Article(id=1244316345249149246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16285/j.rsm.2025.0082, pmid=null, cstr=32223.14.j.rsm.2025.0082, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737475200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1745769600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-28, onlineDate=1774597734987, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1763049600000, pubDateStr=2025-11-14, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774597734987, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774597734987, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597734987, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244316342938087728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, year='2025', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='3329', pageEnd='3672', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774597734436, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597825220, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244316723801862468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244316723806056773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3485, endPage=3500, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244316346998174028, articleId=1244316345249149246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, language=EN, title=Preliminary study on creep characteristics and model of sandstone under attenuated oscillation disturbance, columnId=1244316343936332083, journalTitle=Rock and Soil Mechanics, columnName=Fundamental Theory and Experimental Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Mining disturbance can easily aggravate the creep instability of roadway surrounding rock, and its propagation mode in surrounding rock is damped oscillation disturbance. In order to explore the creep characteristics of rock under the damped oscillation disturbance, X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance and pseudo-triaxial creep tests were carried out. Based on the test results, a discrete element numerical model of sandstone was established. The parameter calibration results show that the combination of linear parallel bond model and Burgers model can simulate the creep behavior of rock. Combining the sinusoidal disturbance function with the exponential function, a function expression for simulating the attenuation oscillation disturbance is proposed. The application of attenuation oscillation disturbance in numerical simulation is realized by Fish language, and the creep process of sandstone under attenuation oscillation disturbance is simulated. The simulation results show that compared with the undisturbed rock sample, the accelerated creep time of the rock sample under the action of attenuation oscillation disturbance is earlier and the creep deformation is larger. Before and after the disturbance is applied, the distribution of crack dip angle changes from concentration to dispersion, and the failure mode is tensile-shear composite failure mode. When the attenuation oscillation disturbance is applied, the creep deformation of rock shows a similar attenuation oscillation trend. The greater the deviatoric stress, the greater the influence of attenuation oscillation disturbance on rock deformation. The application of attenuation oscillation disturbance is more likely to lead to the fracture of contact bond between particles and accelerate energy dissipation. The attenuation oscillation disturbance element and the nonlinear viscoplastic body are introduced into the Burgers model, and an improved Burgers model is established. The theoretical curve is in good agreement with the experimental data. The model can better characterize the creep process of sandstone under attenuation oscillation disturbance.

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开采扰动极易加剧巷道围岩蠕变失稳,其在围岩中的传播方式为衰减振荡扰动。为探究衰减振荡扰动下岩石蠕变特性,以砂岩为研究对象,开展了X射线衍射、核磁共振试验和假三轴蠕变试验。基于试验结果,建立了砂岩离散元数值模型。参数标定结果表明,线性平行黏结模型与Burgers模型相结合的方法,可以模拟岩石的蠕变行为。将正弦扰动函数和指数函数相结合,提出了模拟衰减振荡扰动的函数表达式。通过Fish语言实现了衰减振荡扰动在数值模拟中的施加,模拟了砂岩在衰减振荡扰动下的蠕变过程。模拟结果表明,与无扰动岩样相比,衰减振荡扰动作用下岩样发生加速蠕变的时间更早,蠕变变形量更大。扰动施加前后,裂纹倾角分布由集中转为分散,破坏模式为张拉-剪切复合破坏模式。衰减振荡扰动施加时,岩石蠕变变形呈现类似的衰减振荡趋势,偏应力越大,衰减振荡扰动对岩石变形影响越大。衰减振荡扰动的施加,更容易导致颗粒之间接触键的断裂,加速了能量耗散。将衰减振荡扰动元件和非线性黏塑性体引入到Burgers模型中,建立了改进的Burgers模型,理论曲线与试验数据吻合度较高,该模型能较好地表征衰减振荡扰动下砂岩蠕变过程。

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王俊光,男,1980年生,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事岩石力学及矿井水害防治等领域的研究。E-mail:
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杨松,男,1999年生,博士研究生,主要从事岩土流变力学等方面的研究。E-mail:

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杨松,男,1999年生,博士研究生,主要从事岩土流变力学等方面的研究。E-mail:

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杨松,男,1999年生,博士研究生,主要从事岩土流变力学等方面的研究。E-mail:

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Linear parallel bond model parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
颗粒最小半径/mm颗粒最大半径/mm密度/(kg·m−3颗粒接触模量/GPa颗粒法向与切向刚度之比颗粒摩擦系数平行黏结模量/GPa平行黏结摩擦角/(°)黏聚力/MPa抗拉强度/MPa
0.20.42 47039.934 81.50.139.934 850193.88523.46
), ArticleFig(id=1244316384126153539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316345249149246, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

线性平行黏结模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
颗粒最小半径/mm颗粒最大半径/mm密度/(kg·m−3颗粒接触模量/GPa颗粒法向与切向刚度之比颗粒摩擦系数平行黏结模量/GPa平行黏结摩擦角/(°)黏聚力/MPa抗拉强度/MPa
0.20.42 47039.934 81.50.139.934 850193.88523.46
), ArticleFig(id=1244316384231011141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316345249149246, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Burgers model parameters

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MaxwellKelvin颗粒摩擦系数
法向刚度系数Kmn/MPa法向黏性系数Cmn/(MPa·s)切向刚度系数Kms/MPa切向黏性系数Cms/(MPa·s)法向刚度系数Kkn/MPa法向黏性系数Ckn/(MPa·s)切向刚度系数Kks/MPa切向黏性系数Cks/(MPa·s)
3.6×1039.0×1043.6×1039.0×1046.5×1039.0×1043.6×1039.0×1040.3
), ArticleFig(id=1244316384356840267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316345249149246, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Burgers模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MaxwellKelvin颗粒摩擦系数
法向刚度系数Kmn/MPa法向黏性系数Cmn/(MPa·s)切向刚度系数Kms/MPa切向黏性系数Cms/(MPa·s)法向刚度系数Kkn/MPa法向黏性系数Ckn/(MPa·s)切向刚度系数Kks/MPa切向黏性系数Cks/(MPa·s)
3.6×1039.0×1043.6×1039.0×1046.5×1039.0×1043.6×1039.0×1040.3
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衰减振荡扰动下砂岩蠕变特性与模型初探
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杨松 1 , 王俊光 1 , 韦忠跟 2 , 辛天宇 3 , 梁冰 1 , 王立轩 1 , 任凌冉 1
岩土力学 | 基础理论与实验研究 2025,46(11): 3485-3500
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岩土力学 | 基础理论与实验研究 2025, 46(11): 3485-3500
衰减振荡扰动下砂岩蠕变特性与模型初探
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杨松1 , 王俊光1 , 韦忠跟2, 辛天宇3, 梁冰1, 王立轩1, 任凌冉1
作者信息
  • 1.辽宁工程技术大学 力学与工程学院,辽宁 阜新 123000
  • 2.中煤科工集团 沈阳研究院有限公司,辽宁 沈阳 113122
  • 3.辽宁工程技术大学 安全科学与工程学院,辽宁 阜新 123000
  • 杨松,男,1999年生,博士研究生,主要从事岩土流变力学等方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

王俊光,男,1980年生,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事岩石力学及矿井水害防治等领域的研究。E-mail:
Preliminary study on creep characteristics and model of sandstone under attenuated oscillation disturbance
Song YANG1 , Jun-guang WANG1 , Zhong-gen WEI2, Tian-yu XIN3, Bing LIANG1, Li-xuan WANG1, Ling-ran REN1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanics and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, Liaoning 123000, China
  • 2.Shenyang Research Institute Co., Ltd., China Coal Technology & Engineering Group, Shenyang 113122, China
  • 3.Safety Science and Engineering College, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, Liaoning 123000, China
出版时间: 2025-11-14 doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2025.0082
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开采扰动极易加剧巷道围岩蠕变失稳,其在围岩中的传播方式为衰减振荡扰动。为探究衰减振荡扰动下岩石蠕变特性,以砂岩为研究对象,开展了X射线衍射、核磁共振试验和假三轴蠕变试验。基于试验结果,建立了砂岩离散元数值模型。参数标定结果表明,线性平行黏结模型与Burgers模型相结合的方法,可以模拟岩石的蠕变行为。将正弦扰动函数和指数函数相结合,提出了模拟衰减振荡扰动的函数表达式。通过Fish语言实现了衰减振荡扰动在数值模拟中的施加,模拟了砂岩在衰减振荡扰动下的蠕变过程。模拟结果表明,与无扰动岩样相比,衰减振荡扰动作用下岩样发生加速蠕变的时间更早,蠕变变形量更大。扰动施加前后,裂纹倾角分布由集中转为分散,破坏模式为张拉-剪切复合破坏模式。衰减振荡扰动施加时,岩石蠕变变形呈现类似的衰减振荡趋势,偏应力越大,衰减振荡扰动对岩石变形影响越大。衰减振荡扰动的施加,更容易导致颗粒之间接触键的断裂,加速了能量耗散。将衰减振荡扰动元件和非线性黏塑性体引入到Burgers模型中,建立了改进的Burgers模型,理论曲线与试验数据吻合度较高,该模型能较好地表征衰减振荡扰动下砂岩蠕变过程。

衰减振荡扰动  /  离散元  /  蠕变特性  /  Burgers模型  /  砂岩

Mining disturbance can easily aggravate the creep instability of roadway surrounding rock, and its propagation mode in surrounding rock is damped oscillation disturbance. In order to explore the creep characteristics of rock under the damped oscillation disturbance, X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance and pseudo-triaxial creep tests were carried out. Based on the test results, a discrete element numerical model of sandstone was established. The parameter calibration results show that the combination of linear parallel bond model and Burgers model can simulate the creep behavior of rock. Combining the sinusoidal disturbance function with the exponential function, a function expression for simulating the attenuation oscillation disturbance is proposed. The application of attenuation oscillation disturbance in numerical simulation is realized by Fish language, and the creep process of sandstone under attenuation oscillation disturbance is simulated. The simulation results show that compared with the undisturbed rock sample, the accelerated creep time of the rock sample under the action of attenuation oscillation disturbance is earlier and the creep deformation is larger. Before and after the disturbance is applied, the distribution of crack dip angle changes from concentration to dispersion, and the failure mode is tensile-shear composite failure mode. When the attenuation oscillation disturbance is applied, the creep deformation of rock shows a similar attenuation oscillation trend. The greater the deviatoric stress, the greater the influence of attenuation oscillation disturbance on rock deformation. The application of attenuation oscillation disturbance is more likely to lead to the fracture of contact bond between particles and accelerate energy dissipation. The attenuation oscillation disturbance element and the nonlinear viscoplastic body are introduced into the Burgers model, and an improved Burgers model is established. The theoretical curve is in good agreement with the experimental data. The model can better characterize the creep process of sandstone under attenuation oscillation disturbance.

attenuation oscillation disturbance  /  discrete element method  /  creep characteristics  /  Burgers model  /  sandstone
杨松, 王俊光, 韦忠跟, 辛天宇, 梁冰, 王立轩, 任凌冉. 衰减振荡扰动下砂岩蠕变特性与模型初探. 岩土力学, 2025 , 46 (11) : 3485 -3500 . DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2025.0082
Song YANG, Jun-guang WANG, Zhong-gen WEI, Tian-yu XIN, Bing LIANG, Li-xuan WANG, Ling-ran REN. Preliminary study on creep characteristics and model of sandstone under attenuated oscillation disturbance[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (11) : 3485 -3500 . DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2025.0082
近些年,我国煤炭资源开采逐渐向深部进军,为保证安全生产,必须要解决深部资源开采过程中面临的岩石力学问题。深部岩体在高地应力条件下,表现为持续的强流变特性,即不仅变形量大,而且具有明显的“时间效应”[1-2]。当煤层开采时,其带来的开采扰动会使岩体变形速率大幅度加快,极易诱发巷道围岩结构出现大变形(见图1),严重威胁地下安全生产。因此,开展岩石流变扰动效应相关的研究对地下岩土工程的长期稳定性具有重要意义。
“岩石流变扰动效应”的概念是由高延法教授等[3]于2008年提出,是指岩石在一定应力状态下,受到外部扰动荷载作用(如开挖扰动、放炮震动等)之后产生流变变形增量的力学现象。在岩土工程中,岩石的流变变形主要表现为蠕变变形,众多学者围绕扰动作用下岩石蠕变特性开展了大量研究。
为探讨冲击扰动对岩石蠕变的影响,Niu等[4]以裂隙砂岩为研究对象,开展了蠕变-冲击载荷作用下剪切试验,发现动态扰动后的失效时间由总冲击能量和蠕变应力水平共同决定;Zhu等[5-6]指出冲击扰动会加速蠕变应力作用下岩石的损伤,这可能是触发岩石加速蠕变的重要因素;LI等[7]研究了预制蠕变损伤对砂岩动态性能的影响,发现冲击次数比蠕变持续时间对徐变应力水平更为敏感;LI等[8]制备了由花岗岩和砂岩组成的双岩样,对其开展了蠕变冲击试验,发现冲击动态扰动越强岩石越早发生破坏,并指出应变能的释放是岩石蠕变失稳的重要原因;樊赖宇等[9]对红砂岩开展了多级冲击扰动蠕变试验,发现动态扰动能量的增加会使长期强度降低,并且建立了描述砂岩在静态恒载和动态扰动组合作用下蠕变特性的黏塑性扰动损伤蠕变模型;刘春等[10]分析了冲击强度对页岩蠕变特性的影响,提出了一种新的页岩非线性分数阶损伤蠕变模型;吉东亮等[11]对复合煤岩体蠕变过程中受冲击扰动破坏进行了模拟分析,讨论了不同初始角度煤岩体下蠕变损伤的失稳诱发机制;王青元等[12]探讨了岩石蠕变状态、落锤冲击次数和冲击能量对岩石蠕变变形和破坏特征的影响,从能量角度阐述了蠕变岩石在冲击扰动作用下的破坏规律;Zhao等[13]对煤样进行了不同应力水平下的蠕变冲击和扰动试验,发现蠕变扰动对煤的强度具有劣化效应;Wu等[14]对砂岩进行了一系列多级冲击-扰动蠕变试验,发现冲击扰动导致试样蠕变破坏后孔隙率显著增加,尤其是大孔隙。
为探讨周期正弦扰动对岩石蠕变的影响,王俊光等[15-17]利用自行研制的岩石三轴扰动蠕变试验台,以片麻岩为研究对象,开展了静载轴压、不同扰动幅值、不同扰动频率作用下的岩石单轴压缩扰动蠕变试验,揭示了扰动载荷对岩石蠕变特性的影响,建立了岩石非线性扰动蠕变损伤复合模型;Wang等[18]通过蠕变-疲劳试验和CT扫描技术,研究了扰动应力幅值对岩石-充填体复合结构蠕变破坏和能量演化特性,发现高应力扰动下试样消耗的能量更多,循环荷载引起的损伤更为严重,并从耗散能角度建立了损伤演化模型;李晓照等[19]基于细观裂纹扩展与应力关系模型、动力扰动损伤演化函数、静动力载荷演化路径函数与黏弹性本构模型,提出了一种应力波动力扰动下脆性岩石蠕变断裂特性的宏细观力学模型;Zha等[20]考虑了开挖扰动对岩石蠕变特性的影响,发现考虑开挖扰动的岩石长期强度明显低于未考虑开挖扰动的岩石。
上述学者通过室内试验、模型推导和数值模拟等方法,取得了丰富的研究成果,为岩石流变扰动效应奠定了基础。基于前人研究现状总结出两点不足之处:①众多学者围绕冲击扰动和正余弦扰动条件下(见图2(a)、2(b))岩石的蠕变特性开展了大量研究,但是实际工况中,扰动波在岩体中的传递是逐渐衰减的过程,见图2(c),围岩结构会受到不同振幅的动态扰动,这种扰动称为衰减振荡波形[21-24]。目前缺少考虑衰减振荡扰动下岩石蠕变特性的相关研究;②岩石破坏是细观裂纹扩展直至宏观断裂的跨尺度演化过程,从宏细观角度研究蠕变过程中裂纹演化特征的研究较少。
考虑到传统的岩石力学试验无法从细观角度开展研究,并且试验中很难施加衰减振荡波形,因此采用模拟软件开展研究。颗粒流离散元(particle flow code,简称PFC)数值模拟软件具备模拟颗粒间相互运动和裂纹显示的独特优势,广泛应用于岩体工程等领域[25-26]。运用PFC软件可以从微细观角度分析岩体力学特性、观测内部微裂纹产生直至宏观破坏的动态过程[27-35],这对揭示衰减振荡扰动作用下岩石蠕变破坏机制有重要意义。
综上所述,文章以砂岩为研究对象,蠕变试验、数值模拟和理论分析相结合,探究衰减振荡扰动作用下砂岩的宏细观蠕变特性及能量演化规律。研究成果可为深部巷道围岩稳定性预测提供参考和理论依据。
研究的技术路线如图3所示:首先,开展砂岩的X射线衍射和核磁共振试验,测量其内部组成成分和孔隙分布,为后续数值模拟建模奠定基础。接着将测试后的砂岩进行常规假三轴蠕变试验,用于数值模拟中获取蠕变参数。然后在离散元软件中完成不同扰动作用的蠕变模拟,揭示其宏细观蠕变特性及能量演化规律。最后,建立改进的Burgers模型用于描述衰减振荡扰动作用下岩石的蠕变行为。图3中,σ1为轴向应力,σ3为围压,Δσ为扰动应力,σ为偏应力,K为体积模量,G1G2为剪切模量,E1E2为弹性模量,η1η2η3为黏滞系数,A为正弦函数扰动幅值,f为扰动频率,k为衰减因子,ts为衰减扰动施加时刻,ξ为弹塑性系数,m为流变指数,σs为长期强度,ε1为弹性应变,ε2为黏性应变,ε3为黏弹性应变,ε4为衰减振荡应变,ε5为黏塑性应变。
为数值模拟中建立的岩样能与试验中所用砂岩结构相近,先对试验所用砂岩进行X射线衍射和核磁共振试验。试验所用砂岩试样取自于内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市唐家会煤矿6煤61304工作面顶板砂岩。按照《工程岩体试验方法标准》(GB/T50266-2013)[36]中相关规定标准制作成直径为50 mm、高度为100 mm的标准圆柱体试样,如图4所示。
对砂岩试样粉末进行X射线衍射测试,结果表明,试样主要由58.8%的石英、27.4%的长石、10.2%的云母、3.6%的其他矿物组成。测试结果显示砂岩的初始孔隙率在9.3%~9.6%范围内。由图5可知,孔径分布为双峰小孔型,左峰的峰值高于右峰,小孔最为发育,其次是大孔。基于测试结果选取均匀性良好的6个试样进行常规三轴蠕变试验。
在进行蠕变试验之前,需对试件进行压缩试验,得到其抗压强度,用于后续蠕变试验方案的设计。因此,先完成压缩试验,再进行蠕变试验。试验仪器选用英国进口GDS HPTAS软岩流变仪,该试验装置可进行岩石三轴压缩试验和蠕变试验,该试验设备支持最大轴向加载力为250 kN、最大围压为32 MPa,如图6所示。图中,Δh为稳压时间。
通过三轴压缩试验结果计算得到试件在围压为5MPa的三轴抗压强度为95.2 MPa,弹性模量为4.64 GPa。蠕变试验加载采用恒围压、轴压分级加载方式,第1级荷载按照抗压强度的50%施加,然后稳压4 h,若岩样未发生破坏、蠕变速率稳定,则施加下一级荷载,之后每级荷载增加抗压强度的10%,直至试样破坏。试验在室温条件下进行。蠕变试验结果将在第3节与模拟结果一起讨论。
实验室试验难以施加衰减振荡扰动,也无法实时监测岩石蠕变过程中的细观裂纹扩展过程。因此,借助离散元软件PFC,开展衰减振荡扰动蠕变试验,揭示扰动因素对蠕变过程中岩石的蠕变特性、裂纹扩展和能量演化的影响规律。
模型建立步骤如下:
(1)岩石成样:在PFC数值模拟软件中,先生成4个墙体,然后在墙体内部按照试验测得的孔隙率生成颗粒,模型尺寸与试验所用试样保持一致,为50 mm×100 mm;
(2)颗粒级配:基于前期X射线衍射测试结果,按照58.8%的石英、27.4%的长石、10.2%的云母、3.6%的其他矿物组成成分进行分组,完成颗粒级配。
(3)模型预压:赋予模型内部伺服功能,并给予1 MPa的围压,使模型内部平衡。
(4)赋予接触模型:合理地赋予颗粒间的接触模型是重要环节。PFC软件中常见的接触模型有:空模型、线性模型、线性接触黏结模型、线性平行黏结模型、Burgers接触模型和赫兹接触模型等10余种接触模型,其中线性平行黏结模型在模拟岩土变形方面应用最为广泛[37-38],能够很好地模拟岩石破裂过程;Burgers接触模型用于模拟颗粒的蠕变行为,但Burgers接触模型仅仅能模拟颗粒的稳态蠕变阶段,无法模拟加速蠕变行为。因此,本次模拟将Burgers接触模型与线性平行黏结模型联合使用,以达到模拟岩石蠕变全过程的效果。由于相同物质之间黏结力大孔隙小,不同物质之间孔隙大易发生变形,因此,在相同分组颗粒内部之间接触选取线性平行黏结模型,不同分组颗粒之间赋予Burgers接触模型,墙体和颗粒之间赋予线性模型。
(5)施加围压:与室内试验相对应,赋予模型5 MPa的围压。
(6)加载:先加载至第1级偏应力水平,稳压2 h,施加扰动,再稳压2 h,若试件未发生破坏,继续施加下一级荷载,如此往复,直至结束。
接触模型原理图和数值计算模型如图7所示。经过成样、级配、预压等过程,该模型共有了15 405个颗粒和31 629个接触。图7中,Cmn为Maxwell模型的法向黏性系数,Kmn为Maxwell模型的法向刚度系数,Ckn为Kelvin模型的法向黏性系数,Kkn为Kelvin模型的法向刚度系数,Cms为Maxwell模型的切向黏性系数,Kms为Maxwell模型的切向刚度系数,Cks为Kelvin模型的切向黏性系数,Kks为Kelvin模型的切向刚度系数,gs为颗粒间隙,为抗拉强度,kn分别为线性平行黏结模型中线性组和平行黏结组的法向刚度系数,ks分别为线性平行黏结模型中线性组和平行黏结组的切向刚度系数,为黏聚力,为内摩擦角,fsμ为颗粒摩擦系数。
PFC通过有效模量、颗粒摩擦系数和黏结刚度比等细观参数控制宏观力学行为。为使数值计算结果与试验结果相匹配,以室内岩石力学试验参数和试件破坏类型为依据,通过Python程序迭代优化得到细观参数。压缩试验标定结果和线性平行黏结模型参数如图8表1所示,由于自然界中岩体内部存在原始缺陷,且内部结构不完全一致,故应力-应变曲线变化趋势存在一定差异,但数值模拟得到的峰值应力(模拟94.98 MPa、试验95.2 MPa)、峰值应变(模拟0.026 58、试验0.027 32)、弹性模量(模拟4.54 MPa、试验4.64 MPa)和破坏形式(模拟和试验均为剪切破坏)与试验结果基本吻合,误差较小,说明标定得到的细观力学参数具有合理性。
将岩样中不同分组颗粒之间的接触模型替换为Burgers模型,其余分组内部接触模型不变,进行蠕变试验标定,蠕变模拟加载方案与试验方案保持一致,标定结果和Burgers模型细观参数如图9表2所示。
图9表2可知,模拟蠕变曲线与试验蠕变曲线的吻合度较高,变化趋势一致,变形量误差较小且蠕变破坏形态(拉破坏)也较为相似,表明将Burgers接触模型与线性平行黏结模型联合使用模拟岩石蠕变行为的方法是可行的。
在岩石力学试验中难以施加衰减振荡扰动,但是在数值模拟中可通过编写Fish函数完成衰减振荡扰动的加载。其中关键一点是得到衰减振荡扰动的函数表达式,笔者通过对传统的正弦函数表达式进行修改,得到了衰减振荡波形的函数表达式,具体过程如下:
传统的正弦函数表达式为
式中:B为初相,根据模拟中施加扰动的时间确定;C为每一级施加的偏应力大小。
衰减振荡波形特征为频率f不变、幅值随着加载时间逐渐降低,为满足以上要求,引入指数函数:
图10(a)所示为y=exp(−t/k)的函数图像,当t>0时,0<y≤1,并且随着t的增大,y逐渐减小,符合衰减振荡扰动幅值变化规律。在这里,定义k为衰减因子,当k值增大时,函数衰减速率逐渐减慢,因此可通过k值来控制波形的衰减程度。因此将其引入到正弦函数中,得到衰减振荡函数表达式:
A=5 MPa、k=20、f=0.5、B=0、C=20时,σ=5exp(−t/20)sin(πt)+20,衰减振荡函数图像如图10(b)所示。
通过在加载命令中编写相应Fish函数,实现衰减振荡波形的施加,具体加载方式如图11所示。
图11中,t1为第1级荷载σ0蠕变开始时刻,t2为扰动加载开始时刻,T为一个扰动周期,A1A2…为扰动幅值,计算出每个峰值点对应的扰动幅值发现:扰动幅值从A1=Aexp(−T/4k)降低到A2=Aexp(−3T/4k),再从A2降低到A3=Aexp(−5T/4k),如此循环往复,可以得到第n个峰值点对应的扰动幅值An
式中:N+为正整数。
每级加载程序分为4个阶段:(1)加压阶段,围压固定为5 MPa后,将偏应力加载至第1级荷载,加载速率0.1 MPa/s;(2)恒压阶段,保持偏应力值不变,稳压2 h;(3)扰动阶段,开始施加应力扰动施加衰减振荡扰动,频率固定0.5 Hz,周期T为2 s,扰动15次,共计时长为30 s,将A值设为5 MPa,为保证扰动荷载发生衰减过快的现象,并考虑模拟过程中加载伺服能力满足要求,将k值设为20;(4)恒压阶段,扰动施加完毕后,若岩样未发生破坏,继续保持偏应力值不变,稳压2 h;如此循环往复,直至岩样破坏。
图12所示为施加衰减振荡扰动的全程蠕变曲线。由图可知,在前3级偏应力水平条件下,岩样蠕变过程经历了瞬时变形、衰减蠕变和等速蠕变阶段,未发生加速蠕变阶段,而在第4级偏应力水平条件下刚施加衰减振荡扰动时刻出现了应变突跳现象,衰减振荡扰动之后应变逐渐趋于稳定,然后应变速率逐渐增大,直至发生加速蠕变阶段,各应变值迅速上升,偏应力急剧下降,试样发生破坏。随着偏应力的增大,试样的轴向应变、横向应变和体积应变均呈现增大的趋势。与未施加衰减振荡扰动试样的蠕变过程相比,施加衰减振荡扰动后试样产生的蠕变变形更大,发生加速蠕变阶段的时间更早。由此可知,衰减振荡扰动对岩样变形有较大的影响,分析认为衰减振荡扰动的施加会导致岩样内部孔隙和裂隙的反复张开闭合,由此造成的损伤持续加剧,加快了岩样加速蠕变的发生。因此,为进一步揭示衰减振荡扰动对岩样变形特征的影响,作出不同偏应力水平条件下施加衰减振荡扰动阶段的蠕变曲线,如图13所示。
图13可知,当施加衰减振荡扰动时,随着偏应力幅值的衰减,轴向应变、横向应变和体积应变均呈现类似的振荡变化趋势。前3级偏应力水平产生的轴向应变较大,横向应变和体积应变较小。当衰减振荡波形至第1次波谷时,轴向应变回弹至未施加扰动之下,说明衰减振荡扰动在轴向产生的变形大部分为弹性变形,随着扰动幅值的衰减,试样产生的轴向变形也逐渐减小,最终趋于稳定。施加衰减扰动前后的轴向变形量是增大的,说明随着扰动幅值的衰减,衰减振荡扰动在轴向产生的弹性变形逐渐减小,塑性变形逐渐增大。而当衰减振荡波形至第1次波谷时,横向应变并未回弹至未施加扰动之下,说明衰减振荡扰动在横向产生的变形大部分为塑性变形。第4级偏应力水平条件下,当衰减振荡波形至第1次波谷时,各变形量均出现了突跳现象,各应变均产生了较大的塑性变形,其中横向应变占主导地位。通过以上现象可知,扰动前期,产生的蠕变变形主要为弹性变形,随着扰动幅值的衰减,产生的蠕变变形转变为塑性变形,而且偏应力越大,衰减振荡扰动对岩石变形影响越大,表现为产生的弹性变形减小塑性变形增大。
为定量分析岩样蠕变过程中内部孔隙和微裂纹时变规律,作出了孔隙度、裂纹数时变曲线和裂纹倾角分布玫瑰图,如图14所示。由图14(a)可知,依据加载条件,将整个蠕变阶段划分成17个时间点,①②③④、⑤⑥⑦⑧、⑨⑩⑪⑫分别为第1级、第2级、第3级偏应力水平下的加压阶段结束时刻、扰动开始时刻、扰动结束时刻、稳压结束时刻;⑬⑭⑮⑯⑰分别为第4级偏应力水平下的加压阶段结束时刻、扰动开始时刻、扰动结束时刻、加速蠕变开始时刻、加速蠕变结束时刻。在①⑤⑨⑬时刻,岩样在加压阶段产生较大的瞬时变形,岩样内部孔隙被压密,孔隙度急剧下降,产生裂纹数量与偏应力大小呈正相关;②⑥⑩⑭时刻,岩样在稳压阶段产生较小的蠕变变形,岩样内部孔隙被缓慢压密,孔隙度缓慢下降,产生裂纹较少;③⑦⑪⑮时刻,岩样在经历扰动之后蠕变变形增大,岩样内部孔隙被反复压密和闭合,孔隙度出现上升,产生裂纹数量与偏应力大小呈正相关,尤其在第4级偏应力下扰动施加后,拉裂纹大量萌生扩展,数量大幅度增加,孔隙度急剧上升;⑯时刻岩样进入加速蠕变阶段,岩样蠕变变形速率增大,蠕变变形开始大幅度上升,孔隙度曲线呈现先下降后急剧上升的趋势,直至⑰时刻,岩样内部孔隙度达到峰值,内部产生大量拉裂纹和剪切裂纹,拉裂纹和剪切裂纹连接,岩样破坏。由图14(c)可知,岩样内部微裂纹倾角分布较为分散,95°~105°倾角范围内裂纹数量最多。根据颗粒间接触力方向将裂纹种类分为拉裂纹和剪裂纹,剪裂纹又可以分为拉剪裂纹和压剪裂纹。由图14(b)、14(d)可知,前3级偏应力水平下,产生的裂纹数量较少,大部分为拉剪裂纹,拉裂纹几乎为0,当施加第4级偏应力时,拉裂纹才萌生扩展,直至加速蠕变,之间产生的拉裂纹和剪切裂纹相互连接汇合,岩样发生破坏。其中,拉裂纹和拉剪裂纹占比较大,压剪裂纹占比较小,因此岩样最终破坏模式表现为张拉-剪切复合破坏模式。
在第4级衰减扰动施加阶段,扰动幅值的衰减对裂纹数量及扩展的有较大影响。由图15可知,当偏应力增至第1次波峰时,拉裂纹和剪裂纹均迅速扩展数量增多,当偏应力下降时,裂纹数保持不变,当偏应力增至第2次波峰时,拉裂纹和剪裂纹继续扩展增加速率小于第1次波峰,剪裂纹增加速率高于拉裂纹。偏应力增至第2次波峰之后裂纹数量保持不变。因此,随着扰动幅值的降低,裂纹扩展速率和数目均呈现降低的趋势。图16为衰减振荡扰动施加前后岩样内部微裂纹倾角分布玫瑰图,在扰动施加前岩石内部裂纹倾角主要分布在85°~105°,倾角分布较为集中;扰动施加后,裂纹倾角主要分布在65°~115°,倾角分布较为分散,表明衰减振荡扰动的施加影响了岩石内部裂纹走向,使得岩石内部裂纹倾角分布由集中转变成分散,导致微裂纹向四周扩展,破坏呈“◇”形状。
大量研究成果表明[39-43],能量与煤岩体具有密切联系。从能量角度来看,蠕变失稳就是稳定蠕变阶段能量累计、非稳定蠕变阶段能量释放的过程。
根据热力学第一定律,假设蠕变过程中岩样不与外界进行热交换,封闭系统受外力所做的功即为岩样吸收的总能量U。总能量U转化为岩石变形过程中储存的弹性能Ue和损伤所产生的耗散能Ud,如下式所示:
在PFC软件中,加载之前打开能量开关,通过Fish语言可以实时监测岩样变形过程中能量的变化情况。蠕变过程中,岩样吸收的总应变能U为外力通过墙体传递的边界能,在岩样内部转化弹性能和耗散能。弹性能包括颗粒之间发生变形储存的颗粒应变能Ub、不同接触之间的胶结应变能Upb,耗散能包括颗粒之间阻尼力消耗的阻尼能Uη、颗粒之间摩擦消耗的摩擦能Uμ、接触键破裂消耗的胶结破坏能Uf和颗粒相对运动消耗的动能Uv。因此,式(5)可改为以下形式:
基于能量监测数据,作出第4级偏应力水平下的能量演化曲线,如图17所示,图中,(1)、(2)分别为扰动施加前后、破坏前后局部放大图。由图17可知,加载阶段,岩石内部能量主要以颗粒应变能和胶结应变能方式储存,耗散能量较少,主要以阻尼能方式耗散;减速蠕变和等速蠕变阶段,由于蠕变变形量较小,岩石内部能量增幅不大,处于稳定状态;扰动施加阶段,当扰动达到第1级波峰时,除了动能,其余能量均呈现上升的趋势,当扰动达到第2级波峰时,能量达到最大值,随着扰动幅值衰减,颗粒应变能和胶结应变能呈现相同变化趋势的衰减,能量以阻尼能、摩擦能和胶结破坏能方式耗散后趋于平稳。整个衰减扰动阶段,胶结破坏能在耗散能中的占比逐渐增加,岩样内部耗散的能量大于储存的应变能,表明衰减扰动的施加,更容易导致颗粒之间接触键的断裂,加速了能量耗散,进而催动了后续加速蠕变的发生;加速蠕变阶段,岩样内部储存应变能下降,大量能量以摩擦能和胶结破坏能方式耗散,说明此时能量耗散主要来自于裂纹的生成、扩展和颗粒之间的摩擦运动,耗散能占比超出岩样内部储存应变能占比,岩石破坏。综上,衰减振荡扰动促进了岩石内部微裂纹的萌生、扩展,进而加速了蠕变过程中能量耗散。
模拟结果表明,岩样在经历衰减振荡扰动后会发生加速蠕变阶段,Burgers模型作为经典的蠕变模型,其可以对岩石的瞬时变形、衰减蠕变和等速蠕变阶段进行描述,但是其缺陷在于无法对岩石的加速蠕变行为进行描述。因此,本章在Burgers模型基础上,通过引入非线性函数对Burgers模型进行改进,以达到能够描述衰减振荡扰动条件下岩石蠕变全过程的目的。
Burgers模型由Maxwell体和Kelvin体串联而成,其力学模型如图18所示。
总应变ε=ε1+ε2+ε3,其中
Burgers模型一维蠕变方程为
Burgers模型三维蠕变方程为
式中:εij为应变张量;Sij为偏应力张量;δij为Kronecker张量;σm为平均应力。
当施加衰减振荡扰动时,随着偏应力幅值的衰减,轴向应变、横向应变和体积应变均呈现类似的振荡变化趋势,因此根据衰减振荡扰动函数表达式,定义衰减振荡扰动元件的蠕变方程如下式所示,模型图如图19所示。此元件用于描述衰减振荡扰动阶段的应变。
NVPB(nonlinear viscoplastic body,简称NVPB)模型由徐卫亚等[44]于2005年提出,该模型可以充分反映岩石加速流变特性,其蠕变方程如下式所示,模型图如图20所示。
式中:;根据稳态蠕变速率法[45]计算出长期强度σs为71.16 MPa,如图21所示。
将衰减振荡扰动元件和NVPB模型与Burgers模型串联,得到改进的Burgers模型如图22所示。
根据叠加原理和串并联计算原则,得到改进的Burgers模型一维蠕变方程为
下面对改进的Burgers模型三维蠕变方程进行推导。在三维应力状态下,设蠕变产生的总应变为。其中,Burgers模型的应变为,如式(8)所示;衰减振荡扰动元件的应变为;NVPB模型的应变为。根据叠加原理可得:
根据弹性力学,应力张量σij可以被分成球应力张量σmδij和偏应力张量Sij;应变张量εij可以被分成球应变张量εmδij和偏应变张量eijεm为平均应变,由于在蠕变过程中变形主要是由偏应力引起的,为简化推导过程,忽略球应力张量的作用[45]。故衰减振荡扰动元件在三维应力状态下的蠕变方程为
NVPB模型在加速蠕变阶段三维应力状态下的蠕变方程为
式中:F为岩石屈服函数,F0为岩石屈服函数初始值,通常取1[46]h为指定常数,通常取1[47]Q为塑性势函数,根据相关联流动法则,即Q=F[48]
因此,式(14)可简化为
根据叠加原理和串并联计算原则,改进的Burgers模型三维蠕变方程为
屈服函数F选择Mises屈服准则,因为没有考虑球应力张量对蠕变的影响,屈服函数F表达式为
式中:J2为偏应力张量第二不变量。
在假三轴蠕变试验中,存在如下关系:
联立式(16)~(18),得到三维应力状态下的轴向蠕变方程为
在Matlab数值分析软件中采用Trust-Region算法对蠕变参数进行反演,得到蠕变模型参数[49]。将参数代入到式(19)中,绘制出模型曲线与试验数据对比,得到模型计算蠕变曲线如图23所示。
图23可知,理论曲线与试验曲线吻合度较高,不仅可以描述稳定蠕变阶段,而且可以表征在衰减振荡扰动阶段和加速蠕变阶段的蠕变行为,表明改进的Burgers模型具有一定的适用性。
(1)基于X射线衍射和核磁共振试验结果,建立了砂岩颗粒流数值表征模型;通过将线性平行黏结模型和Burgers模型相结合,建立了可表征砂岩蠕变行为的颗粒流接触模型;
(2)将正弦扰动函数和指数函数相结合,提出了模拟衰减振荡扰动的函数表达式,实现了砂岩在衰减振荡扰动下的蠕变模拟过程;
(3)衰减振荡扰动加速了砂岩蠕变破坏的发生。当施加衰减振荡扰动时,随着偏应力幅值的衰减,轴向应变、横向应变和体积应变均呈现类似的振荡变化趋势。扰动前期,产生的蠕变变形主要为弹性变形,随着扰动幅值的衰减,产生的蠕变变形转变为塑性变形。偏应力越大,衰减振荡扰动对岩石变形影响越大,表现为产生的弹性变形减小塑性变形增大。
(4)衰减振荡扰动施加前,岩石内部裂纹倾角分布较为集中,扰动施加后,裂纹倾角分布较为分散。衰减振荡扰动的施加,更容易导致颗粒之间接触键的断裂,加速了能量耗散。
(5)在传统Burgers模型基础上,引入了衰减扰动元件和NVPB模型,建立了改进的Burgers模型,可表征衰减振荡扰动下砂岩的蠕变行为。
本研究成果不仅加深了对衰减振荡扰动下岩石蠕变机制的认识,也为工程扰动作用下深部巷道围岩蠕变控制提供理论依据,研究揭示的扰动加速蠕变规律可为深部巷道支护参数优化提供参考,改进的Burgers模型可用于预测围岩长期变形趋势。需指出的是,本文是对衰减振荡扰动作用下岩石蠕变行为的初探,还存在众多不足之处。例如,实验室条件下难以完全复现实际工程中扰动波的复杂传播特性,导致模拟结果与真实试验存在一定偏差;文中建立的衰减振荡扰动元件无法对岩石变形的突跳行为进行描述,需进一步通过高精度试验数据修正模型。后续将针对衰减振荡扰动作用下的蠕变试验和理论模型等方面展开深入研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目资助(52274084; 52404213)
  • 辽宁省教育厅高校基本科研项目资助(LJ232510147004)
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2025年第46卷第11期
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doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2025.0082
  • 接收时间:2025-01-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-11-14
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-22
  • 录用日期:2025-04-28
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52274084; 52404213)
国家自然科学基金项目资助(52274084; 52404213)
Liaoning Province Education Department Basic Research Project for Universities(LJ232510147004)
辽宁省教育厅高校基本科研项目资助(LJ232510147004)
作者信息
    1.辽宁工程技术大学 力学与工程学院,辽宁 阜新 123000
    2.中煤科工集团 沈阳研究院有限公司,辽宁 沈阳 113122
    3.辽宁工程技术大学 安全科学与工程学院,辽宁 阜新 123000

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王俊光,男,1980年生,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事岩石力学及矿井水害防治等领域的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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