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Article(id=1274300199065412260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0604, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755619200000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-20, revisedDate=1759939200000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1781746442810, onlineDateStr=2026-06-18, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781746442810, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781746442810, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781746442810, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1274300092707266809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, year='2026', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='321', pageEnd='638', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781746417452, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781746463571, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1274300286466335306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1274300286466335307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=525, endPage=536, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1274300200696996518, articleId=1274300199065412260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, language=EN, title=An evaluation method for glutenite heterogeneity based on elastic wave velocity, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To identify the distribution differences between fractures and interlayer gravels within glutenite cores, accurately evaluate spatial heterogeneity, and enhance hydrocarbon recovery efficiency, this study employed elastic ultrasonic wave velocity—a parameter highly sensitive to variations in the internal rock structure—to measure wave velocities in 18 outcrop cores collected from the Shawan Sag in the Junggar Basin. A non-destructive evaluation method for heterogeneity was established based on stratified elastic wave velocity measurements. Fifteen samples were utilized as test cores for heterogeneity assessment using this method, while the remaining three served as validation cores, with their velocity distributions compared for verification. The results demonstrate that: (1) the proposed method effectively identifies heterogeneity characteristics, such as gravel distribution and pore-fracture networks in glutenite, enabling an accurate assessment of spatial heterogeneity; (2) the method offers several advantages over conventional heterogeneity evaluation techniques, including non-destructiveness, high sensitivity, rapid measurement, and cost-effectiveness; and (3) consistent heterogeneity evaluation results were obtained between the test and validation cores. Therefore, this method can serve as a valuable reference for heterogeneity assessment in glutenite reservoirs.

, correspAuthors=Xiaoqiong WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* WANG Xiaoqiong (1984–), research fellow, is engaged in research on petrophysics, rock mechanics and geomechanics of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. E-mail:
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为识别砂砾岩岩心内部裂缝与层间砾石分布差异，准确评价砂砾岩岩心的空间非均质性，提高油气开采效率，在实验室中，利用弹性超声波波速对岩石内部结构差异的敏感响应，对来自准噶尔盆地沙湾凹陷区域的18块砂砾岩露头岩心进行波速测量，建立了一种基于分层测量弹性波速的非均质性无损评价方法。取15块样品作为测试岩心，利用该方法对其进行非均质性评价；取剩余3块样品作为验证岩心并与其波速分布进行对比验证。结果表明：（1）该评价方法能够有效识别砂砾岩中砾石分布、孔缝等非均质性特征，评价岩心的空间非均质性；（2）与传统非均质性评价方法相比，该评价方法具有非破坏性、灵敏度高、速度快、成本低等优势；（3）测试岩心和验证岩心的非均质性评价结果较为一致。该方法能够为砂砾岩的非均质性评价提供良好借鉴。

, correspAuthors=王小琼, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 王小琼（1984–），现任研究员，主要从事非常规油气储层岩石物理、岩石力学、地质力学方面的研究工作。E-mail：
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WANG Meng'en (1999–), postgraduate student, is engaged in research on petrophysics, rock mechanics and geomechanics of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. E-mail:

王蒙恩（1999–），现为硕士研究生，主要从事非常规油气储层岩石物理、岩石力学、地质力学方面的研究工作。E-mail：

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WANG Meng'en (1999–), postgraduate student, is engaged in research on petrophysics, rock mechanics and geomechanics of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. E-mail:

王蒙恩（1999–），现为硕士研究生，主要从事非常规油气储层岩石物理、岩石力学、地质力学方面的研究工作。E-mail：

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WANG Meng'en (1999–), postgraduate student, is engaged in research on petrophysics, rock mechanics and geomechanics of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. E-mail:

王蒙恩（1999–），现为硕士研究生，主要从事非常规油气储层岩石物理、岩石力学、地质力学方面的研究工作。E-mail：

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journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300199065412260, language=CN, label=Fig.11, caption=Comparison between HI and HV values for heterogeneity evaluation, figureFileSmall=j+aePV1rFQNwz5Y85n0W6w==, figureFileBig=7t35xW2jl0BeWX3G7iPy+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368892881412382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300199065412260, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Grid α β
①12.37–
②16.76–
③13.52–
④24.54–
⑤19.987.61
⑥29.2912.53
⑦17.303.78
⑧27.543.00
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αandβvalues of gravel distribution in core #S01

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Grid α β
①12.37–
②16.76–
③13.52–
④24.54–
⑤19.987.61
⑥29.2912.53
⑦17.303.78
⑧27.543.00
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Core No.Cross-section height/mmLongitudinal wave velocity of core/(m·s－1)
0°20°40°60°80°100°120°140°160°180°
S01#254 5874 5204 6914 7274 7634 6564 7634 5204 5534 587
504 5874 6914 6914 9344 9544 7094 9344 7634 5704 587
754 3614 7824 8194 9154 9944 9544 9544 7824 4874 361
S02#254 9765 0365 0785 0985 1194 9965 0575 0165 0364 976
505 0575 1305 1835 1835 2055 2165 0985 2495 0985 057
755 0575 0575 1195 2275 2275 2495 1195 0575 0165 057
…
S11#255 4255 2655 3325 2875 2655 3785 4495 4735 4255 425
505 6205 5215 4735 4025 4255 4735 5215 6725 5465 620
755 5215 3105 1775 2435 2875 3555 5465 5465 4975 521
S12#255 6485 7005 5985 6485 5485 7005 5985 5235 4515 648
505 7525 7265 7795 7265 7525 7525 6485 6485 6745 752
755 5985 6485 5985 5735 5235 5735 5235 4755 5235 598
…
S21#255 6905 3955 4665 9045 5885 6135 9615 9325 6645 690
505 6905 5885 6135 7955 6905 6396 1666 1975 8495 690
755 8775 9895 7685 7165 5635 7685 7685 7425 5635 877
S22#255 4175 4655 5135 3485 2135 4175 6385 6135 3945 417
505 5875 5385 4415 7955 7955 7695 8225 5635 7165 587
755 7695 7425 8225 8505 8225 9056 0196 1086 0495 769
…
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Measurement results of P-wave velocity at various sections of the glutenite sample

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Core No.Cross-section height/mmLongitudinal wave velocity of core/(m·s－1)
0°20°40°60°80°100°120°140°160°180°
S01#254 5874 5204 6914 7274 7634 6564 7634 5204 5534 587
504 5874 6914 6914 9344 9544 7094 9344 7634 5704 587
754 3614 7824 8194 9154 9944 9544 9544 7824 4874 361
S02#254 9765 0365 0785 0985 1194 9965 0575 0165 0364 976
505 0575 1305 1835 1835 2055 2165 0985 2495 0985 057
755 0575 0575 1195 2275 2275 2495 1195 0575 0165 057
…
S11#255 4255 2655 3325 2875 2655 3785 4495 4735 4255 425
505 6205 5215 4735 4025 4255 4735 5215 6725 5465 620
755 5215 3105 1775 2435 2875 3555 5465 5465 4975 521
S12#255 6485 7005 5985 6485 5485 7005 5985 5235 4515 648
505 7525 7265 7795 7265 7525 7525 6485 6485 6745 752
755 5985 6485 5985 5735 5235 5735 5235 4755 5235 598
…
S21#255 6905 3955 4665 9045 5885 6135 9615 9325 6645 690
505 6905 5885 6135 7955 6905 6396 1666 1975 8495 690
755 8775 9895 7685 7165 5635 7685 7685 7425 5635 877
S22#255 4175 4655 5135 3485 2135 4175 6385 6135 3945 417
505 5875 5385 4415 7955 7955 7695 8225 5635 7165 587
755 7695 7425 8225 8505 8225 9056 0196 1086 0495 769
…
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Comprehensive heterogeneity index HIHeterogeneity determination
0～0.02Homogeneity
0.02～0.04Moderate homogeneity
0.04～0.07Heterogeneity
>0.07Strong heterogeneity
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Evaluation criteria for reservoir heterogeneity

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Comprehensive heterogeneity index HIHeterogeneity determination
0～0.02Homogeneity
0.02～0.04Moderate homogeneity
0.04～0.07Heterogeneity
>0.07Strong heterogeneity
), ArticleFig(id=1274368893778993445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300199065412260, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Particle size classificationCoreHI valueHeterogeneity determination of HIHV valueHeterogeneity determination of HVSample type
Large particle sizeS01#0.033 8Moderate homogeneity0.031 2Moderate homogeneityTest sample
S02#0.012 8Homogeneity0.012 3Homogeneity
S03#0.031 6Moderate homogeneity0.028 4Moderate homogeneity
S04#0.020 4Moderate homogeneity0.018 4Homogeneity
S05#0.025 6Moderate homogeneity0.023 6Moderate homogeneity
S06#0.024 3Moderate homogeneity0.023 0Moderate homogeneityVerification sample
Medium particle sizeS11#0.019 1Homogeneity0.018 2HomogeneityTest sample
S12#0.010 8Homogeneity0.010 3Homogeneity
S13#0.029 2Moderate homogeneity0.027 3Moderate homogeneity
S14#0.011 1Homogeneity0.010 3Homogeneity
S15#0.020 0Homogeneity0.019 4Homogeneity
S16#0.013 8Homogeneity0.013 4HomogeneityVerification sample
Small particle sizeS21#0.033 0Moderate homogeneity0.031 1Moderate homogeneityTest sample
S22#0.024 8Moderate homogeneity0.022 2Moderate homogeneity
S23#0.012 4Homogeneity0.012 0Homogeneity
S24#0.016 0Homogeneity0.014 9Homogeneity
S25#0.076 4Strong heterogeneity0.060 8Heterogeneity
S26#0.030 0Moderate homogeneity0.025 8Moderate homogeneityVerification sample
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Heterogeneity evaluation results of HI and HV indices for the glutenite sample

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Particle size classificationCoreHI valueHeterogeneity determination of HIHV valueHeterogeneity determination of HVSample type
Large particle sizeS01#0.033 8Moderate homogeneity0.031 2Moderate homogeneityTest sample
S02#0.012 8Homogeneity0.012 3Homogeneity
S03#0.031 6Moderate homogeneity0.028 4Moderate homogeneity
S04#0.020 4Moderate homogeneity0.018 4Homogeneity
S05#0.025 6Moderate homogeneity0.023 6Moderate homogeneity
S06#0.024 3Moderate homogeneity0.023 0Moderate homogeneityVerification sample
Medium particle sizeS11#0.019 1Homogeneity0.018 2HomogeneityTest sample
S12#0.010 8Homogeneity0.010 3Homogeneity
S13#0.029 2Moderate homogeneity0.027 3Moderate homogeneity
S14#0.011 1Homogeneity0.010 3Homogeneity
S15#0.020 0Homogeneity0.019 4Homogeneity
S16#0.013 8Homogeneity0.013 4HomogeneityVerification sample
Small particle sizeS21#0.033 0Moderate homogeneity0.031 1Moderate homogeneityTest sample
S22#0.024 8Moderate homogeneity0.022 2Moderate homogeneity
S23#0.012 4Homogeneity0.012 0Homogeneity
S24#0.016 0Homogeneity0.014 9Homogeneity
S25#0.076 4Strong heterogeneity0.060 8Heterogeneity
S26#0.030 0Moderate homogeneity0.025 8Moderate homogeneityVerification sample
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基于弹性波速的砂砾岩非均质性评价方法
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王蒙恩 1 , 王小琼 1, * , 马德龙 2 , 张晓娟 2 , 黄可可 1 , 赵宇豪 1 , 侯朔阳 1 , 葛洪魁 1
岩石力学与工程学报 | 理论与试验研究 2026,45(2): 525-536
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岩石力学与工程学报 | 理论与试验研究 2026, 45(2): 525-536
基于弹性波速的砂砾岩非均质性评价方法
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王蒙恩1 , 王小琼1, * , 马德龙2, 张晓娟2, 黄可可1, 赵宇豪1, 侯朔阳1, 葛洪魁1
作者信息
  • 1.油气资源与工程全国重点实验室 中国石油大学（北京），北京，102249
  • 2.中国石油勘探开发研究院 西北分院，甘肃 兰州　730020

    • WANG Meng'en (1999–), postgraduate student, is engaged in research on petrophysics, rock mechanics and geomechanics of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. E-mail:

    王蒙恩（1999–），现为硕士研究生，主要从事非常规油气储层岩石物理、岩石力学、地质力学方面的研究工作。E-mail：

通讯作者:

* 王小琼（1984–），现任研究员，主要从事非常规油气储层岩石物理、岩石力学、地质力学方面的研究工作。E-mail：
An evaluation method for glutenite heterogeneity based on elastic wave velocity
Meng'en WANG1 , Xiaoqiong WANG1, * , Delong MA2, Xiaojuan ZHANG2, Keke HUANG1, Yuhao ZHAO1, Shuoyang HOU1, Hongkui GE1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
  • 2.Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development-Northwest, PetroChina, Lanzhou, Gansu 730020, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0604
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摘要
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为识别砂砾岩岩心内部裂缝与层间砾石分布差异，准确评价砂砾岩岩心的空间非均质性，提高油气开采效率，在实验室中，利用弹性超声波波速对岩石内部结构差异的敏感响应，对来自准噶尔盆地沙湾凹陷区域的18块砂砾岩露头岩心进行波速测量，建立了一种基于分层测量弹性波速的非均质性无损评价方法。取15块样品作为测试岩心，利用该方法对其进行非均质性评价；取剩余3块样品作为验证岩心并与其波速分布进行对比验证。结果表明：（1）该评价方法能够有效识别砂砾岩中砾石分布、孔缝等非均质性特征，评价岩心的空间非均质性；（2）与传统非均质性评价方法相比，该评价方法具有非破坏性、灵敏度高、速度快、成本低等优势；（3）测试岩心和验证岩心的非均质性评价结果较为一致。该方法能够为砂砾岩的非均质性评价提供良好借鉴。

岩石力学  /  砂砾岩  /  非均质性  /  波速  /  评价方法  /  沙湾凹陷  /  无损评价

To identify the distribution differences between fractures and interlayer gravels within glutenite cores, accurately evaluate spatial heterogeneity, and enhance hydrocarbon recovery efficiency, this study employed elastic ultrasonic wave velocity—a parameter highly sensitive to variations in the internal rock structure—to measure wave velocities in 18 outcrop cores collected from the Shawan Sag in the Junggar Basin. A non-destructive evaluation method for heterogeneity was established based on stratified elastic wave velocity measurements. Fifteen samples were utilized as test cores for heterogeneity assessment using this method, while the remaining three served as validation cores, with their velocity distributions compared for verification. The results demonstrate that: (1) the proposed method effectively identifies heterogeneity characteristics, such as gravel distribution and pore-fracture networks in glutenite, enabling an accurate assessment of spatial heterogeneity; (2) the method offers several advantages over conventional heterogeneity evaluation techniques, including non-destructiveness, high sensitivity, rapid measurement, and cost-effectiveness; and (3) consistent heterogeneity evaluation results were obtained between the test and validation cores. Therefore, this method can serve as a valuable reference for heterogeneity assessment in glutenite reservoirs.

rock mechanics  /  glutenite  /  heterogeneity  /  wave velocity  /  evaluation method  /  Shawan Sag  /  non-destructive evaluation
王蒙恩, 王小琼, 马德龙, 张晓娟, 黄可可, 赵宇豪, 侯朔阳, 葛洪魁. 基于弹性波速的砂砾岩非均质性评价方法. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2026 , 45 (2) : 525 -536 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0604
Meng'en WANG, Xiaoqiong WANG, Delong MA, Xiaojuan ZHANG, Keke HUANG, Yuhao ZHAO, Shuoyang HOU, Hongkui GE. An evaluation method for glutenite heterogeneity based on elastic wave velocity[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2026 , 45 (2) : 525 -536 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0604
正文
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1　引言
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致密砂砾岩储层是非常规油气资源的重要载体，我国砂砾岩储层分布广泛、储量丰富，在大庆油田徐家围子地区、辽河油田西部凹陷、华北油田廊固凹陷、大港油田滩海地区、胜利油田东营凹陷、车镇凹陷和沾化凹陷等诸多地区均有分布[1]。此外，准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷、松辽盆地徐家围子断陷等区域已探明超亿吨级储量，其高效开发对保障国家能源安全具有重要意义[2-4]。然而致密砂砾岩体具有近物源、厚度大、相变快的特征，储集物性差，沉积类型多样，空间展布复杂，其非均质性显著高于常规砂岩储层[5-6]。同时，在砂砾岩储层中，砾石粒径大小及分布会对水力裂缝扩展产生重要影响[7]，这导致在油气开发过程中普遍存在注采不见效、水窜严重及采收率低等问题。因此，如何精确表征砂砾岩储层的非均质性，建立有效的评价预测方法，是砂砾岩油气藏高效开发的关键问题之一。
针对储层的非均质性评价，前人已开展了诸多研究，如通过岩心观察、粒度分析、薄片鉴定等方法确定砾石成分与含量，建立砾石粒度–分选性分类标准[2，8]；借助常规岩心分析、核磁共振测试、X射线计算机层析扫描、拼接扫描电镜测试和扫描电镜矿物定量评价等手段建立砂砾岩多组分三维数字岩心，识别砂砾岩岩心中的主要矿物组分和多尺度孔隙空间分布[9]；通过电成像测井定量评价方法，计算电成像测井图像的分形维数来综合表征溶孔、裂缝，评价储层非均质性[10]；采用数值模拟技术，利用离散元法(discrete element method，DEM)构建砾石–基质混合模型，描述不同尺寸砾石分布下的力学响应[11]；通过计算平面内砾石面积占比来评价岩心非均质性[12-13]。上述方法均可应用于评价岩心非均质性，但需进行大量的处理工作，耗费时间长，成本高。岩石的波速各向异性特征可以表征岩石的各向异性，也是表征非均质性的方法之一[14]。国内外学者通过测量致密储层岩石在不同频段下的纵波速度与衰减特性，揭示了弹性波速与岩石非均质性之间的内在关联，即岩石的非均质性决定了弹性波的传播环境，而波速的响应则反映其结构特征[15]。另一方面，G. Gowtham和J. P. Sahoo[16]借助纵波、横波波速建立非均质性模型，系统分析了土壤介质的非均质性对圆形隧道地震稳定性的影响，进一步从工程实践角度证实了弹性波速在岩石非均质性评价中的重要意义。刘见通[17]以弹性波速为评价指标定义了一种波速非均质系数HV来表征储层的非均质性，对砾石的分布不均响应效果较好，但该方法尚不能很好地识别岩心中孔缝以及砾石的空间分布不均对岩心非均质性的影响。本文在此基础上提出分层提取砂砾岩岩心截面砾石特征并引入了截面裂缝敏感性修正系数M与层间突变因子N，对18块岩心进行波速测量，建立了一种基于弹性波速的非均质性无损评价方法，定义为非均质性综合评价指数HI(Heterogeneity Index)。相较于HV指数，HI指数通过耦合岩心中孔缝与砾石层间分布不均特征，建立了新的非均质性评价模型，提升了评价结果的准确性。
2　试验样品与试验方法
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2.1　试样制备
试验样品来自准噶尔盆地沙湾凹陷区域砂砾岩露头。砂砾岩主要由砾石、砂粒和基质组成，李 宁等[18-19]研究发现，水力压裂时，砾石粒径会对裂缝扩展产生影响。为深入研究不同砾石粒径尺寸对岩心非均质性的影响，保证波速测量时测点分布可靠、数据准确，本次研究共钻取了18块圆柱形岩心(直径50 mm，长度100 mm)。按照岩心表面砾石颗粒大小将样品分为大，中，小粒径3组，每组6块。其中每组中取5块样品作为测试样，1块样品作为验证样(见图1)。其中S06#，S16#，S26#样品用于验证评价方法的可靠性。
2.2　试验仪器与方法
实验室中通常通过测量纵、横波波速获取岩心的基本物理性质，并可获得岩心的动态杨氏模量和动态泊松比等岩石力学参数以及波速各向异性等重要信息。试验采用的超声波波速测试系统由Tektronix- DPO2024B数字示波器、Olympus–5077PR脉冲发射接收器、自制岩心夹具、超声波发射与接收探头组成。超声波测试系统如图2所示。Olympus–5077PR脉冲发射接收器发生脉冲信号，通过发射换能器(声波探头)，将电信号转化为振动信号，振动信号穿过岩样后被另一端的接收换能器接收并将其转化为电信号，由示波器记录波形，完成测试。示波器采集声波信号时，采用10 MHz的采样率进行采样，并采集至少100次波形进行叠加以增加波形的信噪比。由于纵波对岩心中的裂隙及流体敏感且易于采集，因此本文主要获取岩心的纵波速度。脉冲从发射信号端经过岩心回到接收信号端需要一段时间tp，考虑测量时的系统误差t0，仪器需进行校准调零，纵波速度的计算式为
VP=LtP−t0
式中：VP为岩心纵波速度(km/s)，L为纵波通过岩心的距离(本文指岩心的直径d，mm)，tP为纵波传播时间(μs)，t0为换能器之间的校零时间(μs)。
岩心尺寸为ϕ50 mm×100 mm，为保证测量时的可操作性及测得波速数据的客观有效性，沿岩心轴向取高度分别为h1= 25 mm，h2= 50 mm，h3=75 mm的3个径向截面将岩心等分为4个部分，并在每个截面上按顺时针方向每20°测量一次波速，共计9次。截面及测量位置的选取方法如图3所示。
3　砾石特征提取方法研究
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3.1　岩心表面砾石特征提取
砾石含量、砾石粒径尺寸、孔缝等都是影响砂砾岩非均质性的重要因素，如何定量表征砂砾岩的空间结构特征和几何特征是评价其空间非均质性的关键。目前，砾石特征提取常采用筛析法和图像特征提取法。因筛析法需要破碎岩石样品，不仅会损耗大量岩心，而且由于砾石尺寸的不规律性，导致计算砾石尺寸时过程繁琐，准确性较差。因此采用数字图像法提取岩心表面砾石特征。以S01#样品为例，步骤如下：
(1)将岩心样品置于旋转台上，固定相机位置，拍照记录；岩心按顺时针方向每旋转20°记录1次，共计18次，得到岩心不同角度下的照片(见图4)。
(2)拼接岩心周圈照片得到其侧面展开图。为方便观察和计算，沿岩心轴向长50 mm处，按照轴向每90°将其侧面展开图均分为8个网格，依次编号为①～⑧，如图5所示。
(3)为使砾石特征更加明显，基于图像RGB值(红色、绿色、蓝色3种基本颜色亮度值)对岩心侧面展开图进行多阈值区域分割，再进行网格划分，以提取砾石分布特征[20-24]，其中红色部分代表砾石，由图5可知，该样品砾石分布不均、砾石尺寸不一，非均质性较强。
3.2　砾石特征评价参数研究
根据图5划分的网格，不同网格内砾石分布与砾石粒径尺寸有明显差异。将每个网格中砾石所占面积与网格面积的比值定义为砾石分布系数α(0<α<1)。α值越大，则表征该区域内砾石含量越高。将上下2个网格计算得到的α值作差并取绝对值，定义为β(0<β<1)，以网格①与⑤为例，即β=|α1−α5|。β值越大，说明两网格之间的非均质性越强。以S01#为例，按照此方法，分别计算岩心的α，β值，数据记录如表1所示。
由表1可知，网格④，⑥，⑧中砾石含量较多，分布最广泛，面积占比分别为24.54%，29.29%，27.54%；网格①，③中砾石含量较少，面积占比分别为12.37%，13.52%；网格②和⑥之间的砾石含量差异最大，为12.53%，非均质性最强；网格④和⑧之间的砾石含量差异最小，为3%，均质性较好，这与直观观察一致。同理，取中粒径S11#样品与小粒径S21#样品分别重复上述操作，发现该方法仍然适用，因此数字图像法提取砾石特征能够用于评价砂砾岩的非均质性。
4　纵波波速评价非均质性
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声波测井是生产中获取储层信息的重要手段。声波测量受砾石含量和粒径的影响，纵波穿过砾石时会发生散射，干涉纵波传播路径，降低纵波穿过时的速度，且砾石含量越高，粒径越大，对纵波传播的干涉作用越强烈，波速降低效果越明显。因此不同测量路径下的纵波波速能够反映岩心在不同方向上的砾石含量，适用于评价岩心的非均质性。基于此，结合砾石特征提取方法，测量岩心的纵波速度并进行非均质性评价。
4.1　岩心端面砾石特征评价
拍照记录岩心端面，按粒径进行分组(见图6)，其中图6(a)～(c)分别代表大粒径组、中粒径组、小粒径组岩心端面。提取岩心端面砾石分布特征(见图7)，其中图7(a)～(c)分别表示大粒径组、中粒径组和小粒径组岩心端面砾石及微裂隙分布。由图6，7可知，大粒径组砂砾岩样品中含有大量明显且颗粒较大的砾石；中粒径组砂砾岩样品中含有大量较小粒径的砾石；而对于小粒径组的砂砾岩样品，砾石含量明显减少，且粒径也最小，但可见明显的微裂隙(S21#，S25#，S26#)。利用该方法不仅可以表征砾石分布特征，也能表征端面的微裂隙分布。总之，岩心端面与岩心横截面同岩心侧面一致，均能够反映岩心的非均质性。
4.2　波速非均质性测量
测量并计算不同粒径岩心沿3个截面不同角度的纵波波速Vp，部分数据如表2所示。以S01#岩心为例，在h = 25，50，75 mm三个截面上的纵波速度极差依次为243，384和633 m/s，相较于各截面上最小波速的波动幅度分别为5.38%，8.40%和14.52%，不同截面之间差异较大。这表明在不同截面上纵波速度具有显著的空间变异性，能够对岩心的空间非均质结构做出敏感响应。
将波速数据绘制在极坐标系(θ，r)中，其中，θ坐标轴表示测量角度，r坐标轴表示纵波速度Vp，蓝、绿、红色线条分别代表在h = 25，50，75 mm截面处由波速数据连接得到的闭合曲线(见图8)。
图8(a)～(c)分别为大粒径组、中粒径组和小粒径组的截面波速分布图。由图8可知：(1)若某截面上闭合曲线的轮廓越接近于圆，则说明岩心在该截面上的均质性越好，如S23#的均质性优于S13#；(2)若同一岩心上得到的3条闭合曲线重合度越高，则代表其层间均质性越好，如S23#的层间均质性优于S04#的层间均质性。
4.3　非均质性综合评价指数HI
目前，针对砂砾岩非均质性的评价方法主要有T. Li等[12-13]建立的非均质性评价公式，以及刘见通[17]建立的波速非均质性系数HV，计算式分别为
H=1A¯∑i=1n(Ai−A¯)2m−1
HV=∑i=1n(vi−v¯)2nv¯
式中：H为基于砾石特征的非均质性(量纲一)，Ai为非均质体(砾石)面积(mm2)，A¯为砾石平均面积(mm2)，m为非均质体的数量，HV为波速非均质系数(量纲一)，vi为同一截面上不同测点波速(m/s)，v¯为该截面上vi的平均值(m/s)，n为该截面上测点数量。取每块样品在3个测量平面内波速非均质系数的平均值作为样品的波速非均质系数。
在评价砂砾岩的非均质性时，式(2)中的方法需要进行砾石特征提取并进行砾石面积计算等大量图像处理工作，费时费力。式(3)中的方法能够识别同一截面内的波速差异，但该方法一是不能反映不同截面间的波速差异；二是对岩心内部孔缝造成的非均质性响应不敏感。为此，本研究考虑了裂缝以及不同截面间波速差异对非均质性的影响，基于岩心波速试验结果，提出了新的非均质性评价方法，并定义为非均质性综合评价指数HI，具体计算步骤如下：
(1)定义截面波速非均质性系数，计算式为
W=∑i=1n(vi−v¯)2nv¯
式中：W为截面波速非均质性系数(量纲一)，3个截面波速非均质性系数分别表示为W25，W50，W75(对应每一个截面高度25，50，75 mm)。本文中n = 9。分别评价各个截面的非均质性。
(2)定义截面裂缝敏感性修正系数，计算式为
M=1+|v¯−vmin|v¯
式中：M为截面裂缝敏感性修正系数，M>1，量纲一，3个截面裂缝敏感性修正系数分别为M25，M50，M75；vmin为该截面上波速最小值(m/s)。采用此公式评价截面裂缝敏感性修正系数是因为波速对裂隙非常敏感，裂隙发育，波速越低，其波速的均值与最小波速之间的关系即可表征裂缝的影响。
(3)定义层间突变因子，计算式为
N=1+(v¯25，v¯50，v¯75)max−(v¯25，v¯50，v¯75)min(v¯25，v¯50，v¯75)max
式中：N为岩心层间突变因子，N>1，量纲一；v¯25为h = 25 mm截面上的波速平均值(m/s)，v¯50和v¯75以此类推。式(6)表征了不同截面间的波速差异，进一步表征其非均质性。
(4)定义各截面上非均质性指数，计算式为
h=WMN
式中：h为各截面上非均质性指数(量纲一)。
(5)定义非均质性综合评价指数HI，见下式：
HI=h25 mm+h50 mm+h75 mm3
式中：h25 mm为h = 25 mm截面上的非均质性指数，h50 mm和h75 mm以此类推。岩心非均质性综合评价指数HI由各截面上非均质性指数h之和求平均值得到，若n个截面，则分子为n个截面非均质性指数h相加求和，分母为n。
(6)结合刘见通[17]的研究，根据岩心非均质性综合评价指数HI，重新定义砂砾岩储层的非均质性分类标准，如表3所示。当0<HI≤0.02时，储层为均质；当0.02<HI≤0.04时，储层为中等均质；当0.04<HI≤0.07时，储层为非均质；当HI>0.07时，储层为强非均质。按式(3)～(8)，分别计算3组砂砾岩岩心的非均质性综合评价指数HI、波速非均质性系数HV，判定岩心非均质性，判定结果如表4所示。
由表4得到的HI值可知，大粒径岩心整体上呈中等均质；中粒径岩心整体上呈均质；小粒径岩心更为致密，整体上应介于均质与中等均质之间，但因其非均质性易受岩心内部裂缝与砾石影响，放大了其非均质性。如岩心S25#有2条贯穿裂缝穿过，极大降低了纵波速度，故而评价为强非均质性。
5　讨论
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5.1　岩心分层处理
砾石特征图像提取能够突出样品的细观结构和砾石分布特征，准确性较高。然而在进行砾石特征提取与α，β值计算时，发现该评价方法存在2个问题：一是其评价准确性依赖于数字网格划分的精细程度，网格划分越细致，则对砂砾岩的非均质性评价越可靠，而网格划分越细致、测试样品越多，在进行特征提取与α，β值计算时的工作量则越大，耗时越长，不能很好的应用普及。二是难以建立评价砂砾岩非均质性的标准，对于全井段的非均质性评价更是难以实现。但是上述方法提供了“分割”的思想，即在波速测量时将岩心进行分层处理，表征砂砾岩的非均质性。
5.2　有效性与可靠性验证
(1)有效性验证
经计算非均质性综合评价指数HI发现，中粒径岩心均质性最好；大粒径岩心非均质性最强；小粒径岩心非均质性受砾石、裂缝影响明显，波速波动较大。分别从大粒径、中粒径、小粒径3组岩心样品中各取一块岩心，S06#，S16#，S26#，其中S26#岩心内部存在裂缝，如图9所示，用于验证非均质性综合评价指数HI在评价非均质性时对裂缝识别的有效性。
分别测量3块验证岩心在25，50和75 mm截面高度处的纵波速度，结果如图10所示。由图10知，砂砾岩的砾石粒径与纵波波速呈负相关性，纵波波速随砾石粒径的增大而降低(图中，IQR为箱线图中四分位距，1.5IQR反映统计学中的正态分布)。大粒径岩心纵波速度最小，集中分布在4 600～5 100 m/s范围，平均波速4 899 m/s；小粒径岩心的纵波速度最大，集中分布在5 700～6 200 m/s范围，平均波速5 979 m/s；而中粒径岩心的纵波速度介于大粒径与小粒径岩心之间，集中分布在5 200～5 700 m/s范围，平均波速5 375 m/s。不过中粒径S16#岩心的波速波动范围较小，主要集中在5 100～5 300 m/s范围，较为均质；大粒径S06#岩心的波速波动范围略微增大，主要集中在4 600～4 900 m/s范围；而小粒径S26#岩心的波速波动范围较大，多数集中在6 000～6 200 m/s范围，这是因为岩心端面存在贯穿裂缝，极大地降低了纵波速度。这与采用非均质性综合评价指数HI的评价结果一致。因此，认为该方法有效，可以用于评价储层非均质性。
(2)可靠性验证
对比表4中由2种评价指数得到的HI和HV值(见图11)可见，除S04#与S25#岩心的评价结果存在差异外，其余样品的评价结果均完全一致，这说明了非均质性综合评价指数HI的可靠性。由于非均质性综合评价指数HI考虑了孔缝、空间砾石分布对非均质性的影响，因此得到的HI值普遍高于HV值。其中，根据岩心S04#的砾石分布特征，端面右下方砾石较少，其他方位砾石含量较多，应评价为中等均质；根据岩心S25#的砾石分布特征来看，岩心砾石小且含量少，整体均匀性较好，但端面存在2条平行贯穿岩心的裂缝，使得岩心在沿裂缝方向与垂直裂缝方向上的均质性呈现出极大差异，因此应定义为强非均质性。另外，由图6(c)可见，S22#样品端面一侧存在白色石英脉填充，而纵波穿过石英脉时时间更短、波速更快，体现在图8(c)中S22#样品75 mm截面处波速(红色)大于25 mm(蓝色)与50 mm(绿色)截面处波速，再次证明利用弹性波速评价岩心整体非均质性是可靠的。综上所述，非均质性综合评价指数HI能够识别岩心中裂缝及砾石空间分布不均等因素对岩心非均质性的影响，其评价结果的可靠性优于波速非均质性系数HV。
6　结论
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针对砂砾岩的非均质性评价问题，本文结合砾石分布特征，采用分层测量岩心截面弹性波速的方法，系统开展了纵波波速与岩心非均质性关系的研究，建立了表征岩心非均质性的综合评价指数HI，并得到如下主要结论：
(1)非均质性综合评价指数HI引入分层思想指导波速分截面测量，综合了岩心内部裂缝与层间差异对其非均质性的影响，实现了对岩心非均质性的有效评价。经验证，该评价方法可靠性较高，具有快速、非破坏性、灵敏度高、成本低等特点。
(2)砂砾岩砾石粒径与纵波速度呈负相关性，其波速随砾石粒径的增大而降低。大粒径岩心纵波速度最小，小粒径岩心纵波速度最大，而中粒径岩心的纵波速度介于大粒径与小粒径岩心之间。
(3)中粒径岩心的均质性较好，纵波波速差异最小，约450 m/s；大粒径岩心因其砾石含量高，粒径大，非均质性相对较强，波速波动范围最大，约700 m/s；小粒径岩心相对均匀，但易受内部孔缝等因素影响，波速波动范围介于两者之间，约为550 m/s。
基金
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  • 中石油基础性前瞻性重大科技专项(2023ZZ0205)
  • 新型油气勘探开发国家科技重大专项(2025ZD1401403)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(42374132)
文献
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2026年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0604
  • 接收时间：2025-08-20
  • 首发时间：2026-06-18
  • 出版时间：2026-02-01
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  • 收稿日期：2025-08-20
  • 修回日期：2025-10-09
基金
China National Petroleum Corporation Fundamental and Forward-looking Major Science and Technology Project(2023ZZ0205)
中石油基础性前瞻性重大科技专项(2023ZZ0205)
National Science and Technology Major Project on New Types of Oil and Gas Exploration and Development(2025ZD1401403)
新型油气勘探开发国家科技重大专项(2025ZD1401403)
General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42374132)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(42374132)
作者信息
    1.油气资源与工程全国重点实验室 中国石油大学（北京），北京，102249
    2.中国石油勘探开发研究院 西北分院，甘肃 兰州　730020

通讯作者:

* 王小琼（1984–），现任研究员，主要从事非常规油气储层岩石物理、岩石力学、地质力学方面的研究工作。E-mail：
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yslxygcxb/CN/10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0604
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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