Article(id=1274300260471038212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0324, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747238400000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-15, revisedDate=1760457600000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1781746457449, onlineDateStr=2026-06-18, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781746457449, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781746457449, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781746457449, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1274300092707266809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, year='2026', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='321', pageEnd='638', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781746417452, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781746463571, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1274300286466335306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1274300286466335307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=342, endPage=352, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1274300260806582533, articleId=1274300260471038212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, language=EN, title=Viscoelastic analytical solution of deep buried circular tunnel considering support creep in non-hydrostatic stress field, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

When constructing tunnels in rheological strata, the creep of the surrounding rock increases the load on the supporting structure over time. Additionally, environmental influences may cause creep phenomena in the supporting structure, resulting in a complex interaction mechanism between the tunnel's surrounding rock and support due to the coupling effects of both. This article proposes an analytical method for circular tunnels based on the theory of complex functions and Laplace transform. Unlike previous analytical solutions, the approach presented here incorporates the rheological properties of the surrounding rock, non-hydrostatic stress fields, and the creep characteristics of supporting structures. The Kelvin-Voigt model was employed to simulate the rheological properties of both the surrounding rock and the supporting structures. Displacement and stress solutions were derived from the displacement coordination equation and the stress boundary conditions of the surrounding rock and support structures. The accuracy of the analytical solution was verified through numerical simulations, followed by a parameter analysis. The main conclusions drawn from this study are as follows: (1) For simple mechanical models, the analytical method proposed in this paper is faster, simpler, and retains a degree of accuracy superior to that of numerical simulations; (2) When accounting for the creep characteristics of the supporting structure, the deformation of the surrounding rock is greater compared to existing analytical results, the contact pressure between the surrounding rock and the supporting structure is reduced, and the creep of the supporting structure diminishes its bearing capacity and deformation constraint. A higher creep rate in the supporting structure correlates with a faster rate of deformation in the surrounding rock, a lower creep modulus, and increased deformation of the surrounding rock; (3) In the context of non-hydrostatic stress fields, the coupling effects of creep between the tunnel and the supporting structure can exacerbate tunnel issues such as arch uplift or inward compression of tunnel sidewalls, thereby compromising the safety of the supporting structure. Considering these factors is crucial for the design and construction of tunnels in complex environments; (4) Engineering applications demonstrate that the analytical method proposed in this paper effectively predicts the trends in tunnel surrounding rock deformation and support structure stress, showcasing its potential for practical engineering applications.

, correspAuthors=Baoguo LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* LIU Baoguo (1964–), professor, is engaged in teaching and research in rock mechanics. E-mail:
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当在流变地层中修建隧道时,围岩蠕变会使支护结构荷载随时间增加。同时,受赋存环境的影响,支护结构蠕变现象也时有发生,两者耦合作用下隧道围岩与支护结构的相互作用机制复杂。基于复变函数理论和Laplace变换提出一种圆形隧道解析方法,相比于以往的解析解,提出的解析解耦合考虑围岩的流变,非静水应力场和支护结构的蠕变特性。采用Kelvin-Voigt模型模拟围岩和支护结构的流变特性,通过围岩和支护结构的位移协调方程和应力边界条件得到位移和应力解,通过数值模拟验证解析解的正确性,并开展参数分析。得到的主要结论如下:(1)对于简单的力学模型,提出的解析方法相比于数值模拟更加快速、简便,且具有一定的准确性;(2)当考虑支护结构的蠕变特性时,相比于既有的解析结果,其围岩变形会更大,围岩和初支的接触压力会更小,支护结构的蠕变会降低自身的承载能力和变形约束能力,喷射混凝土蠕变速率越快,围岩变形速度越快,蠕变模量越小,围岩变形越大;(3)在非静水应力场中修建隧道时,隧道和支护结构蠕变产生的耦合作用会加剧仰拱隆起或隧道侧壁向内挤压等隧道病害的发生,从而降低支护结构的安全性,在设计和施工中考虑上述因素对复杂环境下隧道的施工与运营具有重要意义;(4)工程应用结果表明提出的解析方法可以良好地预测隧道围岩变形和支护结构受力的发展趋势,在实际工程应用中具有一定的潜力。

, correspAuthors=刘保国, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘保国(1964–),现任教授,主要从事岩石力学方面的教学与研究工作。E-mail:
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Vertical ground stress P0/MPaLateral pressure coefficient λTunnel radius r0/mSupport radius r1/mCreep modulus of maxwell body GM/MPaCreep modulus of kelvin body GK/MPaCreep index ηK/(MPa·d)Bulk modulus KeSupport creep modulus of maxwell Body GMS/MPaSupport creep modulus of kelvin body GKS/MPaSupport creep index ηKS/(MPa·d)Support bulk modulus KeSConstruction operation time t1/d
7.890.6565.95504584 000 10 00010 0001 000 5
), ArticleFig(id=1274368898275271604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300260471038212, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Input parameters of validation for analytical solution

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Vertical ground stress P0/MPaLateral pressure coefficient λTunnel radius r0/mSupport radius r1/mCreep modulus of maxwell body GM/MPaCreep modulus of kelvin body GK/MPaCreep index ηK/(MPa·d)Bulk modulus KeSupport creep modulus of maxwell Body GMS/MPaSupport creep modulus of kelvin body GKS/MPaSupport creep index ηKS/(MPa·d)Support bulk modulus KeSConstruction operation time t1/d
7.890.6565.95504584 000 10 00010 0001 000 5
), ArticleFig(id=1274368898564678581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300260471038212, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Vertical ground stress P0/MPaLateral pressure coefficient λTunnel radius r0/mSupport radius r1/mGM/MPaGK/MPaηK/(MPa·d)Ke GMS/MPa GKS/MPa ηKS/(MPa·d) KeSConstruction operation time t1/d
3.30.756.836.87501 0005 0003 4003 4004 0005
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Input parameters of engineering application

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Vertical ground stress P0/MPaLateral pressure coefficient λTunnel radius r0/mSupport radius r1/mGM/MPaGK/MPaηK/(MPa·d)Ke GMS/MPa GKS/MPa ηKS/(MPa·d) KeSConstruction operation time t1/d
3.30.756.836.87501 0005 0003 4003 4004 0005
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非静水应力场中考虑初期支护蠕变的深埋圆形隧道黏弹性解析解
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刘保国 1, 2, * , 来海祥 1, 2 , 史小萌 1, 2 , 储昭飞 3 , 赵金鹏 4 , 于明圆 5
岩石力学与工程学报 | 理论与试验研究 2026,45(2): 342-352
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岩石力学与工程学报 | 理论与试验研究 2026, 45(2): 342-352
非静水应力场中考虑初期支护蠕变的深埋圆形隧道黏弹性解析解
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刘保国1, 2, * , 来海祥1, 2, 史小萌1, 2, 储昭飞3, 赵金鹏4, 于明圆5
作者信息
  • 1.北京交通大学 城市地下工程教育部重点实验室,北京 100044
  • 2.北京交通大学 土木建筑工程学院,北京 100044
  • 3.武汉大学 土木建筑工程学院,湖北 武汉 430072
  • 4.清华大学 水沙科学与水利水电工程国家重点实验室,北京 100084
  • 5.中国人民警察大学 防火工程学院,河北 廊坊 065000

通讯作者:

* 刘保国(1964–),现任教授,主要从事岩石力学方面的教学与研究工作。E-mail:
Viscoelastic analytical solution of deep buried circular tunnel considering support creep in non-hydrostatic stress field
Baoguo LIU1, 2, * , Haixiang LAI1, 2, Xiaomeng SHI1, 2, Zhaofei CHU3, Jinpeng ZHAO4, Mingyuan YU5
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory for Urban Underground Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
  • 2.School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
  • 3.School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
  • 4.State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 5.School of Fire Protection Engineering, China People's Police University, Langfang, Hebei 065000, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0324
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当在流变地层中修建隧道时,围岩蠕变会使支护结构荷载随时间增加。同时,受赋存环境的影响,支护结构蠕变现象也时有发生,两者耦合作用下隧道围岩与支护结构的相互作用机制复杂。基于复变函数理论和Laplace变换提出一种圆形隧道解析方法,相比于以往的解析解,提出的解析解耦合考虑围岩的流变,非静水应力场和支护结构的蠕变特性。采用Kelvin-Voigt模型模拟围岩和支护结构的流变特性,通过围岩和支护结构的位移协调方程和应力边界条件得到位移和应力解,通过数值模拟验证解析解的正确性,并开展参数分析。得到的主要结论如下:(1)对于简单的力学模型,提出的解析方法相比于数值模拟更加快速、简便,且具有一定的准确性;(2)当考虑支护结构的蠕变特性时,相比于既有的解析结果,其围岩变形会更大,围岩和初支的接触压力会更小,支护结构的蠕变会降低自身的承载能力和变形约束能力,喷射混凝土蠕变速率越快,围岩变形速度越快,蠕变模量越小,围岩变形越大;(3)在非静水应力场中修建隧道时,隧道和支护结构蠕变产生的耦合作用会加剧仰拱隆起或隧道侧壁向内挤压等隧道病害的发生,从而降低支护结构的安全性,在设计和施工中考虑上述因素对复杂环境下隧道的施工与运营具有重要意义;(4)工程应用结果表明提出的解析方法可以良好地预测隧道围岩变形和支护结构受力的发展趋势,在实际工程应用中具有一定的潜力。

隧道工程  /  隧道结构  /  非静水应力场  /  流变岩石  /  支护结构蠕变

When constructing tunnels in rheological strata, the creep of the surrounding rock increases the load on the supporting structure over time. Additionally, environmental influences may cause creep phenomena in the supporting structure, resulting in a complex interaction mechanism between the tunnel's surrounding rock and support due to the coupling effects of both. This article proposes an analytical method for circular tunnels based on the theory of complex functions and Laplace transform. Unlike previous analytical solutions, the approach presented here incorporates the rheological properties of the surrounding rock, non-hydrostatic stress fields, and the creep characteristics of supporting structures. The Kelvin-Voigt model was employed to simulate the rheological properties of both the surrounding rock and the supporting structures. Displacement and stress solutions were derived from the displacement coordination equation and the stress boundary conditions of the surrounding rock and support structures. The accuracy of the analytical solution was verified through numerical simulations, followed by a parameter analysis. The main conclusions drawn from this study are as follows: (1) For simple mechanical models, the analytical method proposed in this paper is faster, simpler, and retains a degree of accuracy superior to that of numerical simulations; (2) When accounting for the creep characteristics of the supporting structure, the deformation of the surrounding rock is greater compared to existing analytical results, the contact pressure between the surrounding rock and the supporting structure is reduced, and the creep of the supporting structure diminishes its bearing capacity and deformation constraint. A higher creep rate in the supporting structure correlates with a faster rate of deformation in the surrounding rock, a lower creep modulus, and increased deformation of the surrounding rock; (3) In the context of non-hydrostatic stress fields, the coupling effects of creep between the tunnel and the supporting structure can exacerbate tunnel issues such as arch uplift or inward compression of tunnel sidewalls, thereby compromising the safety of the supporting structure. Considering these factors is crucial for the design and construction of tunnels in complex environments; (4) Engineering applications demonstrate that the analytical method proposed in this paper effectively predicts the trends in tunnel surrounding rock deformation and support structure stress, showcasing its potential for practical engineering applications.

tunnel engineering  /  tunnel structure  /  non-hydrostatic stress field  /  rheological rock  /  creep characteristic of support structures
刘保国, 来海祥, 史小萌, 储昭飞, 赵金鹏, 于明圆. 非静水应力场中考虑初期支护蠕变的深埋圆形隧道黏弹性解析解. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2026 , 45 (2) : 342 -352 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0324
Baoguo LIU, Haixiang LAI, Xiaomeng SHI, Zhaofei CHU, Jinpeng ZHAO, Mingyuan YU. Viscoelastic analytical solution of deep buried circular tunnel considering support creep in non-hydrostatic stress field[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2026 , 45 (2) : 342 -352 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0324
为了满足偏远艰险地区广大人民的出行需求,在地质环境复杂、恶劣的区域修建基础设施的必要性越来越高[1-5]。当在该类地区修建隧道时,各向异性地应力场、高地应力岩石的流变等问题严重影响了隧道设计、修建和运营。此外,支护结构在复杂环境下也会出现劣化、蠕变等问题。各向异性地应力场造成围岩变形、应力分布不均,高地应力下岩石流变现象显著,复杂环境下隧道支护结构服役性能受损,上述问题耦合作用下致使围岩–支护结构的相互作用机制复杂。许多学者研究了静水应力场中隧道开挖支护的问题,并通过引入弹塑性[6]、黏弹性[7]、黏弹–塑性[8]本构模型从而更好地反映实际情况。也有一些学者开展了非静水应力场中隧道开挖支护的弹性、弹塑性[9]或黏弹性[10]问题的研究,从而探明复杂应力环境下隧道开挖支护问题。然而,支护结构性质随时间改变的特点很少被考虑,因此,综合考虑以上因素开展研究很有必要。
由于施工效果不佳,隧道的支护结构存在缺陷,且混凝土结构普遍存在天然裂缝,当处于高地应力、高地温或富含地下水的环境时,隧道支护结构容易产生蠕变现象[11]。曾杰等[12]基于三轴压缩试验开展了隧道衬砌结构蠕变试验的研究,可见隧道衬砌蠕变已引起学者广泛重视。付春松[13]研究了粗纤维增强钢筋混凝土管片的蠕变特性并分析其对隧道长期稳定性的影响。辛亚军等[14]为了研究高地应力区混凝土的蠕变特性,开展了相关研究,试验完整记录了混凝土的蠕变曲线,为巷道支护结构的设计提供了指导。张慎河等[15]的研究证明混凝土在水作用下蠕变特性明显且对隧道稳定性影响很大。隧道支护结构的蠕变受到了众多学者的关注,然而试验研究仅能得到混凝土的蠕变规律没有考虑围岩支护的相互作用。考虑喷射混凝土蠕变的隧道围岩支护相互作用是重中之重。R. Pöttler等[16-19]通过将喷射混凝土弹性模量时效模型引入数值方法分析了围岩与喷混的相互作用,较好地弥补了这方面研究的缺失。对于一些简单的力学模型,解析方法比数值模拟和试验更具计算效率并且便于开展参数分析,因此开发新的分析方法具有重要意义。
理论解析方法具有快速、简单的特点,且便于分析内在的物理含义。对于黏弹性材料,推导其解析解需要使用黏弹性对应原理和Laplace变换。Z. F. Chu等[7]考虑了围岩应力释放效应,推导了5种黏弹性材料的含衬砌隧道解析解。在此基础上,Z. Chu等[8]考虑了应变软化,推导了双衬砌隧道解析解。曾小清和张庆贺[20]通过解析与数值相结合的方法研究了隧道围岩与支护的相互作用。上述研究为黏弹性解析解做出了突出贡献,为后续耦合考虑支护结构蠕变奠定了基础。之后,一些学者开始尝试将衬砌时效模型引入静水应力场中的解析解进而分析更为复杂的耦合作用,C. Liu等[21]考虑了喷射混凝土的劣化特性,通过指数函数描述了喷射混凝土的材料劣化得到了双衬砌隧道解析解。K. Wu等[22-23]也引入了喷射混凝土硬化时效模型并推导了解析解。可见,通过在解析方法中引入混凝土时效模型,从而实现快速分析和设计隧道是可行的。而对于非静水应力场,开展解析研究的难度会明显增加,需要引入复变函数方法。薛 琳[24]采用复变函数方法研究了隧道围岩的黏弹性变形。M. B. Wang和S. C. Li[25]基于复变函数方法推导了非静水应力场中含衬砌圆形隧道的弹性解。A. Z. Lu等[26]推导了考虑应力释放的非静水应力场含衬砌隧道弹性解。对于非静水应力场中黏弹性隧道开挖及支护问题,M. B. Wang和S. C. Li[25]推导了考虑了分部开挖的单衬砌隧道黏弹性解,储昭飞等[10]考虑了围岩支护的不同接触形式,并进行了分析。以上研究从不同的角度推导了非静水应力场中隧道围岩与支护相互作用的解析解,但都没有考虑支护蠕变。
围岩和支护结构的蠕变特性造成其相互作用机制复杂的问题已经引起了众多学者的广泛重视。解析方法可以更加便捷充分地分析其影响,但非静水应力场这种情况尚未得到充分考虑。为了更好地实现隧道的快速设计与分析,本文建立了耦合分析模型。模型考虑了以下因素:隧道处于非静水应力场;围岩的蠕变特性;支护结构的蠕变特性。基于此,以Kelvin- Voigt模型为例,描述围岩和支护结构的蠕变行为。采用复变函数理论和积分变换方法,利用围岩和支护结构的应力边界条件和变形协调方程推导了非静水应力场中考虑支护结构蠕变特性的隧道黏弹性解析解。通过数值模拟验证了本文提出方法的有效性,验证结果表明本文提出的解析解具有一定的准确性。可以预见,对于较为简单的力学模型,本文提出的解析方法仅需将数据代入公式即可获得较为可靠的结果,节省了数值模拟建模、网格划分和计算的时间,具有快速、简便的优势。并与以往的解析方法进行了比较分析,探讨了支护结构蠕变参数变化对隧道结构力学行为的影响。最后,实际工程验证结果表明本文提出的解析方法具有一定的应用价值。
本研究考虑了非静水应力场下在流变岩石中开挖半径r0的圆形隧道,并且考虑了支护结构的施作。本研究的基本假设如下:
(1)本文考虑在完整、节理裂隙不发育且具有流变性质的地层中开挖隧道,因此可以将隧道围岩的材料性质假设为均质且各向同性的线黏弹性体[7]
(2)隧道深埋在无穷远处受到垂直应力P0,水平应力为λP0λ为侧压力系数,忽略隧道爆破的动力学效应[25]
(3)考虑支护结构的蠕变特性,为了便于分析假定其蠕变行为可描述为线黏弹性,其内径为r1,本文考虑的支护结构为喷射混凝土,不考虑让压支护元件、锚杆等特殊的支护形式;
(4)围岩和支护结构之间为完全接触[10]
隧道围岩和支护结构的相互作用力学模型如图1所示(图中,σρR为围岩径向应力,τρθR为围岩切向应力,σρS为支护结构径向正应力,τρθS为支护结构法向切应力)。假设隧道在t = 0时开挖完毕,支护结构在t=t1时刻瞬时安装。
在基本假设中围岩和支护结构被定义为线黏弹性材料,则其积分型蠕变本构方程为[7]
sijv(Xt)=2[G(t)eijv(X  0)+0tG(tζ)deijv(X  0)dζdζ]σijv(Xt)=3[K(t)εijv(X  0)+0tK(tζ)dεijv(X  0)dζdζ]}
式中:X为方向向量,sijveijv分别为应力和应变的偏张量,σijvεijv分别为应力和应变张量,G(t)和K(t)分别为剪切和体积松弛模量。Kelvin-Voigt蠕变模型由Kelvin蠕变模型和一个弹簧元件串联而成,既可以反映瞬时弹性变形也可以反映蠕变变形,因此采用该模型描述岩石流变行为;隧道支护结构的蠕变同样可以采用Kelvin-Voigt模型描述[12](见图2)。图2中,GKGM分别为Kelvin体和Maxwell体的蠕变模量,ηK为蠕变指数。
求解非静水应力场下隧道的黏弹性问题,需要引入复变函数,由于所要求解的问题涉及原岩压力和支护反力2组荷载,所以还需要分别求解2组荷载引起的应力和位移响应再通过叠加原理求解。
根据复变函数理论,弹性体的应力和位移可由下式求得
σρ(k)(zt)=Re{2[φ(k)(zt)z]                    [z¯2φ(k)(zt)z2+ψ(k)(zt)z]}σθ(k)(zt)=Re{2[φ(k)(zt)z]+                    [z¯2φ(k)(zt)z2+ψ(k)(zt)z]}τρθ(k)(zt)=Im[z¯2φ(k)(zt)z2+ψ(k)(zt)z]}
uρ(k)(zt)+iuθ(k)(zt)=L1{12sG(s)L[μ(s)φ(k)(zt)zφ(k)(zt)¯zψ(k)(zt)¯]}
其中,
uρv(zt)+iuθv(zt)=120tI(tζ)φ(k)(zt)dζ120tH(tζ)[zφ(k)(zt)¯zψ(k)(zt)¯]dζ
H(t)=L1[1sG(s)]I(t)=L1[μssG(s)]}
式中:uρ为径向位移,uθ为切向位移,σρ(k)为径向应力,σθ(k)为环向应力,τρθ(k)为切应力,φ(k)ψ(k)为复变函数的复位势,ζ为时间变量,z为复数,L和L-1分别为Laplace变换和逆变换,z¯z的共轭复数,Re为取复变函数的实部,Im为取复变函数的虚部。μ(s)为由G(t)和K(t)在Laplace空间构成的系数,在平面应变问题中,其表达式为
μ(s)=3K(s)+7G(s)3K(s)+G(s)
式中:s为Laplace域中的变量。
式(5)中,H(t)和I(t)描述了岩石流变位移的时效规律。Kelvin-Voigt蠕变模型的H(t)和I(t)表达式分别为
H(t)=1GMδ(t)+1ηKeGKηKt
I(t)=(63K+GM+1GM)δ(t)+1ηKeGKηKt+6GM2ηK(3K+GM)2e3KGK+GM(3K+GK)ηK(3K+GM)t
式中:δ(t)为单位脉冲。
求解隧道开挖和支护过程中的应力和变形是一个平面黏弹性多连通域问题。无论是平面弹性问题还是黏弹性问题,都需要首先确定通解,然后根据特定的边界条件得到特定的解。洛朗级数可以表示圆孔或环的任何解析函数。求解时,只需将要求解的复位势设置为洛朗级数的形式,然后通过结合相似项和其他基本数学方法来确定级数系数,即可求解问题。
本文提出的解析解涉及2个求解阶段和2组荷载来源,其中,支护结构仅在支护阶段生效,因此,需要预设2组不同的复位势,具体计算式为
φR(ex)S(zt)=k=1ak(ex)S(t)zkψR(ex)S(zt)=k=1bk(ex)S(t)zk}
φS(zt)=k=1ck(t)zk+k=1dk(t)zkψS(zt)=k=1ek(t)zk+k=1fk(t)zk}
式中:φR(zt)ψR(zt)均为围岩的复位势;φS(zt)ψS(zt)均为支护结构的复位势;ak(t)bk(t)为围岩的洛朗级数;ck(t)dk(t)ek(t)fk(t)为支护结构的洛朗级数。由于在不同的分析阶段围岩的复位势系数不同,为了进行区分添加上角标((ex),S)代表所处的分析阶段,“(ex)”代表开挖阶段(Stage 1),“S”代表支护结构施作阶段。
在隧道开挖阶段,仅承受原岩压力带来的荷载P0,如果考虑隧道开挖的三维应力释放效应则荷载为fP0f为表示应力释放程度的系数,取值为0~1,使用者可根据实际应用情况灵活使用,本文推导过程仍用P0表示[27]
因此,采用复变函数表示的隧道开挖阶段应力计算式为
σρR(ex)(zt)=P0(1+λ)2+Re[P0(λ1)2e2iθ]+P0Re{(λ1)r02z2+[z¯(λ1)r02z3+(1+λ)r022z2+3(1λ)r042z4]e2iθ}σθR(ex)(zt)=P0(1+λ)2Re[P(λ1)2e2iθ]+P0Re{(λ1)r02z2+[z¯(λ1)r02z3+(1+λ)r022z2+3(1λ)r042z4]e2iθ}τρθR(ex)(zt)=Im[P0(1λ)2e2iθ]+P0Im{[z¯(1λ)r02z3(1+λ)r022z23(1λ)r042z4]e2iθ}}
式中:σρR(ex)为开挖阶段围岩径向应力,σθR(ex)为开挖阶段围岩环向应力,τρθR(ex)为开挖阶段围岩切向应力。
隧道开挖阶段的位移计算式为
uρR(ex)(zt)+iuθR(ex)(zt)=P0eiθ4[0tH(tζ)dζ(1λ)zz¯2r020tH(tζ)dζ(1+λ)1z¯r02+0tI(tζ)dζ(1λ)1zr020tH(tζ)dζ(1λ)1z¯3r04]
式中:uρR(ex)为开挖阶段围岩径向变形,uθR(ex)为开挖阶段围岩环向位移。
在支护阶段,除原岩压力外,额外添加了支护荷载。因此,该阶段围岩的复位势系数将发生改变,同时还要考虑支护结构的复位势。
由于施作了支护结构,需要满足围岩和支护结构间的应力边界条件和位移协调。通过确定特定边界的位移和应力,即可确定围岩和支护结构的复位势,进而求解出解析解。
支护结构内边界处的应力边界条件为
σρS(zt)=τρS(zt)=0
式中:τρS为支护结构切向应力;t=tt1t1为支护结构的施作时间。
围岩与支护结构接触面的应力边界条件为
σρR(zt)=σρS(zt)τρR(zt)=τρS(zt)}
式中:τρR为支护结构切向应力。
围岩与支护结构的位移协调方程为
uρR(zt)+uρRS(zt)+i[uθR(zt)+uθRS(zt)][uρR(zt1)+iuθR(zt1)]=uρS(zt)+iuθS(zt)
式中:uρR为围岩径向变形,uρS为支护结构径向变形,uθR为围岩环向变形,uθS为支护结构环向变形,uρRS为支护荷载造成的围岩径向变形,uθRS为支护荷载造成的围岩环向位移。
根据式(2),(3)可知支护结构的应力和变形表达式分别为
σρS(zt)=Re{2φS(zt)z[z¯2φS(zt)z2+                   ψS(zt)z]e2iθ}σθS(zt)=Re{2φS(zt)z+[z¯2φS(zt)z2+                   ψS(zt)z]e2iθ}τρθS(zt)=Im{[z¯2φS(zt)z2+                   ψS(zt)z]e2iθ}}
uρS(zt)+iuθS(zt)=eiθ2{0tIS(tζ)φS(zt)dζ0tHS(tζ)[zφS(zt)¯zψS(zt)¯]dζ}
式中:ISHS为描述支护结构蠕变行为的参量,ζ为时间变量。
由于在支护阶段围岩增加了支护荷载,因此还需单独考虑支护结构作用下围岩的应力和变形。根据式(2),(3)可知支护结构造成的围岩应力和变形表达式分别为
σρRS(zt)=Re{2φRS(zt)z[z¯2φRS(zt)z2+                   ψRS(zt)z]e2iθ}σθRS(zt)=Re{2φRS(zt)z+[z¯2φRS(zt)z2+                    ψRS(zt)z]e2iθ}τρθRS(zt)=Im{[z¯2φRS(zt)z2+                    ψRS(zt)z]e2iθ}}
uρRS(zt)+iuθRS(zt)=eiθ2{0tI(tζ)φRS(zt)dζ0tH(tζ)[zφRS(zt)¯z+ψRS(zt)¯]dζ}
式中:σρRS为支护荷载造成的围岩径向应力,σθRS为支护荷载造成的围岩环向应力,τρθRS为支护荷载造成的切向应力,uρRS为支护荷载造成的围岩径向变形,uθRS为支护荷载造成的围岩环向位移。
将式(11),(12),(16)~(19)代入式(13)~(15)中,可得
Re{2φS(zt)z[z¯2φS(zt)z2+ψS(zt)z]e2iθ}=0Im{[z¯2φS(zt)z2+ψS(zt)z]e2iθ}=0}
φRS(zt)z+z¯2φRS(zt)z2+ψRS(zt)z[φS(zt)z+z¯2φS(zt)z2+ψS(zt)z]=0
Peiθ4[0tI(tζ)dζ(1λ)zz¯r020tI(tζ)dζ(1+λ)1z¯r02+0tH(tζ)dζ(1λ)1zr020tI(tζ)dζ(1λ)1z¯3r04]+eiθ2{0tI(tζ)φRS(zt)dζ0tH(tζ)[zφRS(zt)¯z+ψRS(zt)¯]dζ}=eiθ2{0tIS(tζ)φSS(zt)dζ0tHS(tζ)[zφSS(zt)¯z+ψSS(zt)¯]dζ}
通过令式(20)~(22)中等式两边指数项的幂次相等可以得到复位势具体形式,同时对其做Laplace变换将时域方程转化为频域方程。
由于复位势中绝大多数项都为0,因此仅需令复位势指数项幂次等于-k,-1,0,1,2,3和k+2即可确定复位势具体形式,对于式(20):
当复位势指数项幂次为-k时,有
ekiθ(k2):I(s)r0kak(s)=IS(s)ck(s)r0k(k+2)HS(s)dk+2(s)r0k+2HS(s)fk(s)r0k
当复位势指数项幂次为-1时,有
eiθ:P(1λ)2r0[B2(s)B2(t1)s]+I(s)r01a1(s)=IS(s)c1(s)r013HS(s)d3(s)r03HS(s)f1(s)r0
当复位势指数项幂次为0时,有
e0:2d2(s)r02=0
当复位势指数项幂次为1时,有
eiθ:P(1+λ)r02[B1(s)B1(t1)s]H(s)b1(s)r01=       [IS(s)HS(s)]d1(s)r0HS(s)e1(s)r01
当复位势指数项幂次为2时,有
e2iθ:H(s)b2(s)r02=HS(s)e2(s)r02+[IS(s)HS(s)]d2(s)r02
当复位势指数项幂次为3时,有
e3iθ:H(s)[a1(s)r01b3(s)r03]=IS(s)d3(s)r03+       HS(s)c1(s)r01HS(s)e3(s)r03
当复位势指数项幂次为k+2时,有
e(k+2)iθ(k2):HS(s)kck(s)r0k+IS(s)dk+2(s)r0k+2HS(s)ek+2(s)r0(k+2)=kH(s)[ak(s)r0bk+2(s)r0k+2]
而对于式(19):
当复位势指数项幂次为-k时,有
ekiθ(k1):r0kak(s)=ck(s)r0k+(k+2)HS(s)dk+2(s)r0k+2+fk(s)r0k
当复位势指数项幂次为0时,有
e0:2d2(s)r02=0
当复位势指数项幂次为1时,有
eiθ:b1(s)r0=e1(s)r0+2d1(s)r0
当复位势指数项幂次为2时,有
e2iθ:b2(s)r02=e2(s)r02+d2(s)r02
当复位势指数项幂次为k+2时,有
e(k+2)iθ(k1):kak(s)r0k+bk+2(s)r0k2=kck(s)r0k+dk+2(s)r0k+2+ek+2(s)r0k2
对于式(20):
当复位势指数项幂次为-k-1时,有
e(k1)iθ(k1):kck(s)r1k1+dk+2(s)r1k+1+ek+2(s)r1k3=0
当复位势指数项幂次为-1时,有
eiθ:2d2(s)r1+2e2(s)r13=0
当复位势指数项幂次为0时,有
e0:2d1(s)+e1(s)r12=0
当复位势指数项幂次为1时,有
eiθ:2d2(s)r12d2(s)r1=0
当复位势指数项幂次为k+1时,有
e(k+1)iθ(k1):ck(s)r1k1+(k+2)dk+2(s)r1k+1+                      fk(s)r1k1=0
将求解的复位势φRSψRS代入式(18),(19)可得支护荷载作用下围岩的应力和变形,根据支护施作时间点与式(11),(12)可得支护隧道围岩的总应力和总变形。将求解的复位势φSψS代入式(16),(17)可得支护结构的应力和变形。直接得到φSψS是较为困难的,因此,本研究将具体取值代入后通过数值迭代求解支护结构的应力和变形。
为检验本文得出的非静水应力场中考虑支护结构蠕变的隧道黏弹性理论解的正确性,采用Abaqus数值模拟结果进行对比验证。由于隧道模型高度对称,因此仅取1/4进行模拟。数值模型尺寸为100 m×100 m,y方向为重力方向,z方向为隧道轴线方向(见图3)。隧道埋深94 m,可视为平面无限域。z方向是固定的,不能发生位移,yx方向上的变形设置为0,从而满足平面应变条件。网格形状是边长为1 m的四边形,计算方法采用Abaqus standard计算。用来验证的参数如表1所示。如图4所示,围岩径向位移和径向应力的解析结果与有限元计算结果的差异很小,最大误差不超过4%,误差可能来源于有限元计算时产生的离散误差,但从趋势上看,计算结果是符合规律的。
为进一步分析考虑支护结构蠕变特性时隧道围岩的位移和衬砌应力等情况,依旧选取图3的隧道模型和相应参数,与储昭飞等[10]给出的解析结果进行比较。其中,储昭飞等[10]的解析解在计算时支护结构的弹性模量取10 000 MPa,其他与本文的输入数据相同。图5(a)展示了储昭飞等[10]的解析解和本文提出解析解的径向变形比较结果,不难发现当不考虑支护结构的蠕变特性时,所得的围岩径向变形较小。图5(b)给出了0°,45°和90°方位隧道围岩法向应力随时间的变化趋势,发现当考虑支护结构的蠕变特性时,围岩法向应力略低于储昭飞等[10]给出的解析结果。随着时间的增加,围岩流变趋于稳定,围岩的变形和应力也趋于稳定。不难发现围岩变形和应力的发展趋势与以往的解析结果类似,区别在于以往的解析解高估了支护结构约束围岩变形的能力,而这有可能造成安全事故,因此考虑支护结构的蠕变特性是有必要的。在实际工程中,在两向不等压的地层中修建隧道是非常常见的,与静水应力场中修建的隧道不同,该类地层中隧道变形和应力分布不均匀,仰拱隆起或者两侧挤压等隧道病害时有发生,当围岩和支护结构发生蠕变时,上述现象将更为严重。在解析解中耦合考虑非静水应力场和支护结构的蠕变可以更加充分地分析隧道围岩与支护的相互作用机制。
本节通过改变支护结构的各项蠕变参数来分析其对围岩支护相互作用关系的影响,从而总结相应规律。在参数分析中,分析结果通过90°方位的径向位移来体现。
保持表2中隧道地质、设计参数和岩石参数不变,只改变支护的蠕变模量GMS,分析其变化对隧道径向位移的影响。由图6(a)可知,随着GMS的降低,围岩的变形量逐渐升高。在施作完支护结构后,不同GMS的支护立即展现出了不同的支护效果,可见GMS会影响支护结构的早期强度。结合Kelvin- Voigt蠕变模型分析后可知,GMS对支护结构的早期和长期强度都有着较为重要的影响。
保持表2中隧道地质、设计参数和岩石参数不变,只改变支护的蠕变模量GKS,分析其变化对隧道径向位移的影响。由图6(b)可知,随着GKS的降低,围岩的变形量呈不断升高的趋势,GKS越小围岩的变形越大。相比于GMS,支护结构的GKS对支护结构的早期强度影响较小,但对稳定后的长期强度影响较大。因此,保障GKS足够高,否则会导致蠕变变形过大。
仍保持表2中隧道地质、设计参数和岩石参数不变,只改变蠕变系数ηKS,分析蠕变系数ηKS变化对隧道90°方位径向位移的影响。由图6(c)可知,支护结构刚刚施作时,ηKS越小围岩径向变形越大,但随着时间的推移,围岩的变形逐渐接近。可见,ηKS对围岩变形速度有着较大的影响,ηKS越大围岩变形速度越大。
本文基于新疆引水工程的N1隧道开展工程应用以证明本文提出解析方法的有效性。该隧道采用敞开式TBM开挖,因此隧道为圆形,二次衬砌在全线贯通后集体施作,开展现场监测时,隧道只施作了喷射混凝土,这与本文的应用场景是高度一致的。具体验证参数如表2所示。监测点布置情况如图7所示,拱顶沉降监测通过敞开式TBM自带的全站仪设备监测,围岩压力通过土压力盒监测。拱顶沉降监测点1个,围岩压力有2个监测点位,分别位于拱顶和拱腰。图8给出了监测数据与解析解的比较结果,从趋势上分析,解析解与实际监测结果保持了一致性。图8(a)表明绝大多数拱顶沉降监测值与解析解相差不超过20%,12 d前的监测结果误差较大,可能是由于施工扰动造成的监测不稳定,当不考虑支护蠕变时会低估围岩收敛。图8(b)中围岩压力监测结果与解析解相差同样很小,尽管在初始阶段不太稳定,但解析解在后续良好地预测了监测数值,而当不考虑支护蠕变时预测结果偏高。综上所述,本文提出的解析方法对于实际工程具有一定的参考价值。
本文采用复变函数理论和Laplace变换方法推导了非静水应力场中含衬砌隧道随时间变化的位移和应力解析解,并考虑了支护结构的蠕变特性。通过数值模拟证明了解析解计算结果的正确性。在此基础上,比较分析了本文提出的解析解与以往研究的区别与优势,研究了支护结构蠕变参数对围岩径向位移的影响。本研究得到的主要结论如下:
(1)本文推导了圆形隧道在非静水应力场中考虑围岩流变和支护结构蠕变耦合作用的解析解。采用Kelvin-Voigt模型模拟围岩和支护结构的流变特性,通过围岩和支护结构的位移协调方程和应力边界条件得到了位移和应力解,数值模拟结果表明解析解的预测效果良好。对于简单的力学模型,本文提出的解析方法相比于数值模拟更加快速、简便,且具有一定的准确性。
(2)当考虑支护结构的蠕变特性时,相比于既有的解析结果,其围岩变形会更大,围岩和初支的接触压力会更小。因此,支护结构的蠕变特性会限制其变形控制能力和荷载承受能力。不考虑支护结构的蠕变特性会低估隧道的变形,高估支护结构的承载能力。当考虑支护结构的材料为Kelvin-Voigt模型时,GMS越大,支护结构限制围岩变形的能力越好;GKS越大,支护结构限制围岩变形的能力越好;ηKS越小,围岩变形速度越快。其中,GMS对控制围岩长期、早期变形都具有更重要的作用。
(3)在非静水应力场中修建隧道时,隧道和支护结构的变形和受力分布不均匀,当地层和支护结构流变效应显著时,上述问题会更加显著。两者的耦合作用会加剧仰拱隆起或隧道侧壁向内挤压等隧道病害的发生,这会降低支护结构的安全性,在设计和施工中考虑上述因素对复杂环境下隧道的施工与运营具有重要意义。
(4)基于新疆引水工程的N1隧道的工程应用,表明本文提出的解析方法可以良好地预测隧道围岩变形和支护结构受力的发展趋势,在实际工程中展现出一定的潜力。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52578458; 52378410; 42307246)
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2026年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0324
  • 接收时间:2025-05-15
  • 首发时间:2026-06-18
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-15
  • 修回日期:2025-10-15
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52578458; 52378410; 42307246)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52578458; 52378410; 42307246)
作者信息
    1.北京交通大学 城市地下工程教育部重点实验室,北京 100044
    2.北京交通大学 土木建筑工程学院,北京 100044
    3.武汉大学 土木建筑工程学院,湖北 武汉 430072
    4.清华大学 水沙科学与水利水电工程国家重点实验室,北京 100084
    5.中国人民警察大学 防火工程学院,河北 廊坊 065000

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* 刘保国(1964–),现任教授,主要从事岩石力学方面的教学与研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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