Article(id=1274300355760431922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0584, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755619200000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-20, revisedDate=1761580800000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1781746480169, onlineDateStr=2026-06-18, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781746480169, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781746480169, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781746480169, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1274300092707266809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, year='2026', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='321', pageEnd='638', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781746417452, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781746463571, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1274300286466335306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1274300286466335307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=626, endPage=638, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1274300358214099764, articleId=1274300355760431922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, language=EN, title=Cyclic effects on soil-water characteristics and shrinkage behavior of intact expansive soils, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Multiple drying-wetting, freeze-thaw, and drying-wetting-freeze-thaw cycle tests were conducted on intact expansive soil. This was followed by conventional shrinkage tests and controlled suction desorption tests on saturated samples under each cycle condition to investigate the differences in the effects of drying-wetting, freeze-thaw, and combined drying-wetting-freeze-thaw cycles on the soil-water characteristics and shrinkage behavior of expansive soil. The results indicate that the yield suction (sy) and shrinkage limit suction (sSL) divide the desorption process of saturated expansive soil into three zones: (1) when s<sy, the soil is in the elastic zone, (2) when sy≤s≤sSL, the soil is in the elastoplastic zone and (3) when s>sSL, the soil is in the shrinkage limit zone. Following drying-wetting (DW) cycles, the expansive soil exhibited the highest critical suction, water retention capacity, air entry value, yield suction, and shrinkage limit suction, with freeze-thaw (FT) cycles yielding intermediate values, while drying-wetting-freeze-thaw (DW-FT) cycles resulted in the lowest values. Under various cycling conditions, the e-Sr curves during desorption can be approximately divided into three segments: a gentle segment, a steep descending segment, and a vertical segment. The shrinkage deformation was essentially completed after the steep descending segment. The degree of saturation (or void ratio) decreased (or increased) with the number of cycles and eventually stabilized. Notably, the first cycle caused the most significant reduction (or increase), with the degree of saturation (or void ratio) stabilizing after three cycles. The dry shrinkage degree of saturated expansive soil was greatest after DW cycles, followed by DW-FT cycles, and smallest after FT cycles. A model for the Soil Shrinkage Characteristic Curve (SSCC) and Soil-Water Characteristic Curve (SWCC) of saturated expansive soil, incorporating the effects of DW, FT, and DW-FT cycles, was proposed, and the fitting results demonstrated good agreement with the experimental data.

, correspAuthors=Jinjin FANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* FANG Jinjin (1984–), associate professor, is engaged in unsaturated soil mechanics. E-mail:
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为研究干湿、冻融和干湿–冻融循环对膨胀土土–水特征和收缩特性影响的差异,对原状膨胀土设计多次干湿、冻融和干湿–冻融循环试验,再对各循环下饱和样开展常规收缩试验和控制吸力脱湿试验。研究结果表明:屈服吸力sy和缩限吸力sSL将饱和膨胀土的脱湿过程划分为3个区域,即s<sy时,膨胀土处于弹性区域,sy≤s≤sSL时,膨胀土处于弹塑性区域,s>sSL时,膨胀土处于缩限区域;干湿循环后膨胀土的临界吸力、持水能力、进气值、屈服吸力和缩限吸力均最大,冻融循环后次之,干湿–冻融循环后最小;不同循环类型下,脱湿过程中e-Sr曲线皆近似由平缓段、陡降段和垂线段3个部分组成,陡降段结束后干缩变形基本完成;饱和度(或孔隙比)皆随着循环次数的增大而减小(或增大)并最终趋于稳定,其中,首次循环降低(或上升)的幅度较大,3次循环后饱和度(或孔隙比)趋于稳定;干湿循环后饱和膨胀土的干缩程度最大,干湿–冻融循环后次之,冻融循环后干缩程度最小;提出了考虑干湿、冻融和干湿冻融循环影响的饱和膨胀土的SSCC和SWCC曲线模型,且模型拟合效果较好。

, correspAuthors=方瑾瑾, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 方瑾瑾(1984–),现任副教授,主要从事非饱和土力学方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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articleId=1274300355760431922, language=CN, label=Fig.8, caption=Curves of volumetric shrinkage rateηvvarying with the number of cycles N under different cycle types, figureFileSmall=wJAhQv9s7yHub3UcN/WhIA==, figureFileBig=yMK8ApHY4WC/VlKK59aRFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368833049649757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300355760431922, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Natural water content w/%Relative density GsFree swelling ratio  δef/%Liquid limit wL/%Plastic limit wPL/%Shrinkage limit wSL/%Liquidity index ILPlastic index IPDry density ρd/(g·cm3)Initial void ratio e0Natural density γ/(kN·m3)
25.42.685843.521.89.40.16621.71.560.7219.5~20.2
), ArticleFig(id=1274368833129341534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300355760431922, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical properties indexes of intact expansive soil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Natural water content w/%Relative density GsFree swelling ratio  δef/%Liquid limit wL/%Plastic limit wPL/%Shrinkage limit wSL/%Liquidity index ILPlastic index IPDry density ρd/(g·cm3)Initial void ratio e0Natural density γ/(kN·m3)
25.42.685843.521.89.40.16621.71.560.7219.5~20.2
), ArticleFig(id=1274368833263559263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300355760431922, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Mineral composition/%Proportion of particles of different particle sizes/%
IlliteMontmorilloniteKaoliniteQuartz>0.05 mm0.05~0.005 mm<0.005 mm<0.002 mm
31157477.647.544.926.2
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Mineral composition and particle size distribution

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Mineral composition/%Proportion of particles of different particle sizes/%
IlliteMontmorilloniteKaoliniteQuartz>0.05 mm0.05~0.005 mm<0.005 mm<0.002 mm
31157477.647.544.926.2
), ArticleFig(id=1274368833389388385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300355760431922, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Saturated salt solutionSuction /kPa
LiCl286 300
CH3COOK197 900
MgCl2149 300
K2CO3113 300
NaBr71 000
KI48 420
NaCl37 900
KCl21 800
Na2CO312 700
Na2SO49 800
KNO37 480
K2SO43 300
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Saturated salt solutions and the corresponding suctions(at 20 ℃)[19]

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Saturated salt solutionSuction /kPa
LiCl286 300
CH3COOK197 900
MgCl2149 300
K2CO3113 300
NaBr71 000
KI48 420
NaCl37 900
KCl21 800
Na2CO312 700
Na2SO49 800
KNO37 480
K2SO43 300
), ArticleFig(id=1274368833515217507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300355760431922, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cyclical patternsVolume shrinkage ratio ηv/%Reduce the porosity ratio eSL
013510Average013510Average
Wetting-drying cycle58.9049.3344.1643.5943.5943.780.3270.4030.450.4580.4710.460
Freeze-thaw cycle58.9046.0540.5141.2540.5140.760.3250.4290.4640.4740.4810.473
Wetting-drying and freeze-thaw cycles58.9048.0042.8642.3142.3142.490.3250.4080.4600.4700.4740.468
), ArticleFig(id=1274368833628463716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300355760431922, language=CN, label=Table 4, caption=

Pore ratios corresponding to the shrinkage limit under different cycle types

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Cyclical patternsVolume shrinkage ratio ηv/%Reduce the porosity ratio eSL
013510Average013510Average
Wetting-drying cycle58.9049.3344.1643.5943.5943.780.3270.4030.450.4580.4710.460
Freeze-thaw cycle58.9046.0540.5141.2540.5140.760.3250.4290.4640.4740.4810.473
Wetting-drying and freeze-thaw cycles58.9048.0042.8642.3142.3142.490.3250.4080.4600.4700.4740.468
), ArticleFig(id=1274368833703961189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300355760431922, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cycle indexDrying and watering cycleFreezing and thawing cycleDry-wet-freeze-thaw cycle
amnesatedamnesatedamnesated
02.371.400.680.730.302.371.400.680.730.302.371.400.680.730.30
11.230.570.880.750.381.671.200.780.760.411.390.860.780.750.39
30.820.261.260.770.431.391.000.880.790.471.050.800.890.770.44
50.750.271.220.780.441.310.920.900.800.470.950.790.900.780.45
100.750.261.200.780.441.280.930.910.790.470.980.790.910.780.45
), ArticleFig(id=1274368833766875750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300355760431922, language=CN, label=Table 5, caption=

Parameter values of the SSCC model under different cycle types

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cycle indexDrying and watering cycleFreezing and thawing cycleDry-wet-freeze-thaw cycle
amnesatedamnesatedamnesated
02.371.400.680.730.302.371.400.680.730.302.371.400.680.730.30
11.230.570.880.750.381.671.200.780.760.411.390.860.780.750.39
30.820.261.260.770.431.391.000.880.790.471.050.800.890.770.44
50.750.271.220.780.441.310.920.900.800.470.950.790.900.780.45
100.750.261.200.780.441.280.930.910.790.470.980.790.910.780.45
), ArticleFig(id=1274368833842373223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300355760431922, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cyclical patterns λ λ0 η η0 γ γ0
Wetting-drying cycle-0.9780.154-0.7080.158 680.1170.532
Freeze-thaw cycle-0.5920.168-0.4140.347 000.0710.347
Wetting-drying and freeze-thaw cycles-0.8440.149-0.5120.053 000.0690.371
), ArticleFig(id=1274368833913676392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300355760431922, language=CN, label=Table 6, caption=

Soil property parameters of the SSCC model under different cycle types

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Cyclical patterns λ λ0 η η0 γ γ0
Wetting-drying cycle-0.9780.154-0.7080.158 680.1170.532
Freeze-thaw cycle-0.5920.168-0.4140.347 000.0710.347
Wetting-drying and freeze-thaw cycles-0.8440.149-0.5120.053 000.0690.371
), ArticleFig(id=1274368834014339689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300355760431922, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cycle indexDrying and watering cycleFreezing and thawing cycleDry-wet-freeze-thaw cycle
κp χ κp χ κp χ
06030.800.305980.780.316010.790.32
15480.620.325150.620.334810.610.34
35250.570.344980.60.354450.530.36
55260.560.354960.60.364460.520.37
105260.560.354950.580.364480.530.37
), ArticleFig(id=1274368834089837162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300355760431922, language=CN, label=Table 7, caption=

Parameter values of the SWCC model under different cycle types

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cycle indexDrying and watering cycleFreezing and thawing cycleDry-wet-freeze-thaw cycle
κp χ κp χ κp χ
06030.800.305980.780.316010.790.32
15480.620.325150.620.334810.610.34
35250.570.344980.60.354450.530.36
55260.560.354960.60.364460.520.37
105260.560.354950.580.364480.530.37
), ArticleFig(id=1274368834165334635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300355760431922, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cyclical patterns β β0 ω ω0 ρ ρ0
Wetting-drying cycle-46.185-0.175-0.153-0.1270.014-0.347
Freeze-thaw cycle-75.617-0.093
Wetting-drying and freeze-thaw cycles-105.247-0.131
), ArticleFig(id=1274368834228249196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300355760431922, language=CN, label=Table 8, caption=

Soil property parameters of the SWCC model under different cycle types

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Cyclical patterns β β0 ω ω0 ρ ρ0
Wetting-drying cycle-46.185-0.175-0.153-0.1270.014-0.347
Freeze-thaw cycle-75.617-0.093
Wetting-drying and freeze-thaw cycles-105.247-0.131
), ArticleFig(id=1274368834320523885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300355760431922, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cycle indexYield suction force sy
Drying and watering cycleFreezing and thawing cycleDry-wet-freeze- thaw cycle
0160160160
114912675
31218758
51208658
101208557
), ArticleFig(id=1274368834383438446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300355760431922, language=CN, label=Table 9, caption=

Values of yield suction under different cycle types

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cycle indexYield suction force sy
Drying and watering cycleFreezing and thawing cycleDry-wet-freeze- thaw cycle
0160160160
114912675
31218758
51208658
101208557
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循环效应下原状膨胀土的土–水特征和收缩特性
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方瑾瑾 1, * , 冯以鑫 2 , 王立平 1 , 闫芙蓉 1 , 张敏霞 1
岩石力学与工程学报 | 土工基础 2026,45(2): 626-638
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岩石力学与工程学报 | 土工基础 2026, 45(2): 626-638
循环效应下原状膨胀土的土–水特征和收缩特性
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方瑾瑾1, * , 冯以鑫2, 王立平1, 闫芙蓉1, 张敏霞1
作者信息
  • 1.河南理工大学 土木工程学院,河南 焦作 454000
  • 2.河南理工大学 基建处,河南 焦作 454000

通讯作者:

* 方瑾瑾(1984–),现任副教授,主要从事非饱和土力学方面的研究工作。E-mail:
Cyclic effects on soil-water characteristics and shrinkage behavior of intact expansive soils
Jinjin FANG1, * , Yixin FENG2, Liping WANG1, Furong YAN1, Minxia ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, China
  • 2.Infrastructure Department, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozhuo, Henan 454000, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0584
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为研究干湿、冻融和干湿–冻融循环对膨胀土土–水特征和收缩特性影响的差异,对原状膨胀土设计多次干湿、冻融和干湿–冻融循环试验,再对各循环下饱和样开展常规收缩试验和控制吸力脱湿试验。研究结果表明:屈服吸力sy和缩限吸力sSL将饱和膨胀土的脱湿过程划分为3个区域,即s<sy时,膨胀土处于弹性区域,sy≤s≤sSL时,膨胀土处于弹塑性区域,s>sSL时,膨胀土处于缩限区域;干湿循环后膨胀土的临界吸力、持水能力、进气值、屈服吸力和缩限吸力均最大,冻融循环后次之,干湿–冻融循环后最小;不同循环类型下,脱湿过程中e-Sr曲线皆近似由平缓段、陡降段和垂线段3个部分组成,陡降段结束后干缩变形基本完成;饱和度(或孔隙比)皆随着循环次数的增大而减小(或增大)并最终趋于稳定,其中,首次循环降低(或上升)的幅度较大,3次循环后饱和度(或孔隙比)趋于稳定;干湿循环后饱和膨胀土的干缩程度最大,干湿–冻融循环后次之,冻融循环后干缩程度最小;提出了考虑干湿、冻融和干湿冻融循环影响的饱和膨胀土的SSCC和SWCC曲线模型,且模型拟合效果较好。

土力学  /  屈服吸力  /  缩限吸力  /  干湿–冻融循环  /  收缩特性  /  干缩

Multiple drying-wetting, freeze-thaw, and drying-wetting-freeze-thaw cycle tests were conducted on intact expansive soil. This was followed by conventional shrinkage tests and controlled suction desorption tests on saturated samples under each cycle condition to investigate the differences in the effects of drying-wetting, freeze-thaw, and combined drying-wetting-freeze-thaw cycles on the soil-water characteristics and shrinkage behavior of expansive soil. The results indicate that the yield suction (sy) and shrinkage limit suction (sSL) divide the desorption process of saturated expansive soil into three zones: (1) when s<sy, the soil is in the elastic zone, (2) when sy≤s≤sSL, the soil is in the elastoplastic zone and (3) when s>sSL, the soil is in the shrinkage limit zone. Following drying-wetting (DW) cycles, the expansive soil exhibited the highest critical suction, water retention capacity, air entry value, yield suction, and shrinkage limit suction, with freeze-thaw (FT) cycles yielding intermediate values, while drying-wetting-freeze-thaw (DW-FT) cycles resulted in the lowest values. Under various cycling conditions, the e-Sr curves during desorption can be approximately divided into three segments: a gentle segment, a steep descending segment, and a vertical segment. The shrinkage deformation was essentially completed after the steep descending segment. The degree of saturation (or void ratio) decreased (or increased) with the number of cycles and eventually stabilized. Notably, the first cycle caused the most significant reduction (or increase), with the degree of saturation (or void ratio) stabilizing after three cycles. The dry shrinkage degree of saturated expansive soil was greatest after DW cycles, followed by DW-FT cycles, and smallest after FT cycles. A model for the Soil Shrinkage Characteristic Curve (SSCC) and Soil-Water Characteristic Curve (SWCC) of saturated expansive soil, incorporating the effects of DW, FT, and DW-FT cycles, was proposed, and the fitting results demonstrated good agreement with the experimental data.

soil mechanics  /  yield suction  /  shrinkage limit suction  /  drying-wetting-freeze-thaw cycles  /  shrinkage behavior  /  dry shrinkage
方瑾瑾, 冯以鑫, 王立平, 闫芙蓉, 张敏霞. 循环效应下原状膨胀土的土–水特征和收缩特性. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2026 , 45 (2) : 626 -638 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0584
Jinjin FANG, Yixin FENG, Liping WANG, Furong YAN, Minxia ZHANG. Cyclic effects on soil-water characteristics and shrinkage behavior of intact expansive soils[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2026 , 45 (2) : 626 -638 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0584
膨胀土因富含蒙脱石和伊利石等矿物成分,具有显著的吸水膨胀、失水收缩性,属于典型的“问题土”[1]。季冻区地表浅层膨胀土不仅受干湿循环影响,还受冻融循环影响,在冻融过程中,土中水分反复冻结和融化,导致孔隙率增大[2-3],渗透性增强[4-5],力学性能劣化[6-7]。此外,因干湿–冻融二者交替作用,膨胀土结构性遭到整体性破坏,对变形、强度及渗流问题影响较大[8-9]。因此,研究干湿、冻融和干湿–冻融循环对膨胀土力学特性的影响,对于解决季冻区膨胀土的工程灾害问题具有重要的理论意义。
土–水特征曲线(soil-water characteristic curve,SWCC)和收缩特征曲线(shrinkage characteristic curve,SSCC)是表征非饱和土水力–力学行为的基本本构关系[10]。土–水特征曲线定义了非饱和土含水率或饱和度与吸力之间的关系,收缩特征曲线描述了土体干燥过程中孔隙比随含水率的变化关系。土–水特性和收缩特性的变化直接影响土的渗透性、变形和强度特性,因此,众多学者针对非饱和土的土–水特性和收缩特性展开了大量的研究工作。G. S. Liu等[11]研究了干湿循环对压实低塑性黏土土–水特征及体积特性的影响,研究表明干湿循环导致土样产生累积性不可逆收缩,随着循环次数增加,收缩量显著衰减,至第3次循环后土体行为基本趋于稳定,此外,干湿循环下的土–水特征曲线随循环次数的增加整体下移,3次循环后趋于稳定;L. Q. Ding等[12]通过滤纸法获得了冻融循环后高、低塑性黏土的土–水特征曲线,研究表明冻融循环会降低高、低塑性黏土的持水能力。王协群等[13]研究了压实膨胀土在常温脱湿路径下的土–水特征曲线和冻结特征曲线,研究表明土水曲线和冻结曲线形状相似,但不重合,3次冻融循环后,冻结曲线达到稳定。G. S. Liu等[11-13]研究仅侧重于干湿循环或冻融循环对土–水特征和收缩特性的影响,并未考虑干湿–冻融二者交替循环的影响。于是,赵贵涛等[14]研究了冻融、干湿和干湿–冻融循环对压实膨胀土土–水特征曲线和收缩特征曲线的影响,研究表明冻融、干湿和干湿–冻融循环降低了膨胀土在低吸力范围内的持水能力和总收缩量。赵贵涛等[14]虽然研究了干湿–冻融交替循环对土–水特征和收缩特性的影响,但是未明确干湿、冻融和干湿–冻融循环对土–水特征和收缩特性影响的差异,且大多研究以压实膨胀土为研究对象,而对原状膨胀土土–水特征和收缩特性的研究较少。唐朝生和施 斌[15]对原状膨胀土进行了控制吸力条件下的干湿循环试验,得出脱湿和吸湿过程中,膨胀土的含水率和孔隙比随吸力的变化分为大幅变化阶段、过渡阶段和缓慢阶段,持水特性和胀缩性在高吸力范围内基本可逆,而在低吸力范围内则不可逆的结论。然而,唐朝生和施 斌[15]仅研究了单次干湿循环对原状膨胀土持水特性和收缩特性的影响。
当前国内研究多集中于西南、华南等传统膨胀土分布区,在膨胀土边坡安全评价和治理方面形成了相应的理论体系和处治技术。随着“东北振兴”的深入,各基础设施(如高速公路、铁路、水利工程)兴建过程中遇到了越来越多的膨胀土边坡问题。然而,东北地区因气候(典型的季冻区)和地质条件特殊,该地区膨胀土边坡的失稳模式(浅层坍滑与冻融协同)和工程病害(反复性、季节性)独具特色。此外,实际膨胀土工程中,因冬夏季节交替、气温变化及干旱–降雨等气候的影响,膨胀土经历着反复的干湿、冻融和干湿–冻融循环,其土–水特征和收缩特性与各循环历史密切相关。目前普遍认为,膨胀土的土–水特征与其收缩特性之间存在内在关联:前者表现为显著的双孔隙结构和强烈的滞回效应,后者则遵循正常收缩、残余收缩与零收缩的经典3个阶段模型。此外,各循环效应下膨胀土结构损伤的不可逆性,是二者共同作用下的必然结果。然而,当前关于膨胀土土–水特征和收缩特性的研究,大多以重塑土为研究对象,侧重于单一循环(干湿或冻融)或耦合循环(干湿–冻融)效应对土–水特征和收缩特性的影响,而对各循环效应下土–水特征和收缩特性的差异性以及脱湿过程中的屈服特性研究甚少。原状膨胀土因其天然的结构性和复杂的裂隙网络,导致其水力–力学行为较重塑土更为复杂,基于此,本文以黑龙江省引嫩工程干渠渠坡原状膨胀土为研究对象,开展多次干湿、冻融和干湿–冻融循环试验,再对各循环饱和样进行常规收缩试验和控制吸力脱湿试验,明确干湿、冻融和干湿–冻融循环对膨胀土持水能力和收缩特性影响的差异,探明不同循环类型下脱湿过程中孔隙比和饱和度的演化规律,建立考虑干湿、冻融和干湿–冻融循环影响的土–水特征曲线和收缩特征曲线模型,为季冻区膨胀土的工程灾害问题提供理论参考。
试验所用膨胀土取自黑龙江省甘南县北部引嫩工程干渠渠坡,呈硬塑状态,取土深度为地下1.5 m(位于大气影响深度范围内)。采用探坑取样,土样均是大块原状样,且取自同一土层中,取样后立即用保鲜膜和胶带密封并标明上下方向,置于专用土样箱内,用软性材料填充固定,以避免运输过程中的振动和水分流失。该区域夏季平均气温在20 ℃~25 ℃范围,冬季平均气温在-15 ℃~-20 ℃范围,属于典型的季节性冻土区域。土样的基本物理性质指标如表1所示,矿物成分和颗粒组成如表2所示。表2中,该土样的天然重度介于19.5~20.2 kN/m3范围,液限为43.5%,塑性指数为21.7。根据标准[16],该土样可定名为低液限黏土 (clay of low plasticity,CL);其自由膨胀率为58%,依据规范[17],判定该土样为弱膨胀土。选取天然含水率差值小于1%,干密度差值小于0.02 g/cm3的土样,制备若干个直径为61.8 mm,高为20 mm的环刀样,密封保存于保湿缸中备用。
(1)干湿、冻融及干湿–冻融循环试验
采用恒温恒湿箱对试样进行干湿(wetting-drying,WD)、冻融(freeze-thaw,FT)及干湿–冻融(wetting- drying and freeze-thaw,WDFT)循环试验。干湿循环试验:将天然含水率试样表面覆盖滤纸,用喷壶均匀洒水,每次洒水后密封在塑料袋里静置24 h使水分扩散均匀,经计算得到饱和需要的总加水量,分6次等量喷洒,直至试样质量达到稳定,即达到饱和状态;饱和度的测定采用体积–质量法,具体如下:在试样养护结束后,取同一批增湿试验的平行试样,立即采用游标卡尺测量其尺寸以计算总体积V,并用电子天平称取其总质量M。随后,将该试样置于烘箱中于105 ℃~110 ℃下烘干至恒重,称取其土粒质量Ms,由以下公式计算饱和度:
Sr=(MMs)/ρwVMs/(Gsρw)×100%
式中:ρw为水的密度(通常取1.0 g/cm³)。当计算所得的Sr值不低于98%时,即判定试样达到饱和状态。再将试样置于恒温恒湿箱内(温度25 ℃,相对湿度60 %)脱湿,适时记录试样的质量,直至脱湿至缩限(wSL= 9.4%)且质量不再发生变化,此为一次干湿循环。冻融循环试验:依据取土地区的气温变化,将天然含水率试样用保鲜膜包裹置于恒温恒湿箱内,先在-20 ℃下冻结12 h,再在20 ℃下融化12 h,此为一次冻融循环,由于试样尺寸较小(直径61.8 mm,高20 mm),基于预试验,通过对试样进行内部温度监测,证实该时长足以保证试样冻融过程的均匀性,且冻融循环后试样含水率的损失率均小于0.5%。干湿–冻融循环试验:将试样先进行干湿循环再进行冻融循环,即为一次干湿–冻融循环。G. S. Liu等[1113-14]研究表明:膨胀土经历3~7次干湿或冻融循环后,其孔隙结构和力学特性渐趋稳定,因此,本文设定各循环条件下的循环次数均为0,1,3,5和10次。为了进行常规收缩试验和控制吸力脱湿试验,将各干湿、冻融和干湿–冻融循环样预先进行饱和,以下简称饱和样。
(2)常规收缩试验
将饱和样置于收缩仪多孔塑料板上,每隔1~4 h测量试样质量(精确至0.1 g),并记录百分表读数,直至2次百分表读数不变后,取出试样在105 ℃的烘箱中烘干,并测量烘干后试样的质量和体积。依据测得试样的质量和体积,计算得到孔隙比e和质量含水率w,进而得到收缩特征曲线。
(3)控制吸力脱湿试验
在室内环境温度为20 ℃条件下,采用压力板仪(吸力<1 000 kPa)和蒸汽平衡法(吸力>1 000 kPa)对饱和样进行控制吸力下的脱湿试验。压力板仪脱湿试验:首先,将饱和陶土板置于压力室中,与排水管相连,用蒸馏水饱和排水管与陶土板之间的所有连接,去除气泡;接着,将饱和环刀样置于饱和陶土板(陶土板进气值为2 000 kPa)上,密封压力室,使试样平衡48 h后,记录量筒内水的体积;逐级施加吸力,并记录排水量,直至48 h内排水量小于0.1 mL,认为吸力达到平衡(吸力的量测精度为1 kPa),吸力平衡后,根据所测试样排水量计算平衡时土样的质量含水率和孔隙比,压力板仪试验中逐级施加的吸力值依次为20,50,100,200,300,500,700和1 000 kPa。
蒸汽平衡法试验:压力板仪试验结束后,将试样切割成1~5 g的小块土样置于饱和盐溶液上方,密封干燥器,静置10 d,之后每隔2 d称量试样的质量,称量过程应迅速完成,当试样的质量变化率Δm<0.1%/d时,认为土样与密闭干燥器中湿度环境达到平衡,并计算土样在平衡后的质量含水率。再将土样浸入一种非浸润性的芳香族化合物Kerdane中,利用阿基米德浮力原理测量土样的体积,进而计算得到吸力平衡时土样的孔隙比[18]。参考标准[19],本次采用的饱和盐溶液和对应吸力值如表3所示。依据平衡后的吸力值和测得的质量含水率,可以得到脱湿过程中的土–水特征曲线。为了保证试验结果的准确性,常规收缩试验和脱湿试验均进行了2组平行试验。
图1(a)为典型的收缩特征曲线SSCC,SSCC定义了土体干燥过程中孔隙比e与质量含水率w之间的关系。对于强结构性土,SSCC被结构限wStL、塑限wpL和缩限wSL划分为结构收缩段、等比例收缩段、残余收缩段和零收缩段[14]。在结构收缩段,w显著降低,而e变化不明显;等比例收缩段,e随着w的降低近似线性减小;残余收缩段,随着w的进一步降低,e变化量显著减小;最终进入零收缩段,此时w依然在降低,但是e基本不再变化。依据P. H. Groenevelt和C. D. Grant[20]确定界限含水率的方法,即先确定出SSCC的反弯点Pinf将曲线分为干侧和湿侧,再确定出干侧和湿侧的曲率最大点Pdmc和Pwmc,那么,Pwmc对应的含水率即为结构限wStL;再过Pdmc和Pinf作曲线的切线AB和BC,则交点B对应的含水率即为塑限wpL;最后,过O点(含水率为0)作曲线的切线OA,OA和AB的交点A对应的含水率即为缩限wSL图1(b),(c),(d)分别为经历干湿、冻融和干湿–冻融循环后饱和膨胀土的收缩特征曲线,从图1(b),(c),(d)中可以看出:
(1)未经历任何循环饱和膨胀土的SSCC未发现明显的结构收缩段,而经历3种循环后饱和膨胀土的SSCC均呈明显的四阶段变化。
(2)随着各循环次数的增大,SSCC均呈上升趋势,且首次循环导致SSCC变化最显著,3~10次循环后SSCC几乎重合,表明不同循环类型下孔隙比皆随着循环次数的增大而增大,且经历3次干湿、冻融和干湿–冻融循环后饱和膨胀土的SSCC渐趋稳定。
(3)定义体缩率ηv表示收缩试验后饱和膨胀土的干缩程度:
ηv=(esated)/esat×100%
式中:esat为各循环后饱和膨胀土的孔隙比,ed为烘干后膨胀土的孔隙比。表4列出了各循环类型下饱和膨胀土的体缩率,从表4中可以看出,未经历任何循环饱和膨胀土的体缩率ηv相等,首次循环后ηv减小的幅度较大,3~10次循环后ηv大致相等,对应于干湿、冻融和干湿–冻融循环,可取其平均值分别为43.78%,40.76%和42.49%,表明干湿循环后饱和膨胀土的干缩程度最大,干湿–冻融循环后次之,冻融循环后干缩程度最小。
(4)依据P. H. Groenevelt和C. D. Grant[20]确定界限含水率的方法,本文膨胀土的结构限wStL、塑限wpL和缩限wSL分别为24.2%,19.3%和9.2%,表明干湿、冻融和干湿–冻融循环作用并不能改变膨胀土的界限含水率,此方法得出的塑限wpL值比土工试验得出的值稍微偏小,但是缩限wSL基本相等,达到缩限时试样体积保持恒定,孔隙比不再减小;表4列出了不同循环类型下缩限对应的孔隙比eSL,从表4中可以看出,未经历任何循环饱和膨胀土达到缩限时的孔隙比eSL相等,随着各循环次数的增大,eSL呈增大趋势,其中首次循环后eSL增大的幅度较大,3~10次循环后eSL增幅较小,可认为3~10次循环后eSL几乎相等,对应于干湿、冻融和干湿–冻融循环,可取其平均值分别为0.460,0.473和0.467,表明干湿循环作用下饱和膨胀土失水收缩后的密实程度最大,干湿–冻融循环作用下次之,冻融循环作用下密度程度最小。
这是由于反复干湿循环过程中,土体失水时黏土矿物层间水排出,颗粒间距减小,导致显著的体积收缩,同时,干燥可能产生微裂隙,但润湿阶段水分重新进入时,膨胀土的膨胀性较弱(相比冻融循环时的冰晶生长体积膨胀),且收缩的累积效应使孔隙比降低,导致体缩率最大,缩限孔隙比最小;而冻融循环中,冰晶生长体积膨胀约9%,对土体孔隙产生劈裂作用,破坏颗粒间联结,融化后,土体结构松散,即使失水收缩,残余孔隙仍较多,且冻融循环的膨胀效应部分抵消了失水收缩的密实化效果,导致缩限孔隙比最大,体缩率最小;干湿–冻融循环作用同时存在收缩(干湿)和膨胀(冻融)2种效应,二者部分抵消,导致缩限孔隙比和体缩率介于干湿和冻融循环二者之间。
为深入探究原状与重塑膨胀土在收缩特性上的差异,本文将试验结果与赵贵涛等[14]中基于重塑土样获得的SSCC进行了对比,发现不同循环类型下原状土和重塑土的SSCC曲线形态基本相同,但干湿循环后饱和原状土的SSCC曲线未出现相互平行的现象;此外,重塑土在干湿–冻融循环作用下的干缩程度最大。这是由于重塑土因原生结构破坏及胶结作用丧失而结构性退化,在干湿–冻融循环中,冻融作用导致土孔隙率增大,并产生微裂隙,土体的渗透性增强,为干燥阶段水分的快速运移创造了条件,从而加剧了土体的收缩。
采用W. M. Cornelis等[21]提出的SSCC模型对数据点进行拟合:
e=ed+aexp(mwn)
式中:ed为烘干后的孔隙比;a,m和n均为模型参数。不同循环类型下SSCC模型参数值均如表5所示,根据表5分别作出不同循环类型下模型参数a,m和n随循环次数N变化的关系曲线,如图2所示,不同循环类型下,a,m和n均在首次循环后变化幅度较大,3次循环后其值逐渐稳定。基于此,不同循环类型下,5次循环前a,m和n与N的关系皆可用指数函数表示为
a=a0+λexp(λ0N)
m=m0+ηexp(η0N)
n=n0+γexp(γ0N)
式中:a0m0n0分别为表5中0次循环下的a,m和n,其值分别为2.37,1.4和0.68;ληγ表示变化幅值系数,控制指数项的初始影响大小;λ0η0γ0表示变化速率系数,决定参数a,m和n随N变化的快慢。将式(4)~(6)代入式(3)就可以得到干湿、冻融和干湿–冻融循环条件下饱和膨胀土的SSCC模型,不同循环类型下土性参数值如表6所示。同时,由图1(b)~(d)可以看出,不同循环类型下SSCC模型的拟合效果较好。
图3为干湿、冻融和干湿–冻融循环后饱和膨胀土在脱湿过程中的土–水特征曲线SWCC,从图3中可以看出:(1)不同循环类型下,s<sf时,首次循环后SWCC下降幅度较大,3~10次循环后曲线几乎重合,s>sf时,不同循环次数下的曲线均重合;定义sf为不受循环次数影响的临界吸力,对应于干湿、冻融和干湿–冻融循环,sf依次为50,40和7.8 MPa,表明SWCC不受干湿循环次数影响的临界吸力最大,冻融循环临界吸力次之,干湿–冻融循环临界吸力最小;(2) s<sI时,SWCC曲线较平缓,s>sI时,曲线较陡峭,表明s<sI时,w随s的增大减小的速率较慢,s>sI时,w随s的增大减小的速率较快,对应于干湿、冻融和干湿–冻融循环,sI分别为0.7,0.3和0.1 MPa,表明干湿循环后SWCC的进气值最大,冻融循环后次之,干湿–冻融循环后进气值最小。(3)比较图3(a)~(c),可知干湿–冻融循环后SWCC曲线平缓段和陡峭段的斜率均最大,冻融循环后次之,干湿循环后曲线斜率最小;此外,干湿循环后膨胀土的持水能力最强,冻融循环后次之,干湿–冻融后膨胀土的持水能力最弱。干湿循环作用导致膨胀土反复失水收缩和吸水膨胀,使部分大孔隙坍塌,但对微孔隙影响较小,膨胀土的高持水能力主要依赖黏土矿物的强吸附作用,干湿循环虽破坏部分结构,但对黏土矿物表面的吸附能力影响较小,因此,持水能力主要以吸附水为主,从而表现为持水能力最强;冻融过程中,水分冻结形成冰晶,体积膨胀约9%,对孔隙产生挤压力,导致大孔隙扩张,吸附水能力降低,但毛细水作用仍保留部分持水能力,从而表现为持水能力次之;干湿循环的收缩–膨胀与冻融循环的冰晶压力叠加,导致土结构严重破坏,大孔隙和微孔隙均被破坏,且土体形成更多贯通裂隙,水分以重力水形式快速排出,吸附水和毛细水作用减弱,从而表现为持水能力最弱。
将本文获得的原状土SWCC与赵贵涛等[14]的重塑土结果相对比,发现原状土和重塑土的SWCC形态基本相似,但是不同循环类型下原状土的进气值均大于重塑土,表明原状土具备较强的持水能力和初始结构稳定性。
采用D. G. Fredlund和A. Xing[22]提出的Fredlund-Xing表达式对SWCC数据点进行拟合:
w=[1ln(1+ssr)ln(1+106sr)]wsat{ln[e+(sκ)p]}χ
式中:e为自然对数的底值2.718 28;κ为曲线上内弯点对应的吸力值,稍大于进气压力;p为与土水曲线内弯点的斜率有关的参数;χ为与残余饱和度结果有关的拟合参数;sr为残余吸力;wsat为饱和含水率。表7列出了不同循环类型下Fredlund-Xing模型参数值,根据表7分别作出不同循环类型下κ-N,p-N和χ-N关系曲线,如图4所示,各首次循环后土性参数κ,p和χ均变化幅度较大,3次循环后其值逐渐稳定,结合表7可知,不同循环类型下,κ值差别较大,而p和χ差别较小。D. Gallipoli等[23-24]研究表明:进气值(由κ表征)主要受土初始状态的影响,而土水曲线内弯点的斜率(由p表征)和残余饱和度(由χ表征)不受土初始状态的影响。本文同一土样经历干湿、冻融和干湿–冻融循环后,其初始状态完全不同,表明干湿、冻融和干湿–冻融循环对土–水曲线的进气值有影响,而对土水曲线内弯点的斜率和残余含水率影响不大,且干湿循环作用下κ值最大,冻融循环下次之,干湿–冻融循环下最小,验证了上述干湿循环后SWCC的进气值最大,冻融循环后次之,干湿–冻融循环后进气值最小的结论。
不同循环类型下,0和3次循环后膨胀土的κ,p和χ值均差别不大,可取其平均值;因不同循环类型下,p和χ差别较小,也取其平均值。基于此,采用指数函数分别描述不同循环类型下κ-N,p-N和χ-N关系:
κ=κ0+βexp(β0N)
p=p0+ωexp(ω0N)
χ=χ0+ρexp(ρ0N)
式中:κ0p0χ0表7中0次循环时κ,p和χβωρ分别为模型参数κ,p和χ在循环作用下的最大可能变化量;β0ω0ρ0为衰减系数,其值如表8所示。结合式(7)~(10)可以得到干湿、冻融和干湿–冻融循环后饱和膨胀土脱湿过程中的SWCC曲线,从图3可以看出,不同循环类型下SWCC模型拟合效果较好。将表7中模型参数值与赵贵涛等[14]进行对比,发现本文κ值大于重塑土对应的值,p和χ均小于重塑土对应的值,表明原状膨胀土的进气值大于重塑土。
图5为干湿、冻融和干湿–冻融循环后饱和膨胀土在脱湿过程中的孔隙比e与吸力s之间的半对数关系曲线e-lgs,从图5中可以看出:(1)不同循环类型下e-lgs关系曲线皆呈三折线形式,其中第一个转折点对应的吸力为屈服吸力sy,随着循环次数的增加,转折点呈左上方移动趋势,3次循环后转折点几乎位于同一竖直线上,表明sy随着循环次数的增大而减小,3次循环后其值渐趋稳定,不同循环类型下sy值列于表9中,可见干湿循环后膨胀土的屈服吸力最大,冻融循环后次之,干湿–冻融循环后最小。(2)各循环次数下,第2个转折点皆位于同一竖直线上,且转折点后,虽然吸力s仍在增大(含水率减小),但孔隙比e几乎不再变化,因此,定义第2个转折点对应的吸力为缩限吸力sSL,那么,干湿、冻融和干湿–冻融循环条件下,sSL分别为120,90和40 MPa,表明干湿循环条件下膨胀土的缩限吸力最大,冻融循环后次之,干湿–冻融循环后最小,且缩限吸力不受循环次数的影响。(3) sysSL将饱和膨胀土的脱湿过程划分为3个区域,即s<sy时,膨胀土处于弹性区域,sy≤s≤sSL时,膨胀土处于弹塑性区域,s>sSL时,膨胀土处于缩限区域。(4)对照图3中土–水特征曲线可知,干湿、冻融和干湿–冻融循环条件下120,90和40 MPa皆大于不受循环次数影响的临界吸力sf,且120,90和40 MPa在土–水特征曲线上对应的质量含水率均为9.3%,正好对应于缩限,验证了上述定义缩限吸力的准确性。
图6为干湿、冻融和干湿–冻融循环后饱和膨胀土在脱湿过程中的孔隙比e与饱和度Sr之间的关系曲线e-Sr,不同循环类型下e-Sr曲线皆近似由平缓段、陡降段和垂线段三部分组成,以未经历任何循环的饱和膨胀土为例(见图6(a)),在平缓段,孔隙比降低幅度很大,但饱和度降低幅度很小,即e0减小到e1,Sr0减小到Sr1;在陡降段,孔隙比和饱和度降低幅度均较大,即e1减小到e2,Sr1减小到Sr2;在垂线段,孔隙比基本不再变化,但饱和度仍在降低,即e3基本保持不变,Sr2减小到Sr3,表明饱和度达到Sr2后膨胀土的干缩变形基本完成。此外,随着各循环次数的增大,孔隙比皆呈增大趋势,而饱和度呈减小趋势,且二者皆在第3次循环后逐渐趋于稳定。
图7为不同循环类型下e-Sr曲线上各截点处饱和度Sr和孔隙比e与循环次数N的关系曲线,从图7(a)中可以看出,不同循环类型下各饱和度皆随着循环次数的增大而减小并最终趋于稳定,其中,首次循环降低的幅度较大,3次循环后各饱和度趋于稳定;不同循环类型下Sr0差别不大,干湿循环条件下Sr1值较大,冻融循环和干湿–冻融循环条件下Sr1值几乎相等;Sr2和Sr3值从大到小依次为干湿循环、冻融循环和干湿–冻融循环。如图7(b)所示,不同循环类型下各孔隙比皆随着循环次数的增大而增大并最终趋于稳定,其中,首次循环上升幅度较大,3次循环后孔隙比趋于稳定;不同循环类型下初始孔隙比e0差别不大,e1值从大到小依次为干湿–冻融循环、冻融循环和干湿循环;不同循环类型下e2和e3值相差不大,再次证明饱和度达到Sr2后膨胀土的干缩变形基本完成,且e2和e3值从大到小依次为冻融循环、干湿–冻融循环和干湿循环,表明脱湿试验中干湿循环作用下饱和膨胀土失水收缩后的密实程度最大,干湿–冻融循环作用下次之,冻融循环作用下密度程度最小;定义脱湿过程中膨胀土的体缩率为ηv=(e0e3)/e0×100%图8为不同循环类型下体缩率ηv随循环次数N的变化关系曲线,ηv随着N的增大而减小并最终趋于稳定,且首次循环后ηv减小的幅度较大,3次循环后其值渐趋稳定;N一定时,体缩率从大到小依次为干湿循环、干湿–冻融循环和冻融循环,表明脱湿试验中干湿循环后饱和膨胀土的干缩程度最大,干湿–冻融循环后次之,冻融循环后干缩程度最小。
针对干湿、冻融和干湿–冻融循环对原状膨胀土土–水特征和收缩特性的差异化影响,本研究系统开展了多次室内循环试验,通过对经历不同循环路径的试样进行饱和状态下的常规收缩试验和控制吸力脱湿试验,得出如下主要结论:
(1)干湿、冻融和干湿–冻融循环对SWCC的进气值有影响,而对SWCC内弯点的斜率和残余含水率影响不大;干湿循环后膨胀土的临界吸力、持水能力和进气值最大,冻融循环后次之,干湿–冻融循环后最小。
(2)屈服吸力sy和缩限吸力sSL将饱和膨胀土的脱湿过程划分为3个区域,即s<sy时,膨胀土处于弹性区域,syssSL时,膨胀土处于弹塑性区域,s>sSL时,膨胀土处于缩限区域;干湿循环后膨胀土的屈服吸力和缩限吸力均最大,冻融循环后次之,干湿–冻融循环后最小。
(3)不同循环类型下,脱湿过程中e-Sr曲线皆近似由平缓段、陡降段和垂线段3个部分组成,其中陡降段结束后干缩变形基本完成;不同循环类型下饱和度(或孔隙比)皆随着循环次数的增大而减小(或增大)并最终趋于稳定,其中,首次循环降低(或上升)的幅度较大,3次循环后饱和度(或孔隙比)趋于稳定;
(4)常规收缩和控制吸力脱湿试验中,干湿循环后饱和膨胀土的干缩程度最大,干湿–冻融循环后次之,冻融循环后干缩程度最小;提出了考虑干湿、冻融和干湿冻融循环影响的饱和膨胀土的SSCC和SWCC曲线模型,且模型拟合效果较好。
本研究系统揭示了干湿、冻融及其耦合循环路径下原状膨胀土的水力与收缩演化规律,研究成果可为东北典型季节性冻土区膨胀土工程的稳定性分析与防控提供理论依据。在工程应用方面,建议基于不同循环路径导致的土体劣化差异,对边坡工程实施分区防护:如在干湿循环主导区域强化表面防渗处理,在冻融作用显著区段增设保温隔层,以提升防护措施的针对性与有效性。未来将深入探究干湿、冻融及其耦合作用下土体微观结构演化与宏观水力–力学行为的内在关联,建立多尺度、多过程的耦合机制模型,为膨胀土工程的长期性能预测与调控提供理论基础。
  • 河南省高校基本科研业务费专项资助项目(NSFRF230408)
  • 安全与能源工程学部“双一流”创建工程培育项目(AQ20250720)
  • 河南省科技攻关项目
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2026年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0584
  • 接收时间:2025-08-20
  • 首发时间:2026-06-18
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-20
  • 修回日期:2025-10-28
基金
Fundamental Research Funds for the Henan Provincial Universities(NSFRF230408)
河南省高校基本科研业务费专项资助项目(NSFRF230408)
“Double First-Class” Initiative Creation Project of the Faculty of Safety and Energy Engineering(AQ20250720)
安全与能源工程学部“双一流”创建工程培育项目(AQ20250720)
Technology Research Project of Henan Province
河南省科技攻关项目
作者信息
    1.河南理工大学 土木工程学院,河南 焦作 454000
    2.河南理工大学 基建处,河南 焦作 454000

通讯作者:

* 方瑾瑾(1984–),现任副教授,主要从事非饱和土力学方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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