Article(id=1274300215314162009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0536, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753286400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-24, revisedDate=1760025600000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1781746446684, onlineDateStr=2026-06-18, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781746446684, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781746446684, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781746446684, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1274300092707266809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, year='2026', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='321', pageEnd='638', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781746417452, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781746463571, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1274300286466335306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1274300286466335307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=509, endPage=524, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1274300215997833563, articleId=1274300215314162009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, language=EN, title=Group tunnel effect on fault resistance of high-pressure hydraulic tunnels crossing active faults, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Current research on tunnels crossing active faults primarily focuses on individual tunnel cases, while the group tunnel effect in tunnel groups has not been systematically addressed. The influence of high internal water pressure on deformation mechanisms is rarely considered. This study employs physical model tests and numerical analysis under high internal pressure to investigate the fault resistance of tunnel groups. The results demonstrate the following: (1) Corrugated expansion joints significantly enhance fault resistance, delaying and reducing peak longitudinal strain (with maximum tensile strain reduced by 69% and compressive strain by 48%) and converting shear failure into coordinated deformation. (2) Group effects intensify the fracturing of surrounding rock during dislocation, resulting in a complex “Y-shaped intersecting crack system.” (3) The sides of adjacent tunnels exhibit higher strain responses than the outer sides (with peak compressive strain at 87% and longitudinal tensile strain at 35%), indicating tunnel-rock-tunnel interaction. (4) Earth pressure between tunnels increases abnormally due to group effects, while the pressure on the outer sides remains largely unaffected. (5) The mechanical response of the lining (axial and shear force) strengthens with smaller tunnel spacing but diminishes and stabilizes as spacing increases. This study reveals the failure mechanisms of high-pressure hydraulic tunnel groups, providing insights for fault-resistant designs in seismic zones.

, correspAuthors=Zhen CUI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* CUI Zhen (1986–), research fellow, is engaged in the evaluation of static and dynamic stability in underground engineering. E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Teng LONG, Guoxing GUAN, Jian CHEN, Yong XIA, Bihua TANG, Bo SUN, Zhen CUI, Jiawei ZHANG, Xiangyu ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1274300223480471942, articleId=1274300215314162009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, language=CN, title=群洞效应对穿越活动断层高压水工隧洞群抗错断性能的影响研究, columnId=1274300094359822588, journalTitle=岩石力学与工程学报, columnName=理论与试验研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

当前,针对隧洞穿越活动断层的研究多集中于单一隧洞工况,对多条隧洞构成的隧洞群中所存在的群洞效应尚缺乏系统关注。此外,既有水工隧洞抗错断性能研究往往未考虑内水压作用,高内压条件下跨活动断层隧洞的变形破坏机制尚不明确。以中国西部某工程为背景,采用自主研发的物理模拟试验系统,开展高内水压条件下隧洞群穿越活动断层的模型试验,结合数值模拟,系统分析波纹伸缩节与群洞效应对抗错断性能的影响。结果表明:(1)波纹伸缩节显著提升隧洞抗错断性能,使纵向应变峰值延迟出现,最大拉应变与压应变分别降低69%与48%,促使剪切破坏转化为整体协调变形;(2)错动条件下,群洞效应将加剧围岩破裂,洞间岩体应力叠加形成“Y型交叉裂纹系统”,破裂复杂度显著高于单一隧洞的工况;(3)双洞相邻侧衬砌应变响应高于外侧,反映出“隧洞–围岩–隧洞”相互作用机制,纵向压应变与纵向拉应变峰值较单洞工况分别提高87%和35%;(4)群洞效应导致洞间岩体土压力异常增大,群洞效应对双洞外侧岩体土压力影响较小。(5)隧洞间距越小,衬砌受错动的力学响应就越强烈,表现为衬砌轴力和剪力均增大,表明群洞效应增强了洞室衬砌的力学响应。随着间距变大,相互作用基本消失,内力分布趋于稳定。初步揭示错动条件下高压水工隧洞群的破坏机制,为高地震风险区高压水工隧洞群的抗错断设计提供了理论依据与技术支撑。

, correspAuthors=崔臻, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 崔臻(1986–),现任研究员,主要从事地下工程静动力稳定性评价研究。E-mail:
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LONG Teng (2001–), postgraduate student, is engaged in research on tunnels and underground engineering. E-mail:

龙腾(2001–),现为硕士研究生,主要从事隧道与地下工程方面的研究工作。E-mail:

, authorsList=龙腾, 管国荥, 陈健, 夏勇, 唐碧华, 孙博, 崔臻, 张佳威, 张翔宇)}, authors=[Author(id=1274368838482289568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300215314162009, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=don_lo9an@outlook.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1274368838574564260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300215314162009, authorId=1274368838482289568, language=EN, stringName=Teng LONG, firstName=Teng, middleName=null, lastName=LONG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1.State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Safety, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
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LONG Teng (2001–), postgraduate student, is engaged in research on tunnels and underground engineering. E-mail:

龙腾(2001–),现为硕士研究生,主要从事隧道与地下工程方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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LONG Teng (2001–), postgraduate student, is engaged in research on tunnels and underground engineering. E-mail:

龙腾(2001–),现为硕士研究生,主要从事隧道与地下工程方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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No.Tunnel nameSection sizeHydraulic pressure criteria/MPaNumber of parallel tunnelsTunnel type
1High-pressure tunnel of Huizhou pumped-storage power station, Guangdong[16]Internal diameter 8.5 m6.124Reinforced concrete lining
2Headrace tunnel of Xima river second-stage Saizhu hydropower station[17]Width 4.22 m,height 5.45 m (horseshoe section)7.772 (Bifurcation of main penstock)Steel pipe with bellows expansion joint
3Water-conveyance tunnel of pearl river delta water resources allocation project[20]Internal diameter 6 m1.552Precast segmental outer lining – self-compacting concrete middle lining – steel inner lining
4Shield-driven water-conveyance tunnel of Xijiang river diversion project[21]Internal diameter 3.6 m0.902Shield tunnel with internal steel lining
5High-pressure tunnel of Nanyang Huilong pumped-storage power stationInternal diameter 3.5 m4.522Crack-resistant concrete design (unreinforced)
6Headrace tunnel of Guangzhou pumped-storage power station[22]Internal diameter 3.5–8.5 m (variable section)6.103Reinforced concrete lining
7Headrace tunnel of Pushi river pumped-storage power stationInternal diameter 8.1 m5.002Steel-lined solution
8Headrace tunnel of Minzhi hydropower station2.410 (Single tunnel)Steel pipe with bellows expansion joint
9Headrace tunnel of Neelum–Jhelum hydropower project, Pakistan[23-24]Cross-sectional area 107 m² (horseshoe section)4.122Steel-plate lining
10Headrace tunnel of New Tyin hydropower station, Norway[25]16.772Unlined structure
), ArticleFig(id=1274368871592124428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300215314162009, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Overview of domestic and foreign high-pressure hydraulic tunnels

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No.Tunnel nameSection sizeHydraulic pressure criteria/MPaNumber of parallel tunnelsTunnel type
1High-pressure tunnel of Huizhou pumped-storage power station, Guangdong[16]Internal diameter 8.5 m6.124Reinforced concrete lining
2Headrace tunnel of Xima river second-stage Saizhu hydropower station[17]Width 4.22 m,height 5.45 m (horseshoe section)7.772 (Bifurcation of main penstock)Steel pipe with bellows expansion joint
3Water-conveyance tunnel of pearl river delta water resources allocation project[20]Internal diameter 6 m1.552Precast segmental outer lining – self-compacting concrete middle lining – steel inner lining
4Shield-driven water-conveyance tunnel of Xijiang river diversion project[21]Internal diameter 3.6 m0.902Shield tunnel with internal steel lining
5High-pressure tunnel of Nanyang Huilong pumped-storage power stationInternal diameter 3.5 m4.522Crack-resistant concrete design (unreinforced)
6Headrace tunnel of Guangzhou pumped-storage power station[22]Internal diameter 3.5–8.5 m (variable section)6.103Reinforced concrete lining
7Headrace tunnel of Pushi river pumped-storage power stationInternal diameter 8.1 m5.002Steel-lined solution
8Headrace tunnel of Minzhi hydropower station2.410 (Single tunnel)Steel pipe with bellows expansion joint
9Headrace tunnel of Neelum–Jhelum hydropower project, Pakistan[23-24]Cross-sectional area 107 m² (horseshoe section)4.122Steel-plate lining
10Headrace tunnel of New Tyin hydropower station, Norway[25]16.772Unlined structure
), ArticleFig(id=1274368871684399117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300215314162009, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Geometric dimensions ClDensity CγElastic modulus CECohesion CcInternal friction angle CφStrain CεStress CσPoisson's ratio Cμ
501.5757511751
), ArticleFig(id=1274368872024137742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300215314162009, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Scale ratio of similar materials in model tests

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Geometric dimensions ClDensity CγElastic modulus CECohesion CcInternal friction angle CφStrain CεStress CσPoisson's ratio Cμ
501.5757511751
), ArticleFig(id=1274368872091246607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300215314162009, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Similar materialsTypeWeight density/(kN·m3)Elasticity modulus/GPaCohesion/MPaInternal friction angle/(°)Poisson's ratioCompressive strength/MPa
LiningPrototype value26.028.0000.2013.700
Model value18.10.4000.240.520
Surrounding rock massPrototype value22.55.6000.440380.30
Model value15.80.0790.007360.31
Fault zonePrototype value16.20.8200.22022
Model value11.80.0140.00219
), ArticleFig(id=1274368872435179536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300215314162009, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Physico-mechanical prototype and model values of similar materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Similar materialsTypeWeight density/(kN·m3)Elasticity modulus/GPaCohesion/MPaInternal friction angle/(°)Poisson's ratioCompressive strength/MPa
LiningPrototype value26.028.0000.2013.700
Model value18.10.4000.240.520
Surrounding rock massPrototype value22.55.6000.440380.30
Model value15.80.0790.007360.31
Fault zonePrototype value16.20.8200.22022
Model value11.80.0140.00219
), ArticleFig(id=1274368872548425745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300215314162009, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CaseTunnel length/cmDisplacement/cmDip of fault/(°)Fault zone width/cmSegment length/cmInternal pressure/MPa
11501070150.027
2150107015150.027
), ArticleFig(id=1274368872636506130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300215314162009, language=CN, label=Table 4, caption=

Parameters of working conditions

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CaseTunnel length/cmDisplacement/cmDip of fault/(°)Fault zone width/cmSegment length/cmInternal pressure/MPa
11501070150.027
2150107015150.027
), ArticleFig(id=1274368872720392211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300215314162009, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.Tunnel length/cmDisplacement/cmAngle between tunnel and fault zone/(°)Fault zone width/cmSegment length/cmInternal pressure/MPaDistance between tunnels/cm
1150107015150.02720
), ArticleFig(id=1274368872846221332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300215314162009, language=CN, label=Table 5, caption=

Operating condition parameters of group tunnel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.Tunnel length/cmDisplacement/cmAngle between tunnel and fault zone/(°)Fault zone width/cmSegment length/cmInternal pressure/MPaDistance between tunnels/cm
1150107015150.02720
), ArticleFig(id=1274368872909135893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300215314162009, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TunnelLongitudinal tensile strain increment/%Longitudinal compressive strain increment/%Hoop tensile strain increment/%Hoop compressive strain increment/%Earth pressure increment/%
A35.1287.530.2834.6448.0
B32.7537.017.5419.6337.5
), ArticleFig(id=1274368872972050454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300215314162009, language=CN, label=Table 6, caption=

Increment of maximum strain and earth pressure of multi-tunnel compared to single-tunnel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TunnelLongitudinal tensile strain increment/%Longitudinal compressive strain increment/%Hoop tensile strain increment/%Hoop compressive strain increment/%Earth pressure increment/%
A35.1287.530.2834.6448.0
B32.7537.017.5419.6337.5
), ArticleFig(id=1274368873043353623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300215314162009, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group numberDip of fault/(°)Fault zone width/mDistance between tunnels/cm
190401D
2D
3D
), ArticleFig(id=1274368873106268184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300215314162009, language=CN, label=Table 7, caption=

Calculation method for tunnel clearance values

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Group numberDip of fault/(°)Fault zone width/mDistance between tunnels/cm
190401D
2D
3D
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群洞效应对穿越活动断层高压水工隧洞群抗错断性能的影响研究
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龙腾 1, 2 , 管国荥 1, 2 , 陈健 1, 2 , 夏勇 3 , 唐碧华 3 , 孙博 3 , 崔臻 1, 2, * , 张佳威 4 , 张翔宇 5
岩石力学与工程学报 | 理论与试验研究 2026,45(2): 509-524
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岩石力学与工程学报 | 理论与试验研究 2026, 45(2): 509-524
群洞效应对穿越活动断层高压水工隧洞群抗错断性能的影响研究
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龙腾1, 2 , 管国荥1, 2, 陈健1, 2, 夏勇3, 唐碧华3, 孙博3, 崔臻1, 2, * , 张佳威4, 张翔宇5
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所 岩土力学与工程安全全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430071
  • 2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 3.中国电建集团成都勘测设计研究院有限公司,四川 成都 610072
  • 4.北京工业大学 建筑工程学院,北京 100124
  • 5.喀什大学 土木工程学院,新疆 喀什 844006
  • LONG Teng (2001–), postgraduate student, is engaged in research on tunnels and underground engineering. E-mail:

    龙腾(2001–),现为硕士研究生,主要从事隧道与地下工程方面的研究工作。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 崔臻(1986–),现任研究员,主要从事地下工程静动力稳定性评价研究。E-mail:
Group tunnel effect on fault resistance of high-pressure hydraulic tunnels crossing active faults
Teng LONG1, 2 , Guoxing GUAN1, 2, Jian CHEN1, 2, Yong XIA3, Bihua TANG3, Bo SUN3, Zhen CUI1, 2, * , Jiawei ZHANG4, Xiangyu ZHANG5
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Safety, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
  • 2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3.PowerChina Chengdu Engineering Corporation Limited, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
  • 4.College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
  • 5.School of Civil Engineering, Kashi University, Kashi, Xinjiang 844006, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0536
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当前,针对隧洞穿越活动断层的研究多集中于单一隧洞工况,对多条隧洞构成的隧洞群中所存在的群洞效应尚缺乏系统关注。此外,既有水工隧洞抗错断性能研究往往未考虑内水压作用,高内压条件下跨活动断层隧洞的变形破坏机制尚不明确。以中国西部某工程为背景,采用自主研发的物理模拟试验系统,开展高内水压条件下隧洞群穿越活动断层的模型试验,结合数值模拟,系统分析波纹伸缩节与群洞效应对抗错断性能的影响。结果表明:(1)波纹伸缩节显著提升隧洞抗错断性能,使纵向应变峰值延迟出现,最大拉应变与压应变分别降低69%与48%,促使剪切破坏转化为整体协调变形;(2)错动条件下,群洞效应将加剧围岩破裂,洞间岩体应力叠加形成“Y型交叉裂纹系统”,破裂复杂度显著高于单一隧洞的工况;(3)双洞相邻侧衬砌应变响应高于外侧,反映出“隧洞–围岩–隧洞”相互作用机制,纵向压应变与纵向拉应变峰值较单洞工况分别提高87%和35%;(4)群洞效应导致洞间岩体土压力异常增大,群洞效应对双洞外侧岩体土压力影响较小。(5)隧洞间距越小,衬砌受错动的力学响应就越强烈,表现为衬砌轴力和剪力均增大,表明群洞效应增强了洞室衬砌的力学响应。随着间距变大,相互作用基本消失,内力分布趋于稳定。初步揭示错动条件下高压水工隧洞群的破坏机制,为高地震风险区高压水工隧洞群的抗错断设计提供了理论依据与技术支撑。

隧道工程  /  群洞效应  /  活动断层  /  高压水工隧洞群  /  抗错断性能  /  波纹伸缩节

Current research on tunnels crossing active faults primarily focuses on individual tunnel cases, while the group tunnel effect in tunnel groups has not been systematically addressed. The influence of high internal water pressure on deformation mechanisms is rarely considered. This study employs physical model tests and numerical analysis under high internal pressure to investigate the fault resistance of tunnel groups. The results demonstrate the following: (1) Corrugated expansion joints significantly enhance fault resistance, delaying and reducing peak longitudinal strain (with maximum tensile strain reduced by 69% and compressive strain by 48%) and converting shear failure into coordinated deformation. (2) Group effects intensify the fracturing of surrounding rock during dislocation, resulting in a complex “Y-shaped intersecting crack system.” (3) The sides of adjacent tunnels exhibit higher strain responses than the outer sides (with peak compressive strain at 87% and longitudinal tensile strain at 35%), indicating tunnel-rock-tunnel interaction. (4) Earth pressure between tunnels increases abnormally due to group effects, while the pressure on the outer sides remains largely unaffected. (5) The mechanical response of the lining (axial and shear force) strengthens with smaller tunnel spacing but diminishes and stabilizes as spacing increases. This study reveals the failure mechanisms of high-pressure hydraulic tunnel groups, providing insights for fault-resistant designs in seismic zones.

tunnel engineering  /  group tunnel effect  /  active fault  /  high-pressure hydraulic tunnel group  /  anti-dislocation performance  /  corrugated expansion joint
龙腾, 管国荥, 陈健, 夏勇, 唐碧华, 孙博, 崔臻, 张佳威, 张翔宇. 群洞效应对穿越活动断层高压水工隧洞群抗错断性能的影响研究. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2026 , 45 (2) : 509 -524 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0536
Teng LONG, Guoxing GUAN, Jian CHEN, Yong XIA, Bihua TANG, Bo SUN, Zhen CUI, Jiawei ZHANG, Xiangyu ZHANG. Group tunnel effect on fault resistance of high-pressure hydraulic tunnels crossing active faults[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2026 , 45 (2) : 509 -524 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0536
随着中国西部大规模能源与资源工程的建设推进,西南地区规划和拟建大量引水隧洞。隧洞不可避免地穿越复杂地质区域,部分隧洞更直接跨越地震活动断裂带,面临严重的断层错动风险[1-4]
已有监测资料显示,美国San Andreas断层的蠕滑已导致断层所穿越城区的建筑物严重破裂[5];台湾东部池上断层,表层以2~3 cm/a的速率滑动,已经造成横跨断层的房屋、管道严重破坏;美国Hayward断层的蠕滑导致Claremont输水隧洞在80余年运行期内错断了11英寸[6],导致隧洞无法正常使用,已彻底重建。
现有隧洞抗错断适应性结构主要包括铰接设计、超挖设计与隔离效能设计。其中,铰接设计因其实用性与可靠性应用较为广泛,而柔性接头则是实现铰接的关键技术。X. W. Shi等[7]提出了一种新型混合柔性接头,采用三维非线性有限元分析评估了其有效性。禹海涛等[8]建立力学模型,证明柔性接头可以有效降低隧道结构的内力响应。周光新等[9]通过小比例物理模型试验,研究了衬砌节段长度、衬砌厚度、隧洞直径等因素对铰接设计隧洞抗错断性能的影响。张佳威等[10]通过模型试验研究了深埋条件下铰接设计因素对深埋隧道抗错断性能的影响。
已有研究对隧洞的力学响应及抗错断设计做了大量工作,但多集中于单条隧洞的工况。实际上,隧洞(道)常以多洞并行的形式布置,群洞效应对其结构性能的影响不容忽视。王国波等[11]建立了不同隧道数目的计算模型,分析了“群洞效应”对近距离多孔盾构隧道地震响应以及对场地土动力特性的影响规律。皇 民[12]通过理论分析和数值分析研究了关于浅埋双洞隧道的地震响应规律,并进一步通过振动台试验验证了其正确性。刘德兵等[13]采用数值模拟和现场监测相结合的方法,研究了错距双洞隧道采用全断面施工对隧道洞口段边、仰坡和隧道洞口段支护结构稳定性影响。刘艳青等[14]对小净距隧道施工状态进行了有限元数值计算模拟,分析了隧道在不同施工过程中的力学状态。王 猛等[15]基于多点变位计连续监测成果,从多方面分析了地下洞室群围岩变形响应规律。
前人针对群洞效应对隧洞(道)结构的力学响应研究多限于公路/铁路隧道或地下洞室群,对高压水工隧洞群的研究甚少。并且,现有洞群效应的研究多聚焦于开挖扰动或地震响应,尚缺乏对隧洞群穿越活动断层破坏机制的深入探讨。这一空白导致现有工程认知难以有效应对高内水压隧洞群在活断层区的安全挑战。因此,有必要开展高压水工隧洞群过活动断裂的物理模型试验与数值试验,揭示群洞效应对隧洞抗错断性能的影响,为我国乃至全球活动断裂密集分布地区的水电开发或其他类似隧洞工程的设计与建设提供参考。
表1所列工程案例可见,成群布置是国内外水工隧洞常采用的设计方式。双线隧洞布置形式被广泛采用,少数工程采用了单双洞组合的形式,而广东惠州抽水蓄能电站工程[16]高压隧洞更是采用了四线布置的形式。部分工程在设计中引入了波纹伸缩节以增强其抗错断性能。例如洗马河二级赛珠水电站引水隧洞[17]、民治水电站引水隧洞采用钢管+波纹伸缩的设计,通过伸缩节的柔性适应各种形式变形。在管道中增设波纹管伸缩节是一种管道穿越活断层的新颖设计方法,其制造工艺简单、位移补偿能力强而在实际工程中得到广泛应用。
深入分析发现,已有水工隧洞承受的内水压力相对有限(多为1.55~6.1 MPa),或隧洞断面尺寸普遍较小(内径多为8.5 m以下)。现有工程案例未同时包含成群布置、高内水压和大断面三重复杂条件。然而,随着我国西部水利水电资源的规模化开发以及工程技术的进步,为满足日益增长的输水需求、提升工程效率或适应复杂地形地质环境,未来新建的高压水工隧洞群不可避免地会采用成群布置、高内水压与大断面的组合设计,甚至面临更为苛刻的工况(更多条隧洞、更高内压、高地应力复杂环境等)。在此背景下,针对多重复杂条件的系统性研究及相关理论基础仍属空白。当实际工程面临此类综合性挑战时,既有的单一因素工程经验和碎片化研究成果难以提供有效的设计依据和风险管控支撑。
本研究以中国西部某工程为背景,选取该工程的地质参数作为模型试验中相似材料的目标指标。其中,地震同震位错可达4 m,断裂带、两盘围岩分别为V和IV级。隧洞为圆形断面,衬砌混凝土强度等级为C30,最大内水压力相当于200 m水头。
试验采用自主设计的断层错动模型装置[18-19],由水平液压、竖直液压、液压源、底座和主体框架组成,内部划分为断层上盘、断层带和下盘3个部分,尺寸为200 cm×125 cm×125 cm,如图1所示。
本试验几何相似比Cl= 1:50,材料密度比Cγ= 1.5。量纲一参数中,内摩擦角、应变和泊松比的相似系数均为1,弹性模量相似比CE由材料试验确定,应力相似比则通过几何比和应变比计算获得。关键物理量的相似关系及比例如表2所示。
上、下盘围岩等级均为IV级,断层带为V级,通过配比试验,IV级围岩相似材料由粉煤灰、黄砂、机油和硅藻土组成;断层破碎带围岩材料由粉煤灰、河砂、机油等组成;衬砌材料由石膏、硅藻土与水混合而成,具体物理力学参数如表3所示。
试验采用自主设计的柔性气囊内水压加载系统,首次模拟高压水工隧洞跨活断层的力学行为。旨在模拟错动过程的力学行为,仅考虑内水压对衬砌的环向膨胀效应。内水压模拟系统由定制柔性气囊、气泵和三通连接装置3个部分组成,能够精准控制加载压力,气囊最大承压能力为0.1 MPa,可模拟0~7.5 MPa的实际内水压。系统布置灵活,支持多个隧洞模型独立或同步加载,保证了群洞效应与高水压协同作用的试验真实性。内水压模拟系统布置如图2所示。
试验监测内容包括:隧洞结构的纵向应变、环向应变和围岩土压力,以及断层错动过程中隧洞结构破坏形态与上覆围岩破裂情况。所有工况均在1#~7#横断面设置应变片与土压力盒,具体监测点分布如图3所示。
试验设置2组工况:工况1为无设防隧洞,工况2为设置波纹伸缩节适应性结构的隧洞,错动量均为10 cm,均采用0.027 MPa气压,模拟原型2 MPa内水压。衬砌模型外径D = 20 cm,厚度为2 cm。试验采用分级错动的方式模拟蠕滑错动,逐次增加错动量直至最终错动量。隧洞抗错断设计及监测布置俯视图如图3所示,模型试验工况参数如表4所示。
模型试验中隧洞柔性接头结构的设计是试验的关键技术难点之一。已有抗错断模型试验中,刘学增等[26]提出节段间主筋搭接与低强度石膏浆覆盖相结合的接头设计方案,该设计无法有效模拟隧洞在断层错动下的链式运动,即节段间转动或错台释放变形的能力有限。闫高明等[27]采用节段间钢丝搭接与橡胶柔性材料组合的设计,虽可较好地模拟隧洞接头的运动方式,但该设计主要通过局部可控变形降低集中剪切破坏,接缝区域仍存在开裂及脱落风险。
本研究采用徐文韬[28]提出的柔性波纹型接缝构造设计。该设计利用波纹管自身的结构变形能力,较好地解决了现有接头设计的不足,能够有效模拟隧洞接头在错断过程中的运动特征。
模型伸缩节设计参考实际工程波纹管参数,原型伸缩节轴向刚度为800 N/mm,横向刚度为960 N/mm。根据标准[29]附录A的波纹管设计方法,刚度计算公式如下:
fiu=1.7DmEbtSm3nh3Cf
Dm= Db+ h + n
δm =δDbDm
rm =rc′+rr′+nδ2
Ky=1.5Dm2flN(Lb±x)2
式中:fiu为无加强单个伸缩节轴向刚度;Dm为平均直径;Db为直边段内径;h为波高;n为波纹管层数;δ为波纹管单层厚度;Ebt为波纹管设计温度下弹性模量;δm为波纹管成型后一层的名义厚度;Cf为U型波纹管的计算修正系数,由2rm/h1.82rm/Dmδm查表插值所得,rm为U型波纹管波峰波谷平均曲率半径;rc′为内壁曲率半径;rr′为外壁曲率半径;Ky为波纹管横向刚度;Lb为波纹管波纹段长度;x为轴向拉伸压缩位移(拉伸为正,压缩为负)。
试验采用不锈钢材料制作波纹伸缩节,依据几何相似比计算得到壁厚0.6 mm,波纹管长度150 mm。对于模型刚度,首先计算轴向刚度,依据几何相似比Cl、应力相似比Cσ,推导出模型伸缩节的刚度相似比,Ck= CσCl=3 750,计算得到目标轴向刚度21.4 N/mm。后根据设计方法,结合壁厚度与长度,经过计算和多次加工试验后,最终选择伸缩节模型参数为:波数N = 10,波高h = 15 mm,层数n = 1,其横向刚度为40.96 N/mm。柔性接头结构如图4所示。
无设防隧洞与波纹伸缩节隧洞2组工况的围岩破裂过程如图5所示。
对于无设防隧洞工况,初始错动阶段,断层带内首先出现少量斜向裂纹。随着错动量增加,裂纹沿断层带边界持续扩展,并在上、下盘交界处产生多条斜向张裂缝。最终破裂形态以单一主剪切裂纹为主,破裂范围主要集中在断层带内部;对于波纹伸缩节隧洞工况,错动初期,断层带内出现多条贯通的斜向剪切裂纹。随着错动量增至50 mm,主剪切裂纹逐步贯通,并伴随大量次级斜裂纹发育,最终形成以主剪切带为核心的网状裂纹系统。该工况下裂纹数量和扩展深度均明显高于无设防隧洞。
图6为隧洞衬砌外部破坏情况。从外观破坏特征来看,无设防隧洞在断层带范围内发生了典型的剪切–弯曲复合破坏,衬砌结构变形集中,破损明显;相比之下,波纹伸缩节隧洞在各监测区域均未出现明显破坏,结构整体保持完整。通过顶部红色轴线可见:无设防隧洞在4#~5#断面之间出现明显反向弯曲,分别在4#,5#断面附近形成反弯点,左、右边墙反弯角分别为22°和20°;而波纹伸缩节隧洞则在2#~3#,5#~6#断面间出现反弯点,对应反弯角分别为11°和8°。
试验结果表明:断层错动作用下,无设防隧洞在断层带内发生明显的剪切破坏,而波纹伸缩节隧洞则通过良好的协调变形能力和位移分散机制,将局部剪切破坏转化为整体可控变形,显著降低了集中变形诱发的衬砌剪切脆性破坏风险。
在错动范围内监测点应变达到峰值时,衬砌达到承载能力极限状态,即出现了屈服现象。鉴于应变峰值反映隧洞承载能力的特殊性,选取断面应变峰值错动量作为隧洞抗错断性能的研究指标,两工况峰值错动量如图7所示。
对于整体而言,左边墙4#,5#断面应变峰值错动量大多为80 mm,活动侧、固定侧应变峰值错动量普遍为100 mm,少数为80 mm;右边墙4#,5#断面应变峰值错动量在80 mm波动,活动侧、固定侧应变峰值错动量仍是100 mm居多。结果显示,断层带区域监测点峰值错动量明显小于活动箱、固定箱监测点错动量,说明隧洞断层带部分相较活动侧、固定侧部分更易屈服,反映了断层带区域是隧洞抗错断设计的薄弱环节。
对比工况1,2应变峰值错动量:左边墙工况2,4#,7#断面错动量均比工况1高20 mm,1#,2#,3#,5#两工况错动量相等;右边墙工况2的2#,3#,4#,7#断面错动量均高于工况1,其中7#错动量高差更是达到了40 mm,6#两工况错动量相等。结果显示,工况2绝大多数位置应变峰值错动量要高于或等于工况1峰值错动量,表明采用波纹伸缩节适应性结构避免了衬砌过早屈服的情况,提升了隧洞结构的安全性与稳定性。
图8展示了无设防隧洞与波纹伸缩节隧洞关键断面(4#,5#)的环向应变分布情况。其中,正值表示拉应变,负值表示压应变。由图可知,断层错动作用下,波纹伸缩节隧洞关键断面左、右边墙的最大拉、压应变较无设防隧洞显著降低,顶部与底部的应变响应基本一致。具体而言,工况1和2中4#断面右边墙环向最大拉应变分别为1 348和412 με,左边墙环向最小压应变分别为-686和-357 με;5#断面左边墙环向最大拉应变分别为918和525 με,右边墙环向最小压应变分别为-609和-433 με。
试验结果表明波纹伸缩节具有较好的抗错断适应性能力,使隧洞的最大拉应变降低了69.43%,最大压应变降低了47.96%,反映了柔性接头隧洞整体抗错断性能优于无设防隧洞。波纹伸缩节在高内水压条件下仍表现出良好的变形协调能力,穿越活动断层的高压水工隧洞可考虑采用“波纹管+铰接衬砌”的组合适应性结构,优先在断层带及其影响区域设置柔性接头。设计中应重点控制其轴向与横向刚度,确保其在错动过程中能有效释放应变,避免衬砌脆性破坏。
节4通过模型试验,证明了波纹伸缩节设计显著提升了隧洞的抗错断性能。本节沿用该适应性结构进一步开展群洞模型试验,探讨群洞效应对高压水工隧洞群穿越活动断层抗错断性能的影响。受试验设备尺寸限制,仅考虑了2条隧洞的群洞条件,隧洞净距设为一倍洞径1 D(20 cm)。群洞工况布置与监测俯视图如图9所示。为了方便讨论,约定进洞方向右侧隧洞为A洞,进洞方向左侧隧洞为B洞,工况参数如表5所示。
群洞工况下的围岩破裂演化过程如图10所示。错动初期,断层带内出现多条贯通的斜向剪切裂纹和少量次级斜裂纹。随着错动量增加,主剪切裂纹逐步贯通,次级斜裂纹进一步发育,主裂纹与次裂纹交汇成“Y型裂纹”。与单洞工况相比,群洞条件下外延出断层带裂纹数量由4条增至11条;裂纹分布范围也由17 cm左右扩展至31 cm左右;单洞工况裂纹最大扩展角度仅12°,而群洞工况最大裂纹扩展角度达到了42°,较单洞工况扩大了3倍。
群洞效应显著扩大了围岩破裂范围,使裂纹复杂度与分布范围均高于单洞工况。这是由于错动产生的位移从单洞的单一变形转为了群洞协调分配,将集中变形扩延至断层带边界处,形成了更为复杂的“Y型交叉裂纹系统”。
群洞工况衬砌错断变形演化与单洞工况存在差异,其中A,B洞也呈现不同的破坏特征,外部破坏情况如图11所示。
从整体变形来看,错动后隧洞变形仍为“S”型。观察顶部红色轴线可知:A洞在2#~3#,5#~6#断面之间产生了2处反弯点,其中左边墙反弯角为8°,右边墙反弯角为7°;B洞在2#~3#,5#~6#断面之间产生了2处反弯点,其中左边墙反弯角为10°,右边墙反弯角为7°。与单洞工况相比,A、B洞变形趋势基本一致,但在群洞效应作用下,隧洞弯曲变形程度有所变化:A洞左衬砌反弯角增加了2°,A洞右衬砌反弯角减小了4°;B洞左衬砌反弯角增加了4°,B洞右衬砌反弯角减小了4°。
从外部破坏特征分析,A,B洞4#,5#断面之间衬砌均出现了斜向裂纹,且裂纹分布呈现空间差异性:A洞内、外侧衬砌在断层带内产生多处斜向剪切裂纹与环向拉伸裂纹,裂缝最大长度达7.5 cm,未有衬砌剥落;而B洞仅产生少量斜向剪切裂纹,裂纹出现在隧洞外侧,最大裂纹长度为3 cm。
试验研究表明,群洞效应导致A与B洞相邻侧衬砌出现沿破裂面分布的微裂纹群,裂纹密度显著高于单洞工况,但未出现贯通性裂纹与衬砌脱落。
(1)纵向应变
A,B洞的应变分布规律如图12所示,其中正值为拉应变,负值为压应变。应变响应主要集中在断层带位置,离断层带越远应变响应越小。其中,A洞右边墙和B洞左边墙应变曲线呈现了不同的变化:A洞3#断面较B洞和单洞3#断面应变响应显著增大;B洞左边墙压应变出现了“峰值偏移”现象,即压应变峰值从4#断面偏移到了3#断面。
与单洞工况相比,A,B洞相邻侧衬砌由于群洞效应导致应变响应更为强烈,纵向应变峰值更高;A,B洞外侧应变受群洞效应的影响较小,数值大小较单洞工况未有明显差异。
群洞效应导致A,B洞的纵向应变峰值显著高于单洞工况:A洞纵向最大拉应变增大了35.12%,纵向最大压应变增大了87.50%;B洞纵向最大拉应变增大了32.75%,纵向最大压应变增大了37%。
(2)环向应变
基于对隧道衬砌纵向应变分析可知,隧道主要破坏区域集中在断层带附近位置,选取关键断面(4#,5#)作为研究对象,环向应变变化曲线如图13所示。群洞效应对隧洞环向应变的影响主要集中在隧洞相邻侧,对隧洞顶部、底部及外侧的影响有限。与单洞工况相比,群洞工况环向最大拉应变增大了30.28%,环向最大压应变增大了34.64%。
错动作用下,由于群洞之间存在一定的相互作用,导致群洞相邻侧衬砌应变响应较外侧更强烈。隧洞环向应变峰值分布在左、右边墙部位,群洞效应对环向应变的扩大效应主要集中于群洞相邻侧。
为探究群洞效应对岩体的影响,对A,B洞及单洞左、右边墙外部应力变化进行了分析,深入理解群洞效应对岩体应力的影响,隧洞岩体应力变化曲线如图14所示。
对于单洞工况,近断层面处的上盘右边墙及下盘左边墙围岩压力呈现减小趋势,这是由于错动作用下,围岩体出现明确的“松散区”与“脱空区”[30]—断层错动使断层带附近岩体松散或衬砌与岩体岩完全脱空,形成典型的应力释放区,出现围岩压力达到最小值并保持不变的现象;其余部位围岩压力则呈现增大的趋势,在断层带区域达到峰值。
对于群洞工况,A洞左边墙4#断面土压力明显高于单洞,同位置土压力较单洞增大了2倍;B洞右边墙4#土压力值较单洞增大了1.2倍,3#断面土压力则由单洞工况的“负压”转变为了“正压”,随着错动量的增加,土压力值呈现了由负转正的趋势,且土压力大小明显高于相邻截面土压力。
群洞相邻侧衬砌应变响应明显高于外侧。A洞左边墙最大土压力较单洞增大了48%,右边墙最大土压力较单洞增大了2 kPa;B洞左边墙最大土压力较单洞减小了1.5 kPa,右边墙最大土压力同单洞增大了37.5%。其力学机制主要源于应力叠加效应与围岩变形协调作用,错动过程中,群洞相邻侧衬砌均向洞间岩体方向发生挤压变形,所产生的附加压应力在洞间岩体中叠加,导致该区域法向应力显著提高。
同群洞效应对隧洞应变的影响相似,群洞效应导致洞间岩体土压力显著增大,放大效应对双洞外侧岩体土压力影响较小。且产生了异于单洞岩体应力的分布规律,打破了隧洞过活动断裂时围岩“松散区”与“脱空区”的传统认知。
为了更直观比较群洞效应对隧洞力学机制的影响,已将群洞较单洞最大应变、土压力增量整理成表6
当在试验工作的基础上开展数值模拟时,需要开展数值模拟试验对模型试验的正确性进行验证。此处建立与试验条件完全等同的数值模型,对比其力学行为,说明采用数值模拟表达群洞条件隧洞抗错断力学行为的合理性。
根据群洞物理模型试验,用FLAC3D建立等比的三维数值计算模型,围岩–隧洞模型如图15所示。围岩材料采用岩土弹塑性莫尔–库仑(M-C)模型本构,衬砌采用弹性本构,波纹伸缩节采用各向异性本构。
将群洞工况物理模型试验结果与数值模拟结果进行对比,由图1617可知:(1)数值模拟与物理模型试验得到的左、右边墙纵向应变沿隧洞纵向的分布趋势整体一致,并且模拟中同样出现了“峰值偏移”现象。由于室内试验监测偶有偏差、数值模型中隧洞结构模拟为弹性等多种原因,各断面纵向应变在量值大小上稍有偏差,但变化趋势基本一致。(2)在数值模拟结果中,走滑断层带作用下,隧洞最终破坏表现为衬砌节段间的转动,由于波纹伸缩节的变形协调作用,隧洞仍呈现“S”型分布,隧洞在波纹伸缩节部分产生反弯点。与物理模型试验衬砌变形形式保持一致,由此可知数值模拟与室内模型试验研究结果具有一致性。
基于前文为试验结果所采用的数值建模方法为基础,考虑实际工程背景,讨论隧洞间距对隧洞力学响应的影响。
采用FLAC3D建立双隧洞穿越断层带的三维计算模型,模拟衬砌在断层错动作用下的力学响应。数值模型尺寸为300 m×150 m×150 m,断层带倾角考虑为90°,断层带宽度为40 m,洞径为10 m,无设防措施。数值模型如图18所示,其中进洞方向右侧隧洞为A洞,左侧方向为B洞。
在数值计算中,采用1D,2D和3D三种不同净间距方案(见表7)。将隧洞视为一根弹性梁,分别计算出等效轴力、水平面内的弯矩和水平面内剪力量值沿隧洞轴向的分布情况。
保持模型其他参数不变,不同隧洞净距下,A洞与B洞的内力沿轴向分布曲线如图19所示。在弯矩分布方面,1D,2D和3D三种间距工况下的分布规律基本一致。相较之下,隧洞的轴力与剪力分布则出现明显的差异:当隧洞间净距由1D增至2D时,A洞轴力峰值减小21.8%,剪力峰值减小8.9%;B洞轴力峰值减小12.5%,剪力峰值减小16.0%;当净距进一步增至3D时,两隧洞的轴力与剪力峰值不再明显变化,与2D工况基本一致。
在相同错动位移条件下,随着隧洞间距的增大,隧洞的内力峰值总体呈现降低趋势。当隧洞净距为1D时,相邻隧洞的相互作用较强,导致结构内力峰值明显提升;当净距增至2D时,隧洞之间的相互作用程度减弱,内力峰值随之降低;当净距进一步扩大至3D时,隧洞之间的相互作用基本消失,内力分布趋于稳定。
数值模拟结果表明,在断层错动影响下,上、下盘处衬砌处于受压状态,断层带内衬砌呈现受拉状态;两洞的弯矩呈现近似反向对称分布的模式,峰值出现在左右两盘与断层带交接部位;两洞的剪力峰值均出现在断层带区域。从工程选址和设计的角度出发,当隧洞群不可避免要穿越断层带时,隧洞净间距不宜小于2倍洞径(2D)。当间距小于2D时,群洞效应显著,衬砌内力响应加剧,不利于结构安全。若地质条件允许,推荐采用3D及以上间距,可有效降低隧洞间的相互作用,使内力分布趋于稳定,提高整体抗错断能力。
本文以中国西部某工程为背景,通过物理模型试验和数值分析的方法开展了高内水压条件下不同数量洞群的隧洞穿越活动断层试验,系统分析了抗错断适应性结构以及群洞效应对隧洞抗错断性能的影响,得出以下结论:
(1)波纹伸缩节将集中剪切变形转化为整体可控变形,避免衬砌脆性断裂。使纵向应变峰值延迟出现,最大拉、压应变分别降低了69%和48%,验证了其通过协调变形降低结构损伤的机制。
(2)群洞效应引发围岩应力叠加,使破裂范围扩大至断层带外,最终形成“Y型交叉裂纹系统”,裂纹分布范围、最大扩展角度显著高于单一隧洞的工况。在实际工程中建议加强对洞间岩体的注浆加固,抑制“Y型裂纹”扩展,减少应力集中。
(3)群洞相邻侧衬砌纵向应变响应明显强于外侧,环向应变的扩大效应主要集中于群洞相邻侧边墙。隧洞最大纵向压应变较单洞增大87%,最大纵向拉应变峰值增大了35%。且隧洞出现“峰值偏移”现象,压应变峰从断层带内移至断层带交界处。
(4)群洞效应导致洞间岩体土压力显著增大,放大效应对双洞外侧岩体土压力影响较小。其机制主要为双洞变形引发的应力叠加与洞间岩体约束增强。洞间岩体土压力较单洞增大了1~2倍,并且出现了“松散减压区”到“压密增压区”的转变。实际工程中建议在隧洞群相邻侧布设应变与土压力监测点,实时监控群洞效应引发的异常响应。
(5)隧洞间距越小,群洞效应越显著,衬砌的轴力与剪力响应越强烈。随着间距变大,群洞效应对隧洞的影响逐渐消失,隧洞内力分布趋于稳定。对于实际工程,推荐采用3D及以上间距,可有效地降低群洞效应,使内力分布趋于稳定,提高整体抗错断能力。
本研究初步揭示了错动条件下高压水工隧洞群的破坏机制与力学响应规律,为高地震风险区高压水工隧洞群的抗错断设计提供了理论依据与参考。同时,就群洞效应对隧洞跨活动断层影响的研究不应止步于此,如隧洞埋深、围岩等级等因素对隧洞群的破坏形式和破坏机制的影响,在后续的研究中可进一步开展研究。
  • 国家重点研发计划青年科学家项目(2023YFB2390400)
  • 西藏自治区科技计划项目(XZ202401JD0028)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52379112)
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2026年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0536
  • 接收时间:2025-07-24
  • 首发时间:2026-06-18
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-24
  • 修回日期:2025-10-10
基金
National Key R&D Programs for Young Scientists(2023YFB2390400)
国家重点研发计划青年科学家项目(2023YFB2390400)
Xizang Science and Technology Program(XZ202401JD0028)
西藏自治区科技计划项目(XZ202401JD0028)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52379112)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52379112)
作者信息
    1.中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所 岩土力学与工程安全全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430071
    2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    3.中国电建集团成都勘测设计研究院有限公司,四川 成都 610072
    4.北京工业大学 建筑工程学院,北京 100124
    5.喀什大学 土木工程学院,新疆 喀什 844006

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* 崔臻(1986–),现任研究员,主要从事地下工程静动力稳定性评价研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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