Article(id=1274300310731383389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0595, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755619200000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-20, revisedDate=1759248000000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1781746469432, onlineDateStr=2026-06-18, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781746469432, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781746469432, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781746469432, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1274300092707266809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, year='2026', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='321', pageEnd='638', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781746417452, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781746463571, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1274300286466335306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1274300286466335307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=397, endPage=411, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1274300310936904287, articleId=1274300310731383389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, language=EN, title=Experimental investigation of sandstone shear-seepage under dynamic constant-amplitude cyclic loading, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the influence of normal stress on the seepage and damage characteristics of sandstone during dynamic constant-amplitude cyclic direct shear, red sandstone samples were subjected to dynamic constant-amplitude cyclic direct shear tests under normal stresses of 10, 15, 20 and 25 MPa. During the loading process, acoustic emission (AE) signals were simultaneously recorded, and the permeability of the sandstone was measured in real time. After testing, the fracture surfaces of the sandstone samples were scanned using a 3D scanner. The test results indicate that the permeability evolution of sandstone during direct shear exhibits distinct stage characteristics, which can be described as “gradual decrease→slow decrease→slight recovery→exponential increase.” Throughout the loading process, the permeability of samples subjected to high normal stress consistently remains lower than that of samples under low normal stress. As the normal stress increases, the initiation of AE activity in the samples is delayed. However, the Felicity effect occurs earlier and more prominently, indicating a greater extent of damage. Higher normal stress facilitates a transition in the fracture mode of sandstone from tension-dominated to shear-dominated. At the microscopic level, increased normal stress promotes the development of transgranular cracks, leading to straighter crack propagation paths. Simultaneously, crack propagation is restricted near the main shear plane, ultimately resulting in macroscopically flatter fracture surfaces with lower roughness.

, correspAuthors=Siyue HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* HE Siyue (1992–), engineer, is engaged in tunnel design and research. E-mail:
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为探明法向应力对动态等幅循环直剪过程中砂岩渗流与损伤特性的影响,对红砂岩进行了10,15,20,25 MPa法向应力下的动态等幅循环直剪试验。在加载过程中同步采集声发射(acoustic emission,AE)信号,并实时测定砂岩的渗透率,试验后使用3D扫描仪扫描破裂面形貌。试验结果表明:在直剪过程中,砂岩的渗透率演化呈现出明显的阶段性特征,表现为“逐步降低→缓慢降低→轻微回升→指数增长”,且高法向应力试样的渗透率在整个加载过程中始终低于低法向应力试样。随着法向应力的增大,试样的AE活动启动时间推迟,但Felicity效应出现更早且更为显著,表明其损伤程度更高。较高的法向应力促使砂岩的断裂模式由拉伸主导型向剪切主导型转变;在微观层面,促进了穿晶裂纹的发展,使裂纹扩展路径更加平直。与此同时,裂纹扩展被约束在主剪切面附近,最终形成宏观上较为平整、粗糙度较低的断裂面。

, correspAuthors=贺思悦, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 贺思悦(1992–),现任工程师,主要从事隧道设计方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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Sample No.Height/mmDiameter/mmDensity/(g·cm3)Porosity/%S-wave velocity/(m·s1)P-wave velocity/(m·s1)
D–10–150.0749.882.475.721 972.82 986.7
D–15–150.0349.972.465.491 948.73 024.3
D–20–150.0949.972.485.531 957.43 023.9
D–25–150.0349.982.465.271 954.82 991.6
Average value2.475.501 958.43 006.6
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Basic physical parameters of sandstone samples

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Sample No.Height/mmDiameter/mmDensity/(g·cm3)Porosity/%S-wave velocity/(m·s1)P-wave velocity/(m·s1)
D–10–150.0749.882.475.721 972.82 986.7
D–15–150.0349.972.465.491 948.73 024.3
D–20–150.0949.972.485.531 957.43 023.9
D–25–150.0349.982.465.271 954.82 991.6
Average value2.475.501 958.43 006.6
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动态等幅循环荷载作用下砂岩剪切–渗流试验研究
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贺思悦 1, 2, * , 陈旭 3 , 黄超 3 , 张江江 3 , 汪波 4 , 李国良 1 , 宋战平 2
岩石力学与工程学报 | 理论与试验研究 2026,45(2): 397-411
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岩石力学与工程学报 | 理论与试验研究 2026, 45(2): 397-411
动态等幅循环荷载作用下砂岩剪切–渗流试验研究
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贺思悦1, 2, * , 陈旭3, 黄超3, 张江江3, 汪波4, 李国良1, 宋战平2
作者信息
  • 1.中铁第一勘察设计院集团有限公司 极端环境岩土和隧道工程智能建养全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710043
  • 2.西安建筑科技大学 土木工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
  • 3.成都理工大学 地质灾害防治与地质环境保护全国重点实验室,四川 成都 610059
  • 4.西南交通大学 极端环境岩土和隧道工程智能建养全国重点实验室,四川 成都 610031

通讯作者:

* 贺思悦(1992–),现任工程师,主要从事隧道设计方面的研究工作。E-mail:
Experimental investigation of sandstone shear-seepage under dynamic constant-amplitude cyclic loading
Siyue HE1, 2, * , Xu CHEN3, Chao HUANG3, Jiangjiang ZHANG3, Bo WANG4, Guoliang LI1, Zhanping SONG2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Maintenance for Geotechnical and Tunnel Engineering under Extreme Environments, China Railway First Survey and Design Institute Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, Shaanxi 710043, China
  • 2.School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
  • 4.State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Maintenance for Geotechnical and Tunnel Engineering under Extreme Environments, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0595
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为探明法向应力对动态等幅循环直剪过程中砂岩渗流与损伤特性的影响,对红砂岩进行了10,15,20,25 MPa法向应力下的动态等幅循环直剪试验。在加载过程中同步采集声发射(acoustic emission,AE)信号,并实时测定砂岩的渗透率,试验后使用3D扫描仪扫描破裂面形貌。试验结果表明:在直剪过程中,砂岩的渗透率演化呈现出明显的阶段性特征,表现为“逐步降低→缓慢降低→轻微回升→指数增长”,且高法向应力试样的渗透率在整个加载过程中始终低于低法向应力试样。随着法向应力的增大,试样的AE活动启动时间推迟,但Felicity效应出现更早且更为显著,表明其损伤程度更高。较高的法向应力促使砂岩的断裂模式由拉伸主导型向剪切主导型转变;在微观层面,促进了穿晶裂纹的发展,使裂纹扩展路径更加平直。与此同时,裂纹扩展被约束在主剪切面附近,最终形成宏观上较为平整、粗糙度较低的断裂面。

岩石力学  /  动态等幅循环加载  /  直接剪切  /  损伤  /  渗透演化  /  断裂面形貌

To investigate the influence of normal stress on the seepage and damage characteristics of sandstone during dynamic constant-amplitude cyclic direct shear, red sandstone samples were subjected to dynamic constant-amplitude cyclic direct shear tests under normal stresses of 10, 15, 20 and 25 MPa. During the loading process, acoustic emission (AE) signals were simultaneously recorded, and the permeability of the sandstone was measured in real time. After testing, the fracture surfaces of the sandstone samples were scanned using a 3D scanner. The test results indicate that the permeability evolution of sandstone during direct shear exhibits distinct stage characteristics, which can be described as “gradual decrease→slow decrease→slight recovery→exponential increase.” Throughout the loading process, the permeability of samples subjected to high normal stress consistently remains lower than that of samples under low normal stress. As the normal stress increases, the initiation of AE activity in the samples is delayed. However, the Felicity effect occurs earlier and more prominently, indicating a greater extent of damage. Higher normal stress facilitates a transition in the fracture mode of sandstone from tension-dominated to shear-dominated. At the microscopic level, increased normal stress promotes the development of transgranular cracks, leading to straighter crack propagation paths. Simultaneously, crack propagation is restricted near the main shear plane, ultimately resulting in macroscopically flatter fracture surfaces with lower roughness.

rock mechanics  /  dynamic constant-amplitude cyclic loading  /  direct shear  /  damage  /  permeability evolution  /  fracture surface morphology
贺思悦, 陈旭, 黄超, 张江江, 汪波, 李国良, 宋战平. 动态等幅循环荷载作用下砂岩剪切–渗流试验研究. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2026 , 45 (2) : 397 -411 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0595
Siyue HE, Xu CHEN, Chao HUANG, Jiangjiang ZHANG, Bo WANG, Guoliang LI, Zhanping SONG. Experimental investigation of sandstone shear-seepage under dynamic constant-amplitude cyclic loading[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2026 , 45 (2) : 397 -411 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0595
在隧道掘进[1-2]、油气开采[3]、深部采矿[4]等岩石工程中,剪切破坏是工程岩体破坏的基本形式之一。除了一次性剪切作用外,由于周期性的爆破、开挖或地震的影响,岩体经常会承受由循环荷载引发的剪切作用[5-7]。由循环荷载造成的工程岩体损伤会引起岩体内部渗流路径的改变,甚至导致工程结构的漏水或漏气,造成工程灾害[8-10]。在深部工程中,岩体承受周期性的相似荷载或反复冲击,应力状态通常动态增加,形成动态等幅循环荷载作用[11-12]。因此,研究动态等幅循环剪切过程中岩石的损伤和渗透演化规律对降低深部岩石工程灾害风险具有实际意义。
许多学者通过三轴压缩试验探究动态循环荷载作用下岩石的损伤和渗透特征。王 伟等[13]对花岗片麻岩进行了三轴循环加卸载试验,发现卸载渗透率始终高于加载渗透率,体积应变转折前后分别形成完整和有缺口的渗透率回滞环。Z. H. Niu等[14]对柱状节理玄武岩类似材料进行应力–渗流耦合试验,通过加卸载响应比(load-unloading response ratio,LURR)分析了损伤演化过程,揭示了渗透演化与损伤程度的密切联系。C. B. Jiang等[15-16]对煤进行了逐级循环试验,发现渗透率随循环载荷增大先降低、后稳定、再上升。其变化率反映了煤岩损伤的3个阶段:加速损伤、稳定和再加速损伤。考虑到实际工程中存在等幅循环荷载的情况,X. L. Duan等[8]对层状千枚岩进行了逐级等幅循环加载和气体渗透试验,发现千枚岩的破坏模式包括拉剪、剪切和劈剪3种类型,且初始气体渗透率与围压和偏应力成正比。陈 旭等[17]对砂岩开展了三轴多级循环荷载渗流试验,发现循环加卸载使岩样渗透率损失率(PSL)更小,且PSL随着围压的增大而增加。
以往的三轴逐级循环荷载试验在疲劳力学行为、剪切损伤机制、渗透演化规律等方面取得了一定成果。然而,岩石在三轴压缩下的压剪破坏是一种间接剪切破坏,无法完全反映出岩石在直剪状态下的损伤及渗透规律。此外,循环剪切–渗流研究主要关注节理岩石[18-19],对完整岩样在动态等幅循环直剪过程中损伤和渗透特性演化的研究不够充分。
鉴于此,本研究采用改进的三轴直剪设备开展了动态等幅循环直剪试验,同步采集声发射信号并实时测定渗透率,在试验后使用三维激光扫描仪对断裂面形貌进行扫描。得到了不同法向应力条件下岩样在直剪过程中的声发射参数、渗透率数据和断裂面点云数据。通过Felicity比阐明了岩样的损伤过程,使用表面形态参数Sa.hStd.h以及节理粗糙度系数JRC描述断裂面的平整性和粗糙度,最后讨论了法向应力对岩样损伤演化的影响及渗流能力的抑制作用。
本试验使用的岩石为细粒红砂岩,取自四川省乐山市。为减小力学试验时岩石非均质性的影响,所有试样均取自同一块岩石的相邻部位,并且沿顺层平面平行钻取。钻取的岩芯在刚性切割机和打磨机床上加工成高径比为1:1(直径50 mm、长度50 mm)的圆柱体试样。试样两端面不平整度小于0.05 mm,断面应确保垂直于轴线,偏差应控制在0.25°以内。制备完成的岩样如图1(a)所示。岩样X射线衍射(XRD)试验分析结果表明,所选砂岩的矿物成分主要包括石英(70.5%)、钾长石(4%)、斜长石(7%)、方解石(11.6%)和黏土矿物(6.8%)。为了进一步了解岩石的微观结构特征,使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对试样进行观察。SEM照片如图1(b)所示,砂岩的微观结构表面并不均匀,岩石基质中存在许多微裂隙和微孔隙。
砂岩试样基本物理参数与编号如表1所示,岩样编号中,D为等幅循环剪切荷载,中间数字为法向应力大小,单位为MPa,末尾数字表示序号。为了控制岩样的均质性,挑选了物理性质接近的岩样作为试验用样。试样的密度、孔隙度、横波波速和纵波波速的平均值分别为2.47 g/cm3,5.50%,1 958.4和3 006.6 m/s。
岩石直接剪切试验装置改进自TAR–1500型岩石伺服三轴试验系统,该设备由轴压、围压和孔隙压三套独立的控制部分组成,最大加载能力分别为1 500 kN,80和50 MPa,具备全数字计算机控制和自动数据采集功能,适用于在三轴条件下对岩石样品进行单调加载、循环加载、蠕变和渗透试验。改进点在于将试验机中的三轴加载模块替换为了剪切模块,剪切模块示意图如图2(a)所示。剪切模块的上、下承压板均由2个半圆柱体构成。加载端设置在上承压板的右端块,下承压板的左端块为固定端。值得一提的是,下承压板右端块与上承压板的左端块底部连接有高强度弹簧,能够沿轴向自由移动。在施加围压和轴压后,该模块可实现岩样四周相等的法向应力状态,并形成设定的剪切面(见图2(b))。上下承压板的中心都有一个中心孔,用于气体渗流。渗透压通过与剪切模块下端气体接入口连接的氮气瓶施加,上端的气体出口连通大气。
试验中岩样的声发射监测由威强工业电脑公司(IEI Technology Corp.)生产的RACK–305G型单通道声发射采集系统完成,该系统配置了频率响应范围为0~450 kHz、共振频率为150 kHz的声发射压电换能器和采样率为1.5 MHz,增益为40 dB的宽带前置放大器,能够自动读数、存储声发射信号。如图2(c)所示,将AE压电换能器用胶带紧绑在轴向加载千斤顶上,以便于监测和收集岩样在循环加载过程中因内部损伤而释放的声发射信号。为消除噪音影响,将声发射信号的采集门槛值设定为35 dB。开始测试前,用标准断铅试验对声发射信号数据采集系统进行标定。试验后采用Dreidtek公司制造的INNO-SCAN三维激光形貌扫描仪扫描岩样剪切断裂面。该扫描仪能够实现0.02 mm+0.04 mm/m的空间精度和0.025 mm的扫描精度,且具有1 300 000 measurement/sec的扫描速度和355 mm×375 mm的测量范围。
为了模拟不同埋深岩层的应力状态,试验设定了10,15,20,25 MPa共4个法向应力水平[20-22]。试验采用应力控制加载方式,单调加载和循环剪切加载试验均以0.4 kN/s的速率进行,循环加载波形为三角波。首先进行单调加载剪切试验,以确定循环加载的应力幅值水平。循环加载幅值∆K设置为对应法向应力下Fmax的10%[23]。依据单调加载试验岩样的峰值荷载Fmax确定出循环加载幅值∆K后,进行动态等幅循环直剪试验。应力路径如图3所示。10,15,20,25 MPa法向应力下的幅值∆K分别为6.7,7.2,8.4,10.2 kN,上限荷载增幅∆K1和下限荷载增幅∆K2均为1 kN。
试验前在岩样下端面施加1.1 MPa的氮气压力,上端接入数字气体流量计连通大气环境(一个标准大气压约0.1 MPa),以形成1 MPa的渗透压差。试验全程采用稳态法[24-25]测量岩样渗透率,使用与剪切模块上端出气口相接的气体流量计测定气体流量。渗透率k可由达西定律计算得到:
k=2μP0QL(P12P02)A
式中:μ为气体的动力黏度,氮气在常温下其值为1.771×10-5 Pa·s;Q为单位时间内气体通过试样横截面积A的流量(m3/s);L为试样长度(m);P0为标准大气压(MPa);P1为流体入口一端的压力(MPa)。
试验后使用扫描仪对岩样断裂面进行三维扫描,获取剪切破裂面形貌的3D点云数据,并对其进行三维重构。
图4给出了砂岩试样在10,15,20,25 MPa法向应力下剪应力、渗透率与剪切位移的关系。从图4可以看出,各法向应力下砂岩试样的剪应力–位移曲线与渗透率演化曲线具有相似的特征。剪应力–位移曲线表现出与三轴压缩试验近似的形态[26-27],而渗透率演化曲线都呈现先降低后增大的趋势。根据剪应力–剪切位移曲线的形态特征和渗透演化的规律,将剪应力–剪切位移曲线分为4个阶段。阶段I为裂纹闭合阶段,剪应力–剪切位移曲线呈略微上凹趋势,在加卸载作用下曲线存在明显的滞回环。剪切面的原生微裂隙和微孔隙随着剪应力的增大被压密,由裂隙和微孔隙构成的渗流路径闭合,渗透率逐渐降低。阶段II为近线性阶段,该阶段的剪应力–剪切位移曲线具有近似线性的特征,岩样在加卸载作用下发生弹性变形,滞回环逐渐闭合。被压密的微孔隙和微裂纹不发生明显的变化,渗透率缓慢降低。随着剪应力的增大,剪切面产生了少量裂纹,渗透率具有略微回升的趋势。阶段III为非线性阶段,剪应力–剪切位移曲线呈下弯型增长特征。剪切面在加卸载作用下发生塑性变形直至破坏,滞回环的间距相较于第2阶段变大。裂纹在这一阶段不断生成、扩展,损伤不断累积形成主剪切面,渗透率呈指数上升。阶段IV为峰后阶段,剪应力迅速跌落,试样形成宏观断裂面,各法向应力下试样都呈现出明显的脆性破坏特征。需要说明的是,由于加载方式采用应力控制,剪应力到达岩样抗剪强度后跌落的速度极快,并立刻停止加载。所以根据剪切模块底部活塞位移得到的峰后剪切位移并不完全准确。此外,由于应力跌落时间极短,时间不足以测得峰值剪应力点及应力跌落过程中的渗透率值,故将在加载停止后测得的渗透率峰值作为峰值剪应力点的渗透率。
为了进一步探明各法向应力下的渗透演化规律,统计了初始渗透率k0、近线性阶段的平均渗透率ka、峰值渗透率kmax,并计算了初始非线性阶段的渗透率下降速率PDRPDR定义为
PDR=k0k1D1
式中:k1为线性阶段测得的第一个渗透率,D1k1对应的剪切位移。
图5给出了k0kakmaxPDR与法向应力的关系。由图可知,随着法向应力的增大,所有的参数均呈减小趋势。k0的减小是由于在施加剪切荷载之前,法向应力的增大使构成渗流路径的岩样原生微裂隙和微孔隙得到进一步的压密。PDR的减小表明法向应力初始压密效果的提高限制了剪切荷载对岩样的进一步压密作用,但ka与法向应力的负相关关系表明剪切荷载依然会使岩样的压密程度增高。这是由于法向应力的增大导致了岩样近线性阶段起始剪应力与终止剪应力的增大。10~25 MPa法向应力下近线性阶段的起始与终止剪应力分别约为5.8与18.5,6.4与19.8,7.9与24.7,8.3与35.3 MPa,更高的剪应力水平使岩样在近线性阶段的压密程度更加充分。kmax的减小则表明法向应力增大会限制宏观贯通剪切面的导流能力。k0ka都处于“孔隙流”阶段,而kmax的结果在岩样断裂后测得,岩样的渗流已从“孔隙流”转变为宏观剪切面的“裂隙流”,法向应力的增大使宏观剪切面的水力开度降低,进而减小了渗透率。
声发射信号特征参数可得到声发射源的内在规律,进而推断出岩石内部变形行为和损伤特性[28-29]图6给出了不同法向应力作用下砂岩剪应力、振铃计数和累计振铃计数随加载时间的变化关系。由图可知,AE信号在每个法向应力下都表现出了相似的规律。在加载初始阶段,都有一小段的AE平静期,这一阶段处于节3.1所划分的裂纹闭合阶段初期,较低的应力水平导致的微孔隙、微裂隙接触面的摩擦和啮合作用不足以产生超过AE阈值的弹性波释放,致使AE信号的缺失。随着剪应力的增大,开始产生稀疏的低振铃计数AE信号。随后岩样进入近线性阶段,近线性阶段较高应力水平造成的微裂纹接触面的摩擦滑移和少量新生裂纹产生较多超过阈值的弹性波振幅,AE信号变得密集,振铃计数逐渐增加,累计振铃计数曲线的增长趋势较明显。在非线性阶段,剪切面裂纹的生成与扩展产生大量的AE信号,累计振铃计数表现出阶梯状的快速增长。在峰值应力点之前,声发射振铃计数突然增大并且达到最大值。值得注意的是,10,15,20,25 MPa法向应力下,AE信号的启动时间分别为74.7,182.1,305.7,600.8 s,对应的剪切应力为3.04,4.77,6.52,8.23 MPa。随着法向应力的增大,初始的声发射平静期也越长。这表明在施加荷载之前,法向应力的增大使岩样原生微孔隙与微裂隙已经得到压密,与此同时,增大的法向应力也使岩样的初期的剪切变形需要更大的剪应力,进而限制了微裂隙面的错动摩擦,致使AE信号的启动应力相应增大。
Kaiser效应和Felicity效应是岩石在循环加载过程中表现出的特性,可以较为直观地描述声发射活动,反映出岩石的阶段性损伤演化特征[30-31]。Kaiser效应指的是荷载大于之前所受最大载荷后才发生声发射的现象,Felicity效应指的是循环过程中到达之前所受最大载荷前即发生显著声发射的现象[32-33]。为了进一步分析法向应力对岩石损伤演化的影响,根据声发射参数的变化特征,引入Felicity Ratio(FR)[34-35]来评估岩石损伤状况,同时探讨砂岩存在的Kaiser效应和Felicity效应,其定义为
FRi=τiτi1max
式中:FRii个循环的Felicity比,τi为第i循环中显著出现AE信号时的剪应力值,τi1max为第i-1个循环的最大应力值。
根据定义,Kaiser效应只有在FRi≥1时才成立。Felicity效应在FRi<1时成立。FR值越小,表明岩石损伤或结构缺陷的严重程度越高[36]。在Felicity比的研究中,目前尚无统一的标准来界定何为“出现显著AE信号”。本研究参考J. Guo等[37]提出的跳跃点法,以累积AE振铃计数曲线中出现明显拐点时对应的应力水平为τiτi的选取点示意图如图7所示。
为了比较不同法向应力下岩样FR随循环次数的变化关系,对循环次数进行了归一化。归一化循环次数NOC,定义为第i个循环次数与总循环次数的比值。图8给出了不同法向应力作用下砂岩FRNOC的关系。从图中可以看出,各法向应力下岩石FR随着循环次数的增加而减小,表明岩石内部损伤程度逐渐在增大。循环剪切初期时FR值较大,岩石内部损伤程度较小,随着循环次数的增加,FR值逐渐减小,剪切面渐进损伤直至达到岩样抗剪强度。
为了进一步细化岩石的渐进损伤过程,根据FRNOC的变化规律,分为FR>1、FR接近1、FR<1三个阶段,分别对应岩石损伤程度的低、中、高。当NOC介于0~0.4范围时,岩石处于较低应力水平,各法向应力下FR值均大于1,表现出明显的Kaiser效应。此阶段岩样处于裂纹闭合阶段和近线性阶段前期,岩石的微观缺陷逐渐闭合。当NOC介于0.4~0.6范围时,岩样处于中等应力水平,各法向应力下FR值逐渐接近于1,仍表现为Kaiser效应。此阶段岩石处于近线性阶段中期至末期,裂纹少量产生,剪切面开始逐步损伤。当NOC在0.6~1范围时,岩石处于较高应力水平,各法向应力试样FR值均小于1,表现出明显的Felicity效应。此阶段为岩样的非线性阶段,裂纹开始大量生成与扩展,剪切面的损伤逐渐累积,直至形成宏观断裂面。值得注意的是,不同法向应力下岩石出现Felicity效应时,对应的剪应力与峰值剪应力之比分别为80.12%(10 MPa),75.14%(15 MPa),72.64%(20 MPa)和70.90%(25 MPa)。由此可见,随着法向应力的增大,岩石更容易达到Felicity效应的条件,并且损伤程度也越大。这一现象与Z. Q. Hou等[38-39]研究围压对岩石FR值影响得出的结论一致。其原因在于,法向应力增大使得试样需要更大的剪应力水平才能破坏。随着循环次数增多,剪切面应力集中程度增大,从而导致更严重的损伤[40]
岩石断裂形态是损伤累积的结果,记录了岩样的不可逆变形和微裂纹从萌生、发展到最终破裂的渐进损伤信息[41]图9给出了不同法向应力下试样断裂面实拍图与三维等高线图。图中Y轴为剪切方向,X轴为剪切方向的法向,Z轴为断裂面轮廓采样点到基准面的距离。基准面定义为岩样与扫描台的接触点沿直径向上25 mm处。Z轴的正值表征形貌凸起,负值表征形貌凹陷。需要说明的是,由于断裂岩样为半圆柱体,放置于扫描台后会有轻微的倾斜,故使用MATLAB对点云数据进行了矫正。从图9可以看出,不同的法向应力下,断裂面具有不同的形态特征。断裂岩样的实拍照片显示,在10,15 MPa法向应力下,岩样的断裂形态具有明显的“弯折”特征(图中描绘的红色虚线),而20法向应力下,岩样断裂地更为“平直”。虽然25 MPa法向应力的试样断裂面具有局部“弯折”特征,但其范围很小,从其三维重构图来看,断面大面积的中部区域仍然具有“平直”特征。这种断裂形貌上这种“弯折”到“平直”的转变,可能是岩样从拉伸主导断裂转变为剪切主导断裂造成的[42-43]
为了定量描述形态特征的差异,引入断裂面算术平均高度Sa.h和标准差Std.hSa.h为采样点到基准面距离绝对值的平均值,能够表征断裂面起伏体偏离基准面的情况[44]Std.h为采样点到基准面距离绝对值的标准差,对高度值大小较为敏感,能够直观地反映出断裂面形态的离散程度[45],两参数的表达式为
Sa.h=1mni=1mj=1n|Zij|
Std.h=1mni=1mj=1n|Zij|Sa.h2
式中:mn为选定区域互相垂直的2个方向上的采样点数;Z为采样点到基准面的距离。
砂岩断裂面Sa.hStd.h与法向应力的关系如图10所示,可以看出,断裂面表面形态参数均随着法向应力的增大而减小。Sa.h值的减小表明法向应力增大使岩样断裂面起伏体的高度在整体上更接近于基准面;Std.h值的降低说明起伏体高度的离散性降低,断面变得相对平整。因此,较大的法向应力会产生较为平整的破裂面。这C. X. Zhang等[46]研究围压对岩石断面形态参数Sa.hStd.h的影响所得出的结论一致。
为了量化断裂面的粗糙度,N. Barton等[47-48]提出了节理粗糙度系数(JRC),该系数在随后的几十年中得到了广泛的发展[49-51]。根据如图7所示的断裂面形貌,沿X轴方向从起始点以1 mm的固定距离均匀提取50条断裂线。采用基于一阶导数均方根(Z2)[52-53]计算的二维断裂线JRC的平均值来表征断裂面的粗糙度,二维断裂线JRC的表达式为
JRC=32.2+32.47lgZ2
式中:Z2为断裂轮廓线坡度的一阶导数的均方根,Z2的表达式为
Z2=[1Mi=1M(zi+1ziyi+1yi)2]
式中:yi为沿断裂线长度方向的坐标值,zi为断裂线高度的坐标值,M为取样点数。
图11给出了各法向应力下的2个断裂面的JRC值以及拟合线。从图中可以看出,随着法向应力的增大,JRC值呈线性降低的关系,表明法向应力越大,岩样断裂面的粗糙度越低,与Sa.hStd.h值表述的断裂面平整程度相对应。
宏观断裂面的粗糙度受岩样受力模式及微观破裂机制控制。从受力角度来看,法向应力较低时岩石的剪切断裂呈现张拉破坏模式,有效拉应力偏离强制剪切面,造成断裂路径的曲折。法向应力增大使断裂模式向剪切断裂转变,而有效剪应力沿着强制剪切面,使断裂路径更为平直[42]。从微观角度看,砂岩作为沉积岩,其微观破裂主要分为2种类型[54]:(1)沿晶裂纹引起的矿物晶体脱离;(2)穿晶裂纹造成的矿物晶体断裂。沿晶裂纹沿着岩石基质与矿物颗粒的边界产生,扩展路径曲折。穿晶裂纹则直接穿透矿物颗粒,扩展路径平直。由于岩石基质强度通常低于其矿物颗粒强度,穿晶裂纹起裂所需能量相比沿晶裂纹更大,相应地,其释放的应变能也更高[55]。根据节3.1所述,随着法向应力的增大,岩样近线性阶段结束时的应力水平越高,这也意味着裂纹大量生成的非线性阶段的起始应力水平越高。法向应力较低时,对裂纹径向扩展路径的限制有限,在较低应力水平的循环荷载作用下,剪应力的卸载过程给了裂纹尖端应力场充分的调整时间,裂纹沿着低耗能路径优先扩展,产生更多的沿晶裂纹。在渐进损伤的过程中,裂纹的扩展路径曲折,造成高粗糙度的断裂面。随着法向应力的增大,岩样破坏所需的应力水平也越高。岩样的断裂过程表现出的Felicity效应越显著。在系统输入大量能量的情况下,卸载过程的应力场调整不足以缓解高剪应力产生的更大程度的应力集中,促进了穿晶裂纹的生成。与此同时,更高的法向应力会限制裂纹路径向径向的延伸,使其更贴近主剪切面。主剪切面的裂纹以更平直的方式扩展,造成低粗糙度的断裂面。
岩石的破裂是微裂纹萌生、形核、扩展直至丧失承载能力的渐进损伤过程[56]。微裂纹的形核与裂纹的扩展密切相关,形核产生局部损伤带,随着外部荷载的增大,局部损伤带会逐渐扩展为大裂隙,最终造成岩石的断裂[57-58]。在岩石的压致破裂过程中,由于岩石的非均质性,微裂纹的萌生往往随机分布,在微裂纹达到一定密度后才会相互影响并形核,形核的位置不明确[59]。C. L. Wang等[60]通过AE事件的三维聚类结果,实现了花岗岩单轴压缩裂纹形核过程的可视化,发现在相同的试验材料和受力状态下,裂纹形核体的位置和尺寸也不相同。
相比于压缩试验,直接剪切试验有高度集中的变形带,即剪切带。岩石的剪切断裂是剪切带微裂纹的形核和发展导致的。因此岩石在剪切过程中微裂纹形核的位置是比较确定的。Y. X. Liu等[61-64]对不同种类岩石的直剪试验和数值模拟表明,岩石在加载前期大致会在试样中部形成应变集中,随着应力的增大,裂纹在应变核部位形核,并沿着剪切面扩展,最终发生剪切断裂。根据这一渐进损伤过程,图12给出了不同法向应力下岩石直剪过程中损伤演化的概念性推测。图12(a)和(b)分别表示低法向应力条件和高法向应力条件,①~⑥为剪切过程的不同阶段;椭圆形空白代表岩样的原生裂隙,黑色线段代表裂纹,加粗的黑色曲线表征宏观断裂路径。在剪切荷载施加之前,更高的法向应力会使岩样的原生裂隙进一步闭合(见图12中①)。随着循环荷载的施加,原生裂隙逐渐压密(见图12中②)。值得注意的是,在图12中②的示意图中,岩样右半侧的裂隙闭合程度比左半侧高,这是由于加载杆位于岩样的右上端,岩样的右半侧直接受荷载作用。由于砂岩的孔隙度相对较高,在荷载作用下岩样的右半侧优先压密,左半侧的反作用力则被弱化。在岩样进入近线性阶段后,岩样优先在中部产生少量裂纹(见图12中③),随后裂纹在非线性阶段前期大致在岩样的中部形核(见图12中④)。裂纹在非线性阶段中期沿剪切面扩展(见图12中⑤),由于法向应力的增大,裂纹的扩展被限制在剪切面附近,因此高法向应力条件下岩样形成的主剪切面比低法向应力条件要窄(图中虚线框所示)。此外,由于高水平的剪应力作用,高法向应力试样主剪切面的损伤程度要比低法向应力试样大。非线性阶段后期,裂纹在主剪切面继续扩展,直至岩样断裂(见图12中⑥)。根据节3.3的断裂面形貌分析,高法向应力试样在裂纹扩展的过程中会产生更多的穿晶断裂,因此图12中⑥的宏观断裂路径,低法向应力试样要比高法向应力试样更曲折。
节3.1所示的渗透率演化结果显示,在试样剪切的全过程中,高法向应力试样的渗透率始终小于低法向应力试样。加载全过程的渗透率演化是“孔隙流”到“裂隙流”的过程。FR值的结果表明高法向应力条件下砂岩具有更显著的Felicity效应,损伤程度更高。但在“孔隙流”阶段,尽管更高程度的损伤会促进渗透率增加,但高法向应力对微裂纹的压密闭合作用所导致的渗流空间减小对渗透率的抑制作用更为显著,因而整体上呈渗透率的降低。峰值渗透率在试样断裂后测得,此时试样已形成宏观断裂面。试样的渗透率主要由裂隙面粗糙度和裂隙间空间决定[65]。大量研究表明,裂隙面粗糙度的降低能减小断裂面的渗流阻力,提高其导流能力[66-69]。这是由于平整的断裂面减少了因渗流路径曲折而引起的湍流、局部收缩与扩张,从而降低了能量损失。虽然本研究试样的断裂面粗糙度随着法向应力的增大而降低,但试样的渗透率仍减小。林志南等[2770-71]的剪切–渗流试验也得到了剪切断裂面的渗流能力随法向应力增大而降低的结果。这表明法向应力增大所导致的裂隙面水力开度降低对渗透率的限制作用大于粗糙度降低带来的促进作用。然而,本研究及林志南等[2770-71]开展的剪切–渗流试验都以10 MPa法向应力作为起始法向应力,该法向应力下对微裂纹及宏观裂隙空间的弥合作用可能过大,致使裂纹扩展过程中的高损伤特性与岩样断裂后的低粗糙度断裂面对渗流的促进作用极不明显。彭守建等[72]在0.2,1和2 MPa的低法向应力条件下进行了完整砂岩的剪切–渗流耦合试验,其研究结果表明即使在低法向应力条件下,法向应力增大仍会降低岩样剪切全过程的渗流能力,证明了法向应力增大对岩石渗透率的绝对抑制作用。
本文采用改进的三轴剪切装置对红砂岩试样进行了10,15,20,25 MPa四个法向应力下的动态等幅循环剪切试验。在试验过程中实时测定砂岩渗透率,并同步采集AE信号,试验后使用3D激光扫描仪扫描断裂面形貌。主要得出以下主要结论:
(1)砂岩在直剪过程中的渗透率呈“逐步降低→缓慢降低→略微回升→指数增大”的阶段性演化趋势。法向应力的升高促进了岩样原生微裂隙和微孔隙的压密,导致岩样初始渗透率和近线性阶段渗透率的降低,并在岩样断裂后抑制宏观裂隙面的导流能力,使峰值渗透率下降。
(2)法向应力增大导致AE信号启动时间的延迟。岩样在循环剪切过程中,Felicity Ratio(FR)随归一化循环次数(NOC)的变化分为低损伤(FR>1)、中等损伤(FR接近1)和高损伤(FR<1)三阶段。相对于低法向应力条件,高法向应力试样更早进入高损伤阶段,且随着NOC的增加,岩样表现出更显著的Felicity效应。
(3)法向应力增大使砂岩断裂面形态由“弯折”向“平直”转变,断裂模式从拉伸主导型转变为剪切主导型。表面形态参数Sa.hStd.h及节理粗糙度系数JRC均随法向应力增加而减小,表明断面起伏度和粗糙度的降低,断裂面趋于平整。微观上,高法向应力促进穿晶裂纹发育,裂纹扩展路径更平直。与此同时,高法向应力下裂纹扩展被约束在主剪切面附近,损伤累积更集中,形成低粗糙度的宏观断裂面。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42107208)
  • 四川省自然科学基金面上项目(2024NSFSC0099)
  • 中国铁建股份有限公司科技重大专项(2024–W24)
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2026年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0595
  • 接收时间:2025-08-20
  • 首发时间:2026-06-18
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-20
  • 修回日期:2025-10-01
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42107208)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(42107208)
Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2024NSFSC0099)
四川省自然科学基金面上项目(2024NSFSC0099)
Science and Technology Major Special Project of China Railway Construction Corporation Limited(2024–W24)
中国铁建股份有限公司科技重大专项(2024–W24)
作者信息
    1.中铁第一勘察设计院集团有限公司 极端环境岩土和隧道工程智能建养全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710043
    2.西安建筑科技大学 土木工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
    3.成都理工大学 地质灾害防治与地质环境保护全国重点实验室,四川 成都 610059
    4.西南交通大学 极端环境岩土和隧道工程智能建养全国重点实验室,四川 成都 610031

通讯作者:

* 贺思悦(1992–),现任工程师,主要从事隧道设计方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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