Article(id=1244316353490960616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1510, pmid=null, cstr=32223.14.j.rsm.2024.1510, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733500800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1742140800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-17, onlineDate=1774597736952, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1763049600000, pubDateStr=2025-11-14, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774597736952, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774597736952, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597736952, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244316342938087728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, year='2025', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='3329', pageEnd='3672', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774597734436, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774597825220, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244316723801862468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244316723806056773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, issueId=1244316342938087728, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3562, endPage=3573, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244316353860059388, articleId=1244316353490960616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, language=EN, title=Calculation method of sliding surface stress based on segmented sliding surface stress measurement system, columnId=1244316343936332083, journalTitle=Rock and Soil Mechanics, columnName=Fundamental Theory and Experimental Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The stress analysis of sliding surface is the key link to evaluate the stability of slope and predict the risk of landslide. There are many methods to solve the sliding surface stress, but there is no reasonable method to evaluate these methods. In order to solve this problem, a sliding surface stress test device used in landslide model test was proposed. The structural characteristics and design principle of the device were introduced in detail. Three cases were designed to test the sliding surface stress by model test. Based on the correlation analysis and probability P value in the statistical analysis results of paired sample t-test, the applicability of Morgenstern-Price (M-P) method, elastic theoretical solution of sliding surface stress based on slope unloading and numerical analysis method in solving sliding surface stress was evaluated. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The absolute error between the test results and the theoretical values of the 9 sliding surface test units is within 2.5%. The statistical analysis results show that the difference between the test results and the theoretical values is not significant, and the stability of the test results is good. (2) The elastic theoretical solution and numerical analysis method can accurately calculate the stress state of the sliding surface, but the calculation result of the M-P method has a large deviation from the actual one, which is not suitable for the calculation of slip surface stress in non-limit state. (3) The application of sliding surface stress elastic theory solution based on slope unloading in embankment slope is expanded, but this method still has great limitations. The sliding surface stress test device proposed in this paper expands the new method of sliding surface stress test, and provides a guarantee for the accuracy verification of sliding surface stress calculation and stability analysis theory.

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滑面应力分析是评估滑坡稳定性、预测滑坡风险的关键环节。现有的滑面应力求解方法众多,但尚未有合理的方法可对这些求解方法进行评价。为解决这一难题,提出了一种在滑坡模型试验中使用的滑面应力测试装置,详细介绍了装置的结构特点、设计原理,设计了3个案例,开展了模型试验测试滑面应力,并基于成对样本t检测统计分析结果中的相关性和概率P值,对Morgenstern-Price(M-P)法、基于坡面卸荷的滑面应力弹性理论解、数值分析法在求解滑面应力方面的适用性进行了评价。主要得到了以下结论:(1)斜面测试结果显示,9个滑面测试单元的测试结果与理论值的误差绝对值均在2.5%内,统计学分析结果表明,滑面应力测试装置具有较高的准确性且测试稳定性较好。(2)基于模型试验对3种滑面应力理论计算方法的评价结果显示,弹性理论解和数值分析法可以较准确地计算滑面的应力状态,但M-P法的计算结果与实际偏差较大,不适用于非极限状态下滑面应力的计算。(3)拓展了基于坡面卸荷的滑面应力弹性理论解在路堤边坡中的应用,但该方法仍然存在较大的局限性。提出的滑面应力测试装置拓展了滑面应力测试的新方法,为滑面应力计算和稳定性分析理论准确性验证提供了试验基础。

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杨涛,男,1973年生,博士,教授,主要从事岩土工程等方面的教学和科研工作。E-mail:
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陈怀林,男,1996年生,博士研究生,主要从事岩土工程方面的科研工作。E-mail:

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label=Fig.12, caption=Comparison of sliding surface stress determined by four methods, figureFileSmall=IxxIW80rBSUnL8vsSOFIgQ==, figureFileBig=+5Kmukx3kCRnjnuoiyFmOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244316381081092502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316353490960616, language=CN, label=图12, caption=4种方法确定的滑面应力对比, figureFileSmall=IxxIW80rBSUnL8vsSOFIgQ==, figureFileBig=+5Kmukx3kCRnjnuoiyFmOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244316381198533018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316353490960616, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Bevel test results of stress test unit

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编号实测正压力/N正压力误差/%实测切向力/N切向力误差/%
1#304.50.27109.3−1.16
2#305.60.62112.31.59
3#308.31.52111.40.80
4#301.4−0.75111.81.10
5#309.11.76109.1−1.28
6#304.40.24108.9−1.46
7#301.1−0.87113.12.35
8#305.20.50111.30.67
9#297.4−2.08112.82.02
), ArticleFig(id=1244316382754619808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316353490960616, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

应力测试单元斜面测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号实测正压力/N正压力误差/%实测切向力/N切向力误差/%
1#304.50.27109.3−1.16
2#305.60.62112.31.59
3#308.31.52111.40.80
4#301.4−0.75111.81.10
5#309.11.76109.1−1.28
6#304.40.24108.9−1.46
7#301.1−0.87113.12.35
8#305.20.50111.30.67
9#297.4−2.08112.82.02
), ArticleFig(id=1244316382855283110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316353490960616, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of paired sample t-test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量均值±标准差个案数/个 T P
正压力(理论-实测)−0.41±3.679−0.3360.745
切向力(理论-实测)−0.61±1.629−1.1310.291
), ArticleFig(id=1244316382985306535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316353490960616, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

成对样本t检测的结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量均值±标准差个案数/个 T P
正压力(理论-实测)−0.41±3.679−0.3360.745
切向力(理论-实测)−0.61±1.629−1.1310.291
), ArticleFig(id=1244316383094358442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316353490960616, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Repeated test results of single stress test unit in bevel test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
装置编号正压力/N切向力/N
1#305.0304.5304.4304.8109.1109.3109.5109.7
2#301.2301.4301.8301.5111.4111.4111.7111.8
3#297.9297.4298.4298.6112.3112.7112.8113.1
), ArticleFig(id=1244316383203410354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316353490960616, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

单个应力测试单元斜面测试重复测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
装置编号正压力/N切向力/N
1#305.0304.5304.4304.8109.1109.3109.5109.7
2#301.2301.4301.8301.5111.4111.4111.7111.8
3#297.9297.4298.4298.6112.3112.7112.8113.1
), ArticleFig(id=1244316383337628086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316353490960616, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of single sample t test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号均值±标准差/N个案数/个 显著性
正压力切向力正压力切向力正压力切向力
1#304.68±0.28109.40±0.2644<0.001<0.001
2#301.48±0.25111.58±0.2144<0.001<0.001
3#298.08±0.54112.73±0.3344<0.001<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1244316383476040123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316353490960616, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

单样本t检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号均值±标准差/N个案数/个 显著性
正压力切向力正压力切向力正压力切向力
1#304.68±0.28109.40±0.2644<0.001<0.001
2#301.48±0.25111.58±0.2144<0.001<0.001
3#298.08±0.54112.73±0.3344<0.001<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1244316383585092032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316353490960616, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Rock-soil parameters of example slope

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案例材料重度/(N·m−3黏聚力c/kPa内摩擦角φ/(°)弹性模量/MPa泊松比
案例1+2滑体土14 7200.0042.050.32
滑面0.0043.0
案例3滑体土16 2000.5039.6100.35
滑带土16 2000.4030.0100.35
), ArticleFig(id=1244316383689949635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316353490960616, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

案例边坡的岩土体参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
案例材料重度/(N·m−3黏聚力c/kPa内摩擦角φ/(°)弹性模量/MPa泊松比
案例1+2滑体土14 7200.0042.050.32
滑面0.0043.0
案例3滑体土16 2000.5039.6100.35
滑带土16 2000.4030.0100.35
), ArticleFig(id=1244316383807390153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316353490960616, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Paired sample t-test results between the three theoretical methods and the model test

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理论方法个案来源个案数/个变量相关性显著性概率P
条分法案例19正应力(试验-理论法)0.988<0.0010.918
切应力(试验-理论法)0.701 >0.001
案例29正应力(试验-理论法)0.982<0.0010.897
切应力(试验-理论法)0.432 >0.001
案例310正应力(试验-理论法)0.982<0.0010.962
切应力(试验-理论法)0.864 =0.0010.858
弹性理论解案例19正应力(试验-理论法)0.997<0.0010.594
切应力(试验-理论法)0.985<0.0010.067
案例29正应力(试验-理论法)0.997<0.0010.219
切应力(试验-理论法)0.968<0.0010.098
案例310正应力(试验-理论法)0.996<0.001 0.004
切应力(试验-理论法)0.988<0.0010.071
数值分析法案例19正应力(试验-理论法)0.994<0.0010.852
切应力(试验-理论法)0.994<0.0010.967
案例29正应力(试验-理论法)0.997<0.0010.965
切应力(试验-理论法)0.985<0.0010.372
案例310正应力(试验-理论法)0.998<0.0010.290
切应力(试验-理论法)0.996<0.0010.144
), ArticleFig(id=1244316383924830669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1244215477623373855, articleId=1244316353490960616, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

3种理论方法与模型试验成对样本t检测结果

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理论方法个案来源个案数/个变量相关性显著性概率P
条分法案例19正应力(试验-理论法)0.988<0.0010.918
切应力(试验-理论法)0.701 >0.001
案例29正应力(试验-理论法)0.982<0.0010.897
切应力(试验-理论法)0.432 >0.001
案例310正应力(试验-理论法)0.982<0.0010.962
切应力(试验-理论法)0.864 =0.0010.858
弹性理论解案例19正应力(试验-理论法)0.997<0.0010.594
切应力(试验-理论法)0.985<0.0010.067
案例29正应力(试验-理论法)0.997<0.0010.219
切应力(试验-理论法)0.968<0.0010.098
案例310正应力(试验-理论法)0.996<0.001 0.004
切应力(试验-理论法)0.988<0.0010.071
数值分析法案例19正应力(试验-理论法)0.994<0.0010.852
切应力(试验-理论法)0.994<0.0010.967
案例29正应力(试验-理论法)0.997<0.0010.965
切应力(试验-理论法)0.985<0.0010.372
案例310正应力(试验-理论法)0.998<0.0010.290
切应力(试验-理论法)0.996<0.0010.144
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基于分段式滑面应力测试系统的滑面应力计算方法
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陈怀林 1 , 杨涛 1 , 饶云康 1 , 张哲 1 , 吴红刚 2, 3 , 谢江伟 1 , 滕汉卿 1
岩土力学 | 基础理论与实验研究 2025,46(11): 3562-3573
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岩土力学 | 基础理论与实验研究 2025, 46(11): 3562-3573
基于分段式滑面应力测试系统的滑面应力计算方法
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陈怀林1 , 杨涛1 , 饶云康1, 张哲1, 吴红刚2, 3, 谢江伟1, 滕汉卿1
作者信息
  • 1.西南交通大学 极端环境岩土和隧道工程智能建养全国重点实验室,四川 成都 610031
  • 2.中铁西北科学研究院有限公司,甘肃 兰州 730030
  • 3.中铁科学研究院集团有限公司,四川 成都 610032
  • 陈怀林,男,1996年生,博士研究生,主要从事岩土工程方面的科研工作。E-mail:

通讯作者:

杨涛,男,1973年生,博士,教授,主要从事岩土工程等方面的教学和科研工作。E-mail:
Calculation method of sliding surface stress based on segmented sliding surface stress measurement system
Huai-lin CHEN1 , Tao YANG1 , Yun-kang RAO1, Zhe ZHANG1, Hong-gang WU2, 3, Jiang-wei XIE1, Han-qing TENG1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Maintenance for Geotechnical and Tunnel Engineering under Extreme Environments, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
  • 2.China Northwest Research Institute Co., Ltd., of CREC, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, China
  • 3.China Railway Academy Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan 610032, China
出版时间: 2025-11-14 doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1510
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滑面应力分析是评估滑坡稳定性、预测滑坡风险的关键环节。现有的滑面应力求解方法众多,但尚未有合理的方法可对这些求解方法进行评价。为解决这一难题,提出了一种在滑坡模型试验中使用的滑面应力测试装置,详细介绍了装置的结构特点、设计原理,设计了3个案例,开展了模型试验测试滑面应力,并基于成对样本t检测统计分析结果中的相关性和概率P值,对Morgenstern-Price(M-P)法、基于坡面卸荷的滑面应力弹性理论解、数值分析法在求解滑面应力方面的适用性进行了评价。主要得到了以下结论:(1)斜面测试结果显示,9个滑面测试单元的测试结果与理论值的误差绝对值均在2.5%内,统计学分析结果表明,滑面应力测试装置具有较高的准确性且测试稳定性较好。(2)基于模型试验对3种滑面应力理论计算方法的评价结果显示,弹性理论解和数值分析法可以较准确地计算滑面的应力状态,但M-P法的计算结果与实际偏差较大,不适用于非极限状态下滑面应力的计算。(3)拓展了基于坡面卸荷的滑面应力弹性理论解在路堤边坡中的应用,但该方法仍然存在较大的局限性。提出的滑面应力测试装置拓展了滑面应力测试的新方法,为滑面应力计算和稳定性分析理论准确性验证提供了试验基础。

滑坡  /  滑面应力  /  模型试验  /  弹性理论解  /  数值分析  /  统计分析

The stress analysis of sliding surface is the key link to evaluate the stability of slope and predict the risk of landslide. There are many methods to solve the sliding surface stress, but there is no reasonable method to evaluate these methods. In order to solve this problem, a sliding surface stress test device used in landslide model test was proposed. The structural characteristics and design principle of the device were introduced in detail. Three cases were designed to test the sliding surface stress by model test. Based on the correlation analysis and probability P value in the statistical analysis results of paired sample t-test, the applicability of Morgenstern-Price (M-P) method, elastic theoretical solution of sliding surface stress based on slope unloading and numerical analysis method in solving sliding surface stress was evaluated. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The absolute error between the test results and the theoretical values of the 9 sliding surface test units is within 2.5%. The statistical analysis results show that the difference between the test results and the theoretical values is not significant, and the stability of the test results is good. (2) The elastic theoretical solution and numerical analysis method can accurately calculate the stress state of the sliding surface, but the calculation result of the M-P method has a large deviation from the actual one, which is not suitable for the calculation of slip surface stress in non-limit state. (3) The application of sliding surface stress elastic theory solution based on slope unloading in embankment slope is expanded, but this method still has great limitations. The sliding surface stress test device proposed in this paper expands the new method of sliding surface stress test, and provides a guarantee for the accuracy verification of sliding surface stress calculation and stability analysis theory.

landslide  /  sliding surface stress  /  model test  /  elastic theoretical solution  /  numerical analysis  /  statistical analysis
陈怀林, 杨涛, 饶云康, 张哲, 吴红刚, 谢江伟, 滕汉卿. 基于分段式滑面应力测试系统的滑面应力计算方法. 岩土力学, 2025 , 46 (11) : 3562 -3573 . DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1510
Huai-lin CHEN, Tao YANG, Yun-kang RAO, Zhe ZHANG, Hong-gang WU, Jiang-wei XIE, Han-qing TENG. Calculation method of sliding surface stress based on segmented sliding surface stress measurement system[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2025 , 46 (11) : 3562 -3573 . DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1510
滑面应力是指边坡岩土体在滑移过程中,沿潜在滑移面产生的应力状态。在岩土工程领域中,准确获取滑面应力分布及其变化特征,对于理解滑坡失稳机制、预测滑坡发生时间以及评估滑坡风险具有重要意义[1-4]
国内外学者在滑面应力分析方面开展了大量的研究,并发展出来许多滑面应力求解的方法。传统极限平衡法是发展相对成熟且工程运用最成功的一种边坡稳定性分析方法,它假定了滑面上各处的安全系数一致,通过划分土条建立局部和整体的平衡方程,又提出各种假设消除方程组的静不定问题,从而对方程进行求解。基于不同的假设和土条划分方法,提出了Bishop法、Fellenius法、Morgenstern-Price法(M-P法)、水平条分法和斜条分法等多种方法[5-7]。一些学者尝试在极限平衡法的基础上进行拓展,提出了许多新方法[8-13]。Bell[8]在条分法的基础上,通过引入含待定系数的滑面正应力函数,采用整体分析的方法对整个滑面进行积分,求解稳定性系数;Zhu[9]、郑宏[10]等对这种整体分析方法进一步拓展,逐渐发展为现在的整体分析法或无条分法。杨涛等[11]以传递系数法为基础,自上而下对土条进行受力分析,考虑土条的自稳能力,提出了推移式滑坡滑面应力与局部安全系数计算方法。梧松[12]、李亮[13]等考虑各条块具有独立的安全系数,通过建立不同的约束条件和使用不同的优化算法,实现了条块应力和局部安全系数的求解。还有部分学者从弹性力学的角度出发,试图探索出斜坡的弹性应力解析解求解方法[14-16]。高家美等[14]基于弹性力学理论,推导了自重作用下半无限楔形体的弹性应力的一般解,并将其运用到斜坡自重弹性应力的求解中。杨奎斌[15]、Cheng[16]等利用楔形体顶部集中荷载作用下的弹性应力解理论,建立了考虑坡面开挖卸荷影响的边坡应力场及稳定性计算方法。
此外,随着计算机技术和测试设备的逐渐完备,基于数值模拟和模型试验对滑面应力的相关研究也日益广泛。Stianson等[17]采用有限元分析探讨了泊松比和杨氏模量对边坡应力分布的影响,并基于应力状态搜索计算临界滑面的稳定性系数,分析了稳定性系数对泊松比和杨氏模量的敏感程度。吴顺川等[18]引入参照边坡的概念,探讨了非线性折减系数下边坡潜在滑面应力状态定义边坡稳定性系数的新算法。Yang等[19]将极限平衡理论与数值仿真相结合,采用FLAC3D数值方法计算滑坡体应力和滑面滑动方向,定义中考虑了滑动方向,改进了滑坡点安全系数的计算公式。Yang等[20]将向量和法运用到了数值流形法中,提出了一种分析边坡稳定性的新方法。许锡昌[21]、王乐华[22]、王斌[23]等采用室内模型试验的方法,分别研究了斜坡受荷、含结构面高陡边坡开挖卸荷以及降雨条件下坡体内竖向应力的响应情况。Hou[24]、Zhang[25]等同样开展了边坡模型试验,但他们在试验中增加了水平应力的监测内容。
综上可知,现有可计算滑坡滑面应力的方法有很多,理论方法、数值手段不在少数,但尚未有人对这些方法计算结果的准确性加以验证。现有的模型试验方法虽然可以测定出边坡体中一点的应力水平,但仅采用传统土压力盒的测试方式,无法有针对性地监测滑面处的应力,同时测试结果仅有水平应力和竖向应力也无法计算出滑面的正应力和切应力。基于此,本文介绍了一种在滑坡模型试验中使用的滑面应力测试装置,该装置通过滑面应力的传导,巧妙地通过3个轴向压力传感器和2个径向压力传感器分别对滑面的正应力和切应力进行测量。结合算例,用该测试装置测试滑面应力,与传统极限平衡法、弹性理论解、数值分析法这3种具有代表性的滑面应力求解方法的结果进行对比,从而评价3种方法在求解滑面应力方面的合理性。
现有滑面应力测试方法多采用土压力传感器在水平和竖直方向上进行测量,或测试滑面轴向的法向土压力和切向土压力[24-25]。前者的测试方法仅能获得两个方向的正应力,无法换算出滑面的应力状态;后者测试的滑面正应力符合实际,但切向应力实际测定的是滑面上部土体的侧压力,与实际切应力相差较大。同时,传统测试方法土压力传感器的固定及布线问题同样可能对测试结果产生影响。因此,为实现滑面正应力和切应力的有效测定,自主研发设计了一款可测试滑面应力的模型试验系统[26],如图1所示。
该试验系统主要包含模型试验装置和数据监测采集系统。其中,模型试验装置主要由模型箱、透明的钢化玻璃、滑床板、应力测试单元、圆形横杆组成。模型箱整体的尺寸为3.07 m×0.70 m×2.63 m,正面竖向方柱上开有与圆形横杆相匹配的圆孔;透明钢化玻璃的设计是为了便于拍摄和观测坡体情况;滑床板可根据设计试验的滑床形状自由裁剪,板上对应模型箱竖向方柱开孔位置也开设圆孔,邻近板上部同样根据应力测试单元的尺寸对应等间距开设圆孔;圆形横杆穿过方柱上的圆孔和板上的圆孔,加以螺栓约束,即可固定滑床板在模型箱内的位置;应力测试单元是滑面应力测试的主体,其上部的平面板用以作为测试接触面,应力测试单元通过滑床板上部的圆孔进行固定,多个测试单元依次排列后组合成分段式测试接触面。测试接触面以上从下至上依次填筑薄层滑带土与滑体土。数据监测采集系统主要包含计算机和采集仪,将应力测试单元的数据传输线连接到采集仪上,实现数据的采集,通过计算机对采集仪进行设置,可实现对采集数据的读取、计算和存储。
滑面应力测试单元是一款接触式应力测试装置。由图2应力测试单元的拆分图可知,应力测试单元自上而下依次为滑面板、传力块、径向滑块和底座。滑面板是接收滑面应力的接触面;传力块上方有4个螺纹孔主要用以与滑面板连接固定,下方有4个按矩形分布的圆形立柱可连接径向滑块;径向滑块开有4个圆形柱槽,柱槽侧壁为减小与传力块圆形立柱间的摩擦,安装有多列密布的圆形滚珠,滑块上方开设了3个凹槽固定有压力传感器,3个传感器呈三角形分布;底座与径向滑块的接触面上安装了4个球形滚轴,可保障径向滑块在底座内沿径向无阻力滑动,底座沿径向的侧壁上安装有两个压力传感器。
滑面应力测试单元的基本原理如下:当上覆荷载将力传递到滑面板后,会对滑面板产生法向压应力和切向的滑动力,由于滑面板与传力块固定成了一个整体,法向压应力和切向的滑动力实际上是传递给了这一整体结构。法向压应力会沿整体结构继续向下传递,被径向滑块上的3个压力传感器所接收、测定;而切向滑动力传递给传力块后,会通过传力块下方的4个圆形立柱传递给径向滑块,为径向滑块提供沿径向滑动的力,这个力最终会被底座侧面的压力传感器所接收测定,侧面压力传感器所测定的力与滑面的切应力是等效的。
为标定单个应力测试单元测试结果的准确性,设计了一款如图3所示的简易斜面加载测试装置。当斜面调整至设计角度后,将应力测试单元组装完成后置于斜面上,5个压力传感器的数据传输线连接到采集仪上,通过计算机对压力传感器的采集数据清零,随后将重物放置在滑面板上,待数据稳定后记录采集到的数据,换算成正压力和切向力。由于重物在滑面板上保持静止,说明滑面上的正压力和切向下滑力就是重物沿滑面板法向和切向的分力,通过对比测试结果与重物的分力即可验证应力测试单元的准确性。
取9个应力测试单元进行检验,斜面倾角设为20°,重物的质量为32.98 kg,重力加速度g取9.8 m/s2,滑面上的正压力和切向下滑力的理论值分别为303.7 N和110.5 N。测试结果和误差如表1所示。结果显示,9个应力测试元件的测试效果良好,误差绝对值均在2.5%以内。
为进一步检测测试结果的误差合理性,采用统计学分析方法对实测值和理论值进行检测,考虑到9组数据是针对同一重物相同测试方法不同设备的检测结果,因此选用成对样本t检测分析方法,分别将9组正压力和9组切向力与理论值组成配对变量进行分析[27],置信区间设置为95%,检测结果如表2所示。结果显示,正压力实测值与理论值相关系数检验的概率P值为0.745(>0.050),说明二者差异性不显著;同理,切向力实测值与理论值的概率P值为0.291(>0.050),说明二者差异性同样不显著。
为检测单个测试装置的测试稳定性,任选其中3个装置重复进行4次斜面测试,斜面角度与重物质量与前述测试保持一致,测试结果如表3所示。采用统计学分析方法对单个应力测试单元重复测试得到的结果进行检测,考虑到单个单元的4组数据是针对同一重物相同测试方法相同设备的检测结果,因此选用单样本t检测分析方法,将3个应力测试单元的正压力和切向力变量分别进行分析[27],置信区间设置为95%,检测结果如表4所示。结果显示,3个应力测试单元的正压力和切向力重复测试结果的差异显著性均小于0.001,差异性不显著,可见应力测试单元的测试稳定性较好。
采用前述模型试验系统进行滑面应力测试试验可分为两种情况,一种是无滑带情况,另一种是有滑带情况。
当坡体结构无滑带时,试验步骤如下,根据预设滑面形状切割安装滑床板并固定应力测试单元,将应力测试单元中的滑面板替换为下覆材料,然后按预设坡体形状填筑滑体土进行测试。此时滑面板上的应力即为滑体土与滑面板间的作用力。在设置滑面板材料时,尽可能采用能提供更大抗剪强度的材料,以减小对试验结果的影响。试验流程如图4所示。
当坡体结构中有滑带时,需要测试应力为滑带内滑动面的内力。具体试验步骤与无滑带时基本一致,只需将滑面板材料替换为摩擦系数较高的基材,同时在填筑滑体前在滑面板上铺设一层薄层滑带土即可。滑带单元内滑面应力传递分析如图5所示,滑带单元内滑面ABCD的正应力和切应力分别为στ,对于薄层滑带而言,滑面与滑带底面近似平行且相等,滑坡失稳前,滑坡沿滑面的运动通常表现为静止或匀速微变形,此时对单元受力分析可知,滑带底面的正应力和切应力也近似等于στ,因此滑带内滑面正应力可完全传递到滑面板,且被应力测试单元测定。此外,由于滑面板足够粗糙,滑带底面与滑面板不发生相对运动,故切应力完全等于滑带与滑面板的摩阻力,也即为应力测试单元测定出的切应力。
上述方法适用于土质滑坡模型试验研究。受限于试验装置的尺寸,无法完全模拟自然界中大规模滑坡的特征;由于单个应力测试单元具有固定的尺寸,因此无法完全模拟实际滑坡的滑面几何特征,只能做分段简化处理。
传统极限平衡法是分析边坡稳定性的常用方法。基于不同的条间力假设及平衡条件的要求,传统极限平衡条分法已发展有十余种之多。对于一般滑面形状的滑坡,学术和工程界均认为采用严格条分法是更为合理的,例如Morgenstern-Price法、Spencer法和严格Janbu法,均算是满足所有平衡条件的严格条分法[28]。因此,本文选取M-P法计算滑面应力,具体如下。
图6展示了M-P法中,任意形状滑面的滑坡和竖向条块的受力分析模型,可见第i个条块主要受7个力的作用,分别是条块的自重Wi,条间法向力Pi-1Pi,条间剪切力Xi-1Xi以及滑面的法向力Ni和滑面发挥的抗剪强度Ti。图中,bi为条块宽度,αi为条块底面倾角,hi-1hi为条间法向力作用点高度。区别于其他条分法,M-P法假设了条间法向力和剪切力间的关系式为
式中:λ为未知量;fi为函数关系式。
式中:ciφi为滑面黏聚力和内摩擦角;Fs为稳定性系数。
根据单个条块沿滑面切向和法向力的平衡方程,结合端部条块的已知条件,顶部1号条块受到的推力为0,底部n号条块对下部的推力为0,即P0=0、Pn=0,可推导出Fs的表达式:
式中:Ri为仅考虑重力作用所能提供的抗剪力之和;Si为仅考虑重力作用产生的下滑力之和;RnSn表示第n个条块对应的RiSi
式中:Φi-1表示第i−1个条块代入式(6)求得的值。
对条块底部中心点建立力矩平衡方程,考虑已知条件P0=0、Pn=0,经推导可得:
按文献[28]可求解λfiFsNiTi
杨奎斌[15]、Cheng[16]等利用楔形体顶部集中荷载作用下的弹性应力解理论,推导出了考虑坡面开挖卸荷影响的滑面应力弹性理论解。具体如下。
具有一定高度和坡度的斜坡,可认为是天然地面开挖后形成。根据土力学可求解坡面上任一点竖向和水平向开挖卸荷应力,经受力分析可将竖向和水平应力转换为坡面法向应力σα和切向应力τα
式中:γ为土体重度;y为坡面上点距水平地面的距离;α为坡面的倾角;K为土体的侧压力系数,与土体泊松比ν相关,
考虑坡面卸荷对斜坡附加应力的影响,将坡面当作弹性半无限体的边界考虑,分别分析坡面受法向卸荷应力σα和切向卸荷应力τα对滑面产生的附加应力,分析模型如图7(a)、7(b)所示,图示中σxσy表示M点受到的正应力,τxy表示M点受到的剪应力。
弹性力学理论中,基于弹性半无限体边界上受集中荷载作用下的附加应力是容易求解的,可将坡面受荷考虑成楔形体的楔顶受集中荷载作用进行求解。当计算考虑坡面受法向卸荷应力作用下对滑面上点Mx0y0)产生的附加应力时,可在xoy′坐标系下对附加应力求解方程进行坡面范围内积分,具体计算方法如下[15]
同理,计算考虑坡面受切向卸荷应力作用下对滑面上点Mx0y0)产生的附加应力时,也可在xoy′坐标系下对附加应力求解方程进行坡面范围内积分[15]
滑面上任一点的附加应力应包含坡面法向卸荷应力和切向卸荷应力产生的附加应力这两部分。即
xoy′坐标系下的附加应力转换为xoy坐标系下的附加应力,再叠加卸荷前的地基应力,即可计算滑面上一点的应力状态。
式中:θxoy′坐标系与xoy坐标系的夹角。
取滑面上的单元进行分析可求得滑面上的正应力σβ和切向应力τβ
在滑面位置已知的情况下,要求解滑面的正应力和切应力,必须先获取滑面单元的应力状态以及滑面的外法向方向[19]。数值分析方法是快速准确获取单元应力的有效方法之一,考虑到基于数值分析方法的滑面应力求解需要在获取滑面单元应力后进行二次计算,为便于快速智能获取结果,选用Flac3D有限差分数值方法进行滑面应力求解。Flac3D内置有Fish语言,可以便捷实现数值计算结果数据的提取、二次运算、可视化和导出等,避免了其他数值分析方法繁琐的后处理过程。具体的步骤如下。
(1)模型的建立。基于计算滑坡建立其数值分析模型,其中滑面按薄层等厚单元考虑;对模型进行网格划分,滑面划分为6面体单层网格,滑体和基岩任意。图8为某滑坡数值分析模型示例。
(2)设置各单元的本构模型、相关参数和重力加速度,并约束边界条件后,即可进行数值计算。
(3)采用Fish语言进行编程计算滑面应力。调用步骤(2)的运算结果文件,提取滑面单元的节点坐标信息和单元的应力状态信息。基于节点坐标信息,求解滑面外法线的方向余弦;基于外法线方向余弦和单元的应力状态信息,求解滑面上的正应力和切应力。具体求解原理如下。
图9展示了任一滑面单元的法向量分析模型,单元的长边与滑面平行,其中1~8代表滑面单元六面体的8个节点,节点坐标表示为(xiyizi)(i=1,2,…8),ABCD为短边的中点。易得滑面的法向量,即可求出法向量nxyz方向的方向余弦lmq。结合单元的6个应力分量,将滑面应力求解问题看作斜截面应力求解问题求解,可得:
式中:pnxpnypnz为滑面上xyz方向的应力分量。
据此可求得滑面上的正应力σn和切应力τn
图10展示了3个滑面确定的简化路堤边坡案例。案例1和案例2如图10(a)所示,滑体分别为ABCADEC,滑面为直线型,倾角为15.95°,ADCE的倾角均为38°。案例3如图10(b)所示,滑面为圆弧形,坡面AB倾角为38°。其中案例1、2采用无黏性碎石土作为滑体土进行试验,案例3采用黏性土作为滑体土和滑带土进行试验。试验采用岩土体材料的物理力学参数见表5
基于2.1节的模型试验系统开展案例1~3的模型试验,考虑到单个应力测试单元的宽度为20.7 cm,将案例的滑面均匀分成多段,设置相应应力测试单元开展试验。3组试验的测定结果如图11所示。
采用M-P条分法[27]、弹性理论解[15]和数值分析法计算案例1、案例2和案例3滑面上的应力。特别地,在采用弹性理论解计算案例2的滑面应力时,区别于原参考文献中的单坡面卸荷,采用双坡面卸荷进行计算,即分别对两侧卸荷坡面建立坐标系按式(9)~(16)计算卸荷产生的附加应力,将两侧坡面卸荷产生的附加应力叠加后,再按式(17)~(21)计算,即可得到案例2滑面的正应力和切应力。
为便于结果的对比,将条分法条块数设置为滑面应力测试单元数量,条块宽度保持一致,坡脚至坡顶的条块依次编号。对弹性理论解和数值分析法的计算结果分别在对应条块的底面进行数值加权平均和面积加权平均,计算出各分块区域滑面的正应力和切应力。将条分法、弹性理论解、数值分析法以及模型试验确定出的3个案例的滑面正应力和切应力分别绘制到图12(a)~12(c)中进行对比分析。
图12可知,4种方法确定出的滑面正应力变化趋势基本一致,数值上偏差较小,仅正应力峰值位置处差异偏大;3种方法确定出的滑面切应力变化趋势也基本一致,但在数值上偏差较大,特别是条分法的切应力计算结果明显区别于另外3种方法。此外,弹性理论解计算结果整体略大于数值分析法和模型试验法。
为检验3种理论方法滑面应力计算结果的合理性,采用统计学分析方法中的成对样本t检测方法,将3种理论方法计算出的滑面正应力和切应力分别与模型试验的测试结果进行成对样本t检测[27],置信区间取95%,分析结果如表6所示。3种理论方法正压力变量各配对样本检测组的相关性均接近于1,且相关系数显著性小于0.001,说明3种理论方法计算得到的正压力与试验方法的测试结果具有较强的相关性。从概率P值来看,除案例3的正应力检测外,各配对样本检测组的概率P值也均大于0.05,说明3种理论方法计算得到的正压力与试验方法的测试结果整体上差异性不显著。条分法切应力变量的检测结果显示,条分法与试验测试结果相关性虽然较高,但相关系数显著性大于0.001,可见二者间不存在显著的相关性,因此拒绝进行成对样本t检验。特别地,弹性理论解正应力变量的检测结果在案例3配对样本检测组的概率P值小于0.05,说明弹性理论解正应力计算结果与试验测试结果在部分案例中可能存在显著性差异;数值分析法各配对样本检测组的检测结果说明,数值分析法切应力计算结果与测试结果不存在显著性差异。
将模型试验测试结果作为参考值,对比可见,在计算滑面正应力时,条分法、弹性理论解法和数值分析法均具有一定的适用性,从数值上看,弹性理论解和数值分析法的准确度更高,但局部仍然存在差异性。而对于计算切应力时,仅弹性理论解和数值分析法较为适用,条分法计算结果与实际偏差极大。
从滑面应力的分布趋势分析可知,滑面应力分布受坡体土层厚度的控制,特别是正应力分布与坡体土层厚度分布情况基本一致,但切应力分布仅条分法的分布情况与坡体土层厚度分布情况基本一致。这是因为传统条分法假设滑面上各条块稳定性系数一致,稳定性系数定义为抗滑力与下滑力之比,抗滑力在抗剪强度不变的情况下与正应力成正比,下滑力等于滑面上的切应力。因此,在稳定性系数确定的情况下,滑面上切应力的分布必然是和正应力分布趋势成正相关的,这也必然导致计算结果与实际存在较大差异。据此可推测,当且仅当滑面上各点稳定性系数一致时,条分法计算的滑面应力分布才能与实际相符,而这种情况通常存在于极限状态下,即滑面上各点稳定性系数均为1.0。综上,要实现条分法准确计算滑面应力,必须对传统条分法定义进行改进,可行的方法是引入局部稳定性系数的概念,即允许各条块的稳定性系数不同。对于划分了n个条块的滑坡而言,这也就导致增加了n个未知量,要保证方程静定,则需要对每个条块引入一个新方程。要实现这一突破,可以尝试从条块间受力传递或者滑面应力调整的研究入手。
对比弹性理论解的计算结果与参考值可知,弹性理论解案例1的计算结果比案例2和案例3的计算结果更接近于参考值,案例2的计算结果整体偏大,案例3的计算结果整体偏小。可见,弹性理论解对于非单侧卸荷边坡以及复杂滑面的应力求解适应性偏差。此外,受初始假设影响,弹性理论解仅适用于坡面为一级边坡的计算,对于多级边坡及坡面非线性的边坡则无法进行运用;理论上在无荷载边界处应力应为0,但采用弹性理论解计算边界应力时不为0,可见弹性理论解在计算边界位置及边界附近应力时,可能存在较大误差;从公式定义上看,该弹性理论解只能考虑坡面上的荷载作用,无法考虑坡顶荷载影响,这也大大降低了其应用范围。
对比数值分析法的计算结果与参考值可知,二者在正应力和切应力的分布及数值上均较接近,仅局部存在偏差,特别是在案例1、案例2中,分析出现这种情况的原因,一方面可能是因为案例1、案例2测试土体为无黏性碎石土,其性质更接近于散体介质[22],而数值法将其视为连续介质进行考虑,与实际存在一定偏差;另一方面可能是试验过程中产生的系统误差。总体而言,数值分析方法具有较强的灵活性和广泛适用性,特别是在复杂几何形状和边界条件下。但受网格划分、边界条件设定、材料模型选择等方面影响,可能引入误差,尤其是模型简化过程中。因此,对于数值分析方法结果的可靠性和适用性判断需进行综合考量。
综合可知,3种方法在计算滑面应力时都存在一定的不足。按传统条分法的整体稳定性系数假设计算滑面应力的结果与实际偏差较大,要实现条分法准确计算滑面应力,合理考虑条块的局部稳定性系数是十分必要的;弹性理论解计算简单,可以快速和较为准确地计算出滑面应力状态,但其适用范围受较大限制;数值分析法计算较为准确,但受数值分析客观存在的弊端,导致其工程推广可能性较小。
本文设计了一款滑坡模型试验滑面应力测试装置,并结合3个算例,用该测试装置测试滑面应力,与M-P法、弹性理论解、数值分析法这3种方法计算结果进行对比,从而探讨了3种方法在求解滑面应力方面的适用性。具体结论如下:
(1)本文设计的测试装置原理简单明确、结构巧妙。斜面测试和统计分析结果显示,9个装置的测试误差绝对值均在2.5%内,统计学分析结果也表明测试结果与理论值差异性不显著,单个装置重复测试数据的统计学分析结果也表明装置的稳定性较好,可见滑面应力测试装置可以准确地测定出滑面区域的正应力和切应力。
(2)以4种方法结果对比与统计学分析结论为依据,对3种理论方法在求解滑面应力方面的适用性进行评价。评价结果显示,数值分析法可以较准确地计算滑面的应力状态,弹性理论解在适用范围内计算结果也相对合理,但传统条分法的计算结果与实际偏差较大,不适用于非极限状态下滑面应力的计算。
(3)传统条分法的整体稳定性系数假设是导致其无法运用于滑面应力计算的关键,考虑条分法在工程界的极高应用率,有必要对条分法进行改进,使其可运用于工程实践中。后续研究中,在条分法计算中合理考虑局部稳定性系数或是一项关键的突破点。
(4)本文改进了弹性理论解在两侧坡面卸荷边坡的求解方法,扩展了该方法的适用范围。但该方法仍然具有较大局限性,例如无法拓展到三维边坡的计算中。未来研究中,可以对该方法加以改进,或可实现较大突破。
  • 中国中铁股份有限公司科技研究开发计划(2022-重大专项-07)
  • 四川省自然科学基金项目(2025ZNSFSC0305)
  • 甘肃省技术创新引导计划-企业研发机构能力建设专项资助(23CXJA0011)
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2025年第46卷第11期
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doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2024.1510
  • 接收时间:2024-12-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-11-14
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-07
  • 录用日期:2025-03-17
基金
Science and Technology Research and Development Plan of China Railway Co., Ltd.(2022-重大专项-07)
中国中铁股份有限公司科技研究开发计划(2022-重大专项-07)
National Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2025ZNSFSC0305)
四川省自然科学基金项目(2025ZNSFSC0305)
Gansu Province Technology Innovation Guidance Plan-Special Funding for Capacity Building of Enterprise R & D Institutions(23CXJA0011)
甘肃省技术创新引导计划-企业研发机构能力建设专项资助(23CXJA0011)
作者信息
    1.西南交通大学 极端环境岩土和隧道工程智能建养全国重点实验室,四川 成都 610031
    2.中铁西北科学研究院有限公司,甘肃 兰州 730030
    3.中铁科学研究院集团有限公司,四川 成都 610032

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杨涛,男,1973年生,博士,教授,主要从事岩土工程等方面的教学和科研工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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