Article(id=1274300257559176176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0465, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751472000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-03, revisedDate=1760371200000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1781746456756, onlineDateStr=2026-06-18, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781746456756, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781746456756, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781746456756, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1274300092707266809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, year='2026', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='321', pageEnd='638', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781746417452, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781746463571, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1274300286466335306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1274300286466335307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=412, endPage=431, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1274300259404669938, articleId=1274300257559176176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, language=EN, title=Size effect of granite in uniaxial compression considering crack propagation mechanism, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Rock masses often exhibit significant size effects under uniaxial compression, yet the underlying mesoscopic controlling mechanisms and sensitivity to crack parameters remain poorly understood. In this study, we conducted uniaxial compression and acoustic emission (AE) monitoring experiments on granite specimens of various laboratory scales. By incorporating constraints from X-ray diffraction (XRD) mineral composition and AE-guided micro-crack data, we established a numerical model with a pre-existing micro-crack network using the PFC platform. The results indicate that the uniaxial compressive strength, failure mode, and crack propagation of the specimens demonstrate pronounced size dependence: peak strength decreases with increasing specimen size, and the failure mode transitions from splitting to shearing. In a homogeneous mineral matrix model (without pre-existing micro-cracks), the strength is nearly independent of specimen size, suggesting that pre-existing micro-cracks are the primary factor controlling the size effect. Furthermore, crack length has a significantly greater impact on strength degradation than crack number, with smaller specimens being more sensitive to variations in crack parameters. The established model effectively reproduces the experimental results regarding stress-strain behavior, AE event sequences, AF-RA crack classification, and failure patterns, thereby validating the reliability of the multi-scale numerical approach. These findings provide theoretical support for addressing the strength size effect and enhancing the safety design of engineering rock masses under complex geological conditions.

, correspAuthors=Zhanyou LUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* LUO Zhanyou (1974–), professor, is engaged in research on the JRC of rock discontinuities, shear strength and pile foundation engineering. E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

YU Qiaojuan (1993–), assistant research fellow, is engaged in research on rock mechanics and other related fields. E-mail:

, authorsList=Qiaojuan YU, Shigui DU, Zeping ZHANG, Guangjian LIU, Zhanyou LUO, Yuanjun LYU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1274300266266550301, articleId=1274300257559176176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, language=CN, title=考虑裂纹扩展机制的花岗岩单轴压缩实验室尺寸效应研究, columnId=1274300094359822588, journalTitle=岩石力学与工程学报, columnName=理论与试验研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

岩体在单轴压缩下普遍表现出显著的尺寸效应,但其细观主控机制及裂纹参数敏感性仍缺乏系统认知。本文针对花岗岩不同实验室尺寸试样开展了单轴压缩与声发射(acoustic emission,AE)监测实验,并结合X射线衍射矿物组分约束和AE数据引导,基于PFC平台建立含原生裂隙网络的数值模型。结果表明:岩样的单轴抗压强度、破坏模式及裂纹扩展均表现出明显尺寸依赖性,峰值强度随尺寸增大而降低,破坏模式由劈裂向剪切转变。在均质矿物基质模型(无原生裂隙)下,强度基本不随尺寸变化,表明原生裂隙是尺寸效应的主控因素。此外,裂隙长度对强度劣化的影响远高于裂隙数量,且小尺寸试样对裂隙参数变化更为敏感。所建模型在应力–应变、AE时序、AF-RA裂纹分型及破坏形态等方面与试验结果一致,验证多尺度数值模型的可靠性。研究结果可为复杂地质条件下工程岩体的强度尺寸效应修正与安全设计提供理论支撑。

, correspAuthors=罗战友, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 罗战友(1974–),现任教授,主要从事岩体结构面粗糙度系数、抗剪强度及桩基工程等方面的教学与研究工作。E-mail:
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余乔娟(1993–),现任助理研究员,主要从事岩石力学研究等方面的工作。E-mail:

YU Qiaojuan (1993–), assistant research fellow, is engaged in research on rock mechanics and other related fields. E-mail:

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余乔娟(1993–),现任助理研究员,主要从事岩石力学研究等方面的工作。E-mail:

YU Qiaojuan (1993–), assistant research fellow, is engaged in research on rock mechanics and other related fields. E-mail:

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余乔娟(1993–),现任助理研究员,主要从事岩石力学研究等方面的工作。E-mail:

YU Qiaojuan (1993–), assistant research fellow, is engaged in research on rock mechanics and other related fields. E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300257559176176, language=CN, label=Fig.21, caption=Comparisons between numerical model predictions and experimental results of granite specimens, figureFileSmall=PdStQ4DwOOR5mwBRNnWM6A==, figureFileBig=voBQHxWQpNnrKU4WGspMcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368941817356706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300257559176176, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Mineral typesVolume fraction/%Density/(kg·m3)Grain‑size range/mm
K-feldspar122 5601~6
Albite592 5601~6
Biotite52 7000.5~3
Quartz232 6500.1~1
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Physical parameters and composition of granite mineral matrix

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Mineral typesVolume fraction/%Density/(kg·m3)Grain‑size range/mm
K-feldspar122 5601~6
Albite592 5601~6
Biotite52 7000.5~3
Quartz232 6500.1~1
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MineralParticle-particle contact modulusBond elastic modulusBond stiffness ratioParticle friction coefficientBond gapMean bond normal strengthMean bond shear strength
K-feldspar65400.700.60.001185100
Albite60300.700.60.001190105
Biotite50200.700.60.001170 90
Quartz70350.700.60.001185100
Other particles55400.750.60.001195105
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Value of matrix model parameters

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MineralParticle-particle contact modulusBond elastic modulusBond stiffness ratioParticle friction coefficientBond gapMean bond normal strengthMean bond shear strength
K-feldspar65400.700.60.001185100
Albite60300.700.60.001190105
Biotite50200.700.60.001170 90
Quartz70350.700.60.001185100
Other particles55400.750.60.001195105
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考虑裂纹扩展机制的花岗岩单轴压缩实验室尺寸效应研究
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余乔娟 1, 2 , 杜时贵 1 , 张泽平 1 , 刘广建 1 , 罗战友 1, * , 吕原君 1
岩石力学与工程学报 | 理论与试验研究 2026,45(2): 412-431
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岩石力学与工程学报 | 理论与试验研究 2026, 45(2): 412-431
考虑裂纹扩展机制的花岗岩单轴压缩实验室尺寸效应研究
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余乔娟1, 2 , 杜时贵1, 张泽平1, 刘广建1, 罗战友1, * , 吕原君1
作者信息
  • 1.宁波大学 岩石力学研究所,浙江 宁波 315211
  • 2.宁波大学 宁波市能源地下结构重点实验室,浙江 宁波 315211
  • 余乔娟(1993–),现任助理研究员,主要从事岩石力学研究等方面的工作。E-mail:

    YU Qiaojuan (1993–), assistant research fellow, is engaged in research on rock mechanics and other related fields. E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 罗战友(1974–),现任教授,主要从事岩体结构面粗糙度系数、抗剪强度及桩基工程等方面的教学与研究工作。E-mail:
Size effect of granite in uniaxial compression considering crack propagation mechanism
Qiaojuan YU1, 2 , Shigui DU1, Zeping ZHANG1, Guangjian LIU1, Zhanyou LUO1, * , Yuanjun LYU1
Affiliations
  • 1.Rock Mechanics Institute, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
  • 2.Ningbo Key Laboratory of Energy Geostructure, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0465
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岩体在单轴压缩下普遍表现出显著的尺寸效应,但其细观主控机制及裂纹参数敏感性仍缺乏系统认知。本文针对花岗岩不同实验室尺寸试样开展了单轴压缩与声发射(acoustic emission,AE)监测实验,并结合X射线衍射矿物组分约束和AE数据引导,基于PFC平台建立含原生裂隙网络的数值模型。结果表明:岩样的单轴抗压强度、破坏模式及裂纹扩展均表现出明显尺寸依赖性,峰值强度随尺寸增大而降低,破坏模式由劈裂向剪切转变。在均质矿物基质模型(无原生裂隙)下,强度基本不随尺寸变化,表明原生裂隙是尺寸效应的主控因素。此外,裂隙长度对强度劣化的影响远高于裂隙数量,且小尺寸试样对裂隙参数变化更为敏感。所建模型在应力–应变、AE时序、AF-RA裂纹分型及破坏形态等方面与试验结果一致,验证多尺度数值模型的可靠性。研究结果可为复杂地质条件下工程岩体的强度尺寸效应修正与安全设计提供理论支撑。

岩石力学  /  尺寸效应  /  多尺度数值模拟  /  声发射  /  原生裂隙网络  /  AF-RA  /  花岗岩

Rock masses often exhibit significant size effects under uniaxial compression, yet the underlying mesoscopic controlling mechanisms and sensitivity to crack parameters remain poorly understood. In this study, we conducted uniaxial compression and acoustic emission (AE) monitoring experiments on granite specimens of various laboratory scales. By incorporating constraints from X-ray diffraction (XRD) mineral composition and AE-guided micro-crack data, we established a numerical model with a pre-existing micro-crack network using the PFC platform. The results indicate that the uniaxial compressive strength, failure mode, and crack propagation of the specimens demonstrate pronounced size dependence: peak strength decreases with increasing specimen size, and the failure mode transitions from splitting to shearing. In a homogeneous mineral matrix model (without pre-existing micro-cracks), the strength is nearly independent of specimen size, suggesting that pre-existing micro-cracks are the primary factor controlling the size effect. Furthermore, crack length has a significantly greater impact on strength degradation than crack number, with smaller specimens being more sensitive to variations in crack parameters. The established model effectively reproduces the experimental results regarding stress-strain behavior, AE event sequences, AF-RA crack classification, and failure patterns, thereby validating the reliability of the multi-scale numerical approach. These findings provide theoretical support for addressing the strength size effect and enhancing the safety design of engineering rock masses under complex geological conditions.

rock mechanics  /  size effect  /  multiscale numerical simulation  /  acoustic emission  /  pre-existing micro-crack network  /  AF-RA  /  granite
余乔娟, 杜时贵, 张泽平, 刘广建, 罗战友, 吕原君. 考虑裂纹扩展机制的花岗岩单轴压缩实验室尺寸效应研究. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2026 , 45 (2) : 412 -431 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0465
Qiaojuan YU, Shigui DU, Zeping ZHANG, Guangjian LIU, Zhanyou LUO, Yuanjun LYU. Size effect of granite in uniaxial compression considering crack propagation mechanism[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2026 , 45 (2) : 412 -431 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0465
岩石尺寸效应是指随试样尺寸增大,其力学响应表现出强度降低、脆延性转化及破坏模式演化的普遍现象[1-3],对地下洞室、边坡与地质储库等工程稳定性具有直接影响。若将小尺寸试件的强度直接外推至现场,往往会高估岩体承载力,导致设计偏差甚至诱发失稳[4-5]。因此,厘清尺寸效应的主控机制与其可量化规律,是开展岩体工程可靠设计与安全评估的关键。
试验研究表明,尺寸增大会引起峰值强度衰减,破坏模式由劈裂向剪切转变[6-7],并伴随更为剧烈的能量释放[8]。除几何尺寸外,原生裂隙特征、加载路径[9]以及端部摩擦条件[10]等因素亦会显著影响尺寸效应响应。为解释这些现象,已有研究提出统计损伤[11]、极值分布及粗糙裂纹等强度准则[12-14],并发展了连续介质–断裂场耦合、颗粒流以及细观断裂–再黏结等方法[15-16]。然而,现有工作在3个方面仍存在不足:(1)多停留于定性解释,缺乏对裂隙关键几何参数(如数量、长度)作用的定量识别与比较;(2)裂隙几何多样性、空间相关性与能量演化难以在同一框架下同步刻画;(3)试验观测与数值模拟之间缺少可复核的多指标证据链,导致机制判断与工程应用之间存在脱节。
从经典断裂力学看,若岩石可近似视为均质体,其抗压强度对尺寸并不敏感;但天然原生裂隙的存在与组织化演化,是诱发显著尺寸效应的根本原因[17-18]。近年来,学者从细观结构出发,探讨了原生裂隙特征与空间分布对强度与破坏复杂度的影响[19-22]。总体看,关于“裂隙统计特征如何放大为宏观尺寸效应”的因果链条仍缺少参数层面的量化刻画,尤其需要将“数量–长度”等关键几何参量的作用通过敏感性分析进行分离与比较,并在试验与模拟中相互验证。
因此,本文以含天然裂隙的花岗岩为研究对象,开展了单轴压缩及声发射(acoustic emission,AE)监测试验,通过AE事件聚类分析和X射线衍射(X- ray diffraction,XRD)标定提取原生细观裂隙的先验信息。随后,依托PFC平台建立了裂隙参数可控的数值模型,对比探讨了花岗岩在单轴压缩条件下尺寸效应的主控机制,并进一步定量分析了裂隙数量和长度对尺寸效应的影响规律。相关研究成果可为工程岩体强度尺寸效应的修正及安全设计提供理论支撑。
本次试验采用TAW–2000微机控制岩石三轴试验机,并配合Micro–II Express Digital三维声发射系统,对不同直径但高径比相同的花岗岩试样进行单轴压缩试验。加载过程中同步采集力学响应信息和声发射数据,试验系统如图1所示。
TAW–2000试验系统主要由轴向加载、围压、渗流、控制及计算机采集系统组成,具备较高测量精度。其中压力测量精度可达0.01 MPa,围压系统最大加载能力为150 MPa。位移测量采用高灵敏度八爪式引伸计,量程5 mm,测量精度0.000 1 mm。轴向加载可实现位移控制、应变控制和应力控制等多种加载模式。
为全面分析花岗岩试样的物理力学行为及变形破裂机制,除力学与声发射监测试验外,还对试样进行了XRD测试,以揭示其矿物组分特征。本研究采用Rigaku SmartLab型X射线衍射仪对试样进行XRD测试。仪器配备铜靶X射线管,工作条件为管电压40 kV、电流100 mA。测试样品为研磨后的花岗岩细粉,采用侧装法制备,扫描范围为3°~70°,步长0.02°。所得衍射数据使用MDI Jade软件进行分析,实现对样品中石英、长石及黏土矿物等主要成分的定性鉴别与定量分析。
试验所用花岗岩取自河南省驻马店市泌阳县春水镇采石场。选取尺寸超过1 m、无明显杂质与可见裂隙的完整花岗岩岩块作为母料,采用自动取芯机并保持同一取样方向钻取岩芯后制样。该花岗岩为灰白色,中细粒结构,伴有均匀分布的黑色斑点。为保证数据的可比性,试样制备严格遵循国际及国内相关标准,将原岩加工为圆柱体试件,保持高径比为2.0。本研究制备了38 mm×76 mm,50 mm×100 mm,69 mm×138 mm,75 mm×150 mm和100 mm×200 mm五种规格的试样(见图2)。各试样端面平整度误差控制在0.05 mm以内,两端直径偏差小于0.2 mm,端面与轴线垂直度偏差不超过0.25°;同时剔除存在表面缺陷的试样。经测定,花岗岩试样平均密度为2.61 g/cm³,孔隙率为0.83%,纵波速度为4.464 km/s。
本文采用基于波形到时的声发射事件定位方法,提取各传感器接收到信号的精确到达时间。图3(a)展示了声发射信号到时拾取与事件定位原理示意,图3(b)为AE简化波形。
基于声波速度和时间–距离关系,事件中撞击的绝对到达时间t结合声波速度k,可以得出从传感器到声源的距离d
d=kt
假设事件发生位置坐标(xsyszs)、传感器位置坐标(xiyizi),在空间坐标系中,信号源至接收器的距离di表示为
di=(xixs)2+(yiys)2+(zizs)2
岩石是一种典型的非均质材料,其内部结构的不均匀性会显著影响应力波的传播特性,具体表现为波幅衰减、传播路径复杂化以及频散等现象。然而,L. Y. Zhao等[23]研究表明在一定尺度和频率范围内,花岗岩的波传播特性可近似视为弹性均质体,此时应力波的传播路径可简化为直线传播。因此,在进行声发射事件的空间定位时,可以采用基于到时差的定位方程进行求解,其数学表达如下:
F(xsyszsti)=ti+1ti=(di+1di)/k
di+1=(xi+1xs)2+(yi+1ys)2+(zi+1zs)2
式中:ti为应力波传播到第i个接收器的绝对到时。
尺寸效应试验在TAW–2000微机控制岩石三轴试验系统上开展,针对不同尺寸花岗岩试样开展单轴压缩试验,具体步骤如下:
(1)试样准备:选用直径分别为38,50,69,75和100 mm,高径比为2.0的5种规格花岗岩圆柱体试样。
(2)声发射传感器安装:每个试样均匀安装2组声发射传感器,每组3个声发射传感器,安装于距试样端部约1/5高度位置的环形平面,通过环氧树脂将其固封于试样表面,确保信号采集的稳定性与一致性。
(3)应变传感器安装:在试样中部精确安装八爪式引伸计,应变计与试件轴线保持严格对中。随后将整个试样装入加载腔体,连接应变计接口。试样安装如图1所示。
(4)轴向加载过程:采用应变控制方式,加载速率设定为0.02 mm/min,持续加载直至试样破坏。加载过程中同步采集声发射信号。
岩石的脆性、强度等特征与其矿物组成、孔隙度等物理参数密切相关。为深入揭示花岗岩的微观结构特征与矿物特性,本文采用XRD分析与光学显微镜观察,对其矿物组成及细观结构进行了系统研究,相关结果如图45所示。
基于XRD数据及矿物含量分析,确定花岗岩的主要矿物成分为钠长石(59%)、石英(23%)、钾长石(12%)、黑云母(5%)和角闪石(1%)。其中,钠长石含量最高,占比接近60%,石英和钾长石次之,黑云母和角闪石含量较低。光学显微镜照片(见图4)进一步证实了上述矿物的分布及形貌,显示各主要矿物颗粒在岩石中的空间分布特征。
值得注意的是,较高的钠长石和石英含量使花岗岩整体结构致密,表现出显著的脆性特征;受力作用下易发生脆性破裂,这与单轴压缩试验结果相一致。此外,长石类矿物(尤其是钠长石)易发生水化反应,使岩体具有一定的水敏感性:在含水环境中,矿物颗粒间的黏聚力减弱,从而影响其力学性能与破裂模式。微观结构特征与矿物组成的协同作用决定了花岗岩在应力作用下既呈现典型脆性,又对水环境较为敏感。
张晓平等[24-26]国内外学者的研究表明,在花岗岩受力破坏过程中,裂隙演化可划分为裂纹闭合阶段(阶段I)、弹性阶段(阶段II)及裂纹扩展阶段(阶段III和IV)。各阶段在声发射振铃计数率和能量释放特征上表现出显著差异,如图6(a)所示。随着加载的进行,裂纹扩展阶段声发射振铃计数率与能量累积值骤然上升,对应裂纹失稳扩展及能量累积峰值的出现。图6(b)展示了体积应变与裂隙体积应变演化曲线进一步直观反映裂缝发育过程。裂隙体积应变的急剧增大与声发射振铃计数率和累积能量值的突变高度吻合,表明大量裂隙在生成与扩展的过程中已显著改变了试样内部结构。图中σccσciσcdσf分别为裂纹闭合应力、裂纹起裂应力、裂纹损伤应力和峰值应力。
本文采用“裂隙体积应变法”联合声发射信号分析,对峰前加载阶段进行分段识别。压缩条件下的裂纹体积应变,计算过程如下:
ε1e=1E(σ12νσ3)ε2e=ε3e=1E[σ3ν(σ1+σ3)]εve=ε1e+2ε3e=12νE(σ1+2σ3)εvc=εvεve}
式中:σ1σ3分别为第一、第三主应力;ε1e为轴向弹性应变;εv为体积应变;εve为弹性体积应变;εvc为裂隙体积应变;E为弹性模量;ν为泊松比。
岩石尺寸对其宏观力学性质和裂纹扩展规律具有显著影响。本节结合应力–应变曲线与声发射能量演化曲线,系统分析不同尺寸花岗岩试样破裂过程中裂隙扩展的阶段性特征及其对应的力学响应,为认识尺寸效应对花岗岩损伤机制的影响提供了数据支持和机制解释。图7为不同尺寸花岗岩单轴压缩破坏过程中AE能量、振铃计数与应力的时序演化关系,图中,D为试样直径。
试验结果表明,随着应变的逐步加载,花岗岩内部裂隙扩展过程呈现明显的阶段性渐进特征。初始加载阶段,声发射计数率与能量释放均处于较低且稳定的水平,对应裂隙未萌生或仅有少量微裂隙闭合。值得注意的是,随着尺寸的增加,裂纹闭合阶段的声发射振铃计数率显著增大,表明大尺寸花岗岩试样存在更多的原生未闭合裂隙。
随着应力持续增大,试样在σci附近开始出现零星AE脉冲,但累积能量几乎维持在低水平,表明裂隙尚处于萌生阶段。进入σcd之后,裂隙扩展加速,AE事件计数率呈多次尖峰,累积能量曲线亦随之陡升,反映出微裂隙大量生成并逐步贯通。临近峰值应力σf,裂隙进入失稳扩展阶段,AE计数率的剧烈脉冲与累积能量的急剧攀升共同揭示了岩体即将发生破裂的临界状态。
对比38~100 mm直径花岗岩试样的AE曲线(见图7)和破坏模式(见图8)发现:试样越大,裂纹闭合期的振铃计数率与峰值累积能量越高,AE启动虽滞后却在峰前爆发;破坏模式随尺寸增大依次表现为:单一轴向劈裂(D = 38 mm)、张拉–剪切混合破坏(D = 50,69 mm)及由多条斜裂面组成的宏观剪切带(D = 75,100 mm),碎裂度与空间异质性显著增强。整体表现为大尺寸试样“迟启–骤连–剪切失稳”的裂隙扩展动力学:能量长期积累后短时集中释放,弹性波总量和破坏复杂度随尺寸增大而升高,凸显尺寸效应对岩石力学响应与破裂模式的控制作用。
声发射监测的核心在于获取声发射事件的性质、强度以及空间分布信息。声发射事件的幅值可作为判断裂纹扩展强度和破坏程度的间接指标,反映岩石内部损伤的严重性;而声发射源的三维空间定位则有助于揭示裂纹扩展的空间分布特征及其演化规律。图9中展示了不同直径花岗岩试样在加载过程中,分别对应0.1,0.3,0.5和1倍峰值应变时刻的声发射事件三维空间定位结果。其中,图中所示幅值为6个传感器测得幅值的平均值。这些数据有助于系统分析裂纹在破坏各阶段的起裂、扩展及空间分布特征。
试验结果显示,随着试样尺寸的增大,声发射事件的数量及三维空间分布范围均显著增加,裂纹扩展与破坏过程的尺寸效应表现突出。正如图9所示,在不同特征应变阶段,不同尺寸试样的声发射事件经历了从稀疏到密集、从局部分布向整体扩展的演化过程。
进一步分析三维定位结果表明,大尺寸试样中声发射事件数量显著增加,整体仍以冷色调事件(相对低幅值)占多数,显示微裂纹的扩展更为频繁且分散。然而,在采用统一色卡的前提下,尽管小尺寸试样的暖色调(红色,黄色)事件数量明显高于大尺寸试样,但这并不意味着小尺寸样本中的高幅值事件多于大尺寸样本中的高幅值事件相等。实际上,大尺寸试样的绿、浅蓝色幅值事件对应的绝对数值较高,通常在65~75 dB范围,其幅值水平相当于小尺寸样本中显示为暖色调的事件。因此,虽然在色卡上它们显示为相似的冷色调,但幅值上不同尺寸样本的声发射事件存在显著差异。总体而言,大尺寸试样出现的高幅值事件的数量(绿色事件)和幅值上限均明显高于小尺寸试样,并且多局限于若干应力集中区。这表明这些局部区域内裂纹发育更加剧烈,易形成连贯破坏通道。
此外,较大尺寸花岗岩试样因其更大的体积和更复杂的天然微裂隙网络,具备更多微裂纹萌生与相互贯通的潜在路径。在加载后期,大尺寸试样的AE事件分布更加密集,裂纹更易在空间上发生连通与聚集,最终形成大尺度的贯通裂缝。这进一步说明,尺寸增大不仅显著增强了裂纹的扩展与汇聚能力,也加剧了岩石的破坏剧烈程度,充分反映出岩石破裂过程中的突出尺寸效应。
在岩石破坏过程中,张拉型和剪切型裂纹由于致裂机制不同,所产生的声发射信号特征也存在显著差异[27]。张拉破裂以纵波能量为主,声发射信号表现为上升时间短、频率高;而剪切破裂则以横波能量为主,信号的上升时间较长、频率较低。在声发射监测中,常用RA值(risetime/amplitude)和AF值(average frequency),对破裂机制及裂纹开裂模式进行定性分析。通过对AF-RA参数的联合分析,可有效判别裂纹的张拉与剪切性质,其分析原理如图10所示(图中,F为外在荷载,θ为上升角,K为上升角的正切值)。
根据K. Du等[28]试验结果以及花岗岩裂纹分型的分割斜率研究,本文最终采用分割斜率K = 11作为张拉型与剪切型裂纹的判别阈值。不同直径试样的声发射AF-RA分析结果如图11所示。随着试样尺寸的增加,剪切事件的比例整体上呈现出“以张拉为主、剪切相对增多”的趋势,但不同尺寸间存在一定波动。这表明大尺寸样品在破坏过程中虽然仍以张拉裂纹为主,但相对剪切事件有所增加,破坏模式逐渐表现出张拉与剪切共同作用的混合特征。与此同时,较大尺寸试样中出现更多裂缝交叉、剪滑面和局部破碎区(见图8),呈现出更复杂的破坏形态。
这一结果表明,试样尺寸放大不仅会增加AE事件的总数与能量,还会改变破裂过程中张拉与剪切事件的相对比例。较大尺寸的花岗岩试样在破坏过程中更容易形成局部滑移与剪切破坏,从而加剧裂隙交互和局部卸载效应。这一现象与花岗岩的强非均质性及内在缺陷在大尺度下更易激活有关,体现了尺寸效应的特征。
综上,花岗岩在单轴压缩下的破裂机制随尺寸显著变化:小直径试样的AE信号主要集中于张拉破裂区,裂纹扩展路径相对简单和集中,主要表现为单一主控裂缝的贯穿破坏。而直径增大后,剪切事件增多且分布分散,裂纹呈多条交织、快速贯通之势。总体来看,尺寸增大会同步提升AE事件数量、幅值上限与空间覆盖范围,使破坏模式由张拉主控转向张拉–剪切混合,裂纹扩展更复杂、宏观破坏更剧烈。
岩石的宏观力学行为受其细观矿物组成与裂隙演化的共同控制。本文构建“矿物基质–裂隙网络”耦合模型(见图12),并在跨尺寸试样上进行验证与敏感性分析。整体流程如下所示:
(1)X射线衍射测试定量获得石英、长石、黑云母等主要矿物组分的体积分数及相应弹性模量、泊松比等物性参数,构建具有真实比例的矿物基质。
(2)利用AE到时定位并采用基于密度的空间聚类方法(density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise,DBSCAN)提取闭合阶段的事件聚集域与主导走向,将其作为“初始缺陷走向与空间域”的统计先验,并通过幅值归一及Weibull逆变换对裂隙长度分布进行条件约束。
(3)将重构自然裂隙网络显式嵌入PFC2D基质域,统一载荷与边界进行数值计算,并以应力–应变、AE能量时序、AF-RA分型及破坏形态进行校验。
基于SmartLab–9kW X射线衍射仪和光学显微镜,对试样的矿物组成与细观结构进行表征。结果显示:钠长石为主要成分,呈白色至浅灰色,分布均匀且形态不规则;石英颗粒呈白色、半透明,硬度高、颗粒间接触紧密;钾长石呈淡红色至肉红色,分布均匀;黑云母为深色鳞片状或片状;角闪石仅为微量成分。整体颗粒分布较均一、颗粒间紧密接触,孔隙度约0.8%。主要矿物的体积分数与物理特征如表1所示。
在PFC2D中,矿物基质采用离散元法构建,步骤如下:
(1)定义颗粒直径范围,按均匀分布在指定域内随机生成颗粒;
(2)按XRD体积分数设定各矿物颗粒比例,利用随机算法实现空间分布,并通过比例控制颗粒数量;
(3)结合表1的粒径分布与接触特性参数微调,使堆积结构接近实际晶体拼接特征;
(4)分别为不同矿物颗粒赋予密度、弹性模量、黏结强度、摩擦因数等物理参数(见图13),使数值模型能够真实反映各矿物的力学差异与相互作用。
为确保“尺寸效应”仅源于几何尺寸与裂隙统计特征,而非材料本构变化,参数确定与使用遵循以下原则与流程:
(1)参数一致性原则:为避免将“材料内在长度”与“几何尺寸”混合,本研究在不同直径试样(D = 38~100 mm)的PFC2D模型中保持颗粒级配与微观参数不变,包括:颗粒半径上下限、初始孔隙率、接触与黏结参数以及加载条件,仅扩大试样几何尺寸,使颗粒数按几何体积规律性增加。因此,尺寸效应通过D/d50的变化体现(d50为代表性颗粒中直径)。当D/d50增大时,强度与破坏模式呈现统计学上的尺寸依赖;若改用“颗粒与试样等比缩放”(保持D/d50不变),则几何尺寸效应将被显著弱化。本研究对所有尺寸采用统一的矿物颗粒物理参数,以保证模型物理一致性与可比性。
(2)参数来源与物理校验:为保证参数的物理约束与可复现性,本文参考C. D. He等[29]基于PFC2D平行黏结模型(parallel bond model, PBM)的参数范围与标定流程,确定石英、长石、黑云母三类矿物的微观参数初值区间,包括颗粒接触模量、黏结弹性模量、黏结刚度比、摩擦因数、黏结切向强度与法向强度。同时,采用Z. Ma等[30]的纳米压痕与两步均化结果,对矿物间的相对刚度与脆/韧行为进行独立校验,作为参数序关系与数量级的物理锚定。表2给出了最终参数取值。
裂隙网络的演化显著影响岩石的宏观力学响应[31-32]。为定量刻画原生裂隙统计特征,本文采用初始压密/闭合阶段的AE数据,通过DBSCAN提取事件时空聚集与主导走向,重构原生裂隙网络,并将其按空间对应关系显式嵌入矿物基质的PFC2D模型中(见图14)。该做法使模型能够体现不同几何尺寸试样的真实裂隙统计差异,从而获取裂纹演化规律与破坏特征,分析自然裂隙主控下的尺寸效应机制。
为避免将几何空隙误认为裂隙,本文明确裂隙在PFC2D中的数值表征方式:裂隙并非通过几何空隙直接建模,而是通过粒间黏结的状态及其随加载的演化来表征应力传递的连续性与削弱程度。如图15所示:蓝色区域表示“黏结失效带”(bond-failed bands),即应力不再连续传递的数值意义裂隙;白色孔隙为颗粒堆积形成的几何空隙(voids),不代表原生裂隙、亦无独立物理含义;红色直线为依据AE/试验信息识别的初始缺陷走向。本文将“裂隙”与“裂纹”统一视为内部微观缺陷,通过粒间黏结由“完整(bonded)”向“无黏结(unbonded)”的转化进行数值表征;初始裂隙带内接触在模型起始即设置为无黏结状态,并在加载过程中沿指示走向逐步扩展,形成裂隙的贯通与生长。
需要强调的是,本文在不同尺度模型中保持颗粒标称尺寸、级配与微观参数不变,仅扩大试样几何尺寸,使颗粒数随尺寸规律性增加,以避免微观参数变化带来的混淆。在此基础上可以清晰地区分两类情形:在“均质、无裂隙”条件下,几何放大对宏观强度与破坏模式的影响有限,主要表现为统计波动的减弱[33];在“含原生裂隙且接触可演化”条件下,几何放大显著提升弱面采样与连通概率,强化裂隙互作,重组应力传递路径,使主承载路径更容易组织化为剪切带,宏观强度出现尺寸性劣化,破坏由张拉主导向张拉–剪切混合或剪切主导转化。
本节基于AE监测结果,构建初始缺陷的统计先验并提取其取向约束。具体步骤如下:
(1)对AE事件进行DBSCAN聚类与噪声剔除,识别闭合/压密阶段的事件密集域与主导走向;各簇被解释为“天然弱面相关的缺陷先验域”,而非单条裂缝的几何实体。
(2)在每个事件簇内,采用最小二乘平面拟合得到主导取向的法向量n;在拟合平面内以外接椭圆主轴度量平面内扩展尺度,定义“等效半径”a;沿n方向以分位厚度近似事件的厚度尺度,定义“等效张开度”c。这些量仅作为裂隙网络参数的统计先验与方向偏好,不与真实裂缝几何一一对应,如图16所示。核心定义如下:
(1)邻域:给定声发射点p与半径ε,点p的邻域定义为Nε(p)={x|xpε}
(2)核心点:若|Nε(p)|MinPts(包含p自身),MinPts(minimum points)为最小点数,则称p为核心点。
(3)边界点:点q位于某核心点的邻域内(q Nε(p)),但自身不满足核心点条件(|Nε(q)| MinPts),则称q为边界点。
(4)噪声点:既非核心点,亦不属于任何核心点邻域的点,记为噪声点,不参与后续裂纹面拟合。
Weibull分布是一类常用的随机模型,适用于描述材料强度、寿命等具有显著随机性与不确定性的特征。为描述“短多长少”的统计特征,裂隙长度采用Weibull分布,其概率密度函数(probability density function,PDF):
f(x)=kλ(xλ)k1exp[(xλ)k]
式中:x为裂隙长度随机变量;k为形状参数,控制分布陡峭度与尾部形态;λ为尺度参数,决定总体尺度与均值量级。当k>1时,分布呈右偏,短裂隙更常见、长裂隙相对稀少,符合天然裂隙统计特征;当k = 1时,退化为指数分布;当k<1时,分布左偏、低值概率更高。本文针对天然裂隙长度统计,取k>1。累积分布函数(cumulative distribution function,CDF)与逆变换采样:
F(x)=1exp[(xλ)k]
x=λ[ln(1u)]1/k
式中:u为[0,1]区间内的均匀随机数。据此可直接生成服从Weibull分布的裂隙长度样本,用于裂隙网络的蒙特卡洛重构。
为嵌入AE幅值信息,先对簇/事件幅值归一化为
Anorm=AAminAmaxAmin[0   1]
式中:AmaxAmin分别为AE信号的最大幅值与最小幅值,A为某次事件的实际幅值,Anorm为幅值归一化后的量纲一形式。以“分位替换”条件化采样:
l=λ[ln(1Anorm)]1/k
式中:l为裂隙长度样本值。幅值越大,对应分位越接近1,得到的条件样本越长。在总体保持群体统计形态(k = 2,λ = 0.001)不变的前提下,仅将AE幅值作为长度分布的条件化驱动,用以表征不同事件之间的强度差异。以不同尺寸试样的单轴抗压强度/峰值应变为目标,采用“先验范围+交叉验证”标定幅值阈值与裂隙长度。
为评估自然缺陷统计特征在尺寸效应中的主控作用,在“AE引导的裂隙网络PFC2D”框架下分别考察裂隙长度与数量对单轴抗压强度(UCS)与峰值应变的影响。图17给出在D = 38,50,69,75,100 mm条件下,关键参数(平均长度、数量)变化引发的响应演化。主要结论如下:
(1)随着裂隙平均长度的增大,各尺寸试件UCS均下降,且尺寸越小(如D = 38 mm)下降幅度更为剧烈。当裂隙长度由0 mm增至0.5 mm时,小尺寸样本(D = 38 mm)峰值强度降幅约为10%,而大尺寸样本(D = 100 mm)降幅仅约为5%,表明裂隙长度对小尺寸样本强度削弱更为敏感。类似的趋势也见于裂隙数量的变化,但整体削弱幅度相对较小。
(2)峰值应变对两类裂隙参数的变化响应均较为缓和,总体波动幅度低于0.05%。值得注意的是,试件峰值应变随裂隙长度变化呈现先增后减的非线性趋势;裂隙数量增加主要导致较大尺寸样本峰值应变的略微减小,且尺寸效应不如强度参数显著。
总体而言,裂隙长度和数量的增加均会削弱岩石UCS,但对峰值应变影响有限。长度因素在小尺寸样品中更具主导性,表明缺陷统计与连通性存在尺度放大效应。
本节通过对比不同直径(38~100 mm)花岗岩试样在两类数值模型(无裂隙矿物基质模型与含原生裂隙网络模型)下的预测结果,并与室内单轴压缩试验数据进行对照,以验证“基质–裂隙尺寸效应模型”的适用性与可靠性。同时,基于“颗粒尺度–应力传递–尺寸效应”的关系,本研究明确区分几何放大对均质基质与含裂隙介质的不同作用路径。
无裂隙基质模型中几何放大不会导致应力传递机制的根本改变:如图18所示,在不考虑天然裂隙的条件下,随着试样直径由38 mm增至100 mm,峰值强度基本保持不变,约为169 MPa;应力–应变曲线几乎重合,仅在峰后软化段存在轻微差异;破坏形态以局部张拉裂纹为主,未形成宏观剪切带。该结果表明:在保持颗粒标称尺寸、级配与微观参数不变的前提下,单纯几何放大(颗粒数增加)仅降低统计波动、平滑力链分布,并不引发微观应力传递机制与破坏模式的根本性转变。此结论与准脆性材料的经典认识一致:在近似均质、无初始裂隙的介质中,抗压强度对结构尺寸不敏感,显著尺寸效应需由预存缺陷触发[35]
含原生裂隙网络模型弱面连通诱发剪切带组织化与强度劣化:在基质模型上显式嵌入由AE引导的原生裂隙网络。图19显示,岩样峰值强度随直径增大显著下降,由约163.3 MPa降至133.2 MPa;破坏模式由稀疏张拉裂纹转变为张拉–剪切混合,剪切带逐渐占优,宏观贯通裂缝随尺寸增大更易形成,主破坏带走向更稳定,碎块尺度增大。这种显著的尺寸依赖性主要源于2类耦合机制:
(1)统计放大与极值采样:尺寸增大带来更多且更长的裂隙,提升对长裂隙段与极弱区的采样概率;裂尖应力场更易重叠并早期触发失稳,符合应力强化与裂隙相互作用机制。
(2)连通性提升与结构重组:弱面连通性增强使内部破裂分布更均匀,同质化的导通通道增多;无黏结接触重组出跨尺度导通簇,主承载路径收敛到高介数走廊,旁路减少,剪切带自组织化加剧,导致强度劣化与脆化。
上述结果表明:相较于无裂隙基质模型中峰值强度近似恒定的表现,含原生裂隙网络模型的显著尺寸依赖性源于“原生裂隙网络与接触演化”的放大效应。该发现表明初始缺陷(自然裂隙、裂纹)在尺寸效应中起主导作用,并强调显式表征微观结构对于尺寸效应预测与工程设计的必要性。
值得强调的是,数值模型预测的破坏带走向、贯穿方式及碎块形态与对应尺寸岩样的室内单轴压缩试验观察结果(见图8)高度一致。这种良好的吻合进一步验证了所提出尺寸效应数值模型的可靠性与适用性。
为直观地比较矿物基质模型与含裂隙岩石模型的力学差异,图20汇总了5种直径试样的单轴抗压强度(UCS)。由图可知:基质模型强度基本维持在165~170 MPa范围,随尺寸变化极小,可视为尺寸无关;裂隙模型强度随直径显著递减:由约163 MPa(D = 38 mm)降至133 MPa左右(D = 100 mm),呈现典型尺寸效应。岩样抗压强度的尺寸性衰减主要由初始缺陷(裂隙/裂纹)的统计放大与连通性提升所驱动;在不考虑这些缺陷时,矿物基质与单纯的几何尺寸放大本身不呈现显著的尺寸依赖性。
为验证所建模型的可靠性,图21将含裂隙数值模型的应力–应变曲线与直径为38,50,69,75和100 mm的5组花岗岩试样试验结果逐点对比。整体来看,模型较好地再现了各尺寸试样的弹性段斜率、峰值强度及峰后软化斜率。显著偏差仅出现在D = 38,69 mm两组:由于缺少八爪式引伸计,试验以压机总位移换算应变,包含了加载框架及端部钢垫块的变形量,导致实测曲线在弹性阶段表现出明显的柔化特征,与模型曲线产生较大纵向偏移。相比之下,D = 50,75,100 mm试样均采用八爪式引伸计直接测量岩样变形,避免了系统变形误差,数值与实测曲线吻合度明显提高。总体而言,考虑自然裂隙统计特征后的岩石模型不仅准确捕捉了花岗岩随尺寸增大的强度衰减规律,还成功重现了破坏模式的演化,验证了所提出尺寸效应数值模型的有效性。
本文基于岩样几何尺寸与原生细观裂隙统计特征,结合XRD测定的矿物组成,建立了AE引导的原生裂隙网络数值模型。研究结论对揭示岩石尺寸效应机制和优化岩体工程设计均具有重要意义。现从创新性、局限性及未来展望3个方面进行讨论。
(1)本研究在岩石尺寸效应领域的主要创新体现在以下3点:①提出“AE聚类+幅值归一–Weibull映射”相结合的方法,实现原生裂缝网络在不同尺度下的重构与参数跨尺度标定,并以XRD数据有效约束基质参数,构建了试验数据驱动的建模流程。②系统量化裂隙“数量–长度”双参数的独立劣化影响,敏感性分析表明长度为主导因素,数量次之;小尺寸样品对裂隙参数更为敏感,导致更为显著的强度下降和破坏模式演化。③通过应力–应变、AE能量与序列、AF-RA裂缝分型及破坏形态等多维试验和模拟结果的对比,明确了尺寸效应的主控机制:均质基质在统计意义下基本不受尺寸影响,原生裂隙特征才是导致显著尺寸效应的主因。
(2)本工作的主要局限性如下:①受试验条件制约,试件尺寸比仅约1:2.6,未能覆盖更大尺度区间。L. L. Kong等[36]研究表明,尺寸跨度不足时,强度与破坏模式的尺寸效应可能被弱化,出现非理想的单调变化。未来需扩展至更大尺寸比(如≥1:4)以获得更具代表性的尺度效应规律。②花岗岩试样的原生裂隙空间分布具有天然差异性,导致同组试样之间强度和破坏模式存在一定波动,亦影响裂隙统计规律的提取与判据的稳定性。③ AE监测推断缺陷时,因其仅捕捉声学事件而非实际裂缝几何,存在识别误差。这一技术瓶颈限制了模型的绝对准确性,后续可借助micro-CT成像技术,进一步校验原生裂隙几何与AE活化事件的空间一致性,完善AE识别与PFC判据的校准,推动“AE→PFC→CT”全链路多模态数据融合。
(3)后续研究将拓展试件尺寸梯度,对原生裂隙统计特征与力学响应进行更广泛的跨尺度验证;引入力–渗–热等多物理场与时间效应,系统刻画不确定性并明确模型适用边界;形成可用于采矿、隧道、地下储库与大坝基岩等岩体工程的“尺寸–强度”修正方法,为规模化岩体设计与安全评估提供可迁移的参数体系和技术支撑。
本文围绕花岗岩在不同实验室尺寸条件下的力学响应及裂纹扩展机制,基于“单轴压缩–声发射监测–多尺度数值模拟”一体化研究框架,系统揭示了尺寸效应的主控因素。主要结论如下:
(1)在本研究的尺寸比范围内,岩石试样的单轴抗压强度、AF-RA裂纹分型、破坏模式及裂纹扩展均呈现显著的尺寸效应。随尺寸增大,试样峰值强度持续下降,破坏模式由劈裂逐步向剪切转变,且裂纹扩展更趋复杂。
(2)通过剔除原生裂隙,仅对矿物基质进行建模,结果显示不同尺寸试样的力学响应仅有统计波动,整体无显著尺度相关性。该模型为量化裂纹参数(如长度、数量)的独立影响提供了有效对照和分析基准。
(3)基于XRD矿物学约束与AE引导的原生细观缺陷先验,构建了矿物基质–裂隙网络的多尺度PFC模型,实现了矿物组分特性与复杂原生裂隙结构的有效融合,可真实反映不同尺度下裂隙网络的空间特征。
(4)与矿物基质模型对比分析表明,原生裂隙的存在是岩石尺寸效应的主控因素。裂隙长度在主控峰值强度和破坏行为方面的作用远高于裂隙数量,主导了尺寸效应的强弱与表现形式。小尺寸试件对裂隙参数更为敏感,强度劣化更为明显。
(5)不同尺寸岩样室内试验与多尺度数值模型对比,在力学响应、能量释放、裂纹分型和破坏模式等方面高度吻合,验证了所提出建模方法的可靠性和适用性。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42277147)
  • 宁波市公益性研究计划项目(2024S081)
  • 宁波市自然科学基金资助项目(2024J186)
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2026年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0465
  • 接收时间:2025-07-03
  • 首发时间:2026-06-18
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-03
  • 修回日期:2025-10-14
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42277147)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(42277147)
Ningbo Public Welfare Research Program(2024S081)
宁波市公益性研究计划项目(2024S081)
Ningbo Natural Science Foundation(2024J186)
宁波市自然科学基金资助项目(2024J186)
作者信息
    1.宁波大学 岩石力学研究所,浙江 宁波 315211
    2.宁波大学 宁波市能源地下结构重点实验室,浙江 宁波 315211

通讯作者:

* 罗战友(1974–),现任教授,主要从事岩体结构面粗糙度系数、抗剪强度及桩基工程等方面的教学与研究工作。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yslxygcxb/CN/10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0465
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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