Article(id=1274300346156475186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0442, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751212800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-30, revisedDate=1760544000000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1781746477878, onlineDateStr=2026-06-18, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781746477878, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781746477878, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781746477878, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1274300092707266809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, year='2026', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='321', pageEnd='638', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781746417452, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781746463571, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1274300286466335306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1274300286466335307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=353, endPage=365, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1274300346533962548, articleId=1274300346156475186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, language=EN, title=Mechanical characteristics and strength model of ice-rock interface based on small-scale centrifugal tests, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The mechanical interaction between glaciers and the underlying bedrock is a primary factor influencing ice avalanche disasters. However, research on the mechanical properties of the ice-rock interface remains limited. To further investigate the key mechanisms involved in the initiation of ice avalanches in high-altitude cold regions and to elucidate the main controlling factors and their underlying principles, this study designed and developed a small high-speed centrifuge device suitable for conducting debonding tests at the ice-rock interface. Systematic tests on the bonding strength of the ice-rock interface were carried out under various conditions. The main findings are as follows: (1) The centrifuge device demonstrates high testing efficiency and low data dispersion, facilitating strength tests of the ice-rock interface under multiple conditions, including tension, pure shear, and compressive shear. (2) The bonding strength of the ice-rock interface is closely related to temperature, rock surface roughness, and rock lithology. Lower temperatures lead to greater bonding strength, exhibiting an overall linear relationship. The bonding strength shows a nonlinear positive correlation with rock surface roughness; however, when roughness exceeds a certain threshold, the formation of interface cavities inhibits further increases in bonding strength. Rock lithology affects bonding strength with ice through factors such as porosity and mineral hydrophilicity. (3) A computational model for the bonding strength of the ice-rock interface was established, clarifying the quantitative relationships among bonding strength, temperature, roughness, and normal pressure. This study provides a novel experimental method for analyzing the mechanical properties of the ice-rock interface, and the results offer a quantitative basis for understanding the mechanisms of disaster and assessing the risks of ice avalanches in high-altitude cold regions.

, correspAuthors=Da HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* HUANG Da (1976–), professor, is engaged in research on rock mechanics and geohazard prevention. E-mail:
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冰川与下伏基岩之间的相互作用是冰崩灾害的主控因素之一,然而目前关于冰–岩界面力学特性的研究仍较为薄弱。为深入探究高寒山区冰崩启动过程中的关键力学机制,揭示其主控因素与作用规律,研究设计并研制一套适用于冰–岩界面脱黏试验的小型高速离心装置,系统开展多种工况下的冰–岩界面黏结强度测试。研究成果如下:(1)自主研制的离心装置具有试验效率高、数据离散性小的优点,可实现抗拉、纯剪以及压剪等多工况下的冰–岩界面强度测试;(2)冰–岩界面黏结强度与温度、岩面粗糙度以及岩石岩性密切相关。温度越低,黏结强度越大,整体上呈线性关系;黏结强度与岩面粗糙度呈非线性正相关,当粗糙度超过一定值时,界面气穴的产生会抑制黏结强度进一步提升;岩石岩性通过孔隙率和矿物亲水性影响其与冰体的黏结强度;(3)建立冰–岩界面黏结强度计算模型,明确了黏结强度与温度、粗糙度、法向压力之间的定量关系。研究为冰–岩界面黏结力学特性分析提供新的试验方法,研究成果为高寒山区冰崩灾变机制认识和灾害风险评估提供量化依据。

, correspAuthors=黄达, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 黄达(1976–),现任教授,主要从事岩石力学与地质灾害防治方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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GU Dongming (1989–), professor, is engaged in research on the mechanisms and prevention of geohazards. E-mail:

顾东明(1989–),现任教授,主要从事地质灾害机制与防治方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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GU Dongming (1989–), professor, is engaged in research on the mechanisms and prevention of geohazards. E-mail:

顾东明(1989–),现任教授,主要从事地质灾害机制与防治方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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GU Dongming (1989–), professor, is engaged in research on the mechanisms and prevention of geohazards. E-mail:

顾东明(1989–),现任教授,主要从事地质灾害机制与防治方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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ArticleFig(id=1274368925685064106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300346156475186, language=CN, label=Fig.8, caption=Shear strength calculation model of ice-granite interface under different surface roughness, figureFileSmall=sySic1phOJf4VWX2i0NDdw==, figureFileBig=waNWcDm4yY3dl4Klva1Q7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368925932528043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300346156475186, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Temperature/℃Interface roughnessRock lithologyInterface inclination angle/(°)
-20,-10,-5,-10,3,6,9,12Granite,Marble,Sandstone-90,0,10,20,30
), ArticleFig(id=1274368926012219820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300346156475186, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Strength testing scheme of ice-rock interface

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Temperature/℃Interface roughnessRock lithologyInterface inclination angle/(°)
-20,-10,-5,-10,3,6,9,12Granite,Marble,Sandstone-90,0,10,20,30
), ArticleFig(id=1274368926075134381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300346156475186, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Model typeCalculation formulaControlled variablesParametersParameter values
SandstoneMarbleGranite
Tensile strength modelEquation (7)Environmental temperature T, rock surface roughness JRCa1.351.11
b57.4
k1-27.8-38.3
b1662.57598.6
k2-31.28-37.91
b2730.65692.53
Shear strength modelEquation (14)Environmental temperature T, rock surface roughness JRC normal pressure σn μ0.380.310.41
k-22.1-15.6-15.4
c554430370
σn/MPa10059.3130
), ArticleFig(id=1274368926272266670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300346156475186, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Summary of parameters for the calculation model of ice-rock adhesion strength

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Model typeCalculation formulaControlled variablesParametersParameter values
SandstoneMarbleGranite
Tensile strength modelEquation (7)Environmental temperature T, rock surface roughness JRCa1.351.11
b57.4
k1-27.8-38.3
b1662.57598.6
k2-31.28-37.91
b2730.65692.53
Shear strength modelEquation (14)Environmental temperature T, rock surface roughness JRC normal pressure σn μ0.380.310.41
k-22.1-15.6-15.4
c554430370
σn/MPa10059.3130
), ArticleFig(id=1274368926414873007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300346156475186, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ScenarioFactor levelsTest results of ice-rock adhesion strength/kPaCalculated data of ice-rock adhesion strength/kPaError/%
JRCT/℃ σn/kPa
Tensile test4.5-5932.15837.7110.1
14.0-5946.31875.677.5
4.5-101 060.911 027.853.1
14.0-101 112.901 065.704.2
Shear test0-5167460.01515.4212.0
0-5312541.26575.106.3
0-10192572.78602.765.2
0-10302592.93647.799.3
4.5-5262619.14588.814.9
4.5-5535827.08723.9312.5
4.5-10513888.07793.6210.6
4.5-10305700.87689.171.7
14.0-5257705.83665.365.7
14.0-5566980.21873.2510.9
14.0-105781 000.34968.903.1
14.0-106601 142.961 021.5810.6
), ArticleFig(id=1274368926481981872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300346156475186, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison between testing data and calculating results of ice-rock adhesion strength

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ScenarioFactor levelsTest results of ice-rock adhesion strength/kPaCalculated data of ice-rock adhesion strength/kPaError/%
JRCT/℃ σn/kPa
Tensile test4.5-5932.15837.7110.1
14.0-5946.31875.677.5
4.5-101 060.911 027.853.1
14.0-101 112.901 065.704.2
Shear test0-5167460.01515.4212.0
0-5312541.26575.106.3
0-10192572.78602.765.2
0-10302592.93647.799.3
4.5-5262619.14588.814.9
4.5-5535827.08723.9312.5
4.5-10513888.07793.6210.6
4.5-10305700.87689.171.7
14.0-5257705.83665.365.7
14.0-5566980.21873.2510.9
14.0-105781 000.34968.903.1
14.0-106601 142.961 021.5810.6
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基于小型离心试验的冰–岩界面黏结力学特性与强度模型研究
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顾东明 1 , 冯圣坚 1 , 黄达 2, * , 李长冬 1 , 周怡劼 1 , 曹骏 1
岩石力学与工程学报 | 理论与试验研究 2026,45(2): 353-365
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岩石力学与工程学报 | 理论与试验研究 2026, 45(2): 353-365
基于小型离心试验的冰–岩界面黏结力学特性与强度模型研究
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顾东明1 , 冯圣坚1, 黄达2, * , 李长冬1, 周怡劼1, 曹骏1
作者信息
  • 1.中国地质大学(武汉) 工程学院,湖北 武汉 430000
  • 2.长安大学 地质工程与测绘学院,陕西 西安 710054
  • GU Dongming (1989–), professor, is engaged in research on the mechanisms and prevention of geohazards. E-mail:

    顾东明(1989–),现任教授,主要从事地质灾害机制与防治方面的研究工作。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 黄达(1976–),现任教授,主要从事岩石力学与地质灾害防治方面的研究工作。E-mail:
Mechanical characteristics and strength model of ice-rock interface based on small-scale centrifugal tests
Dongming GU1 , Shengjian FENG1, Da HUANG2, * , Changdong LI1, Yijie ZHOU1, Jun CAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
  • 2.College of Geology Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710054, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0442
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冰川与下伏基岩之间的相互作用是冰崩灾害的主控因素之一,然而目前关于冰–岩界面力学特性的研究仍较为薄弱。为深入探究高寒山区冰崩启动过程中的关键力学机制,揭示其主控因素与作用规律,研究设计并研制一套适用于冰–岩界面脱黏试验的小型高速离心装置,系统开展多种工况下的冰–岩界面黏结强度测试。研究成果如下:(1)自主研制的离心装置具有试验效率高、数据离散性小的优点,可实现抗拉、纯剪以及压剪等多工况下的冰–岩界面强度测试;(2)冰–岩界面黏结强度与温度、岩面粗糙度以及岩石岩性密切相关。温度越低,黏结强度越大,整体上呈线性关系;黏结强度与岩面粗糙度呈非线性正相关,当粗糙度超过一定值时,界面气穴的产生会抑制黏结强度进一步提升;岩石岩性通过孔隙率和矿物亲水性影响其与冰体的黏结强度;(3)建立冰–岩界面黏结强度计算模型,明确了黏结强度与温度、粗糙度、法向压力之间的定量关系。研究为冰–岩界面黏结力学特性分析提供新的试验方法,研究成果为高寒山区冰崩灾变机制认识和灾害风险评估提供量化依据。

岩石力学  /  冰崩灾害  /  冰–岩界面  /  离心试验  /  强度模型

The mechanical interaction between glaciers and the underlying bedrock is a primary factor influencing ice avalanche disasters. However, research on the mechanical properties of the ice-rock interface remains limited. To further investigate the key mechanisms involved in the initiation of ice avalanches in high-altitude cold regions and to elucidate the main controlling factors and their underlying principles, this study designed and developed a small high-speed centrifuge device suitable for conducting debonding tests at the ice-rock interface. Systematic tests on the bonding strength of the ice-rock interface were carried out under various conditions. The main findings are as follows: (1) The centrifuge device demonstrates high testing efficiency and low data dispersion, facilitating strength tests of the ice-rock interface under multiple conditions, including tension, pure shear, and compressive shear. (2) The bonding strength of the ice-rock interface is closely related to temperature, rock surface roughness, and rock lithology. Lower temperatures lead to greater bonding strength, exhibiting an overall linear relationship. The bonding strength shows a nonlinear positive correlation with rock surface roughness; however, when roughness exceeds a certain threshold, the formation of interface cavities inhibits further increases in bonding strength. Rock lithology affects bonding strength with ice through factors such as porosity and mineral hydrophilicity. (3) A computational model for the bonding strength of the ice-rock interface was established, clarifying the quantitative relationships among bonding strength, temperature, roughness, and normal pressure. This study provides a novel experimental method for analyzing the mechanical properties of the ice-rock interface, and the results offer a quantitative basis for understanding the mechanisms of disaster and assessing the risks of ice avalanches in high-altitude cold regions.

rock mechanics  /  ice avalanche disasters  /  ice-rock interface  /  centrifugal tests  /  adhesion strength model
顾东明, 冯圣坚, 黄达, 李长冬, 周怡劼, 曹骏. 基于小型离心试验的冰–岩界面黏结力学特性与强度模型研究. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2026 , 45 (2) : 353 -365 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0442
Dongming GU, Shengjian FENG, Da HUANG, Changdong LI, Yijie ZHOU, Jun CAO. Mechanical characteristics and strength model of ice-rock interface based on small-scale centrifugal tests[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2026 , 45 (2) : 353 -365 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0442
被誉为第三级的青藏高原,分布着除两极以外最大规模的冰川,面积超过10万 km2。仅西藏自治区就分布着21 863条冰川,总面积超过23 800 km2。受气候转暖、地震等不利因素影响,近年来发生多次冰崩灾害。例如:2016年,西藏自治区阿里地区阿汝错流域53和50号冰川先后发生崩塌,冰崩堆积体超过数亿m3,造成9人死亡[1];2018年10月16和29日,雅鲁藏布江大拐弯处的色东普沟连续发生冰崩,刮铲沟谷中松散的冰碛物,形成碎屑流,向下运动堆积、堵塞河道,形成堰塞湖[2-3]。实际上,近年来全球高海拔地区的冰川灾害呈多发态势。安第斯山脉、高加索山脉、念青唐古拉山、喜马拉雅山脉等区域均发生过严重冰崩事件,造成重大人员伤亡与财产损失。冰崩及其衍生灾害,已成为影响区域社会经济发展的重要环境风险[4-6]
对于冰崩的概念,目前学界尚未达成科学共识[7]。但较为统一的定义是:冰崩是指在坡度较大斜坡上,大块冰体甚至整条冰川在重力作用下沿着某一破裂面或脆弱面,脱离母体而迅速倾倒或滑塌、坠落的现象,是最激烈的冰川灾害形式[8]。汤高明等[9]将冰崩分为滑移式与崩落式。其中,滑移式冰崩是指冰崩体位于高陡斜坡前缘,冰体沿基岩面或者内部软弱面发生滑移;崩落式冰崩则为冰体脱离母体发生垂直坠落。冰崩灾害的孕育与发生机制复杂,而冰川与下伏基岩间的相互力学作用被认为是其中的重要因素。在众多影响参数中,冰–岩黏结强度作为表征冰川在基岩表面附着能力的关键指标,直接决定了冰川的稳定性。
作为揭示冰川失稳内在力学机制的核心参数,冰–岩界面黏结强度的研究尚处于探索阶段,研究成果相对匮乏。部分学者以冰–岩嵌固体作为对象,采用传统岩石力学试验方法,开展冰–岩界面强度试验研究。如汤明高等[10-11]通过制作冰–岩嵌固体,采用直剪试验的手段,研究了温度对于冰–岩界面的影响;Z. Z. Su等[12]同样基于冰–岩界面直剪试验,研究了冻结温度、法向应力和界面粗糙度等参数对冰–岩界面抗剪强度的影响,建立了综合考虑这3个影响因素的冰–岩界面抗剪强度理论模型。总体而言,目前关于冰–岩界面黏结强度的研究还处于起步阶段,各因素对冰–岩界面黏结力学特性的影响规律和机制尚需进一步探究完善。此外,采用传统直剪方法开展冰–岩界面强度测试,存在界面受力不均、试验过程中冰体容易被压碎等弊端。并且该方法难以开展诸如界面抗拉和纯剪等复杂工况下的力学测试,致使当前研究成果主要聚焦于冰–岩界面的抗剪强度,而对界面抗拉强度和纯剪强度的认知相对匮乏。
针对上述问题,本研究设计并研制了一套适用于冰–岩界面黏结强度测试的小型离心装置,系统开展了冰–岩界面抗拉、纯剪及压剪条件下的黏结强度测试,分析了环境温度、界面粗糙度和基岩岩性对冰–岩界面黏结强度的影响规律和作用机制,并建立考虑3种因素的冰–岩界面黏结强度模型。研究成果不仅为冰–岩界面强度测试提供了一种新的方法,对探明冰–岩界面黏结力学特性具有一定理论价值,也可为高寒山区冰崩灾害防灾减灾工作提供一定支撑。
针对传统直剪试验方法在冰–岩界面强度测试中存在的界面受力不均、冰体易压碎以及抗拉和纯剪试验工况难以实现等问题,本研究研制了一套小型高速离心装置,试验装置如图1所示。
图1为本装置的核心部件和结构设计图。该离心装置主要由伺服电机、铝制转盘、真空泵、频闪仪、工业相机及防护罩等部件构成。其核心设计在于将直径约为36 cm的铝制转盘安装于伺服电机上,通过伺服电机驱动转盘线性加速旋转产生离心力,直至冰体从岩石表面脱离。根据脱黏时的转速,即可计算出冰–岩界面处的应力。试验所用伺服电机最大转速可达6 000转/min,最大离心加速度超过6 000 g。在转盘边缘对称设置4对夹具(见图1(b))用于固定试样,通过调节夹具两侧轴向螺栓的角度可改变倾斜角度。这一设计使装置可实现3种冰–岩脱黏测试工况,即:纯剪试验、拉伸试验以及斜剪切试验。鉴于试验中冰体脱离的最大速度超过60 m/s,为保障安全,转盘和试样被密封在10 mm厚的钢制防护罩内。同时,为消除高速旋转时空气阻力的影响,采用真空泵对防护罩内进行抽真空,以提高试验结果的可靠性。装配后的离心装置总质量达400 kg,可最大限度减少高速旋转时的振动。整个装置放置于步入式温控箱内(见图1(b)),该温控箱可模拟最低达-30 ℃的低温环境。
本研究将环境温度、界面粗糙度和基岩岩性作为核心控制变量。研究表明,青藏高原地区极端最低气温范围在-15 ℃~-30 ℃[13]范围,考虑高原不同地区极端低温差异性,本试验设置从-20 ℃~-1 ℃的5个温度梯度,旨在探究温度对冰–岩黏结强度的影响规律;界面粗糙度作为表征冰岩接触特性的重要参数,直接关联冰体与基岩的机械咬合作用强度。本试验采用岩面雕刻的方法,获取5个不同界面粗糙度(joint roughness coefficient,JRC)等级的岩面。选用花岗岩、大理岩和砂岩3种典型岩石,用于分析不同地质材料属性对冰–岩黏结强度的影响。各控制因素的具体设置如表1所示。
试验步骤主要包括岩块制备、试样冻结成型、安装测试和黏结强度计算几个主要环节,以下对各关键步骤进行详细阐述。
(1)岩块制备与雕刻成型
选取质地均匀的母岩原料,采用线切割工艺将岩石加工为尺寸40 mm×25 mm×30 mm的规则岩块。在岩块侧面钻制2个贯通螺孔,以便通过螺栓将岩块稳固安装于夹具之上。随后采用雕刻的方法,获取不同粗糙度的岩面。具体流程如下:首先在Synfrac软件[14]中输入分辨率、随机数、标准差及分形维数等参数,生成三维仿真粗糙曲面(见图2);然后将三维曲面导入DS–4040三轴高精密数控雕刻机,对岩石表面进行雕刻以形成不同粗糙度。本次试验中,所用的花岗岩、大理岩和砂岩3种岩石,按JRC = 3,6,9,12分别雕刻10个岩样(每种岩性雕刻40个岩样,合计雕刻120个),同时每种岩石保留10个平直表面岩样,试验岩样共150个。
(2)冰–岩试样冻结成型
岩样雕刻成型后,下一步即是冰–岩试样的制备。选用内径与试样长宽尺寸匹配的中空硅胶模具,将模具下半部分套固岩块,上半部分作为容器,注入适量的水后移入低温试验箱。为解决低温环境下试样冻结成型后脱模困难的问题,所有试样在注水后置入温度为-1 ℃的高精度低温试验箱中,冷冻2 h。待水完全冻结成冰后脱模,再将温度逐步降低至目标值,继续冻结16 h后备用。
(3)试样安装与测试
由于冰–岩试样对温度十分敏感,为减少温度波动的影响,需预先启动步入式温控箱。待箱内温度稳定后,将试样从低温试验箱取出,并安装至转盘夹具上。安装时将角度调节器调整为相应状态:纯剪试验时,将冰–岩界面调至水平状态;斜剪试验时,调节至相应的倾斜角度;抗拉试验时,则调整至垂直状态。此外,针对每一工况的测试,均准备2个完全相同的试样,并对位安装在转盘上。这不仅能够确保转盘在高速旋转过程中的动平衡,还能有效规避单个数据可能产生的离散性问题。试样安装完成后,迅速撤离温控箱并关闭箱门,观察温度传感器,等待离心机内温度稳定在试验所需温度±0.5 ℃范围内时,同步启动电机(采用线性加速模式)、频闪仪和相机。通过工业相机对离心机加速过程中转盘上各冰–岩试样的状态进行全程记录,精准捕捉冰体从岩样表面分离的瞬间图像,并据此记录该工况下冰体脱离时的转速数据。
(4)冰–岩黏结强度计算
根据冰体发生脱离时的转速,即可根据下式计算脱离瞬间冰–岩界面处的应力:
F=micer(2πn)2σn=Fsinθ/Aτ=Fcosθ/A}
式中:mice为冰体质量,r为离心半径,n为脱黏时刻的转速,θ为夹具倾角,A为冰–岩界面面积,F为离心力,σn为界面法向应力,τ为界面切向应力。
基于本离心装置开展的首批试验中,累计完成约600个试样测试,且同一工况下至少进行双试样平行试验。结果表明,试验数据波动范围始终维持在较低水平,最大波动幅度未超过15%,平均约为3.6%。与J. Chen等[15-16]同类研究中常见的试验结果离散度(通常为10%~50%)相比,本装置测试数据的离散性显著更低,充分验证了装置测量的精准度。
将冰–岩界面抗拉强度和抗剪强度对比可以发现,前者显著大于后者。以平直岩面的工况为例,测试结果如图3所示:当基岩为大理岩时,在环境温度分别为-1 ℃,-5 ℃,-10 ℃,-20 ℃时,冰–岩界面抗拉强度平均值分别达到抗剪强度的1.67,1.73,1.79和2.11倍。温度越低,两者差异越明显,特别是对于砂岩,在-10 ℃和-20 ℃条件下本试验未能获得界面抗拉强度数据。原因在于,测试中砂岩破坏先于界面破坏(图3中的虚线框表示对应工况数据缺失)。值得注意的是,该现象并非表明冰–砂岩的黏结抗拉强度超越岩体本身,而是与岩样打孔引起应力集中有关。针对此问题,后续研究已重新设计无孔夹具,以消除打孔工艺对试验结果的干扰。
进一步对比温度敏感性发现,尽管冰–岩界面抗拉强度整体高于抗剪强度,但其随温度升高的衰减速率更为显著。如图4所示,界面抗拉强度–温度拟合曲线的斜率明显大于抗剪强度拟合曲线,表明冰–岩拉伸黏附行为对温度波动的敏感性更强。
为分析温度对冰–岩界面强度的影响规律,以平直界面工况为例,测试结果如图4所示。数据表明,随着温度降低,3类基岩与冰的黏结强度(包括抗拉与抗剪强度)呈现显著增长趋势。以纯剪工况(见图4(b))为例,当环境温度从-1 ℃降至-20 ℃时,冰–砂岩界面的平均抗剪强度由668 kPa升至1 021 kPa,增幅达53%;冰–花岗岩界面的抗剪强度从341 kPa增至560 kPa,增幅64%;冰–大理岩界面的抗剪强度从367 kPa提升到590 kPa,增幅高达61%。
图4可以看出,整体而言冰–岩界面抗拉强度与抗剪强度均与温度呈显著的线性关系。但进一步分析表明:-5 ℃~-1 ℃温升区段的强度衰减幅度显著大于其他温度区段。以大理岩为例,冰–岩界面的抗拉强度与抗剪强度从-5 ℃时的892和516 kPa下降至-1 ℃时的613和368 kPa,衰减速率分别为70和37 kPa/℃;而-10 ℃~-5 ℃区间的对应速率仅为24和4 kPa/℃。这一现象表明,当环境温度趋近于冰点时,冰–岩界面黏结强度敏感性显著增强,线性模型可能难以准确刻画这一关系。因此,后续需在冰点附近温区补充测试,以更精准统计该温度段对冰黏附强度的影响。
真实的冰–岩接触界面具有显著的非均匀性特征。为探究界面粗糙度对冰–岩黏结强度的影响,通过人工雕刻的方法构建不同粗糙度的岩石表面,开展界面黏结强度测试。此处选取部分结果来分析:图5展示了以大理岩和花岗岩为基岩条件时,冰与两类基岩界面的抗拉强度及抗剪强度随界面粗糙度JRC的变化规律。
总体而言,冰–岩界面黏结强度与岩面粗糙度呈现显著正相关性:随着JRC值增加,界面抗拉强度与抗剪强度均呈现递增趋势。这一结论与M. Susoff等[17-18]关于冰与其他材料黏附强度的研究结果一致。以环境温度-20 ℃的工况为例,当岩面粗糙度从JRC = 0时增至JRC = 9时,冰–大理岩界面的抗拉强度由1 194 kPa提升至1 326 kPa(增幅10%),30°斜剪试验测得的抗剪强度从860 kPa增至1 080 kPa(增幅17%);基岩为花岗岩时的对应值则分别从1 326和821 kPa增长至1 431和947 kPa。这说明岩面粗糙度的增加强化了冰体与岩石表面的机械互锁效应,显著提升了冰在岩石表面上的黏附能力。这种凹凸结构形成的物理嵌合作用,有效阻碍了冰体在受力状态下的滑移与剥离,从而增强了界面力学性能。
需要注意的是,对试验数据深入分析发现另一重要现象:在岩面粗糙度递增的初始阶段,冰–岩界面黏结强度呈规律性提升,但随着粗糙度过大时,强度增长趋势显著减缓,甚至出现负增长。以-20 ℃工况为例,当岩面粗糙度从JRC = 9增至JRC = 12时:冰–大理岩界面抗拉强度从1 326 kPa变化至1 305 kPa,30°斜剪抗剪强度从1 080 kPa降低至1 008 kPa,强度均有一定程度下降;而在-5 ℃环境中,上述2个值基本保持不变。这一现象与传统认知存在显著差异。分析其原因,可能与这一因素有关:当表面粗糙度超过一定值后,空气易在粗糙表面的凹陷部位形成气穴结构,不仅减小了冰–岩实际接触面积,还会引发局部应力集中效应,这种气穴效应打破了机械互锁作用的增益平衡,导致界面黏结强度随粗糙度增加呈现非线性变化。这说明冰–岩界面黏结强度并不随粗糙度增加而无限提升,而是存在临界阈值,超过该阈值后强度增益将被气穴效应的负面作用抵消。
在防冰除冰领域,大量研究表明,冰与不同材料间的黏附强度存在显著差异。然而目前针对不同岩石岩性的冰黏附特性研究却较为匮乏。为此,本研究选取砂岩、花岗岩和大理岩3种典型岩石,分析岩性对冰–岩黏附强度的影响。图6展示了在-1 ℃~-20 ℃温度范围内、岩面粗糙度JRC = 6的情况下,三类岩石与冰黏结界面抗剪强度的测试结果。
测试结果显示,冰与不同岩石的黏结强度存在显著差异。在砂岩、花岗岩与大理岩3种岩石中,冰与砂岩的黏结强度最大。以-20 ℃工况为例,冰与砂岩的纯剪强度(见图6(a))达969 kPa,对应的花岗岩和大理岩试验值分别为657和734 kPa,冰–砂岩黏结强度分别是后两者的1.47和1.32倍。对所有测试结果进行统计分析发现,冰与砂岩的黏结强度是冰与大理岩黏结强度的1.06~1.47倍,是花岗岩对应值的1.23~1.76倍,且强度差距随温度降低呈增大趋势:在20°倾斜剪切试验中,-1 ℃时冰–砂岩与冰–花岗岩的抗剪强度差值约为270 kPa,而-20 ℃时该差值增至498 kPa。而对于花岗岩和大理岩2种岩石,冰与后者的黏结强度略高于前者,在某些情况下两者数值较为接近。
从上述分析可以发现,岩性对冰与岩石的黏结强度具有显著影响,而在现有寒区岩土力学特性研究中,该影响因素常被忽略,研究重点多集中于环境温度这一因素。不同岩石与冰黏结强度的显著差异可能由以下2个方面因素主导:岩石孔隙特征和矿物亲水性。岩石孔隙结构为水分渗透提供通道,在结冰过程中,水分可渗入岩石表面孔隙并冻结形成类似植物根系的“冰根”结构,这种机械咬合效应显著增强冰–岩界面黏结强度。并且,孔隙率越大,这一作用越明显。在本试验中,砂岩、花岗岩和大理岩的孔隙率分别为4%,1%和0.85%,这一差异可合理解释砂岩黏结强度最高的试验现象。
其次是矿物亲水性的影响。研究表明,基质表面能效应与其亲水性呈正相关,而岩石矿物组分的亲水性差异直接导致黏结强度分异。矿物分析显示:试验用砂岩含15%黏土矿物,其表面羟基基团的极性作用使其亲水性显著高于花岗岩的主要矿物(石英、钠长石)。这种矿物亲水性差异通过增强冰–岩界面的物理吸附作用,也是促使砂岩表现出更强的黏结强度的潜在原因。下一步研究中,笔者将通过系列微观测试手段,验证上述猜想。
基于试验结果分析可知,特定基岩与冰体的黏结强度主要受环境温度与界面粗糙度2个方面因素控制。对于不同粗糙度的岩面,尽管冰岩接触面的起伏形态存在差异,但在受拉条件下,其垂直于拉力方向的投影面积始终与平直岩面的受拉面积相等。基于这一考虑,可将平直岩面工况下的冰–岩界面抗拉强度作为基准值,粗糙岩面条件下的界面黏结强度等于平直岩面下的抗拉强度加上粗糙度对强度的校正值,前者主要受温度影响,后者则由界面粗糙度特征控制,表达式如下:
σt=σt0+σt(JRC)
式中:σt为冰–岩界面的抗拉强度,σt0为平直岩面工况下的冰–岩界面的抗拉强度,σt(JRC)为岩面粗糙度对抗拉强度的修正值。
下面以大理岩为例,推导其与冰体黏结界面的抗拉强度计算模型。首先分析模型的第1项,即平直岩面工况下冰–大理岩的黏结强度σt0,其与温度成良好的线性关系。拟合公式如下:
σt0=k1T+b1
式中:T为环境温度(℃);k1b1分别为基岩为大理岩时,冰–岩界面抗拉强度与温度线性拟合参数,拟合得到其值分别为-27.80 kPa/℃和662.57 kPa(拟合度R2= 0.91)。
其次为模型的第2项,即考虑界面粗糙度影响的强度修正项σt(JRC)。基于节3的规律分析可知,冰–岩界面强度随岩面粗糙度的增长呈现“先快后慢”的变化特征,当粗糙度超过一定值后,强度基本趋于稳定。因此,结合指数饱和函数和高斯函数的特征,采用如下函数来描述σt(JRC)随粗糙度的变化规律:
f(x)=A(1exmn)
式中:A为增长幅度(稳定值与初始值的差),mn为决定曲线形状的参数。由于A表示初始值(即JRC = 0)到稳定值(以JRC = 12表示)之间的增长幅度。初始值在节3已经分析得到,对于稳定值,基于测试结果发现,其与温度也成较好的线性关系,故同样用线性规律表示:
σt=k2T+b2
式中:σt为在t ℃下,岩面粗糙度极大时黏结强度稳定值;k2b2分别为基岩为大理岩时冰–岩界面抗拉强度稳定值与温度线性拟合参数,拟合得到其值分别为-31.28 kPa/℃和730.65 kPa(拟合度R2= 0.89)。结合式(3)和(5),可以得到:
A=σtσt0
最终可以得到温度和粗糙度共同影响下的冰–岩界面强度计算模型:
σt=A(1eJRCa/b)+σt0A=σtσt0σt0=k1MT+b1Mσt=k2MT+b2M}
式中:σt0为平直岩面情况下的冰–岩界面抗拉强度;σt为粗糙度极大时的强度稳定值;k1Mb1Mk2Mb2Mab均为拟合参数,前四者根据式(3)和(5)可以计算得出,对于ab两个拟合参数,采用曲面拟合的方法,可以得到最优解,其值分别为1.35和5.0,曲面拟合的拟合度R2= 0.88。据此,可绘制出温度与界面粗糙度耦合作用下冰–大理岩界面抗拉强度的拟合曲面,如图7(a)所示,图中红点表示试验测试值。
采用相同方法,可以构建基岩为花岗岩时的冰–岩界面抗拉强度计算模型,结果如图7(b)所示,具体参数如表2所示。需要说明的是,基岩为砂岩时,环境温度为-10 ℃和-20 ℃条件下的抗拉强度试验数据缺失。后续将改进试验装置并补充相应数据,进而建立其强度计算模型。
基于试验结果可以看出,冰–岩界面抗剪强度主要受岩性、温度和粗糙度影响。参考前文抗拉强度模型的构建思路,可将冰–岩抗剪强度同样分解为2个部分进行考量:(1)平直岩面条件下的基本抗剪强度,主要受温度这一因素影响;(2)表征粗糙岩面带来的抗剪强度增益分量,该部分与岩面粗糙度特征直接相关。据此,冰–岩界面抗剪强度τ可表达为下式:
τ=τ0+τ(JRC)
式中:τ0为平直岩面条件下的冰–岩抗剪强度,τ(JRC)为岩面粗糙度引起的抗剪强度增量。
首先推导模型的第1部分,即平直岩面条件下的冰–岩界面基础抗剪强度。根据试验结果发现,平直岩面工况下,界面抗剪强度与温度T和界面法向压力σn呈良好的线性关系,可以表达为下式:
τ0=σnμ+kT+c
式中:kTc为环境温度对冰–岩界面抗剪强度的线性影响;σnμ为抗剪强度随界面处法向压力增长的规律;kcμ为拟合参数,可根据平直岩面条件下的试验数据拟合得到。
模型的第2部分为岩面粗糙度对冰–岩界面抗剪强度的贡献分量。本研究中,该部分计算借鉴岩石结构面抗剪强度领域的经典模型,即N. R. Barton等[19-21]提出的JRC-JCS模型。该模型适用于低法向应力条件下结构面峰值抗剪强度的估算,其表达式为
τ(JRC)=σntan(φ0+JRClgJCSσn)
式中:φ0为基本摩擦角,JRC为结构面粗糙度,JCS为结构面抗压强度。
需要注意的是,上述模型的适用前提为同性结构面,即结构面两侧的岩石类型相同,JCS可直接取值为岩壁的单轴抗压强度。本研究中的试样显然不符合这一条件:界面两侧为岩石和冰体,强度差异明显,因此JCS的取值需要引入新的参数来反映这一特性。参考张雅慧等[22]提出的低应力状态下改进JRC-JCS模型,该模型考虑了结构面两侧岩石强度的差异情况,可据此对岩壁抗压强度JCS的取值进行修正,具体修正结果如下:
JCS=(1Ka)JCSa+KaJCSbKa=σaσa+σb}
式中:JCSaJCSb分别为结构面两侧岩石的强度(可采用单轴抗压强度),σaσb分别为结构面两侧的单轴抗压强度,Ka为强度影响因子。
本研究对象为冰–岩界面,参考上述模型,结合式(10),可以得到低法向应力情况下,由界面起伏度造成的阻碍冰体滑动的抗剪强度:
τ(JRC)=σntan(φ0+JRClgJCSσn)JCS=(1Kice)JCSice+KiceJCSrockKice=σiceσice+σrock}
式中:σiceσrock分别为冰体和基岩的单轴抗压强度,Kice为强度影响因子,JCSiceJCSrock分别为界面两侧冰体和岩石的强度值(可采用单轴抗压强度),φ0为基本内摩擦角。对于σice的取值,试验中没有额外去测试不同温度下的冰体抗压强度,参考沈乐天等[23]的研究成果,冰体单轴抗压强度取值为
σice=5.473 90.246 7T
式(13)中,计算出的σice单位为MPa。
这里需要说明的是,式(12)中的基本内摩擦角φ0即界面平直时冰–岩界面的内摩擦角。实际上在式(9)中的μ值已经涵盖该因素。为减少参数数量,在界面粗糙度对冰–岩界面抗剪强度的贡献中不再重复考虑该参数。据此,结合式(9)和(12),可得到最终的冰–岩界面抗剪强度模型:
τ=σntan(JRClgJCSσn)+σnμ+kT+bJCS=(1Kice)JCSice+KiceJCSrockKice=σiceσice+σrockσice=5.473 90.246 7T}
式(14)中,拟合参数kcμ可以根据试验测试结果,采用多维曲面拟合得到。
以花岗岩为例,拟合得到的kcμ值分别为-15.41 kPa/℃,370 kPa和0.41(拟合度R2= 0.86)。根据式(14),特定基岩条件下的冰–岩界面抗剪强度模型包含温度T、岩面粗糙度JRC及法向压力σn三个未知参数。与抗拉强度(仅由温度T和粗糙度JRC两者确定)模型不同,冰–岩界面抗剪强度无法直观展示为三维空间曲面。在此,仅展示特定岩面粗糙度条件下的冰–岩界面抗剪强度空间曲面,如图8所示(图中红色离散点表示试验测试值)。
采用同样的方法,亦可以得到其他大理岩、砂岩与冰黏结界面的抗剪强度,这里不再赘述。模型参数如表2所示。
为评价上述模型的准确度,选取花岗岩岩样补充进行了小批量的额外测试,获取到冰–岩界面黏结强度实测值,并运用上述模型计算对应预测值。通过对比实测值与预测值来验证模型准确性,结果如表3所示。数据显示,模型计算的冰–岩界面黏结强度与试验测试值的总体误差不超过15%,平均误差约7%,表明所构建的冰–岩界面黏结强度计算模型具有良好的准确性。
针对高寒山区冰崩灾害启动过程中的关键力学问题,本研究自主研发小型离心装置,开展冰–岩脱黏离心试验,通过测试多条件下冰–岩黏结强度,揭示其主控影响与作用规律,构建黏结强度模型,具体结论如下:
(1)所研制的小型离心装置具有试验效率高、数据离散性小的优势,可实现抗拉、纯剪、压剪等多工况切换,满足冰–岩界面力学性能研究的多样化试验需求。
(2)冰–岩界面抗拉强度整体高于抗剪强度,但抗拉强度对温度变化更为敏感,随温度升高呈现出更快的衰减趋势,表明冰–岩拉伸黏附行为在温度波动环境下稳定性更易受到影响。
(3)冰–岩界面黏结强度与温度、岩面粗糙度及岩石岩性显著相关。温度越低,黏结强度越大,呈线性关系;与岩面粗糙度呈非线性正相关,当粗糙度超过临界值时,界面气穴效应会抑制黏结强度提升;岩石岩性通过孔隙率和矿物亲水性影响其与冰体的黏结效果,孔隙率大、亲水性好的岩石与冰体黏结更牢固。
(4)通过理论推导建立冰–岩界面黏结抗拉、抗剪强度计算模型,建立黏结强度与温度、粗糙度、法向压力之间的定量关系。经试验验证,该模型预测精度和可靠性良好,可为高寒山区冰崩灾害风险评估提供量化依据。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42477198; U23A2047)
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2026年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0442
  • 接收时间:2025-06-30
  • 首发时间:2026-06-18
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-30
  • 修回日期:2025-10-16
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42477198; U23A2047)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(42477198; U23A2047)
作者信息
    1.中国地质大学(武汉) 工程学院,湖北 武汉 430000
    2.长安大学 地质工程与测绘学院,陕西 西安 710054

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* 黄达(1976–),现任教授,主要从事岩石力学与地质灾害防治方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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