Article(id=1274300286931903051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0332, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747584000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-19, revisedDate=1758556800000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1781746463759, onlineDateStr=2026-06-18, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781746463759, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781746463759, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781746463759, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1274300092707266809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, year='2026', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='321', pageEnd='638', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781746417452, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781746463571, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1274300286466335306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1274300286466335307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=449, endPage=465, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1274300287372304973, articleId=1274300286931903051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, language=EN, title=Micro-tilting deformation behavior of tension-fractured hazardous rock mass preceding collapse under gravity, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To elucidate the precursory tilt deformation patterns of tension-fractured hazardous rock masses under gravitational loading, this study conceptualizes the collapse process as subcritical propagation under stress corrosion, utilizing a bending Mode-I fracture model. A time-dependent evolution equation for tilt deformation is derived, and the theoretical characteristics of tilting behavior are examined. Based on the principles of micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) gravity accelerometry, a method for monitoring the cumulative tilt angle along the primary tilting direction is established using spatial vector angles. A physical model test simulating the collapse of such rock masses under predominantly gravitational loading is designed and conducted, with the resulting tilt deformation behavior analyzed. Additionally, high-low temperature tests are performed to calibrate MEMS tilt sensor drift, and automated field monitoring is implemented to capture time-series variation patterns of tilt angles during collapse events. Comprehensive analysis indicates that precursory tilt deformation transitions from a constant-rate phase to an accelerating phase. However, due to subcritical crack propagation within a heterogeneous medium, localized step-like fluctuations occur during the constant-rate stage, while trend alterations manifest during acceleration. A power-law relationship is identified between the tilt rate and its acceleration prior to collapse. Based on this relationship, a collapse time prediction equation utilizing the inverse of the tilt rate is proposed, and the predictive efficacy of both linear and nonlinear formulations is evaluated. These findings support the application of tilt-sensing technology in monitoring and early warning systems for rock collapse.

, correspAuthors=Mowen XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* XIE Mowen (1965–), professor, is engaged in slope disaster prevention and mitigation. E-mail:
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为探明拉裂型危岩体在重力主导作用下的崩塌前兆倾斜变形规律,首先将危岩体崩塌演化过程概化为受弯I型断裂模型在应力腐蚀作用下的亚临界扩展过程,构建倾斜变形时效演化方程,分析倾斜变形理论规律。此外,基于微机电系统(micro-electro-mechanical system,MEMS)重力加速度测试原理,建立基于空间矢量夹角的危岩体主倾斜方向累积倾斜角度监测方法,设计并实现重力主导作用下拉裂型危岩体崩塌物理模型监测试验,分析倾斜变形试验规律。进一步利用高低温试验对MEMS倾斜传感器进行温度漂移校正分析,并通过拉裂型危岩体崩塌现场自动化监测,得到倾斜角度的时序变化规律。综合分析表明:拉裂型危岩体临崩倾斜变形由“(近)匀速”向“(加)加速”转变,但受裂隙亚临界扩展路径的非均质介质影响,匀速变形阶段会出现“局部阶跃”,加速变形阶段会出现“趋势更新”。拉裂型危岩体临崩加速过程中倾斜变形速率与加速率呈现显著幂函数关系,进而提出倾斜速率倒数崩塌时间预测方程,并明晰了线性与非线性方程的预测效果。研究成果有助于应用倾斜传感技术进行崩塌监测预警研判。

, correspAuthors=谢谟文, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 谢谟文(1965–),现任教授,主要从事边坡工程防灾减灾方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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HE Zheng (1995–), assistant research fellow, is engaged in monitoring and early warning of unstable rock mass on slopes. E-mail:

贺铮(1995–),现任助理研究员,主要从事危岩崩塌监测预警方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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HE Zheng (1995–), assistant research fellow, is engaged in monitoring and early warning of unstable rock mass on slopes. E-mail:

贺铮(1995–),现任助理研究员,主要从事危岩崩塌监测预警方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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HE Zheng (1995–), assistant research fellow, is engaged in monitoring and early warning of unstable rock mass on slopes. E-mail:

贺铮(1995–),现任助理研究员,主要从事危岩崩塌监测预警方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=CN, label=Fig.9, caption=Dimensions of physical models of 3 groups of dangerous rock masses diagram(unit:cm), figureFileSmall=cpvnqpWxH/xlgXnod4QxJA==, figureFileBig=ihMXuPUFOwxfEheajza5Jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368942512595018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=b/6aJ9UBz/3I5oPJ87s63Q==, figureFileBig=BPbMjo5i6eMf378MvzkaVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368942583898187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=CN, label=Fig.10, caption=Accumulated tilt angle monitoring curves of hazardous rock masses in model tests, figureFileSmall=b/6aJ9UBz/3I5oPJ87s63Q==, figureFileBig=BPbMjo5i6eMf378MvzkaVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368942709727308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=AOxvRN5wR06t51qK4/QXQA==, figureFileBig=t4ksPi3ZFYEokTuYg3JVYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368942785224781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=CN, label=Fig.11, caption=Monitoring curves of the accelerated tilting process near collapse in model tests, figureFileSmall=AOxvRN5wR06t51qK4/QXQA==, figureFileBig=t4ksPi3ZFYEokTuYg3JVYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368942843945038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=JxXItL7ldz+pIftVu2OOkA==, figureFileBig=s+bzTQfhl/TvhIrwo5zzyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368942915248207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=CN, label=Fig.12, caption=The tilt rate and tilt acceleration rate fitting 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diagram of the components of high and low temperature test chamber, figureFileSmall=KWFeB3xhzb4C8cbZqkZwuQ==, figureFileBig=t5XkZA+FHe8wB4t+d22dJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368943783469146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=u4bjJG68MO4C1y2yqGUtPQ==, figureFileBig=vHkBzLkuZTixov/FWRJUdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368943850578011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=CN, label=Fig.18, caption=Correlation curves between tilt angle and temperature data, figureFileSmall=u4bjJG68MO4C1y2yqGUtPQ==, figureFileBig=vHkBzLkuZTixov/FWRJUdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368943968018524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+XcbqNYogfzwv2BtVjzvcA==, 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figureFileBig=e6p5DbvJbL7PqEWelO6+yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368944232259680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=gJUlmkIzkpIDP6bzNIhn4Q==, figureFileBig=2A0ebu+gL04HYtNCwTKpfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368944303562849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=CN, label=Fig.21, caption=Pictures of the collapse site, figureFileSmall=gJUlmkIzkpIDP6bzNIhn4Q==, figureFileBig=2A0ebu+gL04HYtNCwTKpfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368944412614754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=EveH8BwrQc9nWgkk51v5XQ==, figureFileBig=BY40STvcVMAWaxoVlyvW8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368944483917923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=CN, label=Fig.22, caption=Monitoring curve of the tilt angle of hazardous rock mass on site, figureFileSmall=EveH8BwrQc9nWgkk51v5XQ==, figureFileBig=BY40STvcVMAWaxoVlyvW8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368944551026788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2Br8yuXb7YfhWLiwWuQRUA==, figureFileBig=c7IqEh2xI8Ew9VgJscyjrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368944622329957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=CN, label=Fig.23, caption=The tilt rate and tilt acceleration rate fitting curve near collapse on site, figureFileSmall=2Br8yuXb7YfhWLiwWuQRUA==, figureFileBig=c7IqEh2xI8Ew9VgJscyjrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368944689438822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=EN, label=null, 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figureFileSmall=JW5Kor1+6aLcZfu2arSWBg==, figureFileBig=X0GP2ldUYe220bK6LktqZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368945008205930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=QoYMEl+CtTVequrNJwFTWg==, figureFileBig=MKtV14f0uHG8/O8qfBQJhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368945075314795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=CN, label=Fig.26, caption=Fitting curves of reciprocal tilt rate, figureFileSmall=QoYMEl+CtTVequrNJwFTWg==, figureFileBig=MKtV14f0uHG8/O8qfBQJhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368945226309740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Height of hazardous rock H/mThickness of hazardous rock L/mInitial crack penetration ratio λ0Density of hazardous rock ρ/(kg·m3)Fracture toughness KIC/(106 Pa·m1/2)Elastic modulus E/(109 Pa)Poisson's ratio νCrack propagation rate constant A/(105 m·s1)Stress corrosion constant n
330.672 4502.33.70.2825
), ArticleFig(id=1274368945310195821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Macro and micro parameters in theoretical example

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Height of hazardous rock H/mThickness of hazardous rock L/mInitial crack penetration ratio λ0Density of hazardous rock ρ/(kg·m3)Fracture toughness KIC/(106 Pa·m1/2)Elastic modulus E/(109 Pa)Poisson's ratio νCrack propagation rate constant A/(105 m·s1)Stress corrosion constant n
330.672 4502.33.70.2825
), ArticleFig(id=1274368945398276206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Range/(°)Accuracy/(°)Operating temperature/℃Sampling frequency/Hz
0~45±0.003-30~700~1 000
), ArticleFig(id=1274368945477967983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters of experimental MEMS tilt sensor

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Range/(°)Accuracy/(°)Operating temperature/℃Sampling frequency/Hz
0~45±0.003-30~700~1 000
), ArticleFig(id=1274368945595408496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MaterialMass ratio
Quartz sand6.000
Barite powder4.000
Gypsum1.000
Water2.000
Glycerol0.300
Retarder0.002
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Mix proportions of similar materials

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MaterialMass ratio
Quartz sand6.000
Barite powder4.000
Gypsum1.000
Water2.000
Glycerol0.300
Retarder0.002
), ArticleFig(id=1274368945754792050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MaterialDensity/(g·cm3)Tensile strength/MPaTensile strength softening coefficientCompressive strength/MPaCompressive strength softening coefficientElastic modulus/GPaPoisson's ratioCohesion/MPaInternal friction angle/(°)
Average of prototype rock2.8467.790.6089.890.6733.070.1723.18740.68
Average of similar material2.8290.120.681.010.710.280.260.19050.00
), ArticleFig(id=1274368945821900915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=CN, label=Table 4, caption=

Mechanical properties of similar materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MaterialDensity/(g·cm3)Tensile strength/MPaTensile strength softening coefficientCompressive strength/MPaCompressive strength softening coefficientElastic modulus/GPaPoisson's ratioCohesion/MPaInternal friction angle/(°)
Average of prototype rock2.8467.790.6089.890.6733.070.1723.18740.68
Average of similar material2.8290.120.681.010.710.280.260.19050.00
), ArticleFig(id=1274368945914175604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Test groupHazardous rock sizeHazardous rock mass/kgDuration of collapse evolution/min
Height/cmWidth/cmThickness/cmInitial crack depth/cmOverhang section length/cm
13020282125156556
21812246,13.524472 793
31812158,1415261 189
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Physical model experiment group statistical table

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Test groupHazardous rock sizeHazardous rock mass/kgDuration of collapse evolution/min
Height/cmWidth/cmThickness/cmInitial crack depth/cmOverhang section length/cm
13020282125156556
21812246,13.524472 793
31812158,1415261 189
), ArticleFig(id=1274368946153250934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Resolution/(°)Standard condition accuracy/(°)Field accuracy/(°)Range/(°)
0.001±0.01*±0.3(-30 ℃~70 ℃)
±0.1(5 ℃~35 ℃)
0~90
), ArticleFig(id=1274368946220359799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=CN, label=Table 6, caption=

“Microchip pile 2.8 type”sensor tilt parameters

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Resolution/(°)Standard condition accuracy/(°)Field accuracy/(°)Range/(°)
0.001±0.01*±0.3(-30 ℃~70 ℃)
±0.1(5 ℃~35 ℃)
0~90
), ArticleFig(id=1274368946295857272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Equation typeFitting prediction error
Theoretical example/hModel test/minField monitoring/hRemarks
Nonlinear equation0.82.1-1.2Positive values indicate a tendency towards danger
Linear equation-2.3-7.7-6.8
), ArticleFig(id=1274368946417492089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300286931903051, language=CN, label=Table 7, caption=

Comparison of prediction results between linear and nonlinear equations

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Equation typeFitting prediction error
Theoretical example/hModel test/minField monitoring/hRemarks
Nonlinear equation0.82.1-1.2Positive values indicate a tendency towards danger
Linear equation-2.3-7.7-6.8
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重力主导作用下拉裂型边坡危岩体临崩微倾斜变形规律研究
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贺铮 1 , 谢谟文 2, * , 赵晨 2
岩石力学与工程学报 | 理论与试验研究 2026,45(2): 449-465
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岩石力学与工程学报 | 理论与试验研究 2026, 45(2): 449-465
重力主导作用下拉裂型边坡危岩体临崩微倾斜变形规律研究
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贺铮1 , 谢谟文2, * , 赵晨2
作者信息
  • 1.应急管理部国家自然灾害防治研究院,北京 100085
  • 2.北京科技大学 资源与安全工程学院,北京 100083
  • HE Zheng (1995–), assistant research fellow, is engaged in monitoring and early warning of unstable rock mass on slopes. E-mail:

    贺铮(1995–),现任助理研究员,主要从事危岩崩塌监测预警方面的研究工作。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 谢谟文(1965–),现任教授,主要从事边坡工程防灾减灾方面的研究工作。E-mail:
Micro-tilting deformation behavior of tension-fractured hazardous rock mass preceding collapse under gravity
Zheng HE1 , Mowen XIE2, * , Chen ZHAO2
Affiliations
  • 1.National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China
  • 2.School of Resources and Safety Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0332
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为探明拉裂型危岩体在重力主导作用下的崩塌前兆倾斜变形规律,首先将危岩体崩塌演化过程概化为受弯I型断裂模型在应力腐蚀作用下的亚临界扩展过程,构建倾斜变形时效演化方程,分析倾斜变形理论规律。此外,基于微机电系统(micro-electro-mechanical system,MEMS)重力加速度测试原理,建立基于空间矢量夹角的危岩体主倾斜方向累积倾斜角度监测方法,设计并实现重力主导作用下拉裂型危岩体崩塌物理模型监测试验,分析倾斜变形试验规律。进一步利用高低温试验对MEMS倾斜传感器进行温度漂移校正分析,并通过拉裂型危岩体崩塌现场自动化监测,得到倾斜角度的时序变化规律。综合分析表明:拉裂型危岩体临崩倾斜变形由“(近)匀速”向“(加)加速”转变,但受裂隙亚临界扩展路径的非均质介质影响,匀速变形阶段会出现“局部阶跃”,加速变形阶段会出现“趋势更新”。拉裂型危岩体临崩加速过程中倾斜变形速率与加速率呈现显著幂函数关系,进而提出倾斜速率倒数崩塌时间预测方程,并明晰了线性与非线性方程的预测效果。研究成果有助于应用倾斜传感技术进行崩塌监测预警研判。

边坡工程  /  拉裂型危岩体  /  倾斜变形  /  亚临界裂隙扩展  /  崩塌模型试验  /  现场监测  /  MEMS倾斜传感器

To elucidate the precursory tilt deformation patterns of tension-fractured hazardous rock masses under gravitational loading, this study conceptualizes the collapse process as subcritical propagation under stress corrosion, utilizing a bending Mode-I fracture model. A time-dependent evolution equation for tilt deformation is derived, and the theoretical characteristics of tilting behavior are examined. Based on the principles of micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) gravity accelerometry, a method for monitoring the cumulative tilt angle along the primary tilting direction is established using spatial vector angles. A physical model test simulating the collapse of such rock masses under predominantly gravitational loading is designed and conducted, with the resulting tilt deformation behavior analyzed. Additionally, high-low temperature tests are performed to calibrate MEMS tilt sensor drift, and automated field monitoring is implemented to capture time-series variation patterns of tilt angles during collapse events. Comprehensive analysis indicates that precursory tilt deformation transitions from a constant-rate phase to an accelerating phase. However, due to subcritical crack propagation within a heterogeneous medium, localized step-like fluctuations occur during the constant-rate stage, while trend alterations manifest during acceleration. A power-law relationship is identified between the tilt rate and its acceleration prior to collapse. Based on this relationship, a collapse time prediction equation utilizing the inverse of the tilt rate is proposed, and the predictive efficacy of both linear and nonlinear formulations is evaluated. These findings support the application of tilt-sensing technology in monitoring and early warning systems for rock collapse.

slope engineering  /  tension-fractured rock mass  /  tilt deformation  /  subcritical crack propagation  /  collapse model test  /  field monitoring  /  MEMS tilt sensor
贺铮, 谢谟文, 赵晨. 重力主导作用下拉裂型边坡危岩体临崩微倾斜变形规律研究. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2026 , 45 (2) : 449 -465 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0332
Zheng HE, Mowen XIE, Chen ZHAO. Micro-tilting deformation behavior of tension-fractured hazardous rock mass preceding collapse under gravity[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2026 , 45 (2) : 449 -465 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0332
拉裂型危岩体是我国广泛分布的危岩体类型[1],其后缘发育陡倾张拉裂隙,在重力作用下,岩体裂隙逐渐损伤发展[2],最终往往发生突发性崩塌,进而可能造成地质灾害。现阶段,变形是拉裂型危岩体最主要的监测内容,揭示崩塌前兆变形规律是实现灾害精准预警的关键。
拉裂型危岩体往往具有脆性破坏特征,长期蠕变变形缓慢微小[3],但失稳崩塌快速短暂[3],崩塌前兆变形规律研究难度较大。由于拉裂型危岩体的稳定性受拉张区控制[4],其蠕变过程可参考岩石的拉伸蠕变行为:周德培[5]指出岩石在单轴拉伸下的加速蠕变持续时间可能很短,甚至难以观察;陈有亮和孙 钧[6]从岩石断裂角度指出岩石在初始应力强度因子小于断裂韧度的情况下也会发生持续的拉伸蠕变形直至断裂;R. H. C. Wong与K. T. Chua[7]观察到了岩梁试件加载的初始–稳态–加速蠕变过程,指出蠕变过程伴随着裂隙尖端持续的微裂纹亚临界扩展现象。从岩石力学研究可推断,重力作用下拉裂型危岩体可能具有短暂的加速蠕变阶段,且受裂隙时效扩展的控制。
此外,在拉裂型危岩体变形监测研究方面,国内外学者普遍采用地面激光雷达遥测方法进行定期监测:A. Abellán等[8]借助激光扫描定期监测技术,发现拉裂型危岩体在崩落前的厘米级变形;M. J. Royán等[9]进一步通过该技术发现了危岩体在临近破坏前的位移指数呈加速趋势;E. Rowe等[10]分析了207次落石事件的临崩变形行为,指出激光扫描可实现33%危岩体变形前兆识别,并发现倾斜变形常见于具有陡倾裂隙的危岩体;H. B. Li等[11]通过分析激光点云旋转平移解算分析,发现拉裂型危岩体的倾斜行为是变形的重要特征。总的来说,拉裂型危岩体崩塌前可能具有可测的加速倾斜变形行为。但由于激光扫描技术数据处理流程繁琐,假设条件苛刻,难以实现倾斜变形的自动化实时监测。
值得注意的是,随着微机电系统(micro-electro- mechanical system,MEMS)技术的发展,有关学者尝试利用简易高效的MEMS技术进行边坡倾斜变形监测研究。日本学者T. Uchimura等[12]早期提出利用MEMS倾斜角度传感器监测土体表面倾斜异常行为作为边坡的预警信号,近几年来,MEMS倾斜监测技术多应用于滑坡监测研究[13-14]。由于MEMS传感器具有精度高且价格经济的特点,显著降低了预警系统的构建成本,结合低功耗无线通信技术,能够使安装部署与后期维护较传统有线传感方式更为便捷,同时提升了数据传输的效率和可靠性,相较传统位移监测,其更加适配具有倾斜变形特征的危岩体[15]。现阶段,MEMS倾斜监测技术也已逐渐尝试应用于我国拉裂型危岩体的监测预警,然而鲜有拉裂型危岩体临崩过程中倾斜变形规律的研究文献,现有研究尚难支撑准确的预警研判。
为此,本文以拉裂型危岩体倾斜变形作为研究切入点,结合裂隙时效扩展过程倾斜变形的理论解析、基于MEMS倾斜传感技术的崩塌物理模型监测试验与崩塌现场自动化监测研究,对拉裂型危岩体临崩倾斜变形阶段演化特征进行了深入分析,得到了崩塌前兆规律与预测模型,研究成果对于危岩崩塌的预警预测具有积极的指导意义。
为了深入理解拉裂型危岩体倾斜变形规律,首先进行理论解析研究。由于危岩体崩塌破坏本质上是主控裂隙的断裂扩展[16],这里把危岩崩塌演化过程概化为含边缘裂隙的岩石蠕变断裂过程,由于拉裂型危岩体的稳定性一般受最大拉应力控制[4],这里忽略剪应力的作用,将危岩体概化为受弯I型断裂模式[17],根据拉裂型危岩体的受力特征,建立如图1所示的简化二维力学模型,图中,H为高度(m),L为厚度(m),x为主控裂隙长度(m),m为质量(kg),g为重力加速度(m/s2),σmax为岩桥截面最大正(拉)应力,θ为裂隙张开角(rad)。
根据线弹性断裂力学原理,岩体裂端应力强度因子KI达到或超过其临界值KIC时,裂隙将以接近介质中声速的传播速度扩展,而在长期荷载作用下,当KI远小于KIC时,裂隙仍能有一个准静态扩展过程,这种现象被称为亚临界裂隙扩展[18]。大量岩石力学试验研究已经证实,裂隙的灾变性扩展通常是在亚临界扩展之后发生的,并发现了张拉型(I型)裂隙扩展速率与裂隙尖端应力强度因子之间的关系符合Charles幂率[18-23],可由下式表示:
dxdt=A(KIKIC)n
式中:KIC为断裂韧度(Pa·m1/2),A为裂隙扩展速率常数(m/s),n为应力腐蚀常数,x为主控裂隙长度,t为时间。
根据应力强度因子手册[24],裂纹尖端应力强度因子KI(Pa·m1/2)由下式表示:
KI=σmaxπxF1(λ)
其中,
λ=xH
F1(λ)=1.1221.4λ+7.33λ213.08λ3+14λ4
σmax=3ρgL2H
式中:λ为裂隙贯通比,F1(λ)为理论校正函数[24]ρ为危岩密度(kg/m3)。
将式(2)~(5)代入式(1)中整理可得到:
dλdt=A(σmaxπKIC)nHn22[F2(λ)]n
式中:dλ/dt为裂隙贯通比变化速率(s-1);F2(λ)为理论校正函数,表示如下[24]
F2(λ)=1.122λ0.51.4λ1.5+7.33λ2.5             13.08λ3.5+14λ4.5
为了使式(6)可积且尽可能避免对计算结果趋势与精度的影响,将多项式函数F2(λ)改写成在[0,1]自变量范围内函数值拟合优度为0.98的幂函数F2(λ)
F2(λ)=7.396λ3.192
将式(8)代入式(7)进行替换,并用t = 0,λ=λ0的初始条件进行常微分方程求解,则可得到裂隙贯通比的时变模型:
λ(t)=[μ7.396nA(σMπKIC)nHn22t+λ0μ]1μ
式中:λ0为初始贯通比,μ=13.192n
另外,断裂力学模型裂隙张开角θ(°)与裂隙贯通比之间的关系方程,可由下式近似表示:
θ=180π4σmax(1ν2)EF3(λ)
式中:E为岩石弹性模量(Pa),ν为泊松比,F3(λ)为理论矫正函数,由下式[24]表示:
F3(λ)=0.81.7λ+2.4λ2+0.66(1λ)2
结合式(9),(10),以危岩体裂隙张开角作为其倾斜变形表征参量,则可得到拉裂型危岩体倾斜变形时变演化断裂力学模型,由下式表示:
θ(t)=180π4σmax(1ν2)EF3{λ(t)}
该模型蕴含了重力主导作用下拉裂型危岩体崩塌成因的2个主要特征:(1)重力作用由恒弯矩所反映,该恒弯矩由重力产生;(2)风化作用由裂端应力腐蚀所反映。
在确定了拉裂型危岩体宏细观参数后,可利用式(12)计算重力长期作用下危岩体倾斜变形的时变演化曲线。细观参数取值方面,B. Atkinson[18]采用双扭试验法得到在常温常湿空气中单晶石英应力腐蚀常数A的范围为9.5~19.9,裂隙扩展速率常数n的范围为10-3~10-9 m/s;花岗岩A的范围为10-3~10-6 m/s,n的范围为35~45,因此结合大量岩石试验结果[19-23],并考虑了计算曲线的易识性,算例采用具体宏细观参数取值如表1所示。
图2为理论算例计算得到的倾斜变形演化曲线。在迭代求解过程中,以裂端应力强度因子达到断裂韧度作为危岩崩塌判据,崩塌演化时长约72.675 9 a,期间累积倾斜变形量约为1.565°。宏观上,倾斜变形理论演化曲线处于非线性增大过程,在很长一段时间内缓慢增大,临近崩塌发生急剧增大,这是由于岩石材料的应力腐蚀常数(见式(1)中参数n)较大,在101~102的数量级[18-23],因此在重力作用下,当应力强度因子非常接近断裂韧度时,裂隙扩展速率才会显著增大,倾斜才会发生突变。这解释了能够利用倾斜变形异常趋势进行崩塌预警的断裂力学机制。
并且由Charles幂率可知,当裂端应力强度因子降低,裂隙扩展速率也随之降低,但目前在实验室尚未发现岩石材料中扩展速率为0的应力强度因子“门槛”[20],甚至扩展速率低至10-12 m/s时仍没有发现阈值[23]。可以想见,拉裂型危岩体形成后,在空间上可能一直存在着逐渐向临空面倾斜的极微小变形行为。在本算例中,危岩体倾斜变形速率由6.16×10-8°/h在73 a间逐渐增长到2.110°/h后发生崩塌,然而在现阶段地灾监测领域,倾斜传感器的较优分辨力约为0.001°[15],结合崩塌监测通常需要1~24次/d的监测频率,这里以0.001°/d作为分辨力阈值,则很长一段时间危岩体处于倾斜变形“不可测”过程,而能够监测到趋势变化后,距离崩塌约184 h(7.7 d)。这解释了崩塌灾害的“突发性”,而由于物理力学参数的区别和监测传感器性能的差异,危岩体变形可测时长应存在差异,本文不过多讨论,下面重点分析可测变形曲线的趋势特征规律。
图3为理论算例倾斜变形趋势可测曲线,可以发现,倾斜变形曲线由加速率趋近于0、平均速率约0.001 7°/d的近似匀速上升向加速率逐渐增大的加速上升转变。因此,从监测意义上,拉裂型危岩体临崩倾斜变形曲线由“近匀速”阶段向“加加速”阶段转变。
为了描述加速倾斜变形的过程,根据曲线宏观趋势特征,尝试利用幂函数(y = axb)与指数函数(y = abecx)对速率与加速率数据进行拟合,结果如图4所示。虽然2种函数均拟合成功,但只有幂函数能够精准描述全部数据趋势,其关系方程为
θ˙αθ¨B=0
式中:θ˙θ¨分别为倾斜变形速率与倾斜变形加速率,αB为方程拟合参数。
(1)倾斜变形监测方法
试验采用MEMS倾斜传感器进行监测,该传感器实质上是基于硅电容测量原理的MEMS加速度计,利用地球重力场稳定且方向恒定不变的原理,当倾斜传感器处于准静态并产生倾斜时,传感器敏感芯片上的重力加速度分量发生改变,通过对不同状态的加速度向量进行反三角函数求解即可获得倾斜角度变化量,以此实现加速度和倾斜角度之间的转换。图5为传感器重力加速度分量变化示意图,图中,x0y0z0分别为初始状态下获得的重力加速度分量,xnynzn分别为倾斜转动后的重力加速度分量。
这里采用空间矢量夹角的计算原理进行危岩体倾斜角度变化量ϑ(°)的计算:
ϑ=180πarccos(OG0OGn|OG0||OGn|)
其中,
OG0=[x0y0z0]  OGn=[xnynzn]
应用式(14)计算危岩体倾斜角度的优点在于:①角度计算结果为危岩体主倾斜方向上累积倾斜角度,能够有效描述危岩体的倾斜变形程度;②角度计算结果不会过分受制于传感器的安装位置与方向,易于实际应用。
试验用MEMS倾斜传感器外观如图6所示,其尺寸为1.5 cm×2 cm×10 cm,质量仅约0.1 kg,相关技术指标如表2所示。
(2)崩塌物理模拟设计
自然环境下,拉裂型危岩体与边坡母岩体多具有相同的材料属性,且危岩体的破坏由其后缘裂隙的损伤扩展断裂导致,考虑到上述因素,本次试验保证整个模型的材料相同,采用预制前缘底部临空段与在后缘切割裂隙的方式形成危岩体物理模型,典型物理模型结构如图7所示。
物理模型相似材料是以典型灰岩的力学性质作为原岩参考,以原岩:相似材料为1:1的密度比、100:1的应力比和尺寸比配置而成。相似材料配合比与力学参数如表34所示。
危岩体崩塌演化过程可能持续几十年甚至几百年,在物理模拟过程中,如何合理加速诱发崩塌是试验的关键,由于本次试验需要探明恒重主导作用下危岩体的微倾斜变形规律,且倾斜监测本质是监测加速度的变化,因此,试验过程不宜改变危岩尺寸质量、不能有过大的外部噪声,因此,常用的加载、开挖、离心等方法均存在一定限制。由于崩塌灾害大多发生在雨季,水环境是诱发崩塌的最不利的外部因素,同时水环境也会加快裂隙的应力腐蚀速率[21-22]。因此,为了能够在合理时间内监测到危岩体崩塌前的微小倾斜变化特征,通过“裂隙滴水”方法来诱发危岩体崩塌,如图8所示。该方法的水岩接触点在裂隙端部,试验过程中储水区仅在裂端3~5 cm范围,尽量控制了危岩体质量的恒定,确保能够在恒定应力腐蚀环境下实现危岩体倾斜变形演化规律的有效捕捉。
(3)试验组别设置
为了验证理论规律的正确性,试验设置了3组不同尺寸和裂隙深度的物理模型,具体尺寸如表5图9所示,危岩质量分别为156,47与26 kg,崩塌演化时长分别为556,2 793与1 189 min。
图10为危岩体物理模型累积倾斜角度–时间试验监测曲线。宏观上曲线均存在由“近匀速”上升向“加加速”上升的转变,与理论规律一致。倾斜角度匀速上升过程中呈现出“试验条件可测”的极缓慢变化,3组试验分别约为0.000 2°/h,0.001°/h与0.000 5°/h,第1,2组试验曲线为“直线上升”形态,曲线在微小波动状态下的近匀速上升,波动幅度与监测精度有关;第3组试验曲线在直线上升过程中存在局部增量加剧与恢复的“阶跃上升”。
图11为加速阶段累积倾斜角度–时间监测曲线,3组危岩体倾斜角度加速上升过程分别持续220.7,217.8与121.91 min,崩塌前临界变化速率分别约为0.04°/h,0.03°/h与0.18°/h,试验结果有着明显的差异,这反映了不同危岩体之间的“个性”特征。此外,对3组试验加速阶段倾斜角速变化速率与加速率进行幂函数拟合,如图12所示,整体数据符合幂函数关系(拟合优度>0.97),与理论解析结果一致,因此该“加加速”现象可作为拉裂型危岩体的“共性”崩塌前兆特征。另外,结合图1112也可以发现,危岩体加速过程中也出现了加速“趋势更新”现象。
3组试验过程中,很难通过人工发现危岩体的宏观变形破坏现象,但在临近崩塌之前,通过高清摄像发现了危岩体表面裂隙的亚临界扩展迹象,这里以第3组试验为例,亚临界扩展过程如图13(a)~(c)所示,初始迹象出现在崩塌前280 s,由裂隙端部向下发展,逐渐指向临空段端点。实际上,根据岩石亚临界裂隙扩展过程的声发射试验研究[7]表明,这种表面裂隙的亚临界扩展现象是内部微破裂累积损伤的宏观结果。可以推断,亚临界裂隙扩展是拉裂型危岩体时效演化主要原因,也反映了运用该原理进行理论模型构建的合理性。
图13(d)为第3组试验危岩体断裂过程的裂隙扩展图像,可以发现,危岩体的破坏过程短暂,仅在1 s之内完成,且以临空段端点作为转动中心,发生快速的倾斜旋转运动。图14为模型试验典型危岩体破坏面,具有张拉破坏特点。其余2组试验也具有同样现象。因此,根据拉裂型危岩体的破坏特征,拉应力强度的失效是失稳崩塌(断裂扩展)的主要因素,也体现了理论解析过程中断裂模式简化的合理性。
为了实现危岩体倾斜变形的现场自动化监测,本文将MEMS倾斜采集模块(内置温度传感)、边缘计算模块、无线传输模块及电源能量模块集成封装一体,形成适用于危岩体现场监测的“微芯桩”传感器[3],实物如图15所示,密封透明外壳提供防水、防冲击的保护作用,并可使太阳光透射到太阳能板上,输出的电能存储在内置的大容量充电电池中,保证了传感器的自供电,应用配套支架能够简便地通过膨胀螺丝锚固于边坡危岩体表面,并直接通过4G/LoRa等方式实现无线数据传输。
为了满足危岩体倾斜角度采集与传输的高频率、低功耗要求,设计了主动高频采集、定时与阈值触发唤醒传输相结合的采集传输方式,既保证了倾斜变形的实时获取又能节省耗能,图16为MEMS倾斜传感器采集传输机制流程图。MEMS加速度计以1 000 Hz的高采样频率主动采集加速度信息,同时以1次/s进行累积倾斜角度的精确计算。基于监测经验和应用需求,这里将倾斜角度的定时传输间隔设置为1 h,并设定触发传输阈值为5°,不仅有助于实时获取危岩体的倾斜趋势,还能及时发现异常倾斜状态。
MEMS倾斜传感器中的核心半导体元件微硅加速度计在应用过程中易受环境温度的影响,导致监测数据出现温度漂移(温漂),这也是影响倾斜监测精度的最关键因素[3]。因此,为了探明不同温度下倾斜角度数据的温漂特征,首先进行传感器的高低温试验分析。将传统高低温试验箱的保温系统与温度控制系统进行分离,减少设备振动对监测的影响,试验箱如图17所示。
这里详细阐述后文所应用的“微芯桩2.8型”MEMS倾斜传感器测试结果。通过温控系统,将高低温试验箱设置为在-30 ℃~70 ℃范围,周期24 h的温度变化,设定微芯桩倾斜角度为2.8°,传输频率为1次/min(同时传输内置温度),获取到的原始数据与传感器温度关系如图18所示。可以发现,倾斜角度与传感器温度整体上呈现“分段线性关系”。温度漂移量在5 ℃~45 ℃范围为±0.2°,随着温度的升降,倾斜角度会产生更大漂移。因此,为了提高监测精度,需在设备出厂前对倾斜角度进行温度补偿。
采用“分段线性补偿”进行温漂校正,首先将工作温度按照每10 ℃进行划分,通过每个温度区间内倾斜角度随温度变化的线性关系,得出相应的温漂变化率K。对于该测试案例,倾斜角度θ(°)与传感器内部温度T(℃)的分段线性关系为
θ={0.000 08T+3.490 (30 T20 )0.000 63T+3.354 (20 T10 )0.02T+3.211              (10 T0 )0.014 25T+3.204         (0 T10 )0.020 79T+3.272       (10 T20 )0.001 91T+2.857        (20 T30 )0.002 7T+2.881          (30 T40 )0.009 01T+3.128 2     (40 T50 )0.014 45T+3.405        (50 T60 )0.018 87T+3.667        (60 T70 )
则每个温度段内的温漂变化率为
Ki={0.000 08    (i=1)0.000 63   (i=2)0.02           (i=3)0.014 25    (i=4)0.020 79    (i=5)0.001 91     (i=6)0.002 7      (i=7)0.009 01     (i=8)0.014 45     (i=9)0.018 87    (i=10)
式中:Ki为第i个温度段内的温漂变化率。
此外根据传感器元件的工作标定温度,这里选取20 ℃作为基准温度,以确保校正结果的准确性和可靠性。进一步根据利用拟合曲线对倾斜角度进行校正,使其更接近基准温度下的真实值,得到温漂校正数据θ˜(°)如下式:
θ˜={θ+K1(20T)+10K2+10K3+10K4+10K5                                  (30 T20 )θ+10K2(10T)+10K3+10K4+10K5                                  (20 T10 )θ+K3(T)+10K4+10K5                                       (10 T0 )θ+K4(10T)+10K5      (0 T10 )θ+K5(20T)                (10 T20 )θK6(T20)                (20 T30 )θK7(T30)10K6    (30 T40 )θK8(T40)10K710K6                                        (40 T50 )θK9(T50)10K810K710K6                                        (50 T60 )θK10(T60)10K910K810K710K6                                        (60 T70 )
温漂校正后的倾斜角度曲线也在图18中显示,可以发现,倾斜角度在-30 ℃~70 ℃温度漂移量为±0.02°,5 ℃~35 ℃温度漂移量为±0.01°,相较原始数据大幅缩减。
图19为微芯桩2.8型传感器在湖北十堰拉裂型危岩体崩塌监测案例地区稳定边坡现场实测数据的时间序列分解曲线,可以发现,由于现场环境变化的复杂性(温度变化速率、循环幅度等),尽管监测传感器在实验室进行了温度标定,野外应用过程中仍会出现明显的温度漂移与随机噪声[325],温度漂移数据形态与传感器温度具有相似性,随机噪声则源于接近高斯分布的电路、环境等噪声,由监测曲线可知,该现场应用案例的监测精度约±0.1°。
此外,根据大量室内外试验测试分析,“微芯桩2.8型”传感器具体指标参数如表6所示。
拉裂型危岩体崩塌监测案例位于湖北十堰,危岩体赋存于陡峭天然山体,后缘发育超30 cm宽长卸荷裂隙,存在向临空方向的变形条件,底部存在挤压破裂现象,具有明显的拉裂破坏特征,威胁着房屋居民安全,危岩体示意图如图20所示。
为实时获取危岩体的崩塌演化特征,在危岩体表面安装了“微芯桩2.8型”MEMS倾斜传感器。自监测系统正常工作,约77 d后危岩体在重力作用下发生了崩塌,方量约10 m3,崩塌后现场情况如图21所示。系统成功获取了崩塌演化过程的微小倾斜变形过程。
危岩体倾斜角度监测曲线如图22所示。由于危岩体断裂扩展时刻会产生高能量振动[26]且很快发生倾斜、碰撞解体,导致采集的静态重力加速度附加了动态振动加速度,因此微芯桩能够秒级计算出异常突变倾斜角度(本案例约26°),并发生触发传输(阈值为5°)。因此根据监测曲线可知,危岩体崩塌时刻约为自监测起1 841 h 26 min。监测系统成功记录了危岩体崩塌前的倾斜加速变形趋势,监测曲线加速上升过程持续约117 h,临界变化速率约0.093°/h。然而,监测曲线未显示出匀速变形阶段的直线上升过程,这可能是由于危岩体匀速变形量微小,其变化趋势被掩盖在了噪声当中,或由于匀速变形速率极为缓慢且监测时长较短,监测曲线宏观上只能识别出匀速变形阶段的某一阶跃上升过程。
将倾斜加速变形过程数据进行平滑滤波,并利用幂函数拟合发现,在1 827 h时(崩塌前约14.5 h),倾斜速率与倾斜加速率呈明显的幂函数关系,如图23所示,随着危岩体的崩塌演化发展,该关系更为明显,因而能够指导本案例在崩塌前23 min发布崩塌警报。因此,拉裂型危岩体的幂函数加速关系(式(13))可作为危岩体的崩塌预警判据。
本文通过理论解析、模型试验、现场实测3种方法对拉裂型危岩体崩塌前的倾斜演化曲线进行了趋势特征分析,为了进一步讨论3种方法得到的曲线规律性和差异性,这里绘制了典型曲线对比图,如图24所示。
图24(a)为倾斜变形理论解析曲线概化图,由于理论推导过程中对拉裂型危岩体力学模型进行了均质连续简化,裂隙发育在临空段的最不利截面,且忽略了剪应力作用,裂隙亚临界扩展路径由端部向底部临空段端点垂直扩展,倾斜变形曲线形式呈现出理想的“近匀速”极缓增大与“加加速”急剧增大过程。
图24(b)为物理模型试验累积倾斜角度–时间监测曲线概化图。由模型试验结果可知,拉裂型危岩体的崩塌演化是拉应力主导的亚临界裂隙扩展过程,裂隙亚临界扩展路径整体上由裂端向下延伸扩展至临空段端点,因此试验曲线在总体趋势上与理论规律较为一致,但在匀速上升阶段出现了局部“阶跃上升”现象,加速上升阶段出现了“趋势更新”现象。岩石力学研究表明,岩石的非均质性会导致宏观变形的非线性行为[27],破坏面的非均匀介质会导致变形的阶跃变化[28]。对于本次物理模型试验,由于相似材料在拌合过程中很难做到各类骨料的完全均匀分布,同时由于相似材料固化过程中内部会存在气孔,导致了断续的裂隙亚临界扩展路径,因此推断,相似材料的非均质性是导致试验曲线与理论规律存在局部差异的原因,这实际上更真实地反映了危岩体的倾斜变形特征。
图24(c)为累积倾斜角度–时间现场监测曲线概化图,由试验曲线叠加环境噪声形成。MEMS倾斜传感器由于受到环境温度等影响,会在真实趋势上存在波动噪声,以至于掩盖了危岩体微小的倾斜变形趋势。由图可知,野外监测条件下,危岩体近匀速变形过程中,倾斜监测曲线的小幅阶跃过程和直线上升过程都可能被掩盖,而危岩体加加速变形过程中倾斜监测曲线的趋势更新也可能难以识别。因此在现场实测中,抓住可测加速过程的趋势规律是实现崩塌预测的关键。
本文通过系统的研究,推导并验证了拉裂型危岩体崩塌前加速倾斜过程中倾斜速率与加速率之间的幂函数关系(式(13)),实际上,这一发现与B. Voight[29]总结的固体材料蠕变规律一致,也是M. Satio[30]模型和T. Fukuzono[31]模型的广义表达式,因此这一规律发现也对于崩塌预测具有重要意义。结合前人的思路,为了得到倾斜变形与时间的关系方程,当α>1时,将式(13)进行微分方程求解可以得到:
1θ˙=[B(1α)t+C(1α)]1α1
式中:C为方程拟合参数。
进一步地,设tf为崩塌时刻,θ˙f为崩塌时刻的倾斜变形速率,则由式(18)整理可得到速率倒数方程为
1θ˙={B(1α)[t(θ˙f1αB(1α)+tf)]}1α1
假设崩塌时刻θ˙f为无穷大值,则速率倒数方程可改写为
1θ˙=[B(1α)(ttf)]1α1
基于此假设,崩塌发生时,式(20)中θ˙趋近于无穷(θ˙f),则等式左边趋于0,此时t=tf,因此绘制1/θ˙-t的关系曲线,则曲线横截距为预测的崩塌时间。
图25为本文数据拟合的幂指数α统计图,由图可知,α均小于2.0,且α在1.7~2.0范围的占比超过80%,接近2.0。因此,理论上拉裂型危岩体临崩加速阶段速率倒数曲线形式为下凹型且近似直线。
为了便于预测应用,速率倒数方程实际使用中往往令α=2[32-35],则式(20)可改写为线性形式:
1θ˙=B(ttf)
首先利用式(20)非线性方程对本研究典型数据进行拟合后如图26所示。可以发现,理论算例拟合横截距为636 641.3 h,与理论崩塌时刻636 640.5 h的误差为0.8 h;模型试验以第3组为例,拟合横截距为1 191.3 min与实际崩塌时刻1 189.2 min误差为2.1 min;现场监测案例数据拟合预测计算结果为1 834.3 h,与实际崩塌时间1 841.5 h的误差为1.2 h。可以发现,非线性方程的拟合结果与实际崩塌时间较为一致,但不可否认的是,由于拟合曲线是“下凹”型,崩塌预测结果易偏于危险(在真实崩塌时间后),例如理论与试验结果,且由于非线性方程的拟合过程中,很容易由于方程拟合参数初值设定偏离过大而造成拟合不收敛,不易于实际应用。
利用式(21)线性方程对本研究典型数据进行拟合后也在图26显示,可以发现,线性方程拟合结果与真实崩塌时间也较为接近,预测误差分别为2.3 h,7.7 min与6.8 h,2个方程拟合预测结果对比如表7所示(表中,拟合预测误差 = 拟合预测时间-真实崩塌时间)。整体上,线性方程预测误差为非线性方程的3~5倍,但线性方程预测结果偏于安全且计算更为便捷。
综上分析,倾斜速率倒数崩塌预测方法具有应用潜力,可结合线性与非线性方程的预测结果进行崩塌预报的综合判断。
需要说明的是,由于现场数据的精准获取是实现危岩体演化状态判断的基础,下一步将继续进行MEMS倾斜传感设备的迭代研发,提高监测精度,目前“微芯桩4.0型”倾斜传感器已实现±0.05°的温度漂移控制[3],但由于野外环境的复杂性,MEMS倾斜数据实时可靠性检测[25]与滤波处理方法[35]仍需进一步研究。此外,危岩体进入倾斜加加速过程是预警判断的关键,而基于MEMS倾斜传感数据特征的加加速起始点、“趋势更新”点识别[34]与倾斜速率倒数方程实时预测应用方法[3]仍需进一步研究。另外,对于非均质强脆性岩体,其崩塌演化过程的多次“局部阶跃”加速或突跳[28],很容易出现变形预警误报,由于裂隙的损伤扩展控制着边坡岩体的稳定性,贺 铮等[36]提出了通过固有振动特征反演岩体裂隙亚临界扩展行为的思路;张晓勇等[37]提出了裂隙扩展临界阈值计算方法;杜 岩等[38]进一步进行变形–振动特征结合的综合预警研究,以提高预警准确率。总而言之,探明复杂裂隙结构、复杂失稳工况下拉裂型危岩体演化规律并建立实时精准预测预警方法是进一步的研究重点。
本文以拉裂型危岩体倾斜变形作为研究切入点,结合主控裂隙亚临界扩展过程的断裂力学解析、基于MEMS倾斜传感技术的物理模型试验与现场自动化监测对重力主导作用下危岩体微小倾斜变形规律进行了系统分析,得到主要结论如下:
(1)拉裂型危岩体的时效变形演化受主控裂隙的亚临界扩展过程控制,倾斜转动是其主要的变形行为。
(2)拉裂型危岩体崩塌前倾斜变形由“(近)匀速”向“(加)加速”转变,但受危岩体裂隙扩展路径的非均质介质影响,匀速变形阶段会出现“局部阶跃”现象,加速变形阶段会出现“趋势更新”现象。
(3)拉裂型危岩体具有倾斜变形加速且速率与加速率呈幂函数关系(式(13))的可测崩塌前兆特征。临崩阶段幂指数小于2,且80 %在1.7~2.0范围,倾斜速率倒数曲线呈现下凹型且近似直线。
(4)提出了倾斜速率倒数崩塌时间预测方程,验证了利用拟合曲线横截距进行崩塌预测的适用性。典型理论、试验与现场数据分析表明:倾斜速率倒数非线性方程(式(20))相较线性方程(式(21))的预测准确性更高,预测误差(预测值-真值)分别为0.8 h,2.1 min与-1.2 h,但预测结果可能偏于危险;线性方程的预测误差为非线性方程的3~5倍,但预测结果偏于安全且计算更为便捷,实际应用过程中可结合两方程进行综合预测判断。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42477167)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3081400)
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2026年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0332
  • 接收时间:2025-05-19
  • 首发时间:2026-06-18
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-19
  • 修回日期:2025-09-23
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42477167)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(42477167)
National Key Research and Development Program Project of China(2023YFC3081400)
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3081400)
作者信息
    1.应急管理部国家自然灾害防治研究院,北京 100085
    2.北京科技大学 资源与安全工程学院,北京 100083

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* 谢谟文(1965–),现任教授,主要从事边坡工程防灾减灾方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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