Article(id=1274300283535516051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0400, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749571200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-11, revisedDate=1764432000000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1781746462949, onlineDateStr=2026-06-18, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781746462949, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781746462949, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781746462949, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1274300092707266809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, year='2026', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='321', pageEnd='638', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781746417452, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781746463571, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1274300286466335306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1274300286466335307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=321, endPage=341, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1274300283741036949, articleId=1274300283535516051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, language=EN, title=Catastrophic landslides triggered by the 1950 Medog—Zayu Ms8.6 earthquake in Xizang Autonomous Region, China, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

On 15 August 1950, an Ms8.6 earthquake struck the Medog—Zayu region in the Eastern Himalayan syntaxis, with a maximum intensity of XII and an area with intensity≥VIII of about 2.19×105 km2. This mainshock-dominated event released seismic energy in a highly concentrated manner and triggered extensive landslides and related geological hazards. To systematically reveal the spatial distribution and the river-blocking patterns of coseismic landslides, we integrate multi-temporal historical imagery since 1961, archival records and field investigations to analyse the intensity distribution. For the high-intensity zone (X–XII) from Milin Wolong to downstream of Duden in the Namcha Barwa region, a coseismic landslide inventory is constructed for the first time, resulting in a dataset of 920 landslides. Quantitative analysis reveals that landslides predominantly occurred at 2 000–4 000 m elevation, on 20°–50° slopes, and within 4 km of active faults. The landslide distribution is strongly controlled by the main central thrust fault, the Motuo fault, and the Apalong fault. Based on statistical analysis and morphological characteristics, we delineate four types of earthquake-induced landslide-damming patterns: seated landslides, high-altitude remote hazards, whole gully-scale landslides and multi-landslide clusters, typified by the Gengbangla, Zelongnong Gully, the Jamaqiming Gully, and Zhaqu—Xirang landslide groups, respectively. The maximum duration of river blockage reached 15–16 hours. The unique geomorphic and tectonic environment of the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis provides favorable conditions for the occurrence and evolution of high-altitude remote geological hazards. As the region is currently in a seismically active phase, it is critical to enhance research on the failure mechanisms and early warning of under extreme earthquake conditions, thereby improving disaster preparedness, resilience, and emergency response capabilities in the region.

, correspAuthors=Yueping YIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* YIN Yueping (1960–), research fellow, is engaged in geological hazard prevention and mitigation. E-mail:
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1950年8月15日,喜马拉雅东构造结地区墨脱—察隅一带发生Ms8.6级大地震,极震区烈度达XII度,其中VIII区及以上总面积达21.9万km2,诱发大面积、大规模的滑坡等地质灾害,为典型的主震型能量集中释放事件。为系统揭示此次极端地震触发滑坡的空间分布规律及堵江模式,利用1961年以来多期珍贵历史影像、历史文献资料及野外现场调查,分析了烈度分布特征,并首次在地震高烈度区(X~XII度)南迦巴瓦地区米林卧龙至墨脱都登下游段构建地震滑坡数据库,共编录滑坡920处。通过对滑坡空间分布控制因子的定量分析,表明滑坡主要分布于海拔2 000~4 000 m、坡度20°~50°、距断层4 km范围内,受主中央逆冲断裂、墨脱断裂和阿帕龙断裂控制显著。根据滑坡统计结果及其发育特征,提出坐落型滑坡、超高位超远程型滑坡、整沟域崩滑型和群发型滑坡4种典型地震滑坡堵江模式,分别以更邦拉山、则隆弄沟、加玛其名沟和扎曲—希让段滑坡群为代表,最长堵江时间达15~16 h。东构造结地区独特的孕灾环境为高位远程地质灾害的发生与演化提供有利条件。目前该地区正处于孕震阶段,未来应加强极端地震条件下高位远程地质灾害的成灾机制与监测预警研究,提升地震地质灾害防灾减灾能力。

, correspAuthors=殷跃平, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 殷跃平(1960–),现任研究员,主要从事地质灾害防治方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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Note: This map was created based on publicly available DEM data (https://www.gscloud.cn), and the base map has not been modified.

, figureFileSmall=zcS8+zGumTufdcxwvW0E9w==, figureFileBig=sdKRqeHbM4cC3yvmUrz90w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368971026489901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300283535516051, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=FNwjYfp5lNS5WY8xAoyJrQ==, figureFileBig=0efAj63BuHS8/V0/k4zWuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368971085210158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300283535516051, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Isoseismal map of the 15 August 1950 Ms 8.6 Medog—Zayu earthquake,Xizang Autonomous Region(Modified from Department of Science and Technology of Xizang Autonomous Region and Department of Science and Technology Monitoring,China Earthquake Administration[1]), figureFileSmall=FNwjYfp5lNS5WY8xAoyJrQ==, figureFileBig=0efAj63BuHS8/V0/k4zWuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368971534000687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300283535516051, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=5sEOdwutmswmhga/Mw7n7g==, figureFileBig=scUSSRluK5WHQaxmf0LmSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368971601109552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300283535516051, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Typical post-earthquake geomorphological features triggered by the 1950 Medog—Zayu earthquake, figureFileSmall=5sEOdwutmswmhga/Mw7n7g==, figureFileBig=scUSSRluK5WHQaxmf0LmSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368971835990577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300283535516051, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=iHkTi1h000zVR960VPrYlw==, figureFileBig=aT6SLVsZvUpgas+pNZuMPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368971932459570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300283535516051, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Landslides distribution in the Namcha Barwa region triggered by the 1950 Ms 8.6 Medog—Zayu earthquake(interpreted from Keyhole–1 satellite imagery acquired in 1961 and 1969)

Note: F1 - Jiali Fault Zone; F2 - Aparong Fault Zone; F3 - Dongjiu - Milin Fault Zone; F4 - Xixingla Fault; F5 - Gandai - Jiudangka Fault; F6 - Medog Fault Zone.

, figureFileSmall=iHkTi1h000zVR960VPrYlw==, figureFileBig=aT6SLVsZvUpgas+pNZuMPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368972268003891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300283535516051, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=UhObXj4MWo4RFoxy16GXvw==, figureFileBig=DVxHfsLGyPTOE3PtPFsltg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368972343501364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300283535516051, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Contributing factors for analyzing the spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the 1950 Ms 8.6 Medog—Zayu earthquake in the Namcha Barwa region, figureFileSmall=UhObXj4MWo4RFoxy16GXvw==, figureFileBig=DVxHfsLGyPTOE3PtPFsltg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368972410610229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300283535516051, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=V843Slcb77GWq8M1WK/MVA==, figureFileBig=Lhk6RznKOodpBogtkW1jPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368972490302006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300283535516051, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=Statistical relationships between earthquake-induced landslides and controlling factors in the Namcha Barwa region triggered by the 1950 Ms 8.6 Medog—Zayu earthquake

Note: The numbers at the top of each column represent the corresponding number of landslides.

, figureFileSmall=V843Slcb77GWq8M1WK/MVA==, figureFileBig=Lhk6RznKOodpBogtkW1jPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368972695822903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300283535516051, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=gVl9z+bWWK/wxX92D3o5LA==, figureFileBig=VqwxNdYclxzPxmqbxouVAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368972762931768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300283535516051, language=CN, label=Fig.7, caption=Seismic landslide damming modes triggered by the 1950 Ms 8.6 Medog—Zayu earthquake in the Namcha Barwa Region, figureFileSmall=gVl9z+bWWK/wxX92D3o5LA==, figureFileBig=VqwxNdYclxzPxmqbxouVAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368972821652025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300283535516051, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=mqkRgiC4tPCpLOjsMxxadQ==, figureFileBig=efkbQaPNDCvtEPHTcQiwog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368972901343802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300283535516051, language=CN, label=Fig.8, caption=Historical imagery and longitudinal profile of the Genbangla Mountain high-altitude rockslide, figureFileSmall=mqkRgiC4tPCpLOjsMxxadQ==, figureFileBig=efkbQaPNDCvtEPHTcQiwog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368972964258363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300283535516051, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=NUwjVp6Qh44vuXLFAhrMeA==, figureFileBig=gnw8rD9hxRM2fAHNsRP1Bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368973085893180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300283535516051, language=CN, label=Fig.9, caption=High-altitude remote geological hazards in the Zelongnong Gully triggered by the 1950 Ms 8.6 Medog—Zayu earthquake, figureFileSmall=NUwjVp6Qh44vuXLFAhrMeA==, figureFileBig=gnw8rD9hxRM2fAHNsRP1Bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368973173973565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300283535516051, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=3MHKlg6VCprSJ2gLEnkJ5w==, figureFileBig=1mp/7G7qPseC/cz0nEn66g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368973224305214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300283535516051, language=CN, label=Fig.10, caption=The dynamic analysis and longitudinal profile of the Zelongnong disaster event in 1950, figureFileSmall=3MHKlg6VCprSJ2gLEnkJ5w==, figureFileBig=1mp/7G7qPseC/cz0nEn66g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368973291414079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300283535516051, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=5dYYtt2XvqLtaIHiYopyOw==, figureFileBig=gFQcHT9e+SafU7e1FXfNGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368973354328640, 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IntensityMajor axis/kmMinor axis/kmArea/km2Spatial extentRepresentative hazards
90543 800The northern boundary extends to Ani Bridge; the western boundary lies between Gengbangla Mountain and Dudeng; the southwestern boundary reaches Liga, while the eastern boundary is inferred.Gengbangla Mountain High- altitude landslide;Jiang'e a qu landslide and debris flow; Yedong Village and Bibo Village landslides
17013017 000The northeastern boundary reaches Damu; the northwestern boundary extends to Duoxiongla Pass; the western boundary reaches Manigang and areas east of Nanying; the southern boundary extends to Baxika; and the eastern boundary is inferred to extend to the ApalongYarang Village landslides and Here Village landslides;Baimala landslide;High- altitude landslides along the Ani Bridge–Duoxiongla Pass
28024053 000The southern boundary extends along the Dibrugarh–Sadiya line; the western boundary reaches the Milin; the northern boundary extends to Zhaqu and adjacent regions; and the eastern boundary reaches areas west of DazongpuZelongnong Gully high- altitude avalanche; Xingkai Village debris flow;High- altitude landslide along the Zhaqu River
420340112 000The western boundary extends to Wolong, Milin and Jiuba, Nyingchi; the northern boundary reaches Yuren, Bomi; the eastern boundary extends to Ranwu, Basu and Baga, Zayu. The southern boundary includes extensive areas of the Brahmaputra River basin and the Zayu River downstreamZaxiong Village landslide; Larigong Mountain avalanche
620450219 000The western boundary extends from Qonggyai and Lang County eastward to Tingdang; the northern boundary reaches the southern part of Luolong County; the eastern boundary extends to Basu and Chawalong. The southern boundary includes the northern mountainous regions of Myanmar and the southern hilly areas of the Brahmaputra Plain, India.Small-scale rock collapses, landslides, and rockfalls
), ArticleFig(id=1274368974184800844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300283535516051, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Intensity zoning parameters, affected areas, and typical hazards (intensity≥VIII) of the 1950 Ms 8.6 Medog—Zayu earthquake

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IntensityMajor axis/kmMinor axis/kmArea/km2Spatial extentRepresentative hazards
90543 800The northern boundary extends to Ani Bridge; the western boundary lies between Gengbangla Mountain and Dudeng; the southwestern boundary reaches Liga, while the eastern boundary is inferred.Gengbangla Mountain High- altitude landslide;Jiang'e a qu landslide and debris flow; Yedong Village and Bibo Village landslides
17013017 000The northeastern boundary reaches Damu; the northwestern boundary extends to Duoxiongla Pass; the western boundary reaches Manigang and areas east of Nanying; the southern boundary extends to Baxika; and the eastern boundary is inferred to extend to the ApalongYarang Village landslides and Here Village landslides;Baimala landslide;High- altitude landslides along the Ani Bridge–Duoxiongla Pass
28024053 000The southern boundary extends along the Dibrugarh–Sadiya line; the western boundary reaches the Milin; the northern boundary extends to Zhaqu and adjacent regions; and the eastern boundary reaches areas west of DazongpuZelongnong Gully high- altitude avalanche; Xingkai Village debris flow;High- altitude landslide along the Zhaqu River
420340112 000The western boundary extends to Wolong, Milin and Jiuba, Nyingchi; the northern boundary reaches Yuren, Bomi; the eastern boundary extends to Ranwu, Basu and Baga, Zayu. The southern boundary includes extensive areas of the Brahmaputra River basin and the Zayu River downstreamZaxiong Village landslide; Larigong Mountain avalanche
620450219 000The western boundary extends from Qonggyai and Lang County eastward to Tingdang; the northern boundary reaches the southern part of Luolong County; the eastern boundary extends to Basu and Chawalong. The southern boundary includes the northern mountainous regions of Myanmar and the southern hilly areas of the Brahmaputra Plain, India.Small-scale rock collapses, landslides, and rockfalls
), ArticleFig(id=1274368974268686925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300283535516051, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Earthquake intensityBlockage locationCoordinates/(°)Name of the dammed riverBlockage timeCause of blockage
5 km south of Xirang Village, Medog County95.025,29.139Yarlung Tsangpo River15~16 hGengbangla Mountain High- altitude landslide
2.5 km northeast of Beibeng Town, Medog County95.199,29.249Yarlung Tsangpo River2~3 hHigh- altitude landslide and debris flow
Zelongnong Gully, Pai Town, Milin94.995,29.616Yarlung Tsangpo River6 hZelongnong Gully high- altitude avalanche
Confluence of the Parlung Tsangpo River and the Yarlung Tsangpo River95.130,29.905Parlung Tsangpo River24 hHigh- altitude landslide
Gedang Town, Medog CountyJinzhu Tsangpo River24 hHigh- altitude debris flow
Between Manigang and Karao, Medog CountyYongmu River72 hLandslide
Near Zaxiong, Upper Zayu, Zayu CountyDulai River7 dLandslide
Jiamaqiming Gully, Bomi County95.129,30.079Parlung Tsangpo RiverJamajiming Gully landslide and debris flow
), ArticleFig(id=1274368974344184398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300283535516051, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Typical river blockages triggered by the 1950 Ms 8.6 Medog—Zayu earthquake,Xizang Autonomous Region

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Earthquake intensityBlockage locationCoordinates/(°)Name of the dammed riverBlockage timeCause of blockage
5 km south of Xirang Village, Medog County95.025,29.139Yarlung Tsangpo River15~16 hGengbangla Mountain High- altitude landslide
2.5 km northeast of Beibeng Town, Medog County95.199,29.249Yarlung Tsangpo River2~3 hHigh- altitude landslide and debris flow
Zelongnong Gully, Pai Town, Milin94.995,29.616Yarlung Tsangpo River6 hZelongnong Gully high- altitude avalanche
Confluence of the Parlung Tsangpo River and the Yarlung Tsangpo River95.130,29.905Parlung Tsangpo River24 hHigh- altitude landslide
Gedang Town, Medog CountyJinzhu Tsangpo River24 hHigh- altitude debris flow
Between Manigang and Karao, Medog CountyYongmu River72 hLandslide
Near Zaxiong, Upper Zayu, Zayu CountyDulai River7 dLandslide
Jiamaqiming Gully, Bomi County95.129,30.079Parlung Tsangpo RiverJamajiming Gully landslide and debris flow
), ArticleFig(id=1274368974402904655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300283535516051, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Source type and IDDistribution locationDistribution of material sources in elevation range/mVolume/(103 m3)
Rock mass (Y1)Rear lateral wall of the northern branch of Zelongnong Gully5 740~6 23015 682.43
Moraine deposits (BQ1)Within the channel of the northern branch of Zelongnong Gully3 790~4 30063 110.03
Moraine deposits (BQ2)Within the channel of the southern branch of Zelongnong Gully3 790~4 690158 690.64
), ArticleFig(id=1274368974470013520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300283535516051, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Source material types and parameters of the Zelongnong gully triggered by the 1950 Medog—Zayu earthquake

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Source type and IDDistribution locationDistribution of material sources in elevation range/mVolume/(103 m3)
Rock mass (Y1)Rear lateral wall of the northern branch of Zelongnong Gully5 740~6 23015 682.43
Moraine deposits (BQ1)Within the channel of the northern branch of Zelongnong Gully3 790~4 30063 110.03
Moraine deposits (BQ2)Within the channel of the southern branch of Zelongnong Gully3 790~4 690158 690.64
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1950年西藏自治区墨脱—察隅8.6级地震触发特大滑坡研究
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殷跃平 1, * , 高少华 1 , 王文沛 1 , 李滨 2 , 高杨 2
岩石力学与工程学报 | 陈宗基讲座 2026,45(2): 321-341
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岩石力学与工程学报 | 陈宗基讲座 2026, 45(2): 321-341
1950年西藏自治区墨脱—察隅8.6级地震触发特大滑坡研究
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殷跃平1, * , 高少华1, 王文沛1, 李滨2, 高杨2
作者信息
  • 1.中国地质环境监测院 自然资源部地质灾害防治技术指导中心,北京 100081
  • 2.中国地质科学院 地质力学研究所,北京 100081

通讯作者:

* 殷跃平(1960–),现任研究员,主要从事地质灾害防治方面的研究工作。E-mail:
Catastrophic landslides triggered by the 1950 Medog—Zayu Ms8.6 earthquake in Xizang Autonomous Region, China
Yueping YIN1, * , Shaohua GAO1, Wenpei WANG1, Bin LI2, Yang GAO2
Affiliations
  • 1.Guide Center of Prevention Technology for Geo-Hazard, MNR, China Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2.Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0400
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1950年8月15日,喜马拉雅东构造结地区墨脱—察隅一带发生Ms8.6级大地震,极震区烈度达XII度,其中VIII区及以上总面积达21.9万km2,诱发大面积、大规模的滑坡等地质灾害,为典型的主震型能量集中释放事件。为系统揭示此次极端地震触发滑坡的空间分布规律及堵江模式,利用1961年以来多期珍贵历史影像、历史文献资料及野外现场调查,分析了烈度分布特征,并首次在地震高烈度区(X~XII度)南迦巴瓦地区米林卧龙至墨脱都登下游段构建地震滑坡数据库,共编录滑坡920处。通过对滑坡空间分布控制因子的定量分析,表明滑坡主要分布于海拔2 000~4 000 m、坡度20°~50°、距断层4 km范围内,受主中央逆冲断裂、墨脱断裂和阿帕龙断裂控制显著。根据滑坡统计结果及其发育特征,提出坐落型滑坡、超高位超远程型滑坡、整沟域崩滑型和群发型滑坡4种典型地震滑坡堵江模式,分别以更邦拉山、则隆弄沟、加玛其名沟和扎曲—希让段滑坡群为代表,最长堵江时间达15~16 h。东构造结地区独特的孕灾环境为高位远程地质灾害的发生与演化提供有利条件。目前该地区正处于孕震阶段,未来应加强极端地震条件下高位远程地质灾害的成灾机制与监测预警研究,提升地震地质灾害防灾减灾能力。

边坡工程  /  墨脱—察隅8.6级地震  /  极端地震  /  地震滑坡  /  高位远程地质灾害  /  喜马拉雅东构造结

On 15 August 1950, an Ms8.6 earthquake struck the Medog—Zayu region in the Eastern Himalayan syntaxis, with a maximum intensity of XII and an area with intensity≥VIII of about 2.19×105 km2. This mainshock-dominated event released seismic energy in a highly concentrated manner and triggered extensive landslides and related geological hazards. To systematically reveal the spatial distribution and the river-blocking patterns of coseismic landslides, we integrate multi-temporal historical imagery since 1961, archival records and field investigations to analyse the intensity distribution. For the high-intensity zone (X–XII) from Milin Wolong to downstream of Duden in the Namcha Barwa region, a coseismic landslide inventory is constructed for the first time, resulting in a dataset of 920 landslides. Quantitative analysis reveals that landslides predominantly occurred at 2 000–4 000 m elevation, on 20°–50° slopes, and within 4 km of active faults. The landslide distribution is strongly controlled by the main central thrust fault, the Motuo fault, and the Apalong fault. Based on statistical analysis and morphological characteristics, we delineate four types of earthquake-induced landslide-damming patterns: seated landslides, high-altitude remote hazards, whole gully-scale landslides and multi-landslide clusters, typified by the Gengbangla, Zelongnong Gully, the Jamaqiming Gully, and Zhaqu—Xirang landslide groups, respectively. The maximum duration of river blockage reached 15–16 hours. The unique geomorphic and tectonic environment of the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis provides favorable conditions for the occurrence and evolution of high-altitude remote geological hazards. As the region is currently in a seismically active phase, it is critical to enhance research on the failure mechanisms and early warning of under extreme earthquake conditions, thereby improving disaster preparedness, resilience, and emergency response capabilities in the region.

slope engineering  /  Medog—Zayu Ms8.6 earthquake  /  extreme earthquake  /  earthquake-induced landslides  /  high-altitude remote geological hazards  /  Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis
殷跃平, 高少华, 王文沛, 李滨, 高杨. 1950年西藏自治区墨脱—察隅8.6级地震触发特大滑坡研究. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2026 , 45 (2) : 321 -341 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0400
Yueping YIN, Shaohua GAO, Wenpei WANG, Bin LI, Yang GAO. Catastrophic landslides triggered by the 1950 Medog—Zayu Ms8.6 earthquake in Xizang Autonomous Region, China[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2026 , 45 (2) : 321 -341 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0400
1950年8月15日,西藏自治区察隅县西南地区发生Ms 8.6级大地震,为有仪器记录以来震级最高的内陆型地震。仪器测定震中位置为北纬28.4°、东经96.7°,宏观震中位于北纬28.9°、东经95.2°,最高烈度达XII度[1]。震后余震活动频繁,自1950年8月15日~1951年2月21日期间,Ms≥5.0级余震共记录到92次,余震序列中应变释放过程呈现3个线性阶段[2-3]。此次地震造成中国藏南地区以及印度阿萨姆地区遭受巨大灾难,超300万km2地区有震感,数千人死亡[4]。地震引发严重的滑坡、泥石流等次生灾害,导致雅鲁藏布江被截成多段,喜马拉雅山40余万km2大范围内地形地貌面目全非[5-8]
E. Tillotson[5]早在1951年对墨脱—察隅地震的震源参数、远场地震波特征、余震活动、破坏范围及其在喜马拉雅–缅甸构造体系中的构造位置开展了研究,为最早对这一事件地震学与震害研究之一。国内中国科学院地震工作委员会历史组于1956年在《中国地震资料年表》中对这次地震予以记载。此后,1985~1986年在西藏自治区科委和中国地震局主持下,组织开展了宏观震害、烈度评定、地震地质与发震构造等方面的系统调查研究。近年来,A. Ben-Menahem等[49]建立了此次地震的震源机制模型。詹慧丽等[10-12]对发震构造及周边地震活动性进行了综合讨论。目前研究主要集中在震源机制、发震构造及地面宏观调查等方面,长期以来缺乏这次地震触发高位滑坡灾害的全面总结研究,而厘清地形、地质条件及其耦合关系对滑坡的控制机制,有助于提升滑坡灾害的预测能力与风险识别水平[13]。随着遥感影像与地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)技术的发展与应用,通过遥感解译可高效构建地震滑坡数据库,进而开展影响因子敏感性分析、滑坡发育特征、空间分布规律和危险性评价等系统研究,为地震滑坡震害评价与区域地质灾害风险识别提供了关键技术支撑[14-18]。针对地震诱发的单体滑坡,Y. P. Yin等[19-25]学者开展了地震滑坡概念模型构建、滑坡体动力响应机制、稳定性分析及失稳模式等方面的研究,加深了对地震滑坡失稳破坏的认识。
青藏高原在印度板块持续向北推挤作用下整体隆升,喜马拉雅东构造结位于高原东缘,构造变形强烈,发育大量近SN向和NE向断层,是高原内地震活动最为密集的区域之一。在国家重大工程持续向青藏高原纵深推进、“治边稳藏”加快实施的背景下,极端地震条件下高山–极高山区高位远程灾害的研究极为关键[26]。墨脱—察隅地震作为发生于东构造结地区的极端强震事件,是研究极高山区复杂地质背景下地震滑坡的宝贵案例。本研究基于遥感、历史记载以及地面调查,在前人工作的基础上,重点对墨脱—察隅地震高烈度区(X~XII度)内南迦巴瓦构造结米林卧龙至墨脱都登下游区域地震滑坡进行识别编录,首次从遥感定量滑坡识别与类型划分角度,重建了1950年滑坡分布和堵江模式。研究结果为东构造结地区极端地震条件下滑坡控制作用及高位陡峻山体的地震动响应机制研究提供了基础数据与案例支撑。
东南亚地区地处欧亚板块、印度洋板块及菲律宾海板块的构造交汇区,属于新特提斯构造域东延构造体系,是全球构造活动最活跃的板缘变形带之一[27-30]。板块间的相互作用导致了剧烈的构造变形,形成了大规模的造山带、活动断裂、岩浆岛弧及边缘海盆等构造单元,孕育了频繁的地震等地质灾害[31-33]。其中,印度洋板块以约40 mm/a速率向欧亚板块俯冲,引发喜马拉雅造山带的持续隆升[34],沿主边界逆冲断裂形成强震孕育环境,如2015年尼泊尔发生Ms 8.1级地震。苏门答腊—爪哇俯冲带作为印度洋板块向巽他陆块俯冲的前缘部位,其强震活动具有典型的海沟型地震特征,如2004年Mw 9.1级大地震引发环印度洋海啸,导致逾23万人罹难。向东至马尼拉海沟、琉球海沟等处,菲律宾海板块向欧亚板块俯冲,形成高地震活动带,该复合俯冲体系控制着吕宋岛弧的地震活动格局,如1990年发生Mw 7.7级碧瑶地震。这种多板块汇聚的动力学背景,使东南亚成为全球地震灾害风险等级最高的区域之一。
喜马拉雅造山带和青藏高原形成与演化是印度板块与欧亚板块持续碰撞和挤压的结果,由于持续的构造应力作用,高原内部及周缘地区发育大量强活动性断裂构造(见图1),形成了复杂的构造格局[35-37]。主要的活动断裂包括:喜马拉雅主逆冲断裂带、雅鲁藏布缝合带、昆仑断裂带、嘉黎断裂带、龙门山断裂带、鲜水河断裂带和实皆断裂带等。这些断裂带不仅控制着区域的地壳变形模式和块体运动边界,也主导了强震的孕育与发生。文章梳理了1900年1月1日~2025年4月1日期间青藏高原及邻区7级以上强震事件,搜索范围为北纬14.77°~40.31°,东经75.41°~112.93°,区内共发生≥7.0级强震49次、≥8.0级强震2次,分别为1950年墨脱—察隅Ms 8.6地震和2015年尼泊尔Ms 8.1地震。地震集中在块体边界和断裂带附近,具有明显的构造控制特征。地震不仅造成了严重的人员和财产损失,也深刻影响了区域构造应力场的重新分布与地貌演化。
西藏自治区墨脱—察隅地震由于发震年代较早,受限于观测手段匮乏以及震区地形地貌复杂、交通不便,该地震滑坡灾害系统研究处于空白。然而,极端地震次生灾害的深入认识对于区域抗震设防、工程安全设计以及防灾减灾工作具有重要意义。
地震等烈度图(见图2)据西藏自治区科学技术厅和中国地震局科技监测司资料[1]修改,红圈为20世纪以来5级以上地震震中位置。由于震源破裂扩展方向、复杂地形的放大效应以及多条活动断裂的叠加影响,导致宏观震中与微观震中在空间位置上存在偏移。
墨脱—察隅地震等烈度线分布特征具有一定的规律性(见图2)。X度以上烈度区呈近圆形或长短轴差异不大的椭圆形。IX与VIII度区则呈不规则椭圆形分布,长轴方向为NE向,短轴方向趋近于NW向。整体而言,等烈度线在北半部分布较为紧密,南半部则相对舒缓。等烈度线长轴的延伸方向,其东段与区内NE向的墨脱断裂走向基本一致,WS段则与主中央逆冲断裂带方向近似。短轴方向则与区域内的阿帕龙逆冲断层走向一致。整体来看,等烈度线呈向NE凸出的不规则椭圆形,显示出震中区烈度衰减受控于多条活动断裂构造的复合作用,特别是墨脱断裂、主中央逆冲断裂和阿帕龙逆冲断裂的构造控制作用显著。此外,“阿萨姆突刺”东北密集的弧形构造带可能对地震波的传播起到了屏蔽作用,使等烈度线向北衰减速度加快。
地震造成了极其严重的地表破坏,诱发了大量山体滑坡、泥石流、崩塌、地裂缝和堰塞湖,对察隅、墨脱及其周边地区造成严重破坏。烈度区划参数及典型次生灾害如表1所示。
据《西藏察隅当雄大地震》[1]中航空摄影普查结果的统计,在46 000 km2的区域内,滑坡灾害覆盖了15 000 km2的地表,并估算至少有5×1010 m3的物质参与滑坡,地震引发的大量次生灾害显著改变了区域地貌格局。灾后空中航拍照片显示(见图3),滑坡广泛分布于沿沟两侧山体,规模密集,滑带清晰,部分高位山体出现整体垮落,形成典型的高陡坡面失稳现象[38-39]。同时,在墨脱、察隅等区域,山坡中段因滑移或张裂形成槽状凹陷结构,反映出深层地质结构对滑坡发育的控制作用。
1950年墨脱—察隅地震致灾范围极广,VIII(8度)区及以上总面积达219 000 km2。本次地震地面破坏最大特点是大规模的崩塌、滑坡、次生地裂缝的广泛分布。其范围西从隆子加玉到东部怒江边上的察瓦龙,北至波密县的玉仁,南到巴昔卡和布拉马普特拉河平原,尤以X度以上地区更为集中。因此,本文以1961,1968,1969,1973,1979年等多期锁眼(Keyhole,KH)遥感影像为基础,结合大地震科考记录,重点针对受灾影响严重的XII,XI,X烈度区,南迦巴瓦构造结区域(米林卧龙至墨脱都登下游区段)滑坡进行解译识别与统计分析,对1950年8.6级地震触发滑坡进行重构(见图4)。
鉴于1950年墨脱—察隅地震震级极高、能量释放巨大,可合理推断,该次地震在研究区内诱发了现存滑坡中的绝大多数,本文以滑动迹象清晰可辨的滑坡体作为统计对象。考虑到地震灾害波及范围广泛、区域地形急剧变化及部分地区冰雪常年覆盖,滑坡面积的精确统计存在较大难度,因此本文聚焦于滑坡数量分布的统计分析。该方法与D. K. Keefer[40]早期提出的通过滑坡数量衡量地震滑坡事件规模的研究方式相一致。卫星影像解译结果显示1950年墨脱—察隅地震共诱发米林卧龙至墨脱都登下游区段同震滑坡920处,地震诱发地质灾害密度较高,主要分布于雅鲁藏布江两岸陡峭坡体及WN-ES走向的平行河谷区域内,扎曲—都登下游区段滑坡密度明显较米林—扎曲密集,从更邦拉山沿雅鲁藏布江向NE至金珠藏布河口的达木,从达木向北至甘代,地震时造成了一系列大规模的地面破坏。根据西藏自治区科考记录与遥感解译结果发现,本次特大型堵江/河灾害共计8处,并进一步明确了灾害发生位置及堵江原因,如表2所示,堵塞时间最长达7 d,雅鲁藏布江被截成多段。
基于墨脱—察隅地震诱发的920处滑坡数据库,结合研究区成灾环境和影响因素,对地质灾害点与高程、距雅江距离、距断层距离、坡度、坡向、曲率6个因子的关系(见图5)进行统计分析。
不同高程对应的松散物体赋存条件、植被类型、地形地貌差异,均会影响岩土体稳定性。该地区地形起伏较大,地震滑坡集中分布在500~4 000 m范围,有56.63%的灾害点分布在2 000~4 000 m高程范围,其中又以高程3 000~3 500 m范围密度最高(见图6(a))。雅鲁藏布江对山体的切割为崩塌滑坡提供了临空面,河流的侵蚀作用极大地改变了地形地貌特征,根据灾害点到雅江距离统计显示,距河流越近,灾害点分布越密集,灾害点大多分布在距雅江流域2 km范围内,占比44.24%,其中1 km范围内最为集中,占比27.06%(见图6(b))。曲率分布上(见图6(c)),在-5~5范围滑坡均分布较多,其中在-2.5~-1和1~2.5范围分布最广,表明在地形较凸或较凹处及剖面凹凸转折处,滑坡较为发育。坡向通过影响坡面水分分布及地震波传播特性,进而影响岩土体稳定性和地质灾害的空间分布,62.61%的地质灾害发生在SE向、S向和WS向,其中S方向分布最为集中(见图6(d))。坡度不仅控制斜坡应力分布和松散物堆积厚度,还反映岩体物理性质的差异。研究区内最大坡度为89°,最小坡度为0°,该地区存在着极陡峭的山体,也存在较平坦的河谷区域,通过对地质灾害在不同坡度上的空间分布统计结果显示,75.98%的地质灾害发生在20°~50°范围(见图6(e)),符合灾害容易发生在高坡度范围的普遍规律。
此外,地震滑坡的分布受到断层控制作用的影响(见图6(f)),36.3%的滑坡灾害分布在距断层2 km范围内。目前关于发震断裂带仍存在不同认识,本文采用综合研究的结果[112],讨论滑坡对区域主要活动断裂的响应,而非针对单一发震断层的精确归属,距断层距离指滑坡点到区域主要活动断层的最近距离。如更邦拉山的基岩崩塌,耶东、毕波的大滑坡,背崩的江额阿曲滑坡、泥石流,墨脱白马拉大滑坡等大型滑坡灾害都发生在墨脱断裂破碎带上。帮辛—扎曲的滑坡则发生在西兴拉断裂两盘。从雅鲁藏布江大拐弯向西至米林县卧龙的滑坡是受雅鲁藏布江断裂的影响。此外,波密县索通、易贡湖一带的垮山和滑坡是沿嘉黎—波密断裂分布。察隅西南、墨脱县背崩东南,则恰好位于阿帕龙断裂带上。隆子县的山崩、滑坡,明显受变形复理石构造带中的冲断层的影响。从更邦拉山向南西至西巴霞曲一带的崩塌、滑坡,则与同展布在该区的主中央、主边界等逆冲断裂带密切相关[1]。本次地震的地面破坏受震区内的地表断裂带控制,其中主中央逆冲断裂、墨脱断裂和阿帕龙断裂等对地面破坏的控制更为突出。此外,从地层岩性角度分析,滑坡灾害主要集中分布于构造混杂岩及南迦巴瓦片麻岩岩组区域。在地震动参数(PGA)方面,本次统计滑坡点均位于峰值加速度≥0.3 g的高烈度区域。
根据地震滑坡的发育特征,本次地震共诱发4种主要类型的滑坡–堵江模式:(1)坐落型高位滑坡堵江(见图7(a))。该类型滑坡通常由大规模物源在震动作用下发生短距离运动,直接堆积于河谷中并形成堵江现象,反映了强震诱发下物源重力主导的短程滑移特征,如更邦拉山滑坡。(2)超高位超远程型滑坡–泥石流堵江(见图7(b))。指相对高差显著、运动距离超过5 km的大规模远程滑坡,典型案例如则隆弄沟滑坡,表现为滑坡物质在地震力、重力、冰雪共同作用下发生远程运移与堆积;(3)整沟域崩滑型堵江(见图7(c))。受地震影响,沟域内发育多处崩塌滑坡灾害,物质汇流共同进入河道,形成堵塞,典型灾害如加玛其名沟。(4)群发型滑坡堵江(见图7(d))。中小规模滑坡沿江高密度集中分布,入江形成局部淤塞带,如扎曲—希让段滑坡群。
更邦拉山滑坡位于西藏自治区墨脱县希让村以南约5 km,是强震作用下由构造破碎带控制的坐落型滑坡典型事件,滑体由破碎岩体与松散土体混合组成。坡顶高程约2 030  m,坡脚位于雅鲁藏布江谷底,约570  m,相对高差达1 460  m,具有高位高势能特征(见图8)。滑坡形成受控于墨脱断裂带,母岩以混合岩、构造岩及糜棱岩为主。1950年墨脱—察隅Ms8.6地震所产生的强震动触发坡体整体失稳,岩体与覆盖层沿破裂面崩滑,形成巨型滑坡堵江灾害。滑坡运动距离约1 100  m,堆积体面积约1.78  km2,经三维地形模型还原与估算,总体积约6.53 × 107 m3,属典型高位震源型滑坡,典型坡面如图8(c)所示。滑体快速堆积于雅鲁藏布江主河道,造成雅鲁藏布江阻断,堰塞时长达15~16 h。
则隆弄沟位于西藏自治区林芝市米林县派镇,雅鲁藏布江右岸,地处南迦巴瓦峰西北坡区域。南迦巴瓦峰为多雄拉背斜向北延伸的一个大型向斜构造,主峰由向斜轴部的褶皱岩系构成,形成强烈抬升的褶断峰体。沟域形状为不规则“沙漏”状,面积约为53.62 km2。沟域内最高处为南迦巴瓦峰(7 782 m),最低处为则隆弄沟口(2 847 m)。1950年墨脱—察隅Ms 8.6级地震期间,当地群众曾目睹南迦巴瓦峰发生大规模雪崩与冰岩崩(见图9(a))。
通过综合现场调查、遥感影像解译,还原了1950年地震诱发直白村掩埋与雅鲁藏布江堵江事件,地震造成2种典型链式灾害:(1)高位滑坡–碎屑流–村庄掩埋灾害链。海拔3 500~4 400 m处(见图9(b),(c))存在有明显被侵蚀铲刮的痕迹,表明该区域上方岩体在地震作用下失稳下滑并进入沟道2,形成高速碎屑流,沿沟道2向下摧毁直白村。(2)冰川泥石流–堵江–堰塞湖溃决灾害链。则隆弄冰川在地震震动下发生跃动,导致大规模冰雪岩混合物由沟道1进入雅鲁藏布江主河道,堵江持续时间长达6 h(见图9(d))。
为进一步精确识别灾害物源分布及估算物源方量,采用双参数Voellmy摩擦模型对1950年墨脱—察隅地震诱发的则隆弄沟灾害事件进行了动力学反演模拟(见图10(a),(b))。通过多轮模拟与参数敏感性分析,最终确定主要滑移物源包括高位岩体(Y1)及两段冰碛物堆积区(BQ1与BQ2),其分布位置与体积如表3所示。基于计算结果,构建了震前与震后典型坡面地形(见图10(c))。
加玛其名沟位于西藏自治区林芝市波密县境内,地处索通至通麦之间,距通麦直线距离约5 km。该沟为帕隆藏布右岸典型山地沟谷,沟长约2.3 km,垂直高差约1 300 m,地形起伏剧烈。纵剖面坡度大、沟道陡峻,横剖面整体呈典型的“V”型结构,显示出强烈的侵蚀下切作用。沟后缘呈扇形展开(见图11(a)),为高位滑坡与崩塌的主要启动区,具备典型的高山峡谷崩滑地貌特征。1950年8月15日墨脱—察隅地震诱发了加玛其名沟内多处中小型崩塌与滑坡灾害(见图11(b),(c)),滑体自沟谷两侧高陡坡面发育并沿沟道纵向汇集,形成典型的“多源–汇流–入江”滑坡物质运移模式。崩滑体最终在沟口区域大规模堆积,进入帕隆藏布主河道,造成河道短时堵塞,对下游通麦地区构成威胁。地震后,加玛其名沟区域呈现出滑坡灾害活动持续性强、频率高的特征[1]。遥感影像(见图11(c),(d))显示,地震后沟域内坡面多处持续演化,滑坡遗迹清晰可辨,坡面物质频繁向下运移进入河道。
在扎曲—希让段,除特大型滑坡外,沿雅鲁藏布江及其主要支流两岸,广泛发育有规模不一、形态各异的滑坡,空间上呈明显的聚集分布(见图12)。这类滑坡集中出现在河谷陡峭边坡、急转弯部位及断裂构造活跃带,受控于强烈水动力侵蚀、地形坡度突变及深切割地貌特征,表现出强烈的空间聚集性和构造地貌耦合特征。遥感影像显示,即便在震后十多年,部分滑坡迹象仍然清晰可辨,滑带边界、堆积前缘、沟蚀纹理等保留完好,表现出典型的强震滑坡遗迹特征。滑坡体虽未引发堰塞湖等次生灾害,但其物质大量进入江中,形成跌水坎与局部淤塞带,改变了原有河道地貌结构和水动力条件,具有明显的震后地貌演化特征。
墨脱—察隅地震是仪器确定震级为8.6级的少数地震之一[41-42]。世界各地的长、短周期地震仪都记录到了这次地震,由于地壳中的Love波和/或Rayleigh波引起实际地面运动,在日本东京(TOK)、瑞士伯尔尼(BER)、德国斯图加特(STU)、英国基尤(KEW)和法国斯特拉斯堡(STR)台站振幅达到约10 mm的量级。在帕萨迪纳R3的Airy波段地面运动达到2 mm。挪威和英国出现了地震引发的地荡(seismic seiches),是由周期范围在60~180 s的Love波震动湖泊和峡湾引起的,水波振幅最大达到100 cm[43]。历史地震图是开展地震学研究和地震预测工作的宝贵资料,但研究集中在中国境外台站波形的分析[44-48]。本文收集并整理了1950年墨脱—察隅Ms 8.6级大地震期间,在中国南京水晶台地震台记录的原始地震波形图像。南京水晶台地震台位于南京市中山陵园南麓东新村(32°02.8′N,118°47.9′E),海拔607 m,地基岩性为坚硬的石英砂岩。该台站早期配备有200 kg(H分量)和80 kg(Z分量)维歇尔式地震仪,以及一台伽魏式三分量地震仪。南京地震观测的历史可追溯至1931年3月,在竺可桢倡导和金咏深主持下,原北极阁地震台建于南京钦天山山顶。抗战期间地震台迁至重庆北碚,抗战胜利后于1946年秋迁回南京并重新设台,命名为“中国南京水晶台地震台”,隶属于当时的经济部中央地质调查所[49]。这次地震是我国有仪器记录以来震级最高的地震之一,其纸质地震图完整记录了远震波传播过程中的动态特征(见图13)。
震中地区冲积层加速度估计为0.5 g[4],S. T. G. Raghukanth[50]利用D. Motazedian和G. M. Atkinson[51]提出的一维随机有限断层模拟方法绘制1950年事件的PGA等值线图,结果显示最大PGA超过0.9 g,反映出地面振幅显著。尽管原始地震图存在图像模糊和纸张老化等问题,但仍保留了丰富的震相信息和长距离传播特征。此次墨脱—察隅地震震中与南京台站相距约2 160 km,尽管地震波在传播过程中不断衰减,但波形记录中仍表现出高幅度、长周期的震动特征,部分波段“出格”,即超出纸袋范围(见图13)。波形图记录了地面在NS,EW及垂直(Z)3个方向的地面位移波形及关键震相特征。每行对应时间约28 min,记录方向为从右向左、从下到上推进。图中明显可见的高振幅、低频面波是远震波动的典型特征,震相初至清晰,波形持续时间长。分析波形显示,NS和EW方向的地震响应远大于Z方向,表明水平向产生了更显著的地面扰动。
喜马拉雅造山带在过去一个世纪已发生多起特大强震,例如1897年阿萨姆邦什隆地震、1934年尼泊尔—比哈尔地震、1950年墨脱—察隅地震以及2015年尼泊尔地震。地震及次生灾害对喜马拉雅及其邻区造成严重破坏[52]。统计27°N~32°N、92°E~99°E范围,1900~2024年震级M≥5.0地震共计286次,其中M≥6.0地震29次,地震活动呈现出显著的中强震、强震高频,大地震、特大地震低频并存的特征。基于M≥5.0和M≥6.0地震频次,采用古登堡–里克特关系式lgN = abM(式中,N为特定震级范围内的地震次数,ab为常数)估算得到区域b值约为0.99,反映该区地震活动具有典型的震级–频次分布特征。震源深度主要集中于0~40 km范围,地震多属浅源事件。震级以M5.0~6.0为主,表征该区域构造活动以中等能量释放为主。
基于1900年以来地震目录,从时间演化来看,M≥6.0地震共29次,平均重现期约为4.3 a;M≥7.0地震3次,平均重现期约为41 a,但均集中发生于1950年之前;M≥8.0地震仅1950年墨脱—察隅Ms8.6级特大地震一例,推测其重现期超过百年。整体地震活动可划分为3个阶段:(1) 1900~1945年为低活动阶段,地震事件稀少,推测区域构造应力处于积累期;(2) 1945~1970年为快速释放阶段,地震活动显著增强,1950年Ms8.6级地震释放能量达4.207×1017 J,为典型的主震型能量释放事件,构成能量–时间曲线的跃变拐点(见图14);(3) 1970年至今虽中强震活动频繁,但缺乏M≥7.0地震,表明该区处于持续构造活动但尚未达到临界破裂条件的孕震阶段。综上,东构造结地区具有强烈的构造活动性及显著的阶段性地震分布特征,当前震级分布与能量释放模式提示未来发生强震的潜在风险,应加强该区域的地震及次生灾害危险性评估。
A. Ari Ben-Menahem等[4]根据航空侦察表明,大约1万km2的山区遭遇了滑坡灾害,许多河道大量淤积,部分河流永久性地改道。M. B. Ramachandra Rao[44]在其著作第8页中写道:“根据航空侦察的结果显示,一个长约200英里、宽约60英里的区域中约有6 000平方英里的土地发生了严重滑坡。”此外,1950年墨脱—察隅地震造成沿雅鲁藏布江、尼洋河、察隅河两岸一些河漫滩、河流阶地边沿、河谷两侧坡积物中,出现规模不等的地裂缝、液化、喷沙和冒水泡等现象,个别地方出现马背状隆起[53-55],深厚覆盖层也遭受了严重的震害破坏。目前,沿雅鲁藏布江、帕隆藏布、易贡藏布分布有大量潜在高位地质灾害隐患点,如色东普沟(94.93 E,29.77 N)、易贡(94.96 E,30.20 N)、然乌冰川(96.66 E,29.48 N)、勒白沟(94.94 E,29.70 N)和白马狗熊沟(95.06 E,29.71 N)等。结合InSAR技术,发现大量隐患点每年均在持续变形(见图15)。利用2016年6月15日与2018年3月7日两景降轨ALOS/ PALSAR–2影像计算获得了勒白沟二维地表形变,最大变形量为-27.4 m。然乌湖冰川群共有3处主要风险区域,其年均形变速率均已达每年160 mm以上,且最大值达每年180 mm。未来,在极端地震作用下,极易触发震裂山体失稳以及冰川运动,形成堵江灾害,应该防范。
地震滑坡及其后效应研究一直受到国内外学者广泛关注,但过去主要聚焦于中低海拔区域的传统滑坡,对于高位陡峻山体的地震动响应缺乏认识。近年来,高位远程地质灾害频繁发生,如1950年则隆弄沟滑坡、2000年易贡滑坡及2018年色东普沟滑坡等事件(见图16(a)~(d)),尽管触发机制存在差异(地震、气候变化、降雨等),但在远程运动、强动力剪切及链式成灾等方面与1950年地震滑坡具有相似的动力学特征,致灾性极强。高位滑体进入河道后形成大型堰塞坝(见图16(e),(g)),导致回水淹没道路、桥梁等基础设施,溃坝后又会形成灾难性洪水,给人类工程活动带来极大挑战(见图16(f),(h),(i))。1950年墨脱—察隅8.6级地震对高位滑坡风险防控具有重要警示意义。随着重大工程的持续推进,未来亟需开展复杂地形条件下高位陡峻山体地震动放大效应与深厚覆盖层的动力响应定量研究,建立适用于高山、极高山区的地震加速度空间分布模型及响应系数体系,为高海拔地区地震滑坡的风险识别与灾害预测提供理论支撑与技术基础。
墨脱—察隅8.6级地震为有仪器记录以来震级最高的内陆型地震。本文首次对墨脱—察隅8.6级地震在南迦巴瓦地区诱发的滑坡分布规律及模式进行研究,主要结论如下:
(1)识别编录南迦巴瓦构造结区域(米林卧龙至墨脱都登下游区段)地震滑坡920处,滑坡集中分布于海拔2 000~4 000 m、坡向SE向、S向和WS向、坡度20°~50°范围、曲率-2.5~-1和1~2.5范围以及距雅江4 km内。滑坡受断层控制明显,其中主中央逆冲断裂、墨脱断裂和阿帕龙断裂影响显著。
(2)墨脱—察隅地震诱发南迦巴瓦地区滑坡–堵江灾害可归纳为4种典型模式:坐落型高位滑坡、超高位超远程型滑坡泥石流、整沟域崩滑型与群发型滑坡。分别以更邦拉山特大型滑坡、则隆弄沟特大型滑坡、加玛其名沟崩滑及扎曲—希让段滑坡群为代表,进行了灾害事件分析和地形重建。其中,更邦拉山启动物源体积约6.53×107 m3,运动约1 100 m后堵江,堵塞时间达15~16 h。则隆弄启动物源体积约2.37×108 m3,远距离运动后堵江形成上百米高冰碛坝。
(3)墨脱—察隅Ms 8.6级地震释放能量达4.207×1017 J。在距震中约2 160 km的南京水晶台记录的震相图中,地震波振幅明显,部分波段超出图纸范围,地震释放能量极高。东构造结地区地震活动呈现出显著的中强震、强震高频,大地震、特大地震低频并存的特征。20世纪以来地震活动演化可划分为低活动、快速释放与孕震3个阶段,当前震级分布与能量释放模式表征出未来发生强震的潜在风险。
(4)该区域强震触发的地质灾害具有高位启动、远程运动和链式成灾等特征,InSAR监测显示研究区多个隐患点每年均在持续大变形,极易在极端地震下形成高位滑坡堵江灾害,危及工程安全。
1950年墨脱—察隅8.6级地震触发大规模高位滑坡灾害,对区域工程在高位滑坡风险识别与防控方面具有重要警示意义。研究结果可为南迦巴瓦地区高位滑坡隐患排查、防灾减灾规划和重大工程布局提供基础依据,未来应加强强震尤其是极端地震下高位陡峻山体动力响应及失稳破坏模式研究,建立极端地震条件下高位滑坡–堵江链式灾害的预警体系与应急处置方法。
致谢:感谢在野外地质调查、资料收集与学术讨论过程中对本文研究提供帮助的地质工作者。感谢中国地震局地球物理研究所提供的南京台站墨脱—察隅地震原始记录图。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(U2244227; U2244226)
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doi: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0400
  • 接收时间:2025-06-11
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  • 修回日期:2025-11-30
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2244227; U2244226)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(U2244227; U2244226)
作者信息
    1.中国地质环境监测院 自然资源部地质灾害防治技术指导中心,北京 100081
    2.中国地质科学院 地质力学研究所,北京 100081

通讯作者:

* 殷跃平(1960–),现任研究员,主要从事地质灾害防治方面的研究工作。E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yslxygcxb/CN/10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0400
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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