]研究了毛细黏聚诱导的颗粒聚团的特征尺寸随毛细黏聚液含量的变化关系,得到了裂隙发生堵塞的毛细黏聚液相临界含量理论判据。但是,现有研究对毛细黏聚颗粒运移-堵塞的动态演化过程缺乏定量描述,对于毛细黏聚作用下裂隙渗流-堵塞发展过程的细观动力学机制探讨还不够深入。
本研究开展粗糙裂隙中毛细黏聚颗粒的运移-堵塞可视化试验,结合渗流分析,发现了裂隙渗流-颗粒堵塞过程中的堵塞模式,阐明了毛细黏聚作用的影响机制,揭示了各模式下堵塞发展的细观水动力学机制,探讨了不同模式下的裂隙渗透率演化规律。研究成果为裂隙渗流-颗粒运移相关的科学研究和工程应用提供理论依据和技术参考。
采用如图1所示的可视化试验平台,开展考虑颗粒毛细黏聚作用的裂隙渗流-堵塞试验研究。该平台主要由3个部分组成:①成像系统。基于光学透射原理,在透明粗糙裂隙模型后方布置发光二级管(light emitting diode,简称LED)平面光源,提供稳定均匀的平行光,达到良好的成像效果。②图像采集系统。通过电荷耦合器件(charge-coupled device,简称CCD)工业相机(Manta G-49B ASG)对试验过程中的图像进行自动采集,实现对堵塞过程图像实时捕捉,空间分辨率为118 μm/像素。③流量控制系统。采用高精度蠕动泵,精准控制注入流量在5~100 mL/min。
透明粗糙裂隙模型的制作步骤为:首先通过巴西劈裂法[27],获取真实裂隙表面;其次通过对真实裂隙表面进行硅胶翻模浇筑,获取由透明环氧树脂制作的仿真透明裂隙模型,该模型具有与真实裂隙表面一致的粗糙表面;然后利用玻璃胶和由透明亚克力材料制作的进口缓冲腔和边壁紧固件对模型部件进行组装和密封,形成最终的透明粗糙裂隙模型。粗糙裂隙的宽T=7.12 cm,长L=14.89 cm。裂隙开度分布采用光透射法进行测量[28],开度分布如图2所示;裂隙开度服从正态分布,平均开度,开度标准差σb=0.141 mm;开度在宽度(x)方向的平均值显示出裂隙中部开度较大,裂隙入口和出口处开度较小。图中,G为重力。
将聚氯乙烯颗粒、硅油和水按照表1所示的比例混合,用磁力搅拌器搅拌30 min,形成颗粒聚团悬浮液。所用的聚氯乙烯颗粒的密度ρp=1.33 g/cm3,中值粒径D50,p=159.7 μm,其粒径分布如图3(a)所示。悬浮液中的颗粒质量分数为4.5%。硅油采用二甲基硅油(一种牛顿流体),密度ρf=0.949 g/cm3,黏度μf=20 mPa·s。水采用去离子水,密度ρw=1.00 g/cm3,质量含水率w=0%~0.5%。水相对于油相更湿润颗粒,接触角θ=57°±5°;油-水界面表面张力系数Γ=25 mN/m[29]。混合物在充分搅拌后,加入的少量水相,会被搅拌分散为小水滴并在颗粒之间形成液桥,导致颗粒相互聚集形成大的颗粒聚团。颗粒聚团的显微图像如图4所示,图中绿色是加了荧光染色剂的水相,白色为颗粒,背景为硅油。需要说明的是,本研究设置的含水率w上限(0.5%,对应水-颗粒体积比为0.089)近似于颗粒通过液桥连接且能形成均匀分散的聚团悬浮液的极限含水率。Scheel等[30]的研究表明,当液桥相-颗粒相体积之比超过0.079时,颗粒间的液体团簇体积急剧增大,多数颗粒通过液桥聚集成整体;此时不能形成均匀分散的颗粒聚团悬浮液,因此不再属于本研究的范畴。本研究设置含水率上限的合理性同样得到预试验验证。通过对试验悬浮液取样并对颗粒聚团拍照分析,获取不同含水率下颗粒聚团的等效粒径分布(见图3(c)),并计算颗粒聚团的中值粒径(见图3(b));其中,颗粒聚团等效粒径为与显微镜下聚团投影面积相同的球体直径。
试验开始前,先将硅油注入裂隙通道中并保证裂隙饱和;由于裂隙出口的油-空气界面的表面张力,硅油不会从裂隙模型中流出。随后用蠕动泵以恒定流量(Q=5~100 mL/min)向裂隙注入试验悬浮液,持续30 min,或者当裂隙被完全堵塞时提前停止。试验条件参数如表1所示。
需要说明的是,本试验选用的颗粒、流体与裂隙模型的材料组合能合理反映岩石裂隙空间中非布朗且不带电颗粒的运移-堵塞过程。选用的颗粒粒径大,颗粒-颗粒、颗粒-裂隙壁面之间无静电作用,并且范德华力可以忽略不计;这与诸如岩屑、支撑剂、泥沙等颗粒在裂隙中的传输过程类似。此外,液桥(毛细黏聚相)湿润颗粒,并且分布在颗粒聚团内部(见图4);在聚团传输过程中,液桥不会直接接触裂隙壁面;因此,毛细黏聚作用不会使颗粒聚团与裂隙壁面产生吸附力,只会导致颗粒相互聚集成团。
在不同含水率和流速大小下,试验结束时刻(时间t=30 min或裂隙完全堵塞时刻),裂隙中颗粒聚团悬浮液渗流-堵塞模式相图如图5所示,图中颜色越深代表堵塞时间越长。相图可以划分为4种模式:在含水率w为0时,颗粒尺寸较小,中值粒径为159.7 μm,远小于裂隙平均开度808 μm,因此颗粒不堵塞裂隙,即不堵塞模式。当含水率w增大,颗粒形成聚团,尺寸增大,逐渐大于裂隙开度的1/3,裂隙开始发生堵塞。此时,根据流速的大小,有两种典型的堵塞模式:在高流速下(Q=100 mL/min,w≥0.2%),堵塞团簇呈条纹状并逐渐向上游延伸,即条纹堵塞模式。在中低流速下(Q=25 mL/min且w≥0.2%,以及Q≤10 mL/min且0.4%≥w≥0.1%),整个裂隙区域几乎完全被堵塞颗粒占据,即完全堵塞模式。两种典型模式的堵塞发展过程如图6所示。在条纹堵塞模式下,颗粒开始仅在几个离散位点少量出现,后续注入的颗粒逐渐在离散的堵塞位点上游顶端堆积,导致堵塞区域向上延伸,最终形成逆流体流向生长的条纹状堵塞团簇。在完全堵塞模式下,颗粒从入口进入裂隙后,由于悬浮液流速较小,与裂隙开度尺寸相当的颗粒聚团不能被及时冲出裂隙,进而在整个裂隙空间中大量堵塞,最终仅保留一两条主要流动通道;并且在堵塞发展过程中,一部分悬浮液流动通道会被堵塞,另一部分堵塞区域会被冲开形成新的悬浮液流动通道,导致流动通道位置与形态发生改变。在完全堵塞模式的基础上,进一步增加含水率(w≥0.5%且Q≤10 mL/min),颗粒聚团尺寸进一步增大并超过裂隙平均开度的1/2,聚团进入裂隙时即在入口位置堵塞;且较低流速不能冲开堵塞区域,导致裂隙入口被完全密封,试验提前结束,呈现入口密封模式。
在颗粒运移-堵塞过程中,毛细黏聚作用主要通过影响颗粒聚团尺寸,进而决定颗粒是否会在裂隙内堵塞;而流体流速则通过冲刷作用影响裂隙堵塞区域的形貌特征,即呈现完全堵塞模式或条纹堵塞模式。对于注入裂隙通道内的毛细黏聚颗粒聚团(w=0.1%~0.4%),聚团在通道壁面限制下移动受阻引发堵塞,较强的流体作用会使裂隙中堵塞颗粒重新分布。由于裂隙通道非均匀开度分布,裂隙渗流流场会出现流速较大的优势流动通道[31]。在中低流体流速(Q≤25 mL/min)条件下,优势通道较为狭窄,优势通道外的裂隙区域被颗粒堵塞,呈现完全堵塞模式;而高流速条件(Q=25 mL/min)下,流体优势通道范围较大,高流速占据整个裂隙面,颗粒仅能在局部离散位点堵塞;后续注入的颗粒在离散堵塞位点上游侧逐渐堆积,导致条纹堵塞模式形成。
为了定量裂隙堵塞程度及堵塞团簇的空间分布特征,统计了裂隙中堵塞区域的总体积和平均开度随时间的演化规律,如图7所示。可以发现,堵塞量随时间呈现逐渐增加的趋势,但增加速率会逐渐放缓,直至到达堵塞体积的最大值。该最大值与堵塞模式有密切关联:在完全堵塞模式下,最终堵塞量一般能达到裂隙空间的80%;而在条纹堵塞模式下,最终堵塞量只能达到裂隙空间的10%~60%。同时,堵塞量还与含水率和流速有关,含水率越大,最终堵塞量越大;流速越大,最终堵塞量越小。此外,由于颗粒聚团粒径和裂隙开度的随机分布以及裂隙中颗粒传输与堵塞过程的复杂性,堵塞事件的发生及其位置具有随机性并将改变后续堵塞进程,因此堵塞体积有时会呈现出先增加后平稳,之后再增加的阶段特征:以Q=10 mL/min且w=0.2%工况为例(见图8),在归一化时间为0~0.4内,较小的颗粒聚团在途径裂隙中部大开度区域时不堵塞,但会在裂隙出口小开度区域堵塞,并形成离散堵塞团簇(如虚线框部分所示),此过程堵塞体积先增加后平缓;随后,在归一化时间0.4~0.5内,裂隙出口处的离散堵塞位点彼此连接成整体,对来流颗粒的拦截作用增强,颗粒堵塞效率提高,因此堵塞体积又快速增加。但总体上仍呈现“毛细黏聚液含量越大,堵塞体积越大”这一基本规律。
堵塞区域的平均开度,在完全堵塞模式下比裂隙平均开度大,而在条纹模式下与裂隙平均开度相近,甚至小于裂隙平均开度。这说明两种模式下的堵塞团簇分布位置有重要的区别:在试验开始时,颗粒传输倾向于发生在大开度位置,因此堵塞区域的平均开度初值都较大;在低流速的完全堵塞模式下,大开度区域的颗粒在堵塞后不能被完全冲开;而高流速的条纹模式下,流体冲刷能力较强,导致大开度位置的颗粒更容易被冲走,仅残留小开度区域存在颗粒堵塞。最终形成“完全堵塞模式下堵塞区域的裂隙平均开度大,而条纹模式下堵塞区域的平均开度小”的分布规律。
对于裂隙中颗粒运移-堵塞过程,大量研究表明:颗粒中值粒径-裂隙开度比(D50/bf)在颗粒堵塞过程中扮演着重要角色,比如:在油气开采领域的钻井液漏失封堵应用中,颗粒-裂隙通道尺寸比常作为抗滤失颗粒材料选择的基准[32];常用的准则是“1/3开度堵塞准则”——即当颗粒中值粒径大于等于裂隙开度的1/3时(D50bf/3),颗粒就会堵塞裂隙通道[33]。该准则与本试验现象保持一致:裂隙x方向的平均开度最小值在裂隙出口附近取得,为615 μm(如图2所示);当含水率w逐渐增大至超过0.2%时,颗粒聚团中值粒径超过234.8 μm;此时颗粒聚团中值粒径超过裂隙开度的1/3,裂隙开始发生堵塞。这说明颗粒聚团在裂隙中发生堵塞的尺寸条件和无黏性的颗粒堵塞尺寸准则一致;因此,可以把颗粒聚团视作单个大颗粒,将其粒径与裂隙开度作比较,即可判断裂隙堵塞是否会发生。该处理方式的合理性受到颗粒聚团显微图像的支持:从图4中可以看到,液桥均分布在聚团内部,并且液桥将颗粒紧紧黏聚在一起,形成一个粒径更大的、外表面没有液桥裸露的颗粒聚团;因此,毛细黏聚颗粒聚团可以视为与裂隙壁面无黏附作用的单个大颗粒,而其粒径大小,控制着裂隙堵塞事件的发生。
为了验证测量到的颗粒聚团粒径在整个聚团运移-堵塞过程中不变,开展颗粒聚团在流动过程中的受力分析,从而证明:在传输过程中液桥引起的毛细力(毛细黏聚作用)使颗粒聚团结构保持稳定,而不会被流体拖曳力破坏。借鉴Koos等[34]关于毛细悬浮三相混合物体系中的颗粒受力分析,本试验悬浮液中的毛细黏聚颗粒聚团中颗粒受力包括:
(1)毛细力。在本试验研究条件下,聚团中颗粒受到的毛细力典型值Fc
(2)范德华力。范德华力FvdW的典型值为
式中:颗粒间距离等于颗粒表面粗糙度h=10−9 m;哈马克系数AH为10−20 N·m[34]
(3)重力和拖曳力。在聚团的运移过程中,颗粒聚团主要受到重力和流体拖曳力Fd的作用,两者大小分别为
式中:流体-颗粒的相对速度(ufup)不超过裂缝中流体的平均流速Cd为拖曳力系数,Cd=24/RepRep为颗粒雷诺数Rep=ρfufupD50/μf<2。因此,在本试验的流速范围内(Q=5~100 mL/min),重力,拖拽力Fd=0.043~0.85 μN。可见范德华力比毛细力小得多,毛细力是使颗粒聚集的主要作用力,并且能使聚团结构不被拖曳力和重力破坏。因此,可以认为测得的颗粒聚团尺寸在整个传输过程中保持不变。
为了定量描述高流速下堵塞条纹向上游生长的规律,任意选取Q=100 mL/min,w=0.4%工况下两条代表性条纹作为例子,开展深入分析;比如图9中红色标识所示的S1和S2堵塞条纹,其体积和平均宽度随时间变化规律如图9中曲线所示。可以发现,堵塞条纹的体积随时间呈现线性增加的趋势,并且两条条纹的体积增加速率基本一致;条纹宽度几乎不变,而堵塞条纹长度随时间线性增加。另一个重要的特征是,堵塞条纹区域平均开度在堵塞发生时有一个较小的初值,随后逐渐增大;这表明条纹堵塞开始于小开度区域的初始堵塞位点。从图6(b)同样可以观察到这样现象:在高流速下,颗粒首先在小开度区域发生堵塞;后续注入的颗粒在流体携带下向堵塞团簇运动,并逐渐在堵塞团簇顶端堆积,导致堵塞团簇向上游延伸。
为了揭示堵塞条纹向上游延伸而不横向生长的物理机制,本研究构建并求解了堵塞裂隙面渗流方程;通过计算堵塞条纹附近的渗流场,分析了流体运动在堵塞条纹增长中的重要作用,揭示堵塞条纹向上游延伸的水动力学机制。
对于小雷诺数的裂隙渗流过程,流体运动可以用达西定律描述;在单裂隙通道所处的x-y二维平面内(y正方向竖直向上,x正方向水平向右,如图2所示),同时考虑流体不可压缩性,裂隙通道内的渗流方程可以描述为
式中:p为流体压强;u为流体流速;g为重力加速度;κ为渗透率。对于堵塞裂隙渗流来说,渗透率κx-y空间内的场变量,需要同时考虑裂隙开度的不均匀特性和裂隙堵塞区域的多孔介质渗透特性。本研究的裂隙渗透率场变量可以表示为κ=δ0κb+(1−δ0κc,其中δ0是裂隙区域任意空间点(xy)的堵塞状态指示变量,非堵塞状态为1,堵塞状态为0;κ=b2/12是裂隙空间点未堵塞状态的渗透率,遵
b循裂隙渗流的立方定律[35-36]是裂隙空间点堵塞状态的渗透率,此时堵塞颗粒形成多孔介质,其渗透率遵循Kozeny-Carman关系[37]φ为孔隙率,εp=1−φmφm为颗粒最大堆积分数,φm=0.62,表示堵塞颗粒随机紧密堆积的密度。裂隙顶部入口设置为定流量边界条件,底部出口设置恒压边界条件,左右壁面设置为无滑移边界条件。
图9所示的条纹S1为例,计算该瞬态堵塞条纹附近的渗透率κ、流速u和流体剪切力τ,如图10所示;其中,流体剪切力定义为τ=[(∂xu2+(∂yu2]0.5[38],∂xu和∂yu分别反映了流体使颗粒横向迁移的作用(即把上游来流的颗粒聚团横向冲刷以远离条纹)和使颗粒沿主流方向迁移的作用(即把颗粒聚团推向条纹顶部);u为流体流速大小。从图10可以看到:在堵塞条纹内部,流体流速很小;在堵塞条纹外,流体绕着堵塞条纹流动;剪切力较大值的区域集中在堵塞条纹的边缘。
为了分析方便,本研究将裂隙和堵塞条纹的形状简化:堵塞条纹简化为规则的圆角矩形,粗糙裂隙简化为开度均匀的裂隙;得到的瞬态流场分布如图11(a)所示。可以看到,堵塞条纹上游顶端中心轴线附近存在一个低流速区域,一旦颗粒进入该区域,就会被捕获并堆积在已有的堵塞条纹顶端,颗粒逐渐累积使得堵塞条纹向上游逐渐延伸;在偏离堵塞条纹中心轴线的顶端区域,流速较大,进入此区域的颗粒将被直接冲走;这样独特的流场分布抑制了堵塞条纹的横向发展。从流体作用力的角度开展分析可以获得同样的抑制规律:在条纹上游侧距离条纹顶端0.1 mm且垂直于流向设置横剖线l,并沿l对流场采样,统计得到流体作用力如图11(b)所示。可以看到,流体横向剪切力∂xu在堵塞条纹中心线上为0,在远离条纹中心线处为正值,绝对值先增大后减小;流体正应力∂yu在堵塞条纹中心线上为最大正值,在远离条纹中心线时逐渐减小,直至变为负值。换句话说,堵塞条纹上游的来流粒子往往:①沿中心线运动时被强烈推向堵塞条纹的顶部;②偏离中心线时,容易被冲走。因此,条纹上游端的中心是一个非稳定平衡点,上游来流颗粒只能在条纹顶端中心轴线位置逐渐向上游堆积。
堵塞条纹向上游随时间线性生长的规律,可以用颗粒聚集理论进行描述[39]。Smoluchowski把悬浮液中的颗粒聚集过程建模为一个不可逆反应过程:含有ij个颗粒的聚团聚集产生一个同时包含有ij个颗粒的聚团产物,其反应常数为ζij。将所有聚团之间的这类聚集反应求和,可以得到包含n个颗粒的聚团浓度cn的Smoluchowski方程[40]
式中:cicj分别为含有ij个颗粒的聚团浓度;ζin为含有n个和i个颗粒聚团聚集产生更大聚团的反应常数。式(7)右侧的第1项表示,由于聚团或单颗粒之间聚集形成含n个颗粒的聚团而导致的cn增加;右边的第2项表示,由于n个颗粒组成的聚团进一步聚集成更大聚团,导致的cn减少。本研究假设堵塞过程中只包含两种颗粒聚团:一是悬浮液中浓度为Nt)(单位体积中的数量)的孤立聚团,二是浓度为NS的堵塞条纹团簇。此时,式(7)可简化为
式中:ζ为表示悬浮颗粒聚团向堵塞条纹聚集的速率。假设每个条纹中的颗粒随机紧密堆积,则堵塞条纹的平均体积增长率由以下关系给出:
式中:VS为堵塞条纹的平均体积;VA为单个颗粒聚团的体积。结合式(8)、(9)可以得到一个描述堵塞条纹平均体积增长率的方程:
本试验中,悬浮液中孤立颗粒聚团的浓度Nt)保持不变,即Nt)=N0N0为初始悬浮聚团浓度。从式(10)可以看出,基于Smoluchowski方程的堵塞条纹体积增长速率β≡dVSt)/(N0dt)≈VAζ/φm,是一个跟时间无关的常数,即堵塞条纹的体积随时间线性增加,这与试验结果一致(见图9)。因此采用Smoluchowski方程可以对堵塞条纹的增长规律进行描述,比如:在Q=100 mL/min和w=0.4%工况下,根据试验数据拟合得到堵塞条纹体积增长率β=0.566±0.07 mm3/s。
对于完全堵塞模式,在裂隙逐渐堵塞过程中的一个重要特征是堵塞区域内部主要悬浮液流动通道会发生改变——在旧通道堵塞的同时,已堵塞区域可能会重新冲刷形成新通道;例如,图12(a)~12(c)依次给出了在Q=5 mL/min,w=0.2%工况下,t=5.3 min和t=5.4 min时刻的试验图像,以及两时刻间堵塞区域的变化情况。可以看到,由于流体对堵塞颗粒的冲刷,悬浮液流动通道C(矩形虚线区域内)逐渐向上游延伸,而部分已有的流动通道被堵塞,最终导致悬浮液流动通道发生改变。为了理解这背后的水动力学机制,求解式(5)、(6)获取两时刻的流场分布并对比分析。在t=5.3 min时刻的堵塞裂隙渗透率、流速和剪切力分布分别如图13(a)~13(c)所示。此时,C通道处于非堵塞状态,该区域的渗透率相对较大,流体流速与流体剪切力较大(在C通道的顶部取得最大值)。这导致流体冲刷位于C通道顶部附近的堵塞颗粒,使得通道C向上游延伸。统计两个时刻间堵塞情况发生变化的区域(包括被冲刷区域和被堵塞区域,如图12(c)中的黑色和白色区域所示)的剪切力,并绘制概率密度曲线,如图13(d)所示。若将剪切力分布曲线的下0.8分位点定义为临界剪切力,则被冲刷区域的临界剪切力为43.7 s−1,大于被堵塞区域的临界剪切力18.7 s−1。统计完全堵塞模式不同工况条件下的临界剪切大小如表2所示,可见不同流速与含水率条件下的临界剪切力有所不同,但冲刷的临界条件始终大于堵塞的临界条件。该结果揭示了流动通道变化的关键在于:颗粒堵塞临界剪切力小于侵蚀临界剪切力。当裂隙渗流中流体剪切力较小时,颗粒倾向于堵塞现有通道;反之,较大的流体剪切会将堵塞的颗粒冲走形成新通道;同时,冲刷的临界剪切力大于堵塞的临界剪切力,使得裂隙内颗粒堵塞总量逐渐增加直至最大堵塞量。该结果对于理解真实充填岩体裂隙中的渗流过程有重要借鉴意义。
裂隙堵塞的宏观表现即为裂隙渗透性的减少。为了进一步表征颗粒运移-堵塞过程对裂隙渗透率的影响,本文通过计算式(5)、(6)得到不同流速和含水率条件下裂隙等效渗透率的演化规律,如图14所示,其中裂隙等效渗透率κeff
式中:HinHout分别为裂隙入口和出口的总水头。图14表明不同堵塞模式有不同的裂隙渗透率演化特征。在不堵塞模式下,裂隙渗透率几乎不变;在其他堵塞模式下,渗透率均随时间逐渐减小;此外,最终裂隙渗透率在条纹堵塞模式下变为初始值的0.31~0.90倍,在完全堵塞模式下变为初始值的0.04~0.31倍,而入口密封模式下,最终渗透率最小,约为初始值的0.001倍。其原因在于:条纹堵塞模式中条纹间畅通的流动通道保证了较高的渗透率,完全堵塞模式中大量堵塞使最终渗透率相对较小,而入口密封模式下裂隙入口完全密封导致最终渗透率最小。因此,条纹模式在颗粒支撑裂隙的同时保持较高的渗透率,是水力压裂的理想堵塞状态;完全堵塞模式能防止钻井液漏失且在进一步钻进中仍能保持裂隙堵塞,是钻井过程的理想堵塞状态。
本文基于自主搭建的裂隙介质颗粒悬浮液运移-堵塞可视化试验平台,开展了毛细黏聚颗粒聚团悬浮液在粗糙裂隙中的运移-堵塞可视化试验,研究了不同毛细黏聚液(水)含量和悬浮液流速条件下毛细黏聚颗粒在粗糙裂隙中的运移-堵塞过程,分析了毛细黏聚作用和水动力学特征对裂隙堵塞过程的影响以及其细观机制。主要结论如下:
(1)毛细黏聚液含量显著影响着粗糙裂隙中的渗流-颗粒堵塞行为,添加少量毛细黏聚液会显著促进裂隙堵塞;此时,颗粒运移-堵塞模式在高流速会表现为条纹状堵塞模式,在低流速下表现为完全堵塞模式或入口密封模式。
(2)毛细黏聚液含量控制着裂隙堵塞事件的发生,含量增大使颗粒聚团粒径增大,当颗粒聚团中值粒径超过裂隙开度的1/3时,裂隙发生堵塞。
(3)从水动力学角度阐明了流体流速分布对堵塞条纹向上游延伸而不会横向生长的控制机制,即:堵塞条纹上游顶端中心轴线附近的低流速区域捕获上游来流颗粒,而远离中心轴线区域的高流速区域冲刷来流颗粒;分析确定了在完全堵塞模式下流动通道变化的物理机制:颗粒被冲刷的临界剪切力大于颗粒堵塞通道的临界剪切力。
(4)分析不同毛细黏聚液含量和流体流速条件下堵塞裂隙等效渗透率演化规律,发现条纹堵塞模式能在支撑裂隙闭合的同时保持较高的渗透率,是水力压裂中的理想堵塞模式;而完全堵塞模式能防止钻井液漏失并在进一步钻进中保持裂隙堵塞,是钻井过程的理想堵塞模式。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFE0197700)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52494972; 42377066)
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2025年第46卷第11期
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doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2025.0086
  • 接收时间:2025-01-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-11-14
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-25
  • 录用日期:2025-11-04
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFE0197700)
国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFE0197700)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52494972; 42377066)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52494972; 42377066)
作者信息
    1.武汉大学 水资源工程与调度全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430072
    2.武汉大学 水工岩石力学教育部重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430072
    3.长江勘测规划设计研究有限责任公司,湖北 武汉 430010

通讯作者:

杨志兵,男,1982年生,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事多孔和裂隙介质渗流理论与控制方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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