Article(id=1244316343823085873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1543, pmid=null, cstr=32223.14.j.rsm.2024.1543, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734451200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1748880000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-03, onlineDate=1774597734646, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1763049600000, pubDateStr=2025-11-14, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774597734646, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774597734646, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597734646, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244316342938087728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, year='2025', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='3329', pageEnd='3672', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774597734436, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597825220, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244316723801862468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244316723806056773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3451, endPage=3461, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244316344083132727, articleId=1244316343823085873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, language=EN, title=Wetting deformation characteristics of undisturbed loess under true triaxial stress-water path, columnId=1244316343936332083, journalTitle=Rock and Soil Mechanics, columnName=Fundamental Theory and Experimental Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the wetting deformation characteristics of undisturbed loess under true triaxial force-water path, the true triaxial apparatus with rigid-flexible-flexible loading boundary was used to carry out the true triaxial single-line humidification test of undisturbed loess in Xi'an under different spherical stresses, intermediate principal stress parameters and stress ratios. The influence of true triaxial force-water path on the humidification deformation characteristics of undisturbed loess was comprehensively analyzed. The test results show that the relationship curve between the wetting volumetric (deviatoric) strain and the spherical stress presents a three-stage of slow-steep-slow. When the spherical stress is in the second stage, the wetting collapsibility of the soil is the largest, and a large wetting deformation can occur. At a certain stress ratio, the wetting volumetric strain gradually increases with the spherical stress, and the increase of the wetting volumetric strain decreases when the spherical stress exceeds 200 kPa. Finally, the variation law between the intermediate principal stress and each humidification strain is analyzed, and the calculation expression of loess collapsible deformation considering the intermediate principal stress is given according to the test results.

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为研究真三轴力-水路径下原状黄土增湿变形特性,采用刚-柔-柔型加载边界的真三轴仪,对西安原状黄土开展了不同球应力、中主应力参数和应力比条件下的真三轴单线法增湿试验,全面分析了真三轴力-水路径对原状黄土增湿变形特性的影响。试验结果表明:增湿体(偏)应变与球应力的关系曲线呈现缓-陡-缓3个阶段,球应力在第2阶段时土体的增湿湿陷性最大,可发生较大的增湿变形;一定应力比时,增湿体应变随着球应力逐渐增大,当球应力超过200 kPa后增湿体应变的增大幅度减小;分析了试验因素与各增湿应变量之间的变化规律,并依据试验结果给出了考虑中主应力的黄土湿陷变形计算表达式。

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邵帅,男,1991年生,博士,副教授,主要从事黄土力学及土动力学的研究。E-mail:
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王泽驰,男,1998年生,博士研究生,主要从事土工试验仪器研发与黄土力学方面的研究。E-mail:

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王泽驰,男,1998年生,博士研究生,主要从事土工试验仪器研发与黄土力学方面的研究。E-mail:

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王泽驰,男,1998年生,博士研究生,主要从事土工试验仪器研发与黄土力学方面的研究。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=NZ2U0XXaRYUYWLXEAzYtPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244316366250029190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316343823085873, language=CN, label=图8, caption=实测值与预测值的对比, figureFileSmall=jDDBUe87PjO1t4HWekPu/w==, figureFileBig=NZ2U0XXaRYUYWLXEAzYtPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244316366396829844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316343823085873, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Single-line humidification and collapsibility test plan for true triaxial conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
球应力p/kPa中主应力参数b应力比η增湿水平Sw
500.50.00,0.50,0.75,1.00,1.250.00→0.33→0.67→1.00
1000.50.00,0.50,0.75,1.00,1.250.00→0.33→0.67→1.00
 0.00.50,0.75,1.00 
1500.50.00,0.50,0.75,1.00,1.250.00→0.33→0.67→1.00
 1.00.50,0.75,1.00 
2000.50.00,0.50,0.75,1.000.00→0.33→0.67→1.00
2500.50.00,0.50,0.75,1.000.00→0.33→0.67→1.00
3000.50.00,0.50,0.750.00→0.33→0.67→1.00
), ArticleFig(id=1244316366510076060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316343823085873, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

真三轴条件单线法增湿湿陷试验方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
球应力p/kPa中主应力参数b应力比η增湿水平Sw
500.50.00,0.50,0.75,1.00,1.250.00→0.33→0.67→1.00
1000.50.00,0.50,0.75,1.00,1.250.00→0.33→0.67→1.00
 0.00.50,0.75,1.00 
1500.50.00,0.50,0.75,1.00,1.250.00→0.33→0.67→1.00
 1.00.50,0.75,1.00 
2000.50.00,0.50,0.75,1.000.00→0.33→0.67→1.00
2500.50.00,0.50,0.75,1.000.00→0.33→0.67→1.00
3000.50.00,0.50,0.750.00→0.33→0.67→1.00
), ArticleFig(id=1244316366686236841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316343823085873, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters of wetting deformation model

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体应变参数偏应变参数
数据 α11 α12 α21 α22 β11 β12 β21 β22 β23 δ1 c1 c1
本文−0.9001.1970.517−1.644−0.1130.149−6.1241.977−3.8940.5501.725−0.613
文献20−0.0810.229−0.370−1.378−0.5380.642−3.3392.000−3.2720.0001.1150.116
文献21−0.4050.5641.116−1.358−0.0830.10511.01−14.723.4470.3511.989−0.800
), ArticleFig(id=1244316366786900151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316343823085873, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

增湿变形模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
体应变参数偏应变参数
数据 α11 α12 α21 α22 β11 β12 β21 β22 β23 δ1 c1 c1
本文−0.9001.1970.517−1.644−0.1130.149−6.1241.977−3.8940.5501.725−0.613
文献20−0.0810.229−0.370−1.378−0.5380.642−3.3392.000−3.2720.0001.1150.116
文献21−0.4050.5641.116−1.358−0.0830.10511.01−14.723.4470.3511.989−0.800
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真三轴力-水路径下原状黄土增湿变形特性研究
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王泽驰 1 , 邵帅 1 , 邵生俊 1, 2 , 吴昊 1 , 张彬 1 , 张少英 1
岩土力学 | 基础理论与实验研究 2025,46(11): 3451-3461
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岩土力学 | 基础理论与实验研究 2025, 46(11): 3451-3461
真三轴力-水路径下原状黄土增湿变形特性研究
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王泽驰1 , 邵帅1 , 邵生俊1, 2, 吴昊1, 张彬1, 张少英1
作者信息
  • 1.西安理工大学 岩土工程研究所,陕西 西安 710048
  • 2.陕西省黄土力学与工程重点实验室,陕西 西安 710048
  • 王泽驰,男,1998年生,博士研究生,主要从事土工试验仪器研发与黄土力学方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

邵帅,男,1991年生,博士,副教授,主要从事黄土力学及土动力学的研究。E-mail:
Wetting deformation characteristics of undisturbed loess under true triaxial stress-water path
Ze-chi WANG1 , Shuai SHAO1 , Sheng-jun SHAO1, 2, Hao WU1, Bin ZHANG1, Shao-ying ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, China
  • 2.Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Loess Mechanics and Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, China
出版时间: 2025-11-14 doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1543
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为研究真三轴力-水路径下原状黄土增湿变形特性,采用刚-柔-柔型加载边界的真三轴仪,对西安原状黄土开展了不同球应力、中主应力参数和应力比条件下的真三轴单线法增湿试验,全面分析了真三轴力-水路径对原状黄土增湿变形特性的影响。试验结果表明:增湿体(偏)应变与球应力的关系曲线呈现缓-陡-缓3个阶段,球应力在第2阶段时土体的增湿湿陷性最大,可发生较大的增湿变形;一定应力比时,增湿体应变随着球应力逐渐增大,当球应力超过200 kPa后增湿体应变的增大幅度减小;分析了试验因素与各增湿应变量之间的变化规律,并依据试验结果给出了考虑中主应力的黄土湿陷变形计算表达式。

真三轴试验  /  原状黄土  /  单线法  /  分级增湿  /  湿陷变形

To study the wetting deformation characteristics of undisturbed loess under true triaxial force-water path, the true triaxial apparatus with rigid-flexible-flexible loading boundary was used to carry out the true triaxial single-line humidification test of undisturbed loess in Xi'an under different spherical stresses, intermediate principal stress parameters and stress ratios. The influence of true triaxial force-water path on the humidification deformation characteristics of undisturbed loess was comprehensively analyzed. The test results show that the relationship curve between the wetting volumetric (deviatoric) strain and the spherical stress presents a three-stage of slow-steep-slow. When the spherical stress is in the second stage, the wetting collapsibility of the soil is the largest, and a large wetting deformation can occur. At a certain stress ratio, the wetting volumetric strain gradually increases with the spherical stress, and the increase of the wetting volumetric strain decreases when the spherical stress exceeds 200 kPa. Finally, the variation law between the intermediate principal stress and each humidification strain is analyzed, and the calculation expression of loess collapsible deformation considering the intermediate principal stress is given according to the test results.

true triaxial test  /  undisturbed loess  /  single line method  /  graded humidification  /  collapsible deformation
王泽驰, 邵帅, 邵生俊, 吴昊, 张彬, 张少英. 真三轴力-水路径下原状黄土增湿变形特性研究. 岩土力学, 2025 , 46 (11) : 3451 -3461 . DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1543
Ze-chi WANG, Shuai SHAO, Sheng-jun SHAO, Hao WU, Bin ZHANG, Shao-ying ZHANG. Wetting deformation characteristics of undisturbed loess under true triaxial stress-water path[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (11) : 3451 -3461 . DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1543
黄土在我国西北地区广泛分布,其天然状态下具有欠压密、大孔隙的特征。这种特殊的微观孔隙结构致使黄土具备湿陷性,即在增湿条件下,颗粒间胶结作用弱化,进而引发结构塌陷,造成强度与稳定性降低。这一特性使得黄土地基上的建筑物与构筑物面临着严重的安全隐患。特别是在复杂工程环境中,黄土受到应力历史、地下水位波动、降雨入渗等多因素的耦合作用,经历着动态变化的力-水耦合路径,其增湿变形现象对工程安全具有重要影响[1]。鉴于此,揭示复杂应力-水力路径下原状黄土的湿陷变形规律,已经成为黄土地基灾害防控领域的重要问题。
目前,学者们对于黄土增湿变形的研究多数集中于侧限压缩[2]、单轴压缩[3-5]和轴对称应力状态[6-9],并通过单线法或双线法探究力-水耦合作用下的湿陷响应。陈正汉等[2]通过侧限压缩试验发现,由于刚性边界对侧向变形的限制,导致该方法得到的湿陷系数对地基中应力比较大的土单元偏大,反之偏小。相比之下,单轴压缩试验虽不限制侧向变形,对黄土地基湿陷的描述更为准确,但其忽略了侧向应力的影响。实际工程中黄土受水湿陷时,土的应力状态是三维的,除了会产生竖向沉降外,还会出现侧向变形[10]。常规三轴仪可以考虑围压对增湿变形的影响,但它仅能描述轴对称应力状态,难以反映出在实际三维复杂应力状态下,中主应力对黄土增湿变形的影响[11]
真三轴应力路径能够实现三维应力的独立控制以及三维应变的独立量测,从而按需模拟土体复杂的应力状态[12]。方瑾瑾等[11]在真三轴应力状态下对原状黄土开展了双线法增湿试验,揭示了净围压等因素对增湿变形的影响。然而,围压控制主要反映的是土体初始侧向约束对增湿变形的影响,对于整体应力水平变化过程中土体特性研究相对不足。而球应力能综合反映土体在三维应力状态下的整体应力水平[13],通过控制球应力进行增湿试验,可以更全面地研究不同整体应力水平对土体增湿变形的影响。此外,相较于双线法,单线法更贴近实际工程中黄土先受荷载后渐进增湿的历程,能精准反映渐进增湿时的变形特征[14]
为深入研究真三轴条件下原状黄土增湿变形响应,本研究采用刚-柔-柔加载边界的非饱和土真三轴试验系统,开展不同球应力、中主应力参数和应力比的真三轴应力路径下原状黄土单线法增湿试验,以模拟实际黄土的渐进增湿过程,深入探讨在力-水耦合作用下,球应力、中主应力和应力比与各应变分量间的相应关系,建立了考虑中主应力的黄土湿陷变形经验计算表达式。研究成果对湿陷性黄土地区的工程建设具有一定的参考价值。
试验所用黄土取自西安市东郊某工地,深度为7~8 m。采用人工取土方式,按照方向区分后,使用保湿袋进行密封保存。土样运回试验室并放置在阴凉处备用。通过测量并取其平均值得到试样的物理参数:天然干密度为1.37 g/cm3,初始孔隙比为0.96,初始含水率为20.8%,塑限含水率为21.6%,液限含水率为31.7%。土样利用原状土削样器削制成尺寸为7 cm×7 cm×14 cm的长方体原状试样。通过水膜转移法或自然风干法将原状试样的含水率调整至试验所需的含水率,将配置好含水率的试样用保湿膜包裹,并储存于保湿缸中备用。
本试验使用的仪器是具有刚-柔-柔加载边界的真三轴仪,其主要结构组件加载原理详见图1。该仪器的竖向加载为刚性,而侧向则通过液压囊施加水压。液压囊与压力室之间通过橡胶隔离垫进行分隔,侧向主应力的液压囊之间采用了径向弹性伸缩和平面弹性转动的隔离技术。试样的竖向变形和大主应力σ1由安装在压力室盖板上的位移传感器和压力传感器分别测定,而中主应力σ2和小主应力σ3与其对应的应变则由安装在伺服步进电机加载系统上的位移传感器和输水管上的压力传感器进行测量[15]。该仪器能够开展多种复杂应力路径下的力学试验,并且通过连接水气控制面板精确控制气压值,同时对排(注)水量进行控制和测量[16]。它能够实现非饱和土的真三轴试验[16]、非饱和土的往返加卸载试验[17]、土的平面应变试验[18]以及复杂路径下的增湿试验等多种测试[11]
本文开展了不同球应力、中主应力参数和应力比条件下的单线法原状黄土真三轴应力路径下的增湿湿陷试验,具体的试验方案见表1。首先根据试验方案确定3个主应力值,并在该应力状态下进行固结直至稳定,随后逐级进行增湿。每级增湿变形稳定后方可进行下一级增湿,直至试样饱和。需要说明的是,在球应力p≥200 kPa且应力比η=1.25,以及p=300 kPa且η=1.00的情况下,土体在未增湿时就已经发生破坏,无法继续承受增湿处理。为了防止原状试样含水率差异而导致的试验误差,采用自然风干法将所有原状试样的含水率统一为20%,考虑到真三轴试样的尺寸较大,试验周期长,将单线法分级增湿的含水率目标分别设定为20%(增湿水平Sw=0,饱和度Sr=56.3%)、24%(增湿水平Sw=0.33,饱和度Sr=67.5%)、28%(增湿水平Sw=0.67,饱和度Sr=78.8%)以及31.5%即饱和状态(增湿水平Sw=1.00,饱和度Sr= 88.6%)。本文采用增湿水平描述试样的增湿过程,其物理意义为试样增湿后的含水率相对初始含水率的变化值与饱和含水率变化值之比,具体公式为[19]
式中:w0为初始含水率;wi为增湿后的含水率;ws为土体饱和含水率;Δw为增湿前后含水率变化差值。
试验的具体步骤如下:①复核试样的质量,确保所有试样含水率一致;②对饱和后的透水石和滤纸进行称重,并将透水石放入试样囊中,将其固定在压力室底座上,同时放置饱和的滤纸;③将试样小心放入试样囊内,并在上部先后放滤纸与透水石;④安装真三轴压力室、侧向应力柔性囊和垫片等部件;⑤安装试样帽与轴向应力和位移传感器;⑥进行真三轴等向固结,待试样完成固结并达到稳定状态后,按照计算得出的增湿水量通过增湿系统实施分级增湿控制。试验过程中采用水气控制面板的压力控制器对增湿过程进行调节:首先将无气水注入压力控制器的增湿液压缸中,然后控制液压缸与试样帽连接的橡胶软管均充满无气水,橡胶软管配备止水阀。液压缸由步进电机驱动,通过液压缸的液面面积、步进电机的位移量可以计算浸水量,增湿过程保持4.7 g/h的恒定浸水速率(量测系统精度为±0.1 g),且浸水方向遵循自上而下的路径,每级增湿完成后即刻关闭止水阀停止注水。当3个主应力方向的变形值在2 h内低于0.01 mm,判定试样变形稳定;同时当2 h内浸入水量与渗出水量达到平衡时,则判定试样达到饱和状态。⑦试验结束后,对滤纸和透水石的质量进行复测,用于复核实际的浸水量,并且测定试样上、中、下部的饱和度,其饱和度需满足均大于80%的要求,且含水率相差在1%以内。记录并保存试验过程中的相关数据。
本文整理并分析了在控制中主应力参数、应力比和球应力等条件下黄土的增湿变形规律。以下是文中涉及的物理量的含义及其计算公式。
中主应力参数b
球应力p
偏应力q
应力比η
增湿体应变εvs
式中:ε1sε2sε3s分别为增湿大、中、小主应变值。
增湿偏应变εss
其中,式(6)与式(7)均取自文献[20]所提出的3个广义湿陷系数之中[19]
图2展示了b=0.5时,不同增湿水平和应力比条件下湿陷性黄土增湿过程中的增湿体应变与球应力的关系曲线。可以观察到,当高应力比(η=1.25)且球应力较大时(p>150 kPa),增湿途中试样便达到剪切破坏标准。其他曲线的斜率随着球应力的增加呈现出缓—陡—缓的3阶段变化,即增湿体应变速率经历了由慢到快再变慢的过程[21]。以Sw=0.67、η=0.50的情况为例,在初始阶段(结构压密阶段),球应力小于100 kPa时,土体颗粒间存在着较强的咬合作用和摩擦力,颗粒位置只能发生微小调整,增湿时,水分主要在颗粒表面的吸附水膜中发生微弱的扩展和增厚,难以深入到颗粒内部的孔隙结构中去,因此产生的增湿体应变较小,并且变形速率较慢,在此应力条件下,土体对增湿不敏感。在中间阶段(结构破坏阶段),球应力处于100~150 kPa之间,随着球应力和偏应力的增加,土体颗粒间接触关系发生变化,一些较弱的颗粒连接点开始破裂,原有的架空孔隙结构稳定性被破坏。同时,增湿过程中水分更容易浸入到颗粒内部孔隙中,这可能会加速土体内部结构的快速破坏和重组,因此增湿体应变与变形速率均增大。在最后阶段(固结压密阶段),球应力大于150 kPa时,土体颗粒经过重新排列后,逐渐形成了较稳定的新结构。此时,颗粒间的接触更加紧密,孔隙体积减小,增湿时,水分在较小孔隙中渗流阻力增大,难以引起较大的体积变化,因此增湿体应变的变形速率减小,逐渐趋于稳定。总体而言,在工程实践中,当土体承受的应力位于中间阶段时,土体的增湿湿陷性增强,可能产生较大的增湿湿陷应变。
在球应力保持不变的条件下,应力比越大,试样所承受的偏应力越高,土体原结构便愈易失稳,则增湿体应变亦随之增大。在这种应力路径下,土体更早地结束了结构压密阶段,而更晚地进入固结压密阶段。原因在于较大的应力比意味着更大的偏应力,而土体结构的破坏主要依赖于偏应力。相比之下,球应力对土样结构的压密作用小于偏应力对土样结构的破坏效果,这使得新的稳定土体结构难以形成。在一定的应力比条件下,随着增湿水平的提高,增湿体应变也随之增大。这是因为增湿水平的提高可能削弱了胶结物对土体结构的加固作用,并增强了颗粒间的润滑效果,这些因素共同加速了土体原有结构的损伤,导致土体增湿变形的增加。增湿体应变随球应力的变化规律(如图2所示)与增湿偏应变随偏应力的变化规律(如图3所示)相似,它们都反映了土体在不同应力路径下增湿过程中结构损伤与愈合的过程。
图4表明,球应力一定时,增湿体应变随增湿水平的升高而增大,但增速渐缓。这一现象反映了黄土的水敏性特征,即随着增湿水平的增加,黄土对水分的敏感性逐渐降低。在应力比一定时,增湿体应变随球应力的增大而增大,但增速逐渐减小。在等向压缩状态下,球应力的增加同样能够引起湿陷变形,这表明土体的增湿湿陷变形不仅受偏应力的影响,球应力的作用也同样重要,这与文献[2]得到的结论一致[2]图5则描绘了增湿体应变与增湿偏应变之间的关系曲线,两者显示出了良好的线性关系,且应力比与曲线斜率之间存在正相关性,这一现象与文献[20]得到的研究结论一致。在较小应力比作用下,土体的增湿变形主要表现为增湿体应变,而随着应力比的增加,增湿偏应变的影响逐渐增大。
本研究利用真三轴仪对3个主应力方向进行独立加载,并测量其应变。图6展示了球应力为150 kPa,在3个不同应力比和不同中主应力参数条件下的湿陷应变值增湿水平的关系曲线。当增湿水平一定时,b值越大,对应的增湿轴向应变越小。对于增湿中主应变,在较小应力比条件下,较大b值的曲线位于较小b值曲线的上方,且均为压缩变形;而在较大的应力比条件下,小b值的试样出现了膨胀变形。这是因为b值较小时,应力比越高,中主应力方向的约束越弱;在同等增湿作用下,该向湿陷无法抵消轴向压缩诱发的鼓胀趋势,最终表现为鼓胀变形。总体来看,该方向的应变随着b值的增加而趋向于压缩变形。对于增湿小主应变,在一定增湿水平下,较大b值的曲线始终低于较小b值曲线,在较小应力比条件下,该方向均为较小的压缩变形,随着应力比的增加而向膨胀变形发展,且在大b值和大应力比条件下,增湿小主应变更容易发生较大的膨胀变形。随着b值的增大,增湿体应变和增湿偏应变呈现出明显增大的趋势。较大b值之间的应变曲线间隔相对较大。以湿陷体应变为例,当b=0.5时,湿陷体应变值较b=0时增大约10%~15%;而当b=1.0时,湿陷体应变值相较于b=0.5时增大约25%~40%。这一现象表明,随着b值的增大,土体结构湿陷损伤的加剧程度愈加显著。这是因为b值的增加导致主应力差异增大,进而引发湿化试样局部应力的集中,且试样小主应力方向变得更加薄弱易变形。此种应力分布不均的现象加速了土颗粒的运移,促进了土体结构的变形破坏。
真三轴应力条件下的增湿湿陷试验结果证实了中主应力对湿陷变形具有显著影响。这是因为中主应力加速结构损伤,使土体更早剪坏、且增湿变形更大。本节将利用试验数据对黄土的增湿变形进行定量分析,旨在得出湿陷性黄土增湿变形的计算表达式,为评价真三轴应力条件下黄土地基的湿陷性变形提供科学依据。
经拟合分析发现,图4的增湿体应变与增湿水平间呈双曲线关系时的拟合效果最佳,平均拟合优度R2为0.99,表明该关系可描述为
式中:参数α为初始增湿体变模量的倒数;参数β代表湿陷体应变的倒数与初始增湿体变模量的差值。
首先考虑b=0,即试样处于三轴压缩状态时,这时增湿体应变εvs,0与增湿水平间的关系为
可以将式(9)转化为
对式(10)求导可得
式中:Jt为增湿体变模量。
在开始增湿时,Sw=0,Jt=Ji,则有
式中:Ji为初始增湿体变模量。
在增湿结束时,试样达到饱和状态,式(9)中的Sw=1,则有
式中:为三轴压缩状态下增湿至饱和时的体应变;用式(9)对试验得到的Swεvs,0试验点进行拟合,便可得到参数αβ。其中,αβ分别表示为以Sw/εvs,0为因变量,Sw为自变量的直线截距和斜率。该式中的参数αβp值的取值有关,通过对不同应力比下p值与参数αβ进行拟合,拟合结果表明,p值与两者之间均为幂函数关系,如图7所示,可表示为
式中:α1α2β1β2均为无量纲试验参数;pa为标准大气压。
式(14)、(15)中的无量纲试验参数与应力比有关,对这些系数与对应的应力比进行回归。根据图8发现,α1α2β1均与应力比η呈负线性相关,而β2与应力比η呈二次多项式关系,它们与应力比η的关系式可以表示为
式中:α11α12α21α22β11β12β21β22β23均为无量纲试验参数。
将式(14)~(19)代入到式(8),可以得到三轴压缩路径下湿陷性黄土增湿体应变的表达式:
通过绘制大量的b-(εvs,b/εvs,0)关系曲线,发现两者呈现下式的关系:
式中:εvs,bb值条件下的增湿体应变;δ1为经验拟合参数。
将式(20)与式(21)合并,得到考虑中主应力的真三轴应力路径下湿陷性黄土的浸水增湿体应变表达式:
式(22)主要用于描述真三轴应力路径下湿陷性黄土的浸水增湿变形特性。其中,球应力p、应力比η和中主应力参数b能够体现力的作用效果,其中b值反映了中主应力的影响,而增湿水平Sw则能够体现水分的作用。式中也可以发现中主应力越大,增湿体应变越大。
图5(a)揭示了增湿过程中体应变与偏应变的演化特征,试验数据显示:当应力比恒定时,增湿体应变εvs与增湿偏应变εss呈现显著的正相关比例关系。为深入表征这一力学机制,通过绘制增湿体应变-偏应变演化斜率dεss,b/dεvs,b与应力比η的曲线关系,如图5(b)所示,发现在本文试验所覆盖的应力比范围内,二者呈现良好的线性规律,其数学表达式可表征为
式中:εss,bb值条件下的增湿偏应变;c1c2分别为经验拟合参数。
则考虑中主应力作用下的真三轴应力路径下湿陷性黄土的浸水增湿偏应变为
为了验证模型的可靠性,本研究通过对比本文和文献[23]的真三轴试验数据与文献[22]的常规三轴增湿试验数据,评估了模型的预测能力,模型参数详见表2。如图8所示,模型预测值与试验值在增湿体应变和偏应变维度上均沿45°参考线分布,这表明模型在真三轴非对称应力路径(b≠0)和常规三轴应力路径(b=0)下均具有良好趋势预测能力。相较于传统对称加载模型,本模型通过引入中主应力参数b,提升了复杂应力路径下的适应性。然而,模型也存在着一些局限性。例如,室内试验条件难以完全模拟现场的应力状态和浸水入渗情况,因此在工程应用中的适用性尚需进一步研究。此外,由于经验公式中的多数参数是基于统计关系得出的,因此难以在理论上进行深入解释。
本研究采用刚-柔-柔型加载边界真三轴仪,对湿陷性黄土进行了一系列的真三轴路径下的单线法增湿湿陷试验,分别控制了不同的球应力p、应力比η、中主应力参数b值以及增湿水平Sw,以探究这些因素对湿陷性黄土增湿变形的影响。通过这些试验,得出了以下结论:
(1)在相同的增湿条件下,增湿体应变与球应力、增湿偏应变与偏应力的关系曲线呈现出3个明显的阶段:初始阶段(p≤100 kPa),应变增加缓慢;中间阶段(100 kPa<p≤200 kPa),应变增加速率最高,且变形量最大;最后阶段(p>200 kPa),应变增加速率逐渐降低。
(2)在一定球应力作用下,随着增湿水平的提高,增湿体应变会增加,但其增长速度会逐渐减慢。在特定的应力比条件下,增湿体应变随着球应力的增加而增加,但增加的幅度会逐渐减小。增湿体应变与增湿偏应变之间有较强的线性关系,且应力比与这种关系的斜率成正比。在较低应力比时,土体的增湿变形主要表现为增湿体应变,而随着应力比的增加,增湿偏应变也逐渐显著。
(3)一定增湿水平时,增湿轴向应变随b值的增加而减少;增湿中主应变在较小的应力比条件时,试样均表现为压缩变形,而高应力比下,小b值试样开始出现膨胀变形;增湿小主应变在低应力比时表现为轻微压缩,随着应力比的增加,逐渐转变为膨胀变形,特别是在大b值和高应力比条件下,更易发生显著膨胀。同时,增湿体应变和增湿偏应变都随着b值的增加而增加。
(4)基于真三轴应力条件下原状黄土的增湿变形试验结果,通过曲线拟合方法建立了适用于真三轴应力路径的增湿变形计算公式,并验证了模型的可靠性。该公式为复杂应力路径下黄土的增湿变形提供了参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52108342)
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划-引汉济渭联合基金项目(2019JLP-21; 2019JLZ-13)
  • 陕西省水利科技计划项目(2021slkj-12)
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2025年第46卷第11期
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doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1543
  • 接收时间:2024-12-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-11-14
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-18
  • 录用日期:2025-06-03
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52108342)
国家自然科学基金项目(52108342)
Basic Research Program of Natural Science in Shaanxi Province-Han-Wei Joint Found Project(2019JLP-21; 2019JLZ-13)
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划-引汉济渭联合基金项目(2019JLP-21; 2019JLZ-13)
Shaanxi Water Science and Technology Program Project(2021slkj-12)
陕西省水利科技计划项目(2021slkj-12)
作者信息
    1.西安理工大学 岩土工程研究所,陕西 西安 710048
    2.陕西省黄土力学与工程重点实验室,陕西 西安 710048

通讯作者:

邵帅,男,1991年生,博士,副教授,主要从事黄土力学及土动力学的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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