Article(id=1244316347740565868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1553, pmid=null, cstr=32223.14.j.rsm.2024.1553, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734451200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1743609600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-03, onlineDate=1774597735580, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1763049600000, pubDateStr=2025-11-14, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774597735580, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774597735580, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597735580, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244316342938087728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, year='2025', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='3329', pageEnd='3672', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774597734436, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597825220, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244316723801862468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244316723806056773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3637, endPage=3648, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244316348197745027, articleId=1244316347740565868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, language=EN, title=Stability and failure mode analysis of tunnel face in composite ground with upper sand and lower clay layers, columnId=1244316348088693118, journalTitle=Rock and Soil Mechanics, columnName=Numerical Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the stability of the excavation face during tunnel traversal through an upper-sand-lower-clay composite stratum, centrifugal model tests and numerical simulations were combined to analyze the displacement variation in instability zones, profile characteristics of final instability zones, earth pressure evolution patterns, and ultimate support pressure under different stratigraphic boundary positions and burial depth ratios. Test results indicate: Significant instability occurs when the stratigraphic boundary is at the tunnel face center, while stability is maintained when the boundary is at the tunnel crown. Displacements concentrate in the upper sandy layer with negligible changes in the clay layer, demonstrating that initial instability disturbance influences subsequent instability zone development. Analysis of normalized vertical earth pressure and excavation face retreat displacement curves reveals that increased burial depth ratios and clay layer thickness enhance formation resistance to disturbances. Support pressure ratio-displacement curves for two instability cases exhibit three distinct stages, with the upper side central point of the excavation face reaching ultimate support pressure first. When the burial depth ratio increases from 1.0 to 1.5, the ultimate support pressure shows minimal change. 3D finite element simulations of the excavation process validate the ultimate support pressure, failure patterns in instability zones, and earth pressure evolution, with numerical results showing good agreement with experimental data.

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为研究隧道穿越上砂下黏复合地层时开挖面的稳定性,采用离心模型试验与数值模拟相结合的方法,得出了不同地层分界线与埋深比条件下的失稳区位移变化、最终失稳区轮廓特征、土压力变化规律以及开挖面极限支护力。试验结果表明:当地层分界线位于开挖面中心处时,开挖面前方土体随位移后撤发生失稳破坏;当分界线处于拱顶处时,开挖面前方土体始终保持稳定状态。失稳区位移都发生在上部砂土地层,黏土地层在后撤过程中几乎不发生变化,证明开挖面失稳初期土体受到的扰动会影响后续失稳区发展趋势。由归一化竖向土压力与开挖面后撤曲线分析可知,埋深比和下侧黏土地层厚度越大,地层抵抗扰动能力越强。对试验中发生失稳破坏的两组工况进行分析,发现开挖面支护应力比随归一化后撤位移的变化曲线存在3个阶段。两组工况均是开挖面上侧中心点支护力先达到极限值,且当埋深比由1.0增大到1.5时,极限支护力变化较小。通过对试验工况开挖过程进行三维有限元数值模拟,对开挖面极限支护力、失稳区破坏模式与土压力变化规律进行分析,数值分析结果与试验结果基本吻合。

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翁效林,男,1980年生,博士,教授,主要从事特殊土性状及城市地下轨道交通方面的研究。E-mail:
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张昕晔,女,2001年生,硕士研究生,主要从事岩土工程方面的研究。E-mail:

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张昕晔,女,2001年生,硕士研究生,主要从事岩土工程方面的研究。E-mail:

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张昕晔,女,2001年生,硕士研究生,主要从事岩土工程方面的研究。E-mail:

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Parameters of the test samples

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地层密度/(g·cm−3内摩擦角/(°)黏聚力/kPa压缩模量/MPa泊松比
砂土1.58300230.25
黏土1.262218170.35
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试验土性参数

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地层密度/(g·cm−3内摩擦角/(°)黏聚力/kPa压缩模量/MPa泊松比
砂土1.58300230.25
黏土1.262218170.35
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Working condition setting

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工况编号地层分界面埋深比C/D
G1L21.0
G2L21.5
G3L11.0
G4L11.5
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工况设置情况

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工况编号地层分界面埋深比C/D
G1L21.0
G2L21.5
G3L11.0
G4L11.5
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上砂下黏复合地层隧道开挖面稳定性及破坏模式研究
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张昕晔 1 , 刘志伟 2 , 翁效林 1 , 李铉聪 1 , 赵建崇 2 , 刘小光 3
岩土力学 | 数值分析 2025,46(11): 3637-3648
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岩土力学 | 数值分析 2025, 46(11): 3637-3648
上砂下黏复合地层隧道开挖面稳定性及破坏模式研究
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张昕晔1 , 刘志伟2, 翁效林1 , 李铉聪1, 赵建崇2, 刘小光3
作者信息
  • 1.长安大学 公路学院,陕西 西安 710064
  • 2.中交一公局集团有限公司,北京 100024
  • 3.陕西建工控股集团有限公司,陕西 西安 710003
  • 张昕晔,女,2001年生,硕士研究生,主要从事岩土工程方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

翁效林,男,1980年生,博士,教授,主要从事特殊土性状及城市地下轨道交通方面的研究。E-mail:
Stability and failure mode analysis of tunnel face in composite ground with upper sand and lower clay layers
Xin-ye ZHANG1 , Zhi-wei LIU2, Xiao-lin WENG1 , Xuan-cong LI1, Jian-chong ZHAO2, Xiao-guang LIU3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710064, China
  • 2.China First Highway Engineering Company, Beijing 100024, China
  • 3.Shaanxi Construction Engineering Holding Group Co., Ltd, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China
出版时间: 2025-11-14 doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1553
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为研究隧道穿越上砂下黏复合地层时开挖面的稳定性,采用离心模型试验与数值模拟相结合的方法,得出了不同地层分界线与埋深比条件下的失稳区位移变化、最终失稳区轮廓特征、土压力变化规律以及开挖面极限支护力。试验结果表明:当地层分界线位于开挖面中心处时,开挖面前方土体随位移后撤发生失稳破坏;当分界线处于拱顶处时,开挖面前方土体始终保持稳定状态。失稳区位移都发生在上部砂土地层,黏土地层在后撤过程中几乎不发生变化,证明开挖面失稳初期土体受到的扰动会影响后续失稳区发展趋势。由归一化竖向土压力与开挖面后撤曲线分析可知,埋深比和下侧黏土地层厚度越大,地层抵抗扰动能力越强。对试验中发生失稳破坏的两组工况进行分析,发现开挖面支护应力比随归一化后撤位移的变化曲线存在3个阶段。两组工况均是开挖面上侧中心点支护力先达到极限值,且当埋深比由1.0增大到1.5时,极限支护力变化较小。通过对试验工况开挖过程进行三维有限元数值模拟,对开挖面极限支护力、失稳区破坏模式与土压力变化规律进行分析,数值分析结果与试验结果基本吻合。

复合地层  /  隧道开挖面  /  失稳模式  /  离心试验  /  数值模拟

To investigate the stability of the excavation face during tunnel traversal through an upper-sand-lower-clay composite stratum, centrifugal model tests and numerical simulations were combined to analyze the displacement variation in instability zones, profile characteristics of final instability zones, earth pressure evolution patterns, and ultimate support pressure under different stratigraphic boundary positions and burial depth ratios. Test results indicate: Significant instability occurs when the stratigraphic boundary is at the tunnel face center, while stability is maintained when the boundary is at the tunnel crown. Displacements concentrate in the upper sandy layer with negligible changes in the clay layer, demonstrating that initial instability disturbance influences subsequent instability zone development. Analysis of normalized vertical earth pressure and excavation face retreat displacement curves reveals that increased burial depth ratios and clay layer thickness enhance formation resistance to disturbances. Support pressure ratio-displacement curves for two instability cases exhibit three distinct stages, with the upper side central point of the excavation face reaching ultimate support pressure first. When the burial depth ratio increases from 1.0 to 1.5, the ultimate support pressure shows minimal change. 3D finite element simulations of the excavation process validate the ultimate support pressure, failure patterns in instability zones, and earth pressure evolution, with numerical results showing good agreement with experimental data.

composite stratum  /  tunnel face  /  instability mode  /  centrifugal test  /  numerical simulation
张昕晔, 刘志伟, 翁效林, 李铉聪, 赵建崇, 刘小光. 上砂下黏复合地层隧道开挖面稳定性及破坏模式研究. 岩土力学, 2025 , 46 (11) : 3637 -3648 . DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1553
Xin-ye ZHANG, Zhi-wei LIU, Xiao-lin WENG, Xuan-cong LI, Jian-chong ZHAO, Xiao-guang LIU. Stability and failure mode analysis of tunnel face in composite ground with upper sand and lower clay layers[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (11) : 3637 -3648 . DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1553
随着城市化建设的迅猛推进,地下空间的开发及利用规模不断扩大,隧道建设范围越来越广,实际工程遇到复杂地质情况越来越多。复合地层隧道开挖断面范围内地质软硬不均,存在不同类型地层组合与不同地层倾角,地层的土性参数与变形破坏特征也有较大差异。特别是砂-黏复合地层中,开挖面稳定性的监测与控制面临较大困难。因此,研究复合地层隧道开挖面稳定性及其破坏模式具有重要的工程意义。
国内外众多学者通过不同方法对隧道开挖面稳定性问题开展了研究。早在1977年,Atkinson等[1]就通过离心试验研究了密砂中二维盾构开挖面的稳定性问题。Chambon[2]与Idinger[3]等由离心试验结果给出了砂土地层开挖面失稳机制。Sterpi等[4]通过模型试验研究了砂土地层马蹄形隧道的开挖面稳定性。Lee等[5]基于离心试验研究了黏土地层中土拱效应对隧道开挖面稳定性的影响。Soranzo等[6]采用离心模型试验结合室内试验与数值分析研究了非饱和黄土地层中的隧道开挖面稳定性。Ahmed等[7]使用三维有限元软件分析了均质层状软土开挖面前方失稳模式并推导出失稳支护力计算公式。Davoodi等[8]借助极限分析法研究了黏土在地震荷载下的开挖面稳定性。
国内学者关于隧道开挖面稳定性的研究也取得了诸多成果[9]。陈仁朋[10]、Liu[11]等通过模型试验揭示了干砂地层开挖面稳定性与支护力的关系。汤旅军等[12]由离心试验结果得出密实砂土地层开挖面前方失稳区土体总体呈现“楔形体+棱柱体”的结论。吕玺琳[13]和牛豪爽[14]等通过离心试验,得到了粉砂地层开挖面失稳破坏模式。孙潇昊等[15]对照物理模型试验结合二维颗粒流程序,研究了不同埋深条件下砂土地层隧道开挖面前方土体的失稳破坏机制。徐佳伟[16]通过离心试验模拟了不停机状态下隧道开挖的前进与后撤过程,给出了黏土地层主被动破坏的极限支护应力值及施工参考范围。Weng[17]、付亚雄[18]和雷华阳[19]等采用离心试验结合数值模拟方法对黏土地层隧道开挖面的破坏机制进行了研究,给出了开挖面位移随支护力变化的规律。
上述研究均是针对单一地层,对于地质条件复杂的地层隧道开挖面的稳定性,国内学者也进行了研究。Sun等[20]采用模型试验与数值模拟结合的方法研究了大跨度隧道穿越复合地层的开挖面破坏机制。Tu等[21]基于极限分析上限法,提出了新的用于评价复杂地层中隧道开挖面稳定性的方法。Ma等[22]采用透明土材料对上黏下砂复合地层进行模拟,试验再现了开挖面失稳破坏演化过程。赵明华等[23]提出适用于上硬下软复合地层的开挖面支护力表达式,证明复合地层考虑分层的必要性。宋洋等[24]基于模型试验与筒仓理论,对砂-砾复合地层隧道开挖面稳定性进行了研究。刘泉维[25]、叶友林[26]等通过数值模拟分析土体失稳模式,结合极限平衡法与极限分析法建立了上软下硬复合地层开挖面稳定性理论计算模型。上述研究表明复杂地质条件下的隧道开挖面失稳模式与单一地层不同,但现有关于复合地层隧道开挖面稳定性问题的研究较为缺乏。
鉴于砂-黏复合地层地质条件的复杂性,本文通过自主研发的隧道开挖装置,构建精细化数值模型,运用离心试验与数值分析相结合的方法,对不同地层分界面和埋深比条件下的上砂下黏复合地层隧道失稳区位移变化、最终失稳区轮廓特征、土压力变化规律以及开挖面极限支护力展开了研究。研究成果可为地质条件类似的复合地层隧道设计、施工及掌子面破坏预测提供参考。
试验采用长安大学TLJ-3型土工离心机,最大容量为60 g·t,最大离心加速度为200g,旋转半径为2 m,相似比为1∶60,离心加速度为60g。试验装置如图1所示,试验采用自主研发的位移控制式开挖面失稳模型试验系统。由于圆形隧道具有对称性,为合理观测开挖面变形,制作对称隧道模型进行试验。试验模型箱示意图如图2所示,其内部尺寸为800 mm×340 mm×650 mm(长×宽×高),箱板由6块高强度钢板焊接而成,前侧钢板内嵌高强度透明亚克力板,便于清晰观察开挖面变形过程,其尺寸为350 mm×20 mm×380 mm(长×宽×高)。模型箱左侧放置测试设备及开挖面刚性支护面位移控制装置,右侧为模型区。模型区内尺寸为550 mm×340 mm× 650 mm(长×宽×高)。开挖面板安装直线位移传感器(linear variable displacement transducer,简称LVDT)用于测量其后退位移。试验中加载装置通过刚性联轴器将伺服电机与丝杆连接,借助丝杆将电机输出的角位移转化为线位移。伺服电机保持匀速运行,以此带动开挖面匀速后撤从而实现模型前方土体的失稳破坏。
试验砂土采用ISO标准砂,其干密度ρ=1.58 g/cm3,内摩擦角φ=30°,黏聚力c=0,压缩模量Es=23 MPa,泊松比v=0.25。黏土原样取自陕西省渭南市某工程项目,对土料进行除杂、摊铺、晾晒、碾压、筛分,消除其结构性之后通过室内试验得到其物理参数。具体物理参数见表1。试验砂土与黏土颗粒级配曲线如图3所示,其中砂土地层中值粒径d50=0.200 mm,黏土地层d50=0.019 mm。
本试验研究了上砂下黏复合地层不同地层交界面与埋深比对开挖面失稳模式的影响,试验共设4个工况。地层分界示意图如图4所示,G1与G2地层交界面位于开挖面中心水平截面处(L2),工况G3与G4地层交界面位于拱顶水平截面处(L1)。其中工况G1与G3埋深比C/D=1.0(C为隧道埋深,D为隧道直径),工况G2与G4的埋深比C/D=1.5。具体工况设置情况如表2所示。
本试验通过LVDT位移计测量开挖面后撤位移,将高速相机固定于模型区正前方用于拍摄开挖面变形过程。将砂土颗粒作为示踪粒子并用粒子图像测速技术(particle image velocimetry,简称PIV)分析得出位移场。测点布置如图5所示,在开挖面面板上下中心S1、S2处分别布设土压力盒用于测量开挖面支护力。G1与G2中,S1处于砂土地层,S2处于黏土地层;G3与G4中,S1、S2均处于黏土地层。在开挖面前方土体中布设土压力盒T1~T8用于测量土压力变化规律,其中T1~T4位于A-A截面,T1、T2、T5~T8位于B-B截面。
正式试验过程为:①将安装好的模型箱吊放在离心机吊篮后启动离心机。②待离心机达到设定加速度时(60g),保持开挖面位置不变,稳定运行30 min,并开始采集传感器数据。③待各项数据稳定后,通过远程无线遥控开关启动电机,控制开挖面不断后撤,实时读取开挖面支护力与土体土压力数值并通过运动相机拍摄开挖面的变化。其中开挖面后撤速度为0.3 mm/s,全程后撤80 s,预设后撤距离为24 mm。虽然该后撤速度相较于现有研究较快,但通过计算惯性力与静态力比值验证后撤过程满足准静态加载。④通过LVDT位移计和计时器判断后撤距离与时间,当后撤距离达到预设距离24 mm时,观察开挖面支护力是否已经趋于稳定,确定支护力基本稳定后,关闭电机电源使开挖面停止后撤。该过程中,开挖面的后撤位移由位移传感器的读数实时监控。⑤待数据稳定后,降低离心加速度,完全停机后,结束数据采集,本组试验结束,关闭离心机并吊出模型箱准备下一组试验。
将高速运动相机拍摄的G1与G2工况失稳区照片整合,通过PIV图像分析技术进行处理,得出开挖面失稳区位移情况,如图6所示。分析区域为开挖面前方至地表的土体,G1工况尺寸为100 mm×200 mm,G2工况尺寸为100 mm×250 mm,纵向坐标50 mm处为砂-黏地层分界处。其中,L为开挖面后撤位移。
图6可知,G1与G2开挖面前方失稳位移仅发生在上部地层,下部黏土地层维持稳定未发生位移变化。当L/D=0.12时,G1与G2在砂土地层中部产生最大位移,二者均已发生失稳破坏。其中G1失稳区顶部已经到达地表,G2开挖面前方土体上方土拱在不断迭代但未扩散至地表。此时G1地表由于部分砂土滑入破坏区而产生相应滑移。说明埋深比越小,土体越容易产生变形,地表受到扰动越早。
L从12 mm增大至24 mm时,G1失稳区宽度增加约5 mm,最大位移值增加21.3 mm;G2失稳区高度延伸至地表,地面位移宽度增加较大,约10 mm,最大位移值增加21.9 mm。由此可知,G2整体位移变化幅度大于G1,这是由于G2埋深更大,上部砂土随开挖面后撤不断产生位移。G1与G2位移最大值均从地层分界线处向上移动,符合土体是自下而上受到扰动的结论。
L/D=0.24时,G1失稳区最大位移大于G2,但G1最终失稳范围小于G2。这表明埋深比越大,失稳范围越大,且在较小的地面位移下引发开挖面的失稳破坏。L/D=0.24时,G1与G2的整体位移沿L/D=0.12时的趋势继续发展。说明开挖面失稳初期土体受到扰动影响后续失稳区的发展趋势。因此在实际工程应用中,应当做好防止开挖面初期失稳的措施。
为了更直观地反映各个工况的最终状态,将4个工况试验结束后的照片进行比较分析。由7(c)和7(d)可以明显看出,试验结束后,G3与G4开挖面前方脱空,未发生失稳破坏,土体维持稳定状态。G4开挖面前方土体整体无明显变化,说明埋深比增大对抵抗开挖面后撤所产生的扰动作用能力增强。G1与G2在试验结束时,开挖面前方土体发生明显失稳破坏。由图7(a)和7(b)所标红线可以看出G1与G2的最终失稳区与地表沉降槽轮廓。将G1与G2的最终失稳区照片进行对比,可以看出二者的失稳区已经拓展至地表,地表产生沉降槽,失稳区整体形状类似上部开口的“漏斗”型。从图中可以看出G1的沉降槽深度明显大于G2,与PIV分析结果一致。通过失稳区照片与PIV分析结果对比可知,失稳土体顶部土拱不断迭代,上方砂土向开挖面前方破坏区滑移,失稳区最终形态呈“漏斗”状。这是因为上部砂土地层的稳定性较差,失稳区上部难以形成长期稳定的承载拱。随开挖面的后撤,失稳区不断向四周发展,最终到达地表形成沉降槽。
各工况下的归一化竖向土压力随开挖面后撤位移变化曲线如图8所示。根据韩兴博等[27]的研究,将土压力释放值占初始值的百分比定义为应力释放率。图中,σσ0分别为实时土压力和初始土压力。在A-A截面内,G1中T1~T3处应力释放率为40%~60%。G2中则比G1小10%左右,G3和G4中则分别为10%~15%和5%。G1的各测点应力释放率均大于其他工况,这是因为G1上方砂土地层受扰动较大,开挖面前方相较其他工况更易发生失稳。G2、G4中应力释放率均相对应的小于G1、G3。说明当地层分界线相同时,埋深比增大,土拱效应发挥越大,地层稳定性增强,应力释放减少。同时,G1、G2中T1与T3测点处应力释放率最大,而G3、G4中的T1、T3测点处土压力仅随开挖面后撤位移的增大发生小范围减少。这是由于G1与G2工况随开挖面后撤位移的增大,开挖面前方土体发生失稳破坏,土压力盒上方部分土体滑入破坏区,使土压力盒上方土体减少,土压力降低。而G3与G4工况开挖面前方在试验中并未发生破坏,土压力的小幅度降低是由于地层应力的释放。
B-B截面内,G1、G2中靠近开挖面一侧的T1、T5、T7测点土压力变化幅度相较于同侧的T2、T4、T6测点更大。G1中各测点处应力释放率均大于40%;G2中各测点应力释放率差别较大,T7可达80%,T2与T6则仅为5%;G3和G4中各测点的应力释放率则分别在16%和5%以内。G1与G2中的T7测点应力释放率远大于其他测点,这是由于T7测点上方砂土流入开挖面前方破坏区,上覆土层厚度减小,土压力降低最多。从图8(b)、8(d)、8(f)、8(h)中可以看出,沿z轴方向,土压力盒测点T1与T2最先响应,其次是T5与T6,测点T7与T8土压力值响应最晚,这是因为随开挖面的后撤,土体是由下而上发生扰动的。
图8整体观察可知,随开挖面不断后撤,T1、T3、T5、T7测点的土压力变化幅度明显大于T2、T4、T6、T8测点。这是由于靠近开挖面的测点受到的扰动更大。G1与G2中各测点的应力释放率大于G3与G4,说明地层分界线在L2处的土体抵抗扰动能力较差。其中,G1所有测点土压力均随开挖面后撤持续下降。这是由于G1工况整体受扰动影响较大,土体发生整体失稳。其他工况部分测点的土压力开始有微小增大而后降低,主要因为试验开始时土体产生的土拱效应位于测点所在区域,增加了测点上方土压力;随试验的进行,土拱区域发生偏移,不再处于测点所在位置。在G3与G4中,随后撤位移增加,测点T1~T4的土压力变化范围明显减小。G3与G4工况所有测点的竖向土压力变化明显比G1与G2工况小。说明黏土地层厚度增加对上部土体的支撑作用明显。
在盾构隧道施工中,开挖面压力设置不合理极易引发前方土体失稳,导致地表塌陷。若对开挖面施加压力过大,则会导致前方土体发生隆起破坏;若在开挖面上施加的压力不足,则土体可能产生滑移导致开挖面失稳破坏。因此,研究开挖面支护力的变化特征对隧道施工安全具有重要意义。
为直观表示开挖面稳定状态与支护应力的关系,引入支护应力比λλ=PSi/P0i=1,2,其中PS1PS2分别为开挖面上下中心点S1、S2处的支护应力,P0为开挖面上的初始支护压力。由于G3与G4工况在试验中未发生失稳破坏,因此对G1与G2工况开挖面极限支护力进行分析。绘制位移与支护应力比关系曲线,如图9所示。由图可知,本文试验得到的曲线变化可以分为3个阶段。第1阶段,在L/D<0.15%范围内,开挖面支护应力比随后撤位移增大快速下降。第2阶段,随开挖面后撤位移继续增大,支护应力比下降速度变缓,并在L/D≈10%时减小至支护应力比最小值,对应支护力最小值Pmin。第3阶段,支护应力比趋于稳定,不再随后撤位移增大而发生显著变化。认为此阶段开挖面已经失稳。
G1与G2工况测点处的支护力最小值均是S1大于S2。说明埋深比相同时,上砂下黏复合地层的开挖面上侧中心点稳定支护力大于下侧。这是由于测点S1位于砂土地层,砂土地层较黏土地层稳定性差,开挖面稳定时所需支护力大。S1测点支护力在G2工况的下降速率更快,稳定支护力值更大。这与黏土地层埋深比越大稳定支护力值越小变化规律不同。
取开挖面上下中心点处Pmin较大的值为极限支护力Plim。因此G1与G2均取上侧中心点对应的最小支护力,G1与G2工况开挖面到达极限状态时对应的支护应力比分别为0.19与0.17,对应的极限支护力分别为11.31、11.83 kPa。在实际工程应用中,当隧道开挖面穿越上砂下黏复合地层时,需对上侧稳定性较差的砂土地层开挖面极限支护力多加考虑,避免因开挖面支护力施加不当而产生工程事故。
通过有限元软件Abaqus,针对上述离心模型试验的4种工况,模拟支护力逐渐减弱,对开挖面支护力进行分析。由相似理论推算出数值分析中原位模型的尺寸参数为33.0 m×20.4 m×24.0 m(或27.0 m)(长×宽×高),隧道直径为6 m,底部埋深为12 m。隧道支护采用壳单元,模型地层为上砂下黏复合地层。土体服从Mohr-Coulomb本构,模型参数由试验获得,土体参数见表1。模型上表面无约束,四周施加法向约束,底面施加固定约束,衬砌与地层间施加绑定约束。规定隧道开挖方向x方向为开挖面初始支护压,模型取工况G1示意,如图10所示。
数值模拟计算主要分为两步。第1步,得到开挖面上初始支护压力。通过数值软件生死单元功能实现隧道开挖与衬砌施加。隧道一次开挖12 m后,在掌子面上施加法向约束,同步激活衬砌。待软件计算结束时,提取开挖面上法向应力。假定应力为梯形分布,简化计算得出开挖面前方初始支护压力。第2步,将开挖面上法向约束替换为第1步所得的初始支护压力,并逐渐减小开挖面支护压力,同时记录开挖面前方土体的水平位移随支护压力的变化。绘制开挖面中心点水平位移与支护应力比的关系曲线,寻找开挖面位移突变点。根据秦建设等[28]的研究,当开挖面支护力下降到某一数值时,开挖面的位移有显著变化,认为此时开挖面发生失稳,该时刻对应的支护力为极限支护力。
由数值模拟得到的支护应力比λ与归一化开挖面中心点位移s/Ds为水平位移)关系曲线如图1112所示。图11为G1与G2工况,由图可以看出,支护应力比与开挖面中心点位移关系曲线变化规律较为一致且大致可分为3个阶段。第1阶段为几乎不产生位移阶段,当支护应力比λ>0.9时,开挖面中心点处位移基本不变,说明开挖面前方土体变形极小。第2阶段,开挖面中心点处位移随支护应力比的减小产生微小变化,但位移增长趋势逐渐增强。第3阶段为失稳破坏阶段,此时位移变化极其明显。对于G1与G2工况,均是开挖面上侧中心点S1处支护力先到达极限状态。G1工况在λ=0.156时,S1测点处水平位移发生急剧增大,对应支护力为9.438 kPa;G2工况在λ=0.107时S1处位移骤变,对应支护力为9.818 kPa。将上述G1与G2发生位移骤变所对应的支护力定义为开挖面上侧中心点极限支护力。
当G1与G2开挖面上侧中心点S1处支护力到达极限状态时,开挖面前方土体已发生失稳破坏,有限元分析软件很快停止计算。与此同时,G1与G2对应的开挖面下侧中心点S2处支护力还可视为上述第2阶段变化状态,并未到达极限状态。因此取上侧中心点极限支护力为整个开挖面的极限支护力。随支护应力比的减小,G1上侧中心点位移比G2先发生骤变,且G1对应极限支护力小于G2。表明位移突变点对应的支护应力比随埋深增大而减小,对应的开挖面极限支护力随埋深增大而增大。这与离心试验结果基本吻合。
图12可以看出,开挖面上下中心点处位移与支护应力比的关系曲线较为顺滑,在支护应力比减小的整个过程,开挖面中心点并未出现位移骤变。说明数值模拟的G3、G4工况开挖面未发生明显失稳破坏,这与离心试验结果一致。同一工况的开挖面上下侧中心点处位移随支护应力比的变化趋势基本一致。G4的整体位移变化范围比G3更大,说明在上砂下黏地层中,当地层分界线位于拱顶时,埋深比越大,开挖面中心点处位移变化越大。
将本文离心试验与数值模拟得到的开挖面极限支护力与其他研究成果进行对比,如图13所示。其中Plim/(γD)(γ为土体重度)为开挖面的归一化极限支护力。由图13可以看出,本文离心试验与数值模拟所得到的开挖面极限支护力存在一定差别但在合理范围内。本文得到的结果大于雷华阳等[19]的试验结果,这是由于单一黏土地层的稳定性更好。本文离心试验得到的极限支护力与张亚峰等[29]的模型试验随埋深比的变化趋势较为相近,但极限支护力值小于张亚峰等[29]试验结果。这是由于两者的土体密度接近但单一砂土地层稳定性较差。宋洋等[24]的试验结果大于本文,是由于其模型试验压缩模量小于本文且其采用的砂砾材料黏聚力均为0。赵明华等[23]研究中的土体内摩擦角远小于本文,其地层稳定性较差,导致极限支护应力较大;李宏安[30]研究中黏土为软弱夹层,其弹性模量仅为5 MPa,使其极限支护力结果大于本文。虽然二者与本文在地层条件上存在差异,但由于目前关于复合地层条件下隧道开挖面稳定性的研究较少,其对比结果的差异性仍可为不同类型复合地层隧道开挖稳定性研究提供参考。
图14为数值模拟得到的G1~G4开挖面失稳区位移变化云图。由图14(a)、14(b)可以看出,当地层分界线位于开挖面中心处时,开挖面上部变形明显大于下部。最大位移位于上侧开挖面中心点处附近。说明在上砂下黏地层隧道施工中,应更加关注砂土地层的稳定性。由图14(c)、14(d)可知,当地层分界线位于拱顶处时,开挖面中心处位移最大,但失稳区仅存在于开挖面前方较小的范围,并未向上方拓展。说明地层并未发生大范围坍塌。这与离心试验结果一致。
数值模拟与离心试验得到的失稳区位移轮廓对比如图15所示。由于G3与G4试验结束开挖面并未发生失稳破坏,因此仅与G1、G2试验失稳区轮廓进行对比。
图15(a)可以看出,当埋深比C/D=1时,G1工况数值模拟与试验结果均是位移延伸至地表,并且数值模拟得到的最大位移区与试验观测结果趋势一致。G3工况数值模拟所得到的失稳区轮廓仅在整个开挖面前方。由此可知,当下部黏土地层由L2上升至L1时,失稳区范围变小,土体稳定性增强。由图15(b)可以看出,当C/D=1.5时,试验所得的G2失稳区已经到达地表,而数值模拟失稳区轮廓并未到达地表。这是因为数值模拟中开挖面位移不收敛导致计算提前停止。
数值模拟是通过开挖面支护力的折减以模拟后撤,计算结束时,提取模型上对应试验中的T1~T8测点处的竖向土压力,绘制支护应力比与归一化土压力的关系曲线,如图16所示。
由图可以看出,G1所有测点土压力都随支护应力比减小而减小,应力释放率在50%~80%。G2与G4的土压力整体释放率比G1与G3高,这与试验得出埋深比增大,土体应力释放率降低的结论一致。所有工况中T1与T3测点处应力释放率大于其他测点,说明越靠近开挖面土体受扰动程度越明显。T7、T8测点处响应最晚,说明土体由下向上发生扰动,这与试验结论一致。
(1)离心试验与数值分析的结果表明,对于上砂下黏复合地层,当地层分界线位于开挖面中心处时,仅砂土地层随开挖面后撤发生破坏;当黏土地层厚度由开挖面中心增加至隧道拱顶处时,开挖面前方土体始终保持稳定状态。该研究结果适用于上砂下黏复合地层隧道,可为类似工程提供参考。
(2)发生失稳破坏的G1与G2均是开挖面上侧支护力先到达极限值,开挖面上侧砂土地层稳定性较差,发生失稳破坏更早。因此在实际施工过程中应对稳定性较差地层施加合理的支护压力。
(3)整个试验过程中,随开挖面后撤位移的增大,越靠近开挖面的土体竖向土压力受到扰动越明显。黏土地层中的土压力变化范围明显小于砂土,说明黏土的稳定性较好。在穿越上砂下黏复合地层的实际地下隧道工程中,应多加考虑黏土地层厚度对开挖面稳定性的影响。
(4)G1与G2失稳区位移只发生在上侧砂土地层,且最大位移在开挖面上侧中心处。随开挖面前方土体土拱不断迭代,最终失稳区顶部扩散至地表。黏土地层在开挖面后撤过程中几乎不发生位移变化,始终维持稳定状态。埋深比增加会使开挖面在位移较小时发生失稳破坏,并导致失稳区范围扩大。开挖面失稳初期土体受到的扰动对后续失稳区的发展影响较大,在实际工程中应采取有效措施防止开挖面初期失稳。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42277151)
  • 陕西省秦创原“科学家+工程师”队伍建设项目(S2024-YD-QCYK-0027)
  • 长安大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(300102214201)
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2025年第46卷第11期
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doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1553
  • 接收时间:2024-12-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-11-14
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-18
  • 录用日期:2025-04-03
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42277151)
国家自然科学基金项目(42277151)
Shaanxi Qinchuangyuan “Scientist + Engineer" Team Building Program(S2024-YD-QCYK-0027)
陕西省秦创原“科学家+工程师”队伍建设项目(S2024-YD-QCYK-0027)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, CHD(300102214201)
长安大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(300102214201)
作者信息
    1.长安大学 公路学院,陕西 西安 710064
    2.中交一公局集团有限公司,北京 100024
    3.陕西建工控股集团有限公司,陕西 西安 710003

通讯作者:

翁效林,男,1980年生,博士,教授,主要从事特殊土性状及城市地下轨道交通方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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