Article(id=1244316343663702320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1508, pmid=null, cstr=32223.14.j.rsm.2024.1508, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733500800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1743091200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-28, onlineDate=1774597734608, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1763049600000, pubDateStr=2025-11-14, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774597734608, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774597734608, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597734608, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244316342938087728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, year='2025', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='3329', pageEnd='3672', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774597734436, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597825220, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244316723801862468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244316723806056773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3395, endPage=3409, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244316344041189685, articleId=1244316343663702320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, language=EN, title=Semi-analytical study on mechanical model of vertical shaft surrounding rock reinforcement considering the lagging support of anchor bolts, columnId=1244316343936332083, journalTitle=Rock and Soil Mechanics, columnName=Fundamental Theory and Experimental Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The energy development projects in western China require the construction of a large number of vertical shafts in weakly cemented gravel layers with poor stability. Anchor rod support is an important means of controlling the deformation of surrounding rock. However, most of the current theories on anchor reinforcement have overlooked the lagging support of anchor rods. Therefore, based on the spatial constraint effect of the working face, elastic-plastic theory, and the anchor rod stress uniform distribution method, this study proposes a semi-analytical calculation method for the deformation and stress of the surrounding rock of vertical shaft anchor bolts considering the lag support of anchor bolts. The correctness of this method was verified by finite element method. Based on the proposed semi analytical solution, the influence of anchor parameters was further explored. The research results show that the larger the lag distance of the anchor rod, the greater the deformation of the surrounding rock, and the smaller the surrounding rock pressure borne by the anchor rod and other supporting structures. When the lag distance xgs of the anchor rod is less than 1.5rA (rA represents the excavation radius of the vertical shaft), the deformation ur(r=rA) and safety factor s of the surrounding rock change greatly. When the lag distance xgs of the anchor rod is greater than 3.0rA, the deformation ur(r=rA) and safety factor s of the surrounding rock remain basically unchanged. Increasing the diameter of the anchor rod improves the shear strength, but the impact gradually decreases. When the length of the anchor rod L is less than 1.0rA, the deformation of the surrounding rock ur(r=rA) and the safety factor s change greatly. When the length of the anchor rod L is greater than 1.0rA, the change is slow, so it is not recommended to excessively use long anchor rods. Research suggests that when selecting support parameters, consideration should be given to the support lag distance to ensure the stability of the surrounding rock. This study successfully applied this theory to the vertical shaft engineering of pressure pipelines, and the research results provide a solid theoretical basis for the design of anchor rod support for the surrounding rock of the vertical shaft.

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中国西部地区的能源开发项目,需要在稳定性较差的弱胶结砾石层中建设大量竖井。锚杆支护是控制围岩变形的重要手段。然而,目前的锚杆加固理论大都忽略了锚杆的滞后支护。为此,基于工作面的空间约束效应、弹塑性理论和锚杆应力均布法,提出了考虑锚杆滞后支护的竖井锚杆围岩变形和应力半解析计算方法,而后通过有限单元法验证了其正确性。基于所提出的半解析解,进一步探讨了锚杆参数的影响性。研究结果表明:锚杆滞后距离越大,围岩变形越大,锚杆等支护结构所承受的围岩压力越小,当锚杆滞后支护距离xgs<1.5rArA为竖井开挖半径)时,围岩变形urr=rAr为围岩中任何一点的半径)及安全系数s变化较大,当锚杆滞后支护距离xgs>3.0rA时,围岩变形urr=rA)及安全系数s基本不变;增大锚杆直径可提高抗剪强度但影响逐渐减小;当锚杆长度L<1.0rA时,围岩变形urr=rA)及安全系数s变化较大,当锚杆长度L>1.0rA时,则变化缓慢,因此不建议过度使用长锚杆。研究指出,在选择支护参数时,需考虑支护滞后距离以确保围岩稳定。本研究将该理论成功应用于压力管道竖井工程中,研究成果为竖井围岩的锚杆支护设计提供了坚实的理论依据。

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马文著,男,1994年生,博士,工程师,主要从事隧道、竖井支护方面的解析及数值模拟研究。E-mail:
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张基伟,男,1988年生,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事隧道、竖井支护、冻结方面研究。E-mail:

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张基伟,男,1988年生,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事隧道、竖井支护、冻结方面研究。E-mail:

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张基伟,男,1988年生,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事隧道、竖井支护、冻结方面研究。E-mail:

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Material parameters and boundary conditions

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围岩参数锚杆参数边界条件
E/MPa μ1 c/MPa φ/(°) xgs/m Eb/MPa μ2 L/m db/mm nbS)/m DS/m P0/MPa rA/m rB/m rC/m σM/MPa
6000.243.7442.01050.342510(2.0)2.003.27.2503.066
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材料参数与边界条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
围岩参数锚杆参数边界条件
E/MPa μ1 c/MPa φ/(°) xgs/m Eb/MPa μ2 L/m db/mm nbS)/m DS/m P0/MPa rA/m rB/m rC/m σM/MPa
6000.243.7442.01050.342510(2.0)2.003.27.2503.066
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Stratum parameters

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泥质弱胶结层泥钙质胶结砾石层
ρ1/(kg·m−3 E1/MPa c1/kPa φ1/(°) h1/m ρ2/(kg·m−3 E2/MPa c2/kPa φ2/(°) h2/m
2 31050015039902 33060025044138.43
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地层参数

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泥质弱胶结层泥钙质胶结砾石层
ρ1/(kg·m−3 E1/MPa c1/kPa φ1/(°) h1/m ρ2/(kg·m−3 E2/MPa c2/kPa φ2/(°) h2/m
2 31050015039902 33060025044138.43
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考虑锚杆滞后支护的竖井围岩加固力学模型半解析研究
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张基伟 1 , 张佳鑫 1 , 马文著 1, 2, 3 , 贾红学 2 , 吴卫东 4 , 王传宝 5
岩土力学 | 基础理论与实验研究 2025,46(11): 3395-3409
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岩土力学 | 基础理论与实验研究 2025, 46(11): 3395-3409
考虑锚杆滞后支护的竖井围岩加固力学模型半解析研究
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张基伟1 , 张佳鑫1, 马文著1, 2, 3 , 贾红学2, 吴卫东4, 王传宝5
作者信息
  • 1.北京科技大学 资源与安全工程学院,北京 100013
  • 2.中国建筑第八工程局有限公司,上海 200120
  • 3.中建八局天津建设工程有限公司,天津 300450
  • 4.新疆兵团水利水电工程集团有限公司,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
  • 5.新疆兵团勘测设计院集团股份有限公司,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
  • 张基伟,男,1988年生,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事隧道、竖井支护、冻结方面研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

马文著,男,1994年生,博士,工程师,主要从事隧道、竖井支护方面的解析及数值模拟研究。E-mail:
Semi-analytical study on mechanical model of vertical shaft surrounding rock reinforcement considering the lagging support of anchor bolts
Ji-wei ZHANG1 , Jia-xin ZHANG1, Wen-zhuo MA1, 2, 3 , Hong-xue JIA2, Wei-dong WU4, Chuan-bao WANG5
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources and Safety Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100013, China
  • 2.China Construction Eighth Engineering Division Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200120, China
  • 3.China Construction Eighth Engineering Division Tianjin Construction Engineering Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300450, China
  • 4.Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Survey and Design Institute Group Co., Ltd., Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
  • 5.Xinjiang Corps Survey and Design Institute Group Co., Ltd, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
出版时间: 2025-11-14 doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1508
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中国西部地区的能源开发项目,需要在稳定性较差的弱胶结砾石层中建设大量竖井。锚杆支护是控制围岩变形的重要手段。然而,目前的锚杆加固理论大都忽略了锚杆的滞后支护。为此,基于工作面的空间约束效应、弹塑性理论和锚杆应力均布法,提出了考虑锚杆滞后支护的竖井锚杆围岩变形和应力半解析计算方法,而后通过有限单元法验证了其正确性。基于所提出的半解析解,进一步探讨了锚杆参数的影响性。研究结果表明:锚杆滞后距离越大,围岩变形越大,锚杆等支护结构所承受的围岩压力越小,当锚杆滞后支护距离xgs<1.5rArA为竖井开挖半径)时,围岩变形urr=rAr为围岩中任何一点的半径)及安全系数s变化较大,当锚杆滞后支护距离xgs>3.0rA时,围岩变形urr=rA)及安全系数s基本不变;增大锚杆直径可提高抗剪强度但影响逐渐减小;当锚杆长度L<1.0rA时,围岩变形urr=rA)及安全系数s变化较大,当锚杆长度L>1.0rA时,则变化缓慢,因此不建议过度使用长锚杆。研究指出,在选择支护参数时,需考虑支护滞后距离以确保围岩稳定。本研究将该理论成功应用于压力管道竖井工程中,研究成果为竖井围岩的锚杆支护设计提供了坚实的理论依据。

竖井支护  /  锚杆滞后支护  /  滞后支护距离  /  应力均布法

The energy development projects in western China require the construction of a large number of vertical shafts in weakly cemented gravel layers with poor stability. Anchor rod support is an important means of controlling the deformation of surrounding rock. However, most of the current theories on anchor reinforcement have overlooked the lagging support of anchor rods. Therefore, based on the spatial constraint effect of the working face, elastic-plastic theory, and the anchor rod stress uniform distribution method, this study proposes a semi-analytical calculation method for the deformation and stress of the surrounding rock of vertical shaft anchor bolts considering the lag support of anchor bolts. The correctness of this method was verified by finite element method. Based on the proposed semi analytical solution, the influence of anchor parameters was further explored. The research results show that the larger the lag distance of the anchor rod, the greater the deformation of the surrounding rock, and the smaller the surrounding rock pressure borne by the anchor rod and other supporting structures. When the lag distance xgs of the anchor rod is less than 1.5rA (rA represents the excavation radius of the vertical shaft), the deformation ur(r=rA) and safety factor s of the surrounding rock change greatly. When the lag distance xgs of the anchor rod is greater than 3.0rA, the deformation ur(r=rA) and safety factor s of the surrounding rock remain basically unchanged. Increasing the diameter of the anchor rod improves the shear strength, but the impact gradually decreases. When the length of the anchor rod L is less than 1.0rA, the deformation of the surrounding rock ur(r=rA) and the safety factor s change greatly. When the length of the anchor rod L is greater than 1.0rA, the change is slow, so it is not recommended to excessively use long anchor rods. Research suggests that when selecting support parameters, consideration should be given to the support lag distance to ensure the stability of the surrounding rock. This study successfully applied this theory to the vertical shaft engineering of pressure pipelines, and the research results provide a solid theoretical basis for the design of anchor rod support for the surrounding rock of the vertical shaft.

vertical shaft support  /  anchor rod lag support  /  lag support distance  /  stress distribution method
张基伟, 张佳鑫, 马文著, 贾红学, 吴卫东, 王传宝. 考虑锚杆滞后支护的竖井围岩加固力学模型半解析研究. 岩土力学, 2025 , 46 (11) : 3395 -3409 . DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1508
Ji-wei ZHANG, Jia-xin ZHANG, Wen-zhuo MA, Hong-xue JIA, Wei-dong WU, Chuan-bao WANG. Semi-analytical study on mechanical model of vertical shaft surrounding rock reinforcement considering the lagging support of anchor bolts[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (11) : 3395 -3409 . DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1508
近年来,我国在新疆、西藏等西部地区的能源开发中,常常面临弱胶结砾石层的挑战[1]。砾石层作为特殊地质体,具有独特工程地质和力学特性,导致地下工程围岩易损,竖井建设困难[2-4]。而锚杆支护可起到稳定围岩的作用,防止围岩发生大变形和塌方,确保竖井建设的安全与稳定[5]
锚杆在岩土工程中的应用可以追溯到19世纪末20世纪初。Bobet等[6]将锚杆加固的解析分析方法分为两类:等效材料法(equivalent material method)和应力均布法(smeared method)。等效材料法[7]通过将锚杆与围岩视为一个整体进行力学性能分析;应力均布法[8]则认为锚杆在围岩变形的带动下产生了对围岩的约束作用,更符合全长黏结锚杆在实际工程中的力学行为。等效材料法获得锚杆应力分布与位移场时,未能关注锚杆在围岩中的真实力学行为,而应力均布法则通过重建微分方程,弥补了此不足[9]
基于应力均布法,众多研究者对锚杆加固状态下围岩的应力场、位移场进行了研究。Bobet[10]分析了深部围岩开挖损伤区和岩锚支护的弹性解,为围岩应力和位移分布的解析研究奠定了理论基础。王华宁[11]、Zhang[12]等引入围岩流变模型,分析了衬砌支护时机对围岩应力场和位移场的影响,进一步验证并扩展了该方法的应用。Zou等[13]依照此种方法,研究了锚杆支护影响下的围岩应力应变行为,提出了不同失效准则下围岩应力和位移分布的计算方法。Meng[14]、Wang[15]等基于均匀化理论提出了锚杆加固围岩的解析解,系统研究了岩体和锚杆的力学行为,揭示了锚杆对围岩塑性区尺寸和位移的重要影响。Fahimifar等[16]基于此方法,结合数值方法,确定了围岩开挖面边界处的径向位移和锚杆轴向力。Zeng利用解析方法研究了水压作用下锚杆对围岩应力场和位移场的影响,得出了不同因素对围岩稳定性综合影响的分析结果[17]。Carranza-Torres[18]基于应力均布法研究了围岩锚杆加固的力学问题,通过分析和数值计算,得出了锚杆加固对应力和收敛变形的影响。周晓敏等[19]研究了锚注复合围岩体的微分方程,解析求解了位移场、有效应力场和锚杆轴向应力场,揭示了锚注加固参数对围岩安全系数的影响规律。Ma等[20]基于非线性渗流条件,提出了锚注加固围岩的弹脆塑性半解析解,得出注浆厚度和锚杆长度对围岩变形的影响。
综上所述,尽管在锚杆力学特性和锚杆与围岩相互作用机制方面已取得大量成果,但由于力学模型和应用条件的复杂性,仍存在两点不足:①现有研究大多未涉及围岩预变形问题。据统计,开挖后工作面位置围岩已发生的变形约占总变形的20%~50%,而现有解析研究鲜有这一变形,即忽略了锚杆滞后支护的影响,使得计算结果缺乏工程科学性;②对围岩-锚杆相互作用影响因素的讨论不够全面,缺少具体的定量分析。
鉴于此,本研究在周晓敏[19]和Ma[9, 20]等研究成果的基础上,构建了一种基于应力均布法和收敛约束法、可以考虑锚杆滞后支护的围岩半解析解,并通过有限元模拟对比,揭示了锚杆加固参数对围岩安全系数和围岩变形影响规律。基于开挖面的三维空间效应研究了锚杆支护前的围岩预变形,研究成果对竖井围岩锚杆支护设计计算具有一定理论意义。
工作面附近的未开挖岩体会对已开挖的围岩产生空间约束效应[21-22]。这种空间约束效应,可通过围岩特征曲线和围岩纵向变形曲线来量化。围岩特征曲线基于平面应变轴对称厚壁圆筒的弹塑性解,揭示了围岩内缘支撑应力与径向位移的关系。围岩纵剖面曲线则展示了工作面距离与围岩内缘径向位移之间的关系。
图1所示,根据围岩纵剖面曲线(longitudinal displacement profile,简称LDP)和围岩特征曲线(geological rock characteristic curve,简称GRC),工作面的空间约束效应可以等效为虚拟支护力Pvir。例如,随着竖井开挖的推进(位置1到位置3),如果未进行支护,虚拟支护力Pvir将逐渐减小,围岩内缘的径向位移会增加,此时位置3的位移增加至。如果围岩发生垮塌或失稳,径向位移会急剧增大。为了防止垮塌,假设在位置2进行支护结构的施作,这种情况下,Pvir与支护结构共同作用。综上所述,确定安全的支护施作截面所对应的虚拟支护力Pvir是十分关键的。图中,为围岩最大径向位移。
Pvir的确定过程如图2所示:先借助LDP和GRC,根据GRC中的围岩弹塑性分界点,确定无锚固段极限距离xg。在明确了无锚固段的临界长度之后,通过将其除以大于1.0的安全系数s0,便可以得到计入安全余量的锚杆滞后支护间距xgs
式中:xgs为锚杆滞后支护距离;xg为无锚固段极限距离(围岩刚发生塑性变形时所对应的竖井断面到工作面的纵向距离);s0为支护后围岩的安全系数,取值应大于1.0。
目前锚杆理论主要包括悬吊理论和连续变形理论。悬吊理论认为,开挖后围岩会形成塌落拱,锚杆的主要作用是抵抗塌落岩块的自重,对围岩变形的抵抗能力较弱。基于此,锚杆的支护力可通过将其最大拉拔力除以影响面积计算[23],如下式所示。从锚杆受力的角度来看,这种方法适用于端锚锚杆,并且计算出的支护力较小。
式中:Pbolt为将锚杆视为围岩外部结构时,换算得来的支护力;Tmax为锚杆最大拉拔力;SLST为锚杆的排距和间距。
目前竖井工程多采用全长黏结锚杆,该锚杆沿全长为围岩提供支护作用(见图3),相对于端锚锚杆而言,支护作用更大。试验和研究显示,即使在无黏结的卵石条件下,全长黏结锚杆仍能有效维持围岩自承能力和稳定性,并在1.3 MPa压力下保持稳定[24]。在这种情况下,锚杆并未锚固于所谓的“稳定围岩”中,却产生了显著的支护力,这与基于式(2)得出的结论有所不同。
图2中LDP曲线可采用Hoek给出的拟合方程来计算[25]
式中:xB为距工作面距离;rA为竖井荒半径;为只有原岩应力σM作用,周边无任何其他力作用下的径向位移;为围岩内缘的径向位移。
图2中GRC曲线采用卡斯特纳解进行表示[26]
式中:为围岩弹性区位移;为围岩塑性区位移;R0为塑性区半径;μ1为围岩泊松比;E为围岩弹性模量;为弹塑性交界面应力;r为围岩中任何一点的半径;c为围岩黏聚力;φ为围岩内摩擦角;p0为围岩内缘应力。
当确定了锚杆滞后支护距离xgs后,可再次借助LDP和GRC得到锚杆支护时的虚拟支护力Pvir(如图2所示)。
Pvir确定以后就可以得到弹性条件下锚杆支护时围岩已经发生应变εrinir),εrinir)的具体求解过程由附录A中式(A1)~(A3)得出:
式中:C1iniC2ini为积分常数,见附录B。
通过将εrinir)考虑进锚杆方程中来考虑锚杆的滞后支护。
围岩内缘最大剪切应力表示为
式中:τmax为最大剪切应力;σ1为第一主应力;σ3为第三主应力;σθ为环向应力;σr为径向应力。
模型通过GRC和LDP计算得出锚杆支护前围岩的径向应变方程。基于这一应变和弹塑性理论,提出了一种考虑锚杆滞后支护的竖井锚杆围岩变形和应力的半解析计算模型(详见附录A、B)。锚杆滞后支护力学模型的基本假设如下:
(1)假设围岩、锚杆为均质材料,其力学性质在整个空间内均匀分布,锚杆支护段围岩沿竖井横向的长度足够,所以本文采用平面应变模型;
(2)竖井工作面具有三维空间约束效应,这一约束作用可通过虚拟支护力进行量化;
(3)锚杆为全长黏结锚杆,暂不考虑钢制锚杆的塑性变形部分,更适用于使用塑性不明显的材料,如玄武岩纤维增强复合材料(basic fiber reinforced polymer,简称BFRP)制作的锚杆[27]
(4)暂不考虑渗流问题和温度变化对施工过程的影响。
图4所示,以压力管道竖井中心为坐标原点建立坐标系,并满足以下约定:
锚杆外端的半径为rB=rA +L。其中,L为锚杆的长度。该模型分为两个区域。
锚杆加固区:锚杆加固后的原岩区域(rArrB);
围岩区:半无限大的原岩区(rrB)。
其中,围岩内缘受到总支撑力P0的作用,支撑结构施工后还应考虑围岩内缘的支撑力P2;其总支撑力P0PvirP2构成,P0=Pvir+P2
在竖井锚固体中,普遍采用全长黏结锚杆。全长黏结锚杆支护后,由于围岩的变形,将与围岩共同作用于全锚固区域,对全长度范围内的围岩起到约束作用。
Smeared方法,即假定同一锚固部位的锚固件与周围环境的应力等效,锚杆的弹性模量为Eb,适合于全长锚固[6]。锚杆因其远大于围岩的弹性模量,受围岩变形影响,围岩与锚杆间的应变协同,导致锚杆对围岩产生约束力,从而对围岩起到一定的约束作用(见图5)。图中εr为径向应变,εθ为环向应变。
假设在r=rA处的围岩发生径向应变εrr=rA),则此处锚杆轴向应力则为Eb×εrr=rA),则锚杆此时的轴力根据下式求得:
式中:T为锚杆轴力;Eb为锚杆的弹性模量;εb为锚杆的径向应变;εrb为锚杆施加后围岩发生的应变,εrbr)=εrr)−εrinir);Y为锚杆的截面积,Y=π(db/2)2db为锚杆的直径;然后,将此力Tr=rA)均布到每根锚杆所影响的区域(见图6)则可得到此位置对围岩具有约束作用的径向应力σb_avgr=rA)。最后,再将此力代入到围岩的平衡方程中,则可得到锚杆作用下的围岩应力。图6中,SB为均匀化区域外侧锚杆均布面积,SA为均匀化区域外侧锚杆均布面积,nb为锚杆数量。
应力均布法下锚杆对围岩起到约束作用的附加径向应力σb_avg如下式所示:
式中:S为竖井轴线上锚杆的间距,S=(2π/nbrADS为竖向锚杆排距。
锚杆参数的设计在围岩支护设计中占据重要地位,其中锚杆直径、锚杆间距、锚杆排距及锚杆长度均为锚杆设计中的重要因素。为了使研究结果更具普适性,这里参考Carranza的方法,将锚杆直径、锚杆间距、锚杆排距通过锚杆密度因子α间接描述,并定义围岩刚度增强系数β进一步量化锚杆的加固效果[17]。其中,锚杆密度因子α与锚杆的排间距及直径紧密相关。
图7是锚杆数量(间距)和直径对锚杆加固密度因子的影响曲线。可见,随着锚杆间距的减小和锚杆数量的增加,锚杆密度因子α逐渐线性增大。另一方面,增大锚杆直径也会导致α逐渐增大,但增大速度先慢后快。
图8是不同α条件下被支护围岩的剪切模量与围岩刚度增强系数β的关系曲线。β越大代表锚杆的支护效果越好,可见锚杆对软岩的支护效果较明显,而对硬岩的支护效果相对不明显。但这并不意味着对软岩进行支护时应“强支硬顶”,因为软岩变形较大,若“强支硬顶”容易造成锚杆被拉断。
通过ABAQUS软件建立与理论模型等效的有限元模型,并进行对比验证(如图9所示)。竖井开挖半径为3.2 m,原岩弹性模量依据室内试验结果确定为600 MPa。模型的上边界埋深为192 m,对应的上表面压力为4.38 MPa,地应力考虑围岩自重和侧压力系数为0.7的水平应力,采用地应力平衡法施加。为突出锚杆的支护作用,设定竖井内缘支护力P0=0 MPa,即模拟无外部围岩支护结构的工况。
为使有限元模型与半解析模型在力学过程上一致等效,根据轴对称原理建立厚度为1.0 m的楔形平面应变有限元模型。由于理论模型中设置的锚杆影响范围是0.5 m,所以应该根据锚杆影响范围的比例规则[9, 18],楔形模型夹角设为72°/2=36°。围岩采用CPE4P单元,锚杆采用T2D2单元。
为模拟锚杆延后支护,在软件中设置两个分析步,第1个分析步中,通过“生死单元”操作将锚杆单元“杀死”并通过赋值函数令支护力减小至目标值,然后在第2个分析步中“激活”。为使所用的锚杆解析方法在约束关系上保持一致相似,本研究通过多点约束(multi-point constraints,简称MPC),确保围岩与锚杆的位移协调。
本文规定了围岩极限剪切强度[τmax]=2.4 MPa,在图2的基础上得出无锚固段极限距离xg,并根据式(1)除以一个大于1的安全系数。最终,确定锚杆支护滞后工作面的距离xgs=2.0 m。
基于表1的计算参数,得出锚杆滞后支护的解。为比较考虑滞后支护、未考虑滞后支护及“预支护”结果的差异,假设锚杆加固前围岩初始应变εrinir)=0,则可将滞后支护解退化为预支护解(同文献[9]的无渗流解)。为研究锚杆力学作用机制,采用数值模拟方法生成了考虑锚杆滞后支护条件下的位移及应力云图,如图10所示。将解析结与相应的有限元分析结果一同绘制于图11中进行对比分析。
图11展示了考虑锚杆滞后支护、未考虑锚杆滞后支护及预支护情况下位移和有效应力的解析解与有限元结果。结果显示,两者在分布规律上一致,相互验证了准确性,说明解析计算正确。
图11(a)展示了径向位移对比曲线。在本文预支护解中,径向位移在围岩内缘urr=rA)处达到最大值为13.57 mm,距竖井中线越远位移越小。本文滞后支护解的规律与预支护一致,最大值为15.06 mm,较预支护结果略有增加。这是由于滞后支护时围岩已发生较大变形,锚杆约束效果减弱。未考虑滞后支护的解析解中,径向位移曲线呈现先快后慢的递减趋势,最大值urr=rA)为20.28 mm,明显大于滞后支护结果。这是因为在滞后支护情况下,工作面的空间效应对围岩变形产生了约束作用,进一步限制了围岩的变形,从而导致位移较小。
图11(b)展示了径向有效应力的对比结果。本文解析解的径向有效应力分布规律与文献[9]的结果相似:径向有效应力最小值发生在r=rA处,距竖井中心越远,径向有效应力越大。在锚杆支护后,围岩与围岩分界面(r=rB)处出现应力不连续现象。具体表现为径向坐标从大到小的区域内,径向有效应力呈现“抬升”的趋势,这是由于锚杆支护的力学约束作用所导致的。不同之处在于,外部支护结构主要改变内缘处(r=rA)的径向应力,而本文研究中的锚杆为全长黏结,其作用范围覆盖了整个锚杆加固区域。通过对比预支护与滞后支护结果发现,滞后支护时锚杆径向有效应力较小。原因在于围岩变形带动锚杆变形进而受力,在滞后支护时,锚杆所承受的变形已有一部分发生,致使锚杆受力较小,因此锚杆提供的约束作用也较小。
图11(c)展示了环向有效应力的对比结果。环向有效应力最大值出现在竖井内缘,距竖井中心越远,环向有效应力越小。本文的环向有效应力变化趋势与文献[9]的结果基本一致,由内向外,在r=rB处出现了一个突增点,这是由锚杆支护引起,且径向有效应力突增幅度大于环向有效应力。结合最大剪切有效应力分析,锚杆支护显著改善了围岩应力状态。
针对图11(b)和图11(c)中未考虑锚杆滞后支护的有效应力场,其应力分布未出现突增或突降点。不考虑锚杆滞后支护时,锚杆通过全长黏结的方式均匀加固围岩,使得应力分布较为连续。径向和环向应力在围岩内部随着距离的增大或减小逐步变化,没有明显的约束切换点。
表1所示,以新疆奎屯河引水工程地质参数为基本参数,基于提出的考虑锚杆滞后支护的竖井锚杆围岩变形和应力模型半解析解,讨论不同锚杆参数对围岩特征曲线的影响。
根据第三强度理论定义竖井锚杆围岩体的安全系数s=[τmax]/τmaxs将锚杆加固后围岩的稳定程度定量化描述,s越大代表围岩的稳定性越强。本文基于所得解析解讨论不同锚杆参数与安全系数s的影响规律研究。
明确锚杆支护参数对支护后围岩安全系数s和变形urr=rA)的影响规律有利于支护参数设计。同时,虚拟支护力Pvir也会对锚杆参数的选择产生影响。这是因为Pvir与竖井掘进状态紧密相关。
在不同锚杆长度与竖井半径之比L/rA下,将滞后支护距离xgs由0逐步增加至12的过程中,支护后围岩变形urr=rA)的变化曲线与滞后支护距离对锚杆围岩复合体安全系数s的影响绘制于图12
随着滞后支护距离xgs增加,围岩变形逐渐增大。当L/rA分别为0.50、0.75、1.00、1.25、1.50 m时,xgs从0增加到12,围岩内缘变形urr=rA)分别增加了24.30%、31.76%、37.59%、42.30%和46.21%。若滞后支护距离xgs为0 m,随着L/rA从0.50 m增至1.50 m时,围岩内缘变形urr=rA)依次减少了6.35%、4.73%、3.69%和2.97%。
随着xgs增加,安全系数s逐渐下降。当L/rA分别为0.50、0.75、1.00、1.25、1.50 m时,xgs从0增至12,安全系数s分别减少了40.36%、42.81%、44.53%、45.81%和46.81%。若滞后支护距离xgs为0 m时,随着L/rA从0.50 m增至1.50 m,安全系数s依次提升了4.68%、3.37%、2.57%和2.03%。
当滞后支护距离xgs≤1.5rA时,围岩变形urr=rA)及安全系数s变化较大;当滞后支护距离1.5rA<xgs<3rA时,围岩变形urr=rA)及安全系数s变化变缓;当滞后支护距离xgs≥3rA时,围岩变形urr=rA)及安全系数s基本无变化。
竖井锚杆滞后支护越远,围岩内缘变形越大,是因为在支护未及时安装时,围岩会经历更大的变形和应力重分布,导致更显著的位移。而相同滞后支护距离下,锚杆越长,其支护范围和刚度越大,能够更深入地锚固稳定岩层,分散应力并限制变形,从而减小滞后支护对围岩内缘变形的影响。
在不同虚拟支护力Pvir下,将锚杆密度因子α由1×10−5逐步增加至1×10−4过程中,支护后围岩变形urr=rA)的变化曲线与锚杆密度因子对锚杆围岩复合体安全系数s的影响绘制于图13
随着锚杆密度因子α的增加,urr=rA)逐渐降低,安全系数逐渐增大。在虚拟支护力Pvir=0.5 MPa的情况下,urr=rA)从19.24 mm下降到18.71 mm,降低了2.75%;安全系数从0.871上升到0.908,提高了4.24%。当虚拟支护力分别为1.0 MPa和1.5 MPa时,urr=rA)分别降低5.81%、9.24%;安全系数分别提高了9.77%、17.25%。
增大锚杆密度因子有利于对围岩变形的控制和安全系数的提高。随着α持续增大,urr=rA)下降速率变缓最后基本不变,安全系数上升速率变缓最后基本不变。这说明,提高α对控制围岩的变形与稳定性提高有显著效果,其效果是持续且稳定的。另一方面,虚拟支护力Pvir增大时,urr=rA)整体下降,s整体上升。例如:当α=1.0×10−5时,Pvir=0.5 MPa增加至1.0 MPa和1.5 MPa时,urr=rA)从19.24 mm降低至18.21 mm和17.17 mm,降低了5.35%和5.71%,同时s从0.871提高至0.952和1.049,提高了9.30%和10.19%。这表明,增大Pvir有利于竖井稳定。
由于围岩中存在结构面及孔、裂隙,即使注浆后这些结构因素依然对岩体的整体剪切模量产生重要影响。因此,实际应用时应定义工程岩体剪切模量G与完整岩石弹性模量的关系[9, 28]
式中:RMR为岩体地质力学分类指标值[29]Ei为完整岩石的弹性模量;DIS为围岩开挖扰动因子(disturbance index for surrounding rock),对于钻爆法(矿山法)开挖围岩,DIS=0.5~1.0,对于TBM法开挖的围岩DIS=0[30]
围岩刚度增强系数β是量化锚杆加固效果的重要参数,根据式(10)可知β越大,围岩剪切模量G越小,围岩变形越大。在锚杆不破坏的情况下,其起到的约束作用也就越大。
图14展示了不同虚拟支护力Pvir作用下,改变围岩剪切模量时β对围岩内缘变形urr=rA)和安全系数s的影响。随着β从1增加到10,urr=rA)和s均呈现先急剧变化后逐渐平缓的趋势。具体而言,urr=rA)随β增加而减小,当Pvir=0.5 MPa时,urr=rA)从19.34 mm降至18.00 mm,降低3.91%;当Pvir分别增至1.0 MPa和1.5 MPa时,urr=rA)降幅分别为8.49%和13.92%。安全系数s则随β的增加逐渐而增大,以Pvir=0.5 MPa时为例,s从0.851提升到0.901,提升了5.55%;当Pvir分别增至1.0 MPa和1.5 MPa时,安全系数s升幅分别为11.94%和19.17%。
以上数据表明,β越大,urr=rA)越小,s越大。对于全长黏结锚杆,锚杆的应变与围岩是一致的,这意味着锚杆必须承受巨大的轴向应力来抵抗围岩的变形。
固定rA=3.2 m,设置不同虚拟支护力Pvir,绘制L/rA对围岩内缘变形urr=rA)和安全系数s的影响曲线(见图15)。基于奎屯河压力管道竖井项目数据,竖井开挖半径为3.2 m,锚杆长度为3.7 m,对应L/rA比值为1.156,本研究最大L/rA取1.2。
随着L/rA增大,urr=rA)减小,s增大。随着L/rA从0.4增至1.2,Pvir分别为0.50、0.75、1.00、1.25、1.50 MPa时,urr=rA)分别降低3.24%、4.99%、6.82%、8.75%、10.78%;
随着L/rA由0.4增加至1.2,Pvir分别为0.50、0.75、1.00、1.25、1.50 MPa时,s分别提升1.77%、2.84%、4.08%、5.52%、7.21%。
当锚杆长度L≤1.0rA时,围岩变形urr=rA)及安全系数s变化较大;当锚杆长度L>1.0rA时,围岩变形urr=rA)及安全系数s变化较缓慢。
可见,增加竖井中锚杆长度可在一定程度上控制围岩变形。然而,曲线变化趋势显示,随着锚杆长度增加,其加固效率逐渐降低。这是因为锚杆长度增加时,单根锚杆对围岩深处的影响范围扩大,导致加固效果减弱。因此,实际工程中一味增加锚杆长度并不是一种高效方法。
鉴于锚杆支护力的工程有效区间为0~0.4 MPa,本研究通过设定不同的虚拟支护力Pvir,分析了锚杆支护力σ[M]对支护后围岩内缘变形urr=rA)以及锚杆围岩复合体安全系数s的影响,并将相关曲线绘制于图16中。
随着σ[M]增大,urr=rA)出现降低。随着σ[M]由不支护增加至0.4 MPa,Pvir分别为0.50、0.75、1.00、1.25、1.50 MPa时,urr=rA)分别减小了7.02%、7.35%、7.71%、8.11%、8.56%;s分别增大了4.13%、4.45%、4.81%、5.24%、5.76%。
增大锚杆支护力σ[M]有助于减小围岩内缘变形urr=rA),同时提高锚杆围岩复合体的安全系数s。在不同的虚拟支护力Pvir条件下,这种影响趋势是一致的,且随着虚拟支护力Pvir的变化,变形urr=rA)减小和安全系数s增大的幅度有所不同。
奎屯河引水工程是国家重大水利工程,压力管道竖井(见图17)是引水工程的“咽喉”。该竖井上平段管中心高程为1 220 m,下平段管中心高程为1 004 m,地面高程为1 227.50 m,井底高程为999.07 m,竖井深度为228.43 m,开挖直径为6.6 m。竖井位于奎屯河右岸Ⅳ级阶地前缘及Ⅲ级阶地后缘斜坡下部。其中,高程为1 137 m以上为泥质弱胶结层,厚度约为90 m;高程为1 137 m以下为泥钙质胶结西域砾石层,厚度超100 m。相关材料参数见表2
鉴于压力竖井所处地层主要由砂砾石构成,不具备反井法施工条件,为确保安全,决定采用正井法短段掘砌作业。在开挖2 m后,立即实施由锚杆、钢筋网及型钢拱架组成的初期支护。每隔2 m安装ϕ25 mm×5 mm型中空锚杆自进式锚杆(见图18),锚杆长为3.7 m,上下排交错排列,形成全长锚固结构。由于现场锚杆密度过大影响施工效果,需对方案进行优化调整。
随着竖井深度的增加,地应力亦随之逐渐增大。鉴于本项目中竖井的最大深度达到228.43 m,因此有必要对高程为1 137 m以下泥钙质胶结砾石层锚杆支护进行研究。
根据秦氏公式[31]进行地压计算:
式中:γ1γ2分别为两层泥钙质胶结砾石层的重度(kN/m3);h1h2分别为两层泥钙质胶结砾石的厚度(m);σM1σM2分别为泥钙质胶结砾石层上、下表面压应力。侧压力系数取值为0.7,由此计算得出梯形侧压力范围为1.455~3.713 MPa。根据式(1)、(6)及式(B2),可以绘制出不同深度下锚杆支护参数对安全系数影响曲线图,如图19所示。
根据图19(a)所示,随着锚杆长度的减小,安全系数随之降低。当锚杆长度L=1 m时,随着竖井埋深增大,则安全系数将出现s<1,此时围岩可能发生失稳现象。而当锚杆长度L≥2 m时,安全系数s始终大于1,即不会出现失稳情况。
图19(b)所示,锚杆支护结构的安全系数与间排距呈负相关。当间排距从1.0 m增至3.0 m时,安全系数下降8.79%;超过3.0 m后,系统失稳风险急剧增加(安全系数s<1.0),表明该参数组合已超出工程安全范围。理论模型计算验证表明,锚杆间排距应控制在3.0 m以内。
本研究理论对工程具有重要意义。通过分析锚杆长度和间排距与安全系数的关系,确定了合理取值范围。现场应用中,将锚杆长度从3.7 m缩短至2.0 m,间排距从2.0 m调整为2.5 m,既确保竖井结构安全,未出现失稳,又显著降低成本,取得良好经济效益。
本研究基于工作面的空间约束效应和弹塑性理论提出了考虑锚杆滞后支护的竖井锚杆围岩变形和应力半解析计算方法,而后通过有限单元法验证了其正确性。基于所提出的半解析解,系统地研究了不同锚杆参数对围岩变形及应力分布的影响,并利用理论公式结果与实际工程参数进行对比分析,进一步证明了理论公式的可靠性。主要结论如下:
(1)对比分析了考虑与未考虑锚杆滞后支护及预支护情况下,位移和有效应力的解析解与有限元解,结果表明两者分布规律一致,验证了模型正确性。考虑滞后支护时,围岩内缘的径向位移较小,表明滞后支护有效约束了围岩变形。有效应力解中,径向有效应力在内缘最小,随着与竖井中心距离增大逐渐增大,且锚杆支护后,锚杆加固区外缘呈“抬升”趋势,表明锚杆对围岩应力场有显著影响。
(2)锚杆滞后支护距离xgs越大,围岩的径向有效应力越小,支护后围岩变形越大。当滞后支护距离xgs≤1.5rA时,围岩变形urr=rA)及安全系数s变化较大;当滞后支护距离1.5rA<xgs<3rA时,围岩变形urr=rA)及安全系数s变化变缓;当滞后支护距离xgs≥3rA时,围岩变形urr=rA)及安全系数s基本无变化。因此,随着锚杆滞后支护距离xgs减小,围岩安全性增加,锚杆自身安全性降低。
(3)锚杆密度因子α和围岩刚度增强系数β对于有效把控围岩变形以及提高安全系数起着至关重要的作用。伴随αβ的增大,围岩变形逐步减小,安全系数渐次提升,呈现出显著的支护成效。不过,当β>10,α>1×10−4时,围岩变形的减少速度以及安全系数的提升速度逐步放缓,最终趋于稳定。这意味着,尽管增大αβ能够显著增进围岩的稳定性与安全性,但其作用效果随着数值的增大而逐渐趋向饱和。
(4)当锚杆长度L≤1.0rA时,围岩变形urr=rA)及安全系数s变化较大;当锚杆长度L>1.0rA时,围岩变形urr=rA)及安全系数s变化较缓慢,因此,过度延长锚杆长度并非高效的加固方法。
本研究提出了考虑锚杆滞后支护的竖井锚杆围岩变形和应力半解析计算方法,创新性地解决了压力管道竖井延迟支护难题,并通过实际工程应用验证了理论的正确性和方案的有效性,显著降低了工程成本。
  • 兵团财政科技计划资助(2023 AB016-02)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划(2024GX-YBXM-479)
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doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1508
  • 接收时间:2024-12-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-11-14
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-07
  • 录用日期:2025-03-28
基金
Financial Science and Technology Program Funding for the Corps(2023 AB016-02)
兵团财政科技计划资助(2023 AB016-02)
Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(2024GX-YBXM-479)
陕西省重点研发计划(2024GX-YBXM-479)
作者信息
    1.北京科技大学 资源与安全工程学院,北京 100013
    2.中国建筑第八工程局有限公司,上海 200120
    3.中建八局天津建设工程有限公司,天津 300450
    4.新疆兵团水利水电工程集团有限公司,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
    5.新疆兵团勘测设计院集团股份有限公司,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000

通讯作者:

马文著,男,1994年生,博士,工程师,主要从事隧道、竖井支护方面的解析及数值模拟研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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