Article(id=1244316344557092922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1558, pmid=null, cstr=32223.14.j.rsm.2024.1558, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734451200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1748880000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-03, onlineDate=1774597734822, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1763049600000, pubDateStr=2025-11-14, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774597734822, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774597734822, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597734822, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244316342938087728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, year='2025', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='3329', pageEnd='3672', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774597734436, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597825220, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244316723801862468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244316723806056773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3462, endPage=3472, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244316344754225212, articleId=1244316344557092922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, language=EN, title=Prediction method for gradation-related mechanical behaviors of rockfill materials, columnId=1244316343936332083, journalTitle=Rock and Soil Mechanics, columnName=Fundamental Theory and Experimental Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The strength and deformation characteristics of rockfill materials are known to be closely related to their gradations. In order to predict the mechanical behavior of rockfill materials with different initial gradations, the influence of gradation on the mechanical properties of rockfill materials is first discussed within the framework of critical state constitutive theory. Subsequently, a method is proposed for rapidly predicting the initial and critical state void ratios for given gradations. Finally, by incorporating a state-dependent elastoplastic constitutive model, a prediction method for the gradation-related mechanical characteristics of rockfill materials is established. The results indicate that a good linear relationship exists between the minimum void ratio emin and the critical state void ratio ecs under low-stress conditions. Utilizing a particle packing algorithm, the critical state position of rockfill materials with specific gradations in the void ratio-pressure (e-p, e is the void ratio of the rockfill material in its current state, and p is the mean stress) space can be reliably predicted. Ultimately, this proposed prediction method facilitates the calibration of constitutive model parameters based on the test results of rockfill materials with known gradations, which subsequently allows for effective prediction of the mechanical behavior of other rockfill materials with different specified gradation profiles.

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堆石料的强度变形特性与其级配密切相关。为了预测不同初始级配堆石料的力学特性规律,首先在临界状态本构理论框架下讨论了级配对堆石料力学性能的影响规律,随后提出了能够快速预测给定级配堆石料的初始和临界状态孔隙比的方法,最后结合状态相关的弹塑性本构模型,建立了堆石料级配相关力学特性规律预测方法。研究结果表明,堆石料最小孔隙比emin与低应力条件下临界状态孔隙比ecs之间存在较好的线性关系;结合颗粒堆积算法,可以实现给定级配堆石料e-pe为堆石料当前状态孔隙比,p为平均应力)空间内临界状态位置的预测;所提出的预测方法可以根据已知级配的堆石料试验结果标定本构模型参数,从而较有效地预测其他给定级配堆石料的力学规律。

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沈超敏,男,1989年生,博士,副教授,主要从事土石坝工程中的坝料力学特性宏细观机制与本构模拟研究。E-mail:
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马双星,男,2001年生,硕士研究生,主要从事土石坝工程和颗粒材料方面的研究。E-mail:

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马双星,男,2001年生,硕士研究生,主要从事土石坝工程和颗粒材料方面的研究。E-mail:

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马双星,男,2001年生,硕士研究生,主要从事土石坝工程和颗粒材料方面的研究。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=uIv8/N++ef0Nku/Zk6fgXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244316375158735001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316344557092922, language=CN, label=图15, caption=不同级配堆石料力学特性在e-p空间内预测结果, figureFileSmall=ehXLqgjt2yzUUXGV7QFVgQ==, figureFileBig=uIv8/N++ef0Nku/Zk6fgXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244316375297147043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316344557092922, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Constitutive model parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
弹性屈服剪胀硬化临界状态
ν=0.25 Mf=0.80 Mg=1.94 λ=0.47 =26.81 kPa
κ=0.03 mf=2.05 mg=0.83 =37.35 kPa σcs=254.97 kPa
     ζc=2.39,ζp=1.76
), ArticleFig(id=1244316375439753392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316344557092922, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本构模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
弹性屈服剪胀硬化临界状态
ν=0.25 Mf=0.80 Mg=1.94 λ=0.47 =26.81 kPa
κ=0.03 mf=2.05 mg=0.83 =37.35 kPa σcs=254.97 kPa
     ζc=2.39,ζp=1.76
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堆石料级配相关力学规律预测方法研究
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马双星 1 , 沈超敏 1 , 刘斯宏 1 , 王行 1 , 李健 2 , 张梦瑶 1
岩土力学 | 基础理论与实验研究 2025,46(11): 3462-3472
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岩土力学 | 基础理论与实验研究 2025, 46(11): 3462-3472
堆石料级配相关力学规律预测方法研究
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马双星1 , 沈超敏1 , 刘斯宏1, 王行1, 李健2, 张梦瑶1
作者信息
  • 1.河海大学 水利水电学院,江苏 南京 210098
  • 2.中国安能集团第二工程局有限公司,江西 南昌 330095
  • 马双星,男,2001年生,硕士研究生,主要从事土石坝工程和颗粒材料方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

沈超敏,男,1989年生,博士,副教授,主要从事土石坝工程中的坝料力学特性宏细观机制与本构模拟研究。E-mail:
Prediction method for gradation-related mechanical behaviors of rockfill materials
Shuang-xing MA1 , Chao-min SHEN1 , Si-hong LIU1, Xing WANG1, Jian LI2, Meng-yao ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, China
  • 2.China Safety Energy Group Second Engineering Bureau Co., Ltd., Nanchang, Jiangxi 330095, China
出版时间: 2025-11-14 doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1558
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堆石料的强度变形特性与其级配密切相关。为了预测不同初始级配堆石料的力学特性规律,首先在临界状态本构理论框架下讨论了级配对堆石料力学性能的影响规律,随后提出了能够快速预测给定级配堆石料的初始和临界状态孔隙比的方法,最后结合状态相关的弹塑性本构模型,建立了堆石料级配相关力学特性规律预测方法。研究结果表明,堆石料最小孔隙比emin与低应力条件下临界状态孔隙比ecs之间存在较好的线性关系;结合颗粒堆积算法,可以实现给定级配堆石料e-pe为堆石料当前状态孔隙比,p为平均应力)空间内临界状态位置的预测;所提出的预测方法可以根据已知级配的堆石料试验结果标定本构模型参数,从而较有效地预测其他给定级配堆石料的力学规律。

堆石料  /  级配  /  力学规律  /  临界状态  /  状态相关

The strength and deformation characteristics of rockfill materials are known to be closely related to their gradations. In order to predict the mechanical behavior of rockfill materials with different initial gradations, the influence of gradation on the mechanical properties of rockfill materials is first discussed within the framework of critical state constitutive theory. Subsequently, a method is proposed for rapidly predicting the initial and critical state void ratios for given gradations. Finally, by incorporating a state-dependent elastoplastic constitutive model, a prediction method for the gradation-related mechanical characteristics of rockfill materials is established. The results indicate that a good linear relationship exists between the minimum void ratio emin and the critical state void ratio ecs under low-stress conditions. Utilizing a particle packing algorithm, the critical state position of rockfill materials with specific gradations in the void ratio-pressure (e-p, e is the void ratio of the rockfill material in its current state, and p is the mean stress) space can be reliably predicted. Ultimately, this proposed prediction method facilitates the calibration of constitutive model parameters based on the test results of rockfill materials with known gradations, which subsequently allows for effective prediction of the mechanical behavior of other rockfill materials with different specified gradation profiles.

rockfill material  /  gradation  /  mechanical behavior  /  critical state  /  state-dependency
马双星, 沈超敏, 刘斯宏, 王行, 李健, 张梦瑶. 堆石料级配相关力学规律预测方法研究. 岩土力学, 2025 , 46 (11) : 3462 -3472 . DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1558
Shuang-xing MA, Chao-min SHEN, Si-hong LIU, Xing WANG, Jian LI, Meng-yao ZHANG. Prediction method for gradation-related mechanical behaviors of rockfill materials[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (11) : 3462 -3472 . DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1558
堆石料是河床沉积砂砾石料或天然岩石破碎料经人工颗粒级配而成的一种颗粒性材料,在围堰、土石坝、路基、铁路道砟等工程中应用广泛。堆石料的颗粒粒径分布受到岩体物理性质、开采料场、破碎技术、施工方法等影响,具有明显的空间变异性。在施工碾压或者荷载作用下,堆石料会产生颗粒破碎,导致级配的改变,进而影响到颗粒材料的力学性能[1-4]和渗透特性[5]。大量的研究表明,堆石料的力学性能与级配密切相关[6-7],如刘映晶等[8]基于3种不同粒状材料(理想材料离散元(discrete element method,简称DEM)球体、人工材料玻璃球和天然材料Hostun砂)的三轴试验结果,指出相同围压下粒状材料的偏应力水平随着材料不均匀系数Cu的升高而降低。Tu[9]、Meng[10]等发现随块石含量增大,材料的剪胀更为显著。进一步地,堆石料的级配对其力学特性的影响可以由临界状态的位置量化表征。例如,姜景山[11]、李罡[12]、王永明[13]等通过研究发现,颗粒材料的级配会影响材料e-pe为堆石料当前状态孔隙比,p为平均应力)空间内的临界状态线位置,进而影响材料的剪胀规律和峰值强度。
为了描述不同级配堆石料的力学行为,目前工程应用中的普遍做法是把不同初始级配的堆石料视为不同的材料。然而,堆石料的初始级配千差万别,开展覆盖某一工程所有级配的堆石料室内试验显然是不现实的。因此,工程中常见的做法是选择具有显著差异的堆石料进行概化分区,用某一代表级配的堆石料试验规律表征该分区的材料总体规律。目前,已经有一些基于骨架孔隙比的理论[14-15]可以预测不同级配的颗粒材料的力学规律,如Xiao[16]、Gao[17]等基于骨架孔隙比概念,预测了不同细料掺量的砂土的力学特性规律。骨架孔隙比的概念根据粗细粒混合料中细料含量的不同,将骨架结构分为粗料骨架和细料骨架,并采用骨架孔隙比作为不同级配材料力学行为的表征指标。而堆石料大多为天然材料,属于连续的宽级配材料,通常由粗粒料和细粒料共同承担骨架,因此骨架孔隙比理论在堆石料力学行为表征与预测中存在一定的局限性。
为此,本文提出一种能够快速准确预测不同初始级配堆石料力学性能的方法,可以通过已知级配的堆石料三轴试验结果标定模型参数,从而对其他给定级配堆石料的力学性能进行预测。
堆石料的初始级配会对其强度变形特性产生较大影响:级配良好的堆石料堆积密度高,强度较高,更倾向于呈现应变软化和剪胀性,而级配不良的堆石料则密度较低,强度较差,呈现应变硬化和剪缩性。这一概念与状态相关理论存在相似之处,状态相关理论认为堆石料的强度变形特性与材料的初始状态参数有关,因此下面将在状态相关理论框架内讨论堆石料力学特性的级配相关性。
根据定义,土的临界状态是土体随着剪切变形的继续增大,其体应变与剪应力均不再继续改变的状态。Been等[18]在临界状态理论框架内,提出了状态参量的概念,用以衡量当前孔隙比与临界状态时孔隙比间的距离,即Ψ=eecs(见图1Ψ为堆石料临界状态参量,ecs为临界状态孔隙比)。状态参量给定了当前孔隙状态变形的潜力,从而可以反映不同初始孔隙比e0和围压情况下的剪胀或者剪缩特性。以图1为例,对于试样I,若当前的状态位于点A,则由于点A对应的孔隙比在临界状态线以上,对应的状态参量Ψ1>0,因此随着剪切的发展,试样的孔隙比最终会减小,呈现剪缩性;若当前的状态位于点B,由于其在临界状态线之下,对应的状态参量Ψ1′<0,则会呈现剪胀性。因此,状态参量Ψ提供了可以与材料的力学特性建立一一映射关系的方法。例如,考虑初始状态影响的剪胀方程可以写成如下形式:
式中:分别为塑性体应变和塑性剪应变;η为应力比,即偏应力q与平均应力p的比值,η=q/pQ为其他可能影响剪胀关系变量的统称。类似的,Xiao等[16]进一步将峰值强度与状态参量建立了定量关系。
一般意义上,颗粒土状态相关的概念主要用于描述同一级配试样、不同初始孔隙或者不同围压的材料力学行为。对于不同级配的堆石料试样II,若材料的初始状态同样位于图1中的A点,由于试样II在e-p空间内的临界状态曲线位置相较于试样I偏下,因此试样II的剪缩“潜力”大于试样I。沿用状态相关的概念,可以从图1中看出012,同样可以得到“试样I和试样II均发生剪缩,且剪缩量与状态参量正相关”的结论。上述讨论表明,可以在状态相关框架内统一考虑不同初始孔隙比和级配的影响:初始孔隙比决定了材料的初始位置,而材料的级配曲线决定了材料的最终位置,两者的差值(即状态参量Ψ)则可以统一表征状态参量对材料力学特性的影响。
基于以上讨论,堆石料的级配相关力学行为的预测与一般的状态相关本构理论类似,但有以下问题尚需要回答:状态参量描述的是当前状态与临界状态之间的距离,如何能够没有试验数据的前提下确定某一给定级配堆石料的临界状态位置?
目前,对于颗粒材料临界状态线的研究有两种主要观点:一是认为材料级配变化会导致ln e-ln p空间内临界状态线斜率产生变化,二是认为级配变化不会改变临界状态线的趋势,仅表现为曲线位置的上下平移。一些学者[19-20]通过分析堆石料与砂土的三轴试验结果的差异,发现堆石料的临界状态线更符合第2种观点。基于此,本文在讨论不同初始级配堆石料的临界状态线时,只考虑位置上的平移而不涉及斜率的变化,反映在ln e-ln p图中则表现为ln e轴上截距的变化。对于给定级配的堆石料,确定临界状态线的关键在于截距的大小,因此只要确定较低平均有效应力条件下的临界状态孔隙比ecs即可。
为了确定不同材料、不同初始级配颗粒材料的临界状态孔隙比ecs,本文尝试将其和材料的最小孔隙比建立联系。以微风化白云岩[21]、弱风化英安岩料[22]、硅砂[23]、Hostun砂[24]为例,图2给出了不同级配的颗粒材料最小孔隙比与低平均有效应力下的临界状态孔隙比之间的关系。从图中可以看出,随着颗粒材料级配的变化,最小孔隙比和临界状态孔隙比均随之改变,但二者之间始终保持较好的线性关系,且该线性关系对于从砂土到粗粒土的大部分材料均适用。因此,已知不同级配堆石料的最小孔隙比后,可以利用ecsemin的线性关系得到对应材料的临界状态孔隙比。这一规律将原本较复杂的临界状态线位置预测问题转变为不同级配颗粒材料的最小孔隙比预测问题。
针对最小孔隙比的预测问题已经有相对显著的研究成果。例如李识博[25]、文喜南[26]等通过建立最小孔隙比emin预测模型,对颗粒材料的最小孔隙比进行了预测。本文采用笔者团队提出的基于颗粒堆积算法的堆石料最小孔隙比预测模型[27],该方法仅需一个模型参数即可快速实现对给定堆石料级配的最小孔隙比的预测。以下将对颗粒堆积算法进行介绍。
图3展示了采用颗粒堆积算法计算堆石料最小孔隙比emin的流程,该流程可以分为3个步骤,每一步可以用一层映射表示。
第1层映射将颗粒的级配曲线的函数Md)映射成颗粒数目概率分布函数P3Dd)。根据级配的定义建立两者的联系,可表示为
式中:Vd)为粒径为d的颗粒体积;dmdM分别为试样的最小和最大粒径。
第2层映射通过下式将粒径数目的概率分布函数P3Dd)映射为一维线段的长度分布函数P1DL)。根据概率分布函数P1DL)生成符合该分布的线段集合L1L2,…,Ln。生成符合概率密度P1DL)的一维线段集合时采用了舍选算法,其优势是可以数值上生成符合任意概率密度分布的随机变量。为了使生成的线段数量足够具有代表性,已生成的线段集合L1L2,…,Ln的频数统计与目标分布函数P1DL)对比,直到每个长度区间内的差异小于1%,则停止生成新的线段。
式中:L为三维颗粒内部线段投影到一维空间内线段长度。
第3层映射将符合P1DL)分布的线段进行最优排列,线段的间距由下式表示的势函数确定:
式中:V为两条线段间的势能,由于三维的颗粒是硬球,因此V取值仅为0或者∞;h为任意两个线段LiLj的邻近端的距离,i、j代表线段编号;f为颗粒的自由体积参数。
当线段集生成后,运用较高效的“贪婪算法”将P1DL)映射到最小孔隙比emin空间。算法的主要优点是将线段按照长度逆序插入,从而避免计算新插入的线段与所有已存在线段的势能。该算法可以总结为:
(1)将线段按照逆序标记为L1L2L3≥…≥Ln,并将线段将从长到短依此插入线段集;
(2)设定线段间的间隙集{gi},间隙数量与线段的数目相同。随着第1条线段L1的插入,第1个间隙的长度g1=fL1。为了插入线段Lj,首先找到并删除已有的线段集中线段间的最大间隙gmax,则新插入的线段会带来两段孔隙,即fLi
按照上述的最小孔隙比算法,最终颗粒体系的最小孔隙比为
该算法具有较高的适用性和计算效率,能够针对任意级配曲线进行预测,实现堆石料最小孔隙比的实时预测;此外,算法中仅需输入一个与颗粒总体形状相关的参数f,其取值可通过一组已知级配的堆石料快速标定。
为了验证本文算法在预测不同级配堆石料临界状态孔隙比的合理性,本文选取硅砂料[23]的三轴试验数据进行验证。该硅砂根据粒径比的不同,分为粒径比R为2.56、4.67、7.93、11.31这4种不同的粒径组,每种粒径组又按照细料含量的差异进一步划分为5个不同级配的试样组。图4为试验得到的不同粒径组的细料含量与最小孔隙比间的关系。将由堆积算法预测的最小孔隙比绘制在图5中,并与实测最小孔隙比进行对比,从图中不难发现,本算法能够较好地预测不同试样组最小孔隙比emin
进一步地,取R=2.56的粒径组作为基本试样组,将其最小孔隙比emin与临界状态孔隙比ecs间的定量关系绘制在图6中。从图中可以看出,二者有较好的线性关系。其余3个粒径组则根据堆积算法预测的最小孔隙比,结合图6中确定的emin-ecs定量关系,预测出对应的临界状态孔隙比ecs图7对比了预测的临界状态孔隙比结果与实测的临界状态孔隙比数据,从对比结果来看,预测结果和实测数据吻合度较高。
以上结果表明颗粒堆积算法在两种粒径的二元混合物(细粒土和粗粒土掺合料)中的适用性。事实上,沈超敏等[28]利用颗粒堆积算法对间断级配堆石料以及连续宽级配砂砾石料进行了密度预测研究,预测结果表明该方法不仅可以快速预测间断级配和连续宽级配堆石料的最大干密度,而且能够根据缩尺后的试验结果预测不同缩尺方法的原型级配试样最大干密度。
值得说明的是,该算法所预测的最大干密度是基于已知完整的级配曲线,但实际的堆石料级配信息中小于筛分试验中最小筛径的颗粒粒径分布属于未知信息。这种粒径截断必然造成模型在预测过程中存在误差。且随着小于最小筛径的细料占比增多,模型预测的误差也会增大。这一点在图5图7中也得到了验证。因此,对于细料含量较高的非连续级配试样,这种截断误差不可忽略,但对于来自同一料源的堆石料,因其具有一定的自相似性,且以粗粒料为主,误差则可忽略。细料含量产生的截断误差是如何对预测结果产生影响的,文献[28]中给出了说明,在这里不再赘述。
另外,该算法是基于颗粒材料的降维映射理论[29]提出的,在工程中只能预测类球形颗粒材料的堆积密度,且主要的针对对象为总体呈现各向同性的颗粒材料,并不能适用于片状、针状等特殊形态的颗粒材料。对于一些非均质堆石料,如软硬岩混合料等岩性或者岩石内部孔隙或者缺陷存在显著差异的堆石料[30-31],本文的堆积算法还有待进一步完善。
堆石料的级配相关力学特性预测的流程中涉及使用状态相关本构模型进行基本力学特性的描述。作为示例,本文采用文献[32]中的堆石料状态相关本构关系。该模型的特点有:①考虑了高应力条件下堆石料的正常固结与临界状态曲线形态;②考虑了高应力条件下堆石料的正常固结与临界状态曲线形态,通过硬化规律和状态相关剪胀规律体现颗粒破碎对宏观力学特性的影响。③引入状态相关的临胀应力比,替代临界状态应力比,实现了剪胀方程状态相关性;④将基本硬化参数乘以状态相关的无量纲变量,实现了硬化参数的状态与相关性。下面简单介绍该状态相关本构模型。
模型采用了考虑细观结构演化的屈服函数,写为
式中:kfnf为与颗粒材料细观结构相关的参数;H为硬化参数。定义mf=1/nf−1,令屈服面顶点对应的应力比η=Mf,根据屈服面顶点处∂f/∂q=0的条件,可得。因此,式(6)中的参数nfkf可替换为参数mfMf
剪胀方程基本形式为
式中:定义mg=1/ng−1,与屈服面类似,参数mgMg可与参数ngkg等价互换。引入临胀应力比ηc,对式(7)的剪胀方程进行考虑状态相关性的修正:
ηc与状态参量之间的关系采用以下形式:
式中:ξc为状态相关的模型参数。其中,临界状态曲线形式为
式中:Γλ均为模型参数,对应的是高应力条件下e-p曲线在双对数坐标系下的截距和斜率;σcs可以通过临界状态曲线上的初始已知点σcs0ecs0确定:
硬化参数为塑性体应变),Φ采用如下形式:
式中:ηp为峰值应力比;pL为对应的正应力;N为模型参数;σr为加载参考应力;κ为堆石料弹性参数。其中,σr可根据某时刻已知的孔隙比e0及对应的正应力p0得到:
ηp与状态参数Ψ关系采用如下形式:
式中:ξp为材料参数。
弹性阶段粗粒料的弹性应变通过下两式计算:
式中:G为剪切模量;为弹性剪应变。
本文采用的状态相关本构模型共包含12个模型参数,包括2个弹性参数υκ,2个屈服面参数Mfmf,2个剪胀参数Mgmg,2个硬化参数λN,2个状态参数ζcζp,两个临界状态参数Γpcs。可以通过常规三轴试验数据,结合文献[32]中给出的粒子群优化算法进行标定。对于同种材料不同级配的堆石料,若已知其中一种级配堆石料的模型参数,则其他级配堆石料的模型参数可在保持其中10个参数不变的条件下,只改变NΓ即可。
如前文所述,不同初始级配堆石料的临界状态线只是位置上的平移而不涉及斜率的变化,反映在双对数坐标系图中表现为纵轴上截距的变化。取不同级配堆石料在同围压条件下的临界状态方程,根据式(10)的临界状态曲线形式,可得不同级配的低应力条件下临界状态孔隙比之间满足如下关系:
式中:分别为低应力条件下试样I和II的临界状态孔隙比;Γ1Γ2分别为试样I和II的模型参数Γ的取值。因此可定义级配无关的参数
可以由已标定模型参数的一组三轴试验结果计算获得。由于的级配无关性,可以根据式(18)和前述的临界状态孔隙比预测方法得到新试样的参数Γ值。
类似地,参数N可由下式确定:
式中:为级配无关的本构模型参数,可以由一组已知级配的堆石料三轴试验标定获得。
至此,本文提出了根据堆石料的级配预测最小孔隙比emin,再通过emin预测临界状态孔隙比ecs的方法,并在此基础上结合状态相关的弹塑性本构模型,阐述了本构模型中级配相关性模型参数的确定方法。因此,堆石料的级配相关力学特性规律预测可按照图8的流程开展,具体如下:
(1)状态线之间关系建立:开展若干组不同级配的堆石料最大干密度和三轴试验,并确定最小孔隙比和临界状态孔隙比的定量关系;
(2)基本模型参数标定:基于一组级配的堆石料三轴试验,根据试验结果确定其基本的本构模型参数;
(3)最小孔隙比预测:针对未开展过三轴试验的其他任意级配的堆石料,采用颗粒材料堆积算法预测其最小孔隙比;
(4)临界状态线确定:根据最小孔隙比与临界状态孔隙比的定量关系,确定临界状态线位置,即临界状态孔隙比ecs
(5)力学特性预测:在保持其余本构模型参数不变的前提下,通过步骤(4)中预测的临界状态线位置预测新的给定级配堆石料的力学特性。
为了验证本方法预测堆石料力学特性规律的合理性与准确性,采用文献[21]中堆石料的三轴试验数据进行验证。该堆石料主要由微风化白云岩组成,饱和单轴抗压强度为30~60 MPa。试验中人工制备的级配曲线可用下式描述:
式中:D为级配曲线的分形维数;Λ为最大粒径与最小粒径的比值,即Λ=dM/dm
堆石料初始级配如图9所示,试样的最大、最小粒径比Λ均为10;根据分形维数D的不同,共开展了5种不同级配试样的试验,D分别为1.8、2.0、2.2、2.4、2.6。5组不同级配的堆石料试样均按照最大干密度制样。
选取分形维数D分别为2.6、2.4、2.2三组级配试样的试验结果,建立最小孔隙比和临界状态孔隙比的定量关系,相应的函数表达式为ecs=1.157 6⋅emin−0.050 7。其余级配试样组假定无试验结果,最小孔隙比则根据颗粒材料堆积算法进行预测,并结合最小孔隙比和临界状态孔隙比定量关系确定对应的临界状态孔隙比。
选取分形维数D=2.0的级配试样作为确定本构模型参数的基本试样组,根据这组试样的三轴试验结果标定的12个本构模型参数,如表1所示。对于其他几组不同分形维数堆石料的模型参数,则选取相同的模型参数,仅需要改变模型中的两个特征孔隙比,即采用堆积算法预测得到e0和据此推算的ecs0
图10给出了分形维数D=2.0试样组的预测结果与试验结果对比。在图10(a)中,堆石料在三轴加载条件下呈现的力学规律有以下特点:①在不同围压条件下堆石料的剪应变-偏应力规律基本类似,峰值剪切强度随着围压的增大逐渐增大,在低围压条件下(300 kPa和600 kPa)呈现一定的应变软化规律,而高围压(900 kPa)条件下呈应变硬化规律;②在图10(b)中,堆石料在较低围压下,表现出显著的剪胀性,随着围压的增大,剪胀性逐渐减弱并向剪缩性发展。图10(a)、10(b)中模型预测结果均能与试验结果中的力学规律相吻合。综上可以看出,本构模型的描述与试验数据的吻合度较高,能够较好地反映出堆石料的强度非线性和剪胀规律,表明本文采用的状态相关弹塑性本构模型能够较好地描述D=2.0的堆石料力学行为。
下面对其他几组不同级配分形维数(D分别为1.8、2.2、2.4和2.6)的堆石料力学特性进行预测,并与试验结果进行对比。
利用本文提出的堆石料力学特性预测方法,对其他几组不同级配堆石料在不同围压条件下的力学特性规律进行了预测。图1114分别给出了不同级配堆石料在围压分别为300、600、900 kPa下剪应变-偏应力(见图11(a)14(a))、剪应变-孔隙比(见图11(b)14(b))关系的预测结果与试验结果对比。从图中可以看出,4组不同级配的堆石料在较低围压(300 kPa)下,均表现出显著的剪胀性;随着围压的增大,堆石料的剪胀性逐渐减弱并向剪缩性转变。预测结果与试验数据在偏应力-剪应变和孔隙比-剪应变两方面均吻合较好,较为准确地反映了不同级配堆石料在不同围压条件下的力学特性规律。图15为不同级配堆石料力学特性在e-p空间内预测结果,从图中可见:随着堆石料级配分形维数D的增大,初始和临界状态孔隙比均呈先减小后增大的趋势;在三轴剪切路径下,堆石料e-p曲线由正常固结曲线和临界状态曲线包络,不同级配条件下堆石料的剪胀规律也较为复杂。这种复杂影响难以通过简单的数学形式描述,而采用本文提出的方法可以较好地预测堆石料的级配对力学特性的复杂影响规律。
本文围绕不同初始级配堆石料的力学特性规律预测问题,在临界状态本构理论框架下讨论了级配对堆石料力学性能的影响规律,提出了能够快速预测给定级配堆石料的初始和临界状态孔隙比的方法,最后结合状态相关的弹塑性本构模型,建立了堆石料级配相关力学特性规律预测方法。主要的研究结论如下:
(1)不同级配导致堆石料的堆积孔隙比及临界状态孔隙比存在显著差异,进而影响其强度和变形特性,级配对堆石料力学特性的影响可以由状态相关本构理论框架统一表征。
(2)堆石料的最小孔隙比与低应力条件下临界状态孔隙比之间存在较好的线性关系。结合颗粒堆积算法,提出了快速预测任意级配堆石料最小孔隙比与临界状态孔隙比的方法,可有效预测不同级配的堆石料在ln e-ln p空间内临界状态线的位置。
(3)结合状态相关弹塑性本构模型,提出了堆石料级配相关力学特性规律的预测方法。通过一组已知级配堆石料的试验结果标定模型参数,并利用这些参数对其他级配堆石料的力学特性进行预测。结果表明,本文提出的预测方法能够实现基于有限的常规三轴试验结果,较好地预测其他给定级配堆石料的力学规律,该方法为工程中复杂级配堆石料的力学特性预测和优化提供技术支撑。
由于受到临界状态参量适用性和颗粒堆积算法适用材料限制,本文所建立的级配相关力学规律预测方法主要针对均质宽级配堆石料。对于软硬岩混合料、具有特殊颗粒形态特征(片状、针状颗粒)的堆石料、骨架孔隙比与真实孔隙比存在显著差异的土石混合料,预测方法需要进一步开展适用性扩展与方法优化研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52479121; 52009036)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(B240201086)
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doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1558
  • 接收时间:2024-12-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-11-14
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-18
  • 录用日期:2025-06-03
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52479121; 52009036)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52479121; 52009036)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(B240201086)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(B240201086)
作者信息
    1.河海大学 水利水电学院,江苏 南京 210098
    2.中国安能集团第二工程局有限公司,江西 南昌 330095

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沈超敏,男,1989年生,博士,副教授,主要从事土石坝工程中的坝料力学特性宏细观机制与本构模拟研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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