Article(id=1274300191889974080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0679, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757865600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-15, revisedDate=1760371200000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1781746441098, onlineDateStr=2026-06-18, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781746441098, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781746441098, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781746441098, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1274300092707266809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, year='2026', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='321', pageEnd='638', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781746417452, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781746463571, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1274300286466335306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1274300286466335307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=613, endPage=625, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1274300192099689282, articleId=1274300191889974080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, language=EN, title=Relationship between shear wave velocity and liquefaction resistance of coral sand in the South China Sea, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Coral sand deposits in the islands and reefs of the South China Sea are vulnerable to seismic liquefaction. Shear wave velocity provides a rapid and non-destructive method for assessing liquefaction potential; however, existing criteria, primarily developed for quartz sands, exhibit limited applicability to coral sands. This study aims to establish a specific relationship between shear wave velocity and cyclic resistance ratio for coral sand. A series of cyclic undrained triaxial tests and bender element tests were conducted using a GDS dynamic triaxial system on saturated coral sand from the South China Sea and comparable quartz sand. Systematic measurements of cyclic resistance and shear wave velocity were obtained for both materials, leading to the development of a quantitative model relating shear wave velocity to cyclic resistance for coral sand. The validity and engineering applicability of the proposed model were further validated through a case study of typical liquefaction sites, resulting in an empirical equation for the critical shear wave velocity of coral sand. The results indicate a strong correlation between shear wave velocity and cyclic resistance ratio in coral sand, with coral sand exhibiting significantly higher shear wave velocity than quartz sand at equivalent cyclic resistance ratio levels, thereby confirming their intrinsic mechanical differences. The proposed model effectively characterizes the liquefaction resistance of coral sand under varying seismic intensities and can accurately delineate liquefied layers in case analyses. This research provides a valuable reference for seismic safety assessments and foundation design in coral sand sites, such as islands and ports in the South China Sea.

, correspAuthors=Yide WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* WANG Yide (1995–), postdoctoral research fellow, is engaged in soil dynamics and earthquake engineering. E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yunlong WANG, Yide WANG, Longwei CHEN, Jiajun MA, Huida LIU, Luan WANG, Wenbin ZHANG, Xiaoming YUAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1274300197778776916, articleId=1274300191889974080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, language=CN, title=南海珊瑚砂剪切波速与抗液化强度关系研究, columnId=1274300098620219676, journalTitle=岩石力学与工程学报, columnName=土工基础, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

南海岛礁珊瑚砂场地存在地震液化风险。剪切波速作为场地抗液化评估指标,具有快速、无损的优势,但历史震害资料表明,现有判据在珊瑚砂场地的适用性存在局限,亟需建立针对珊瑚砂的专门关系模型。研究采用GDS动三轴–弯曲元试验系统,对饱和南海珊瑚砂及级配一致的对照石英砂分别开展循环不排水液化试验和弯曲元试验,系统获得两类砂土的抗液化强度及剪切波速,进而建立了珊瑚砂的剪切波速–抗液化强度定量关系模型。结合典型地震液化案例对模型的合理性和工程适用性进行了验证,并据此提出了适用于珊瑚砂场地的液化临界剪切波速计算公式。研究结果表明:珊瑚砂的剪切波速与抗液化强度具有良好的相关性,且在相同强度条件下显著高于石英砂,进一步印证珊瑚砂与陆源砂间的系统性差异;所建立的珊瑚砂剪切波速–抗液化强度模型能够较为准确地表征不同地震强度下珊瑚砂土的抗液化能力。将该模型应用于历史震害场地检验中,能够合理判别珊瑚砂层的液化范围。研究成果可为南海岛礁港口等珊瑚砂地基的地震安全评估和工程抗震设计提供理论参考。

, correspAuthors=王义德, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 王义德(1995–),现任博士后,主要从事土动力学与地震工程等方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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WANG Yunlong (1985–), associate research fellow, is engaged in geotechnical earthquake engineering. E-mail:

汪云龙(1985–),现任副研究员,主要从事岩土地震工程等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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WANG Yunlong (1985–), associate research fellow, is engaged in geotechnical earthquake engineering. E-mail:

汪云龙(1985–),现任副研究员,主要从事岩土地震工程等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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WANG Yunlong (1985–), associate research fellow, is engaged in geotechnical earthquake engineering. E-mail:

汪云龙(1985–),现任副研究员,主要从事岩土地震工程等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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Influence factors and formula for dynamic stress reduction coefficient[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering201837(1):177–189.(in Chinese)), articleTitle=Influence factors and formula for dynamic stress reduction coefficient, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1274369029834826676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300191889974080, awardId=2023C07, language=EN, fundingSource=Scientific Research Fund of Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration(2023C07), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1274369029918712757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300191889974080, awardId=2023C07, language=CN, fundingSource=中国地震局工程力学研究所基本科研业务费专项资助项目(2023C07), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1274369030145205174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300191889974080, awardId=LH2023E020, language=EN, fundingSource=Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(LH2023E020), fundOrder=null, country=null), 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MaterialRelative density of particles GsMaximum void ratio emaxMinimum void ratio eminAverage particle size d50/mmCoefficient of Uniformity Cu
Coral sand2.751.150.740.723.20
Quartz sand2.620.770.420.693.44
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Physical properties of coral and quartz sand

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MaterialRelative density of particles GsMaximum void ratio emaxMinimum void ratio eminAverage particle size d50/mmCoefficient of Uniformity Cu
Coral sand2.751.150.740.723.20
Quartz sand2.620.770.420.693.44
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Material Dr/% Vsunderp0/(m·s1)CSR
Coral sand40236.53,235.72,235.89,236.380.15,0.20,0.25,0.12
50248.49,247.65,248.48,247.900.25,0.20,0.30,0.23
65252.35,252.88,253.30,252.790.30,0.35,0.25,0.22
80253.62,254.16,253.81,253.370.30,0.25,0.20,0.35
Quartz sand40211.82,211.63,211.83,211.680.15,0.12,0.08,0.18
50213.26,212.95,212.51,213.120.15,0.10,0.08,0.20
65214.70,214.78,213.84,214.080.25,0.20,0.18,0.15
80225.73,225.95,226.59,226.490.25,0.30,0.35,0.23
), ArticleFig(id=1274369028954022831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300191889974080, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Test conditions for triaxial liquefaction tests with pre-calibratedVs

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Material Dr/% Vsunderp0/(m·s1)CSR
Coral sand40236.53,235.72,235.89,236.380.15,0.20,0.25,0.12
50248.49,247.65,248.48,247.900.25,0.20,0.30,0.23
65252.35,252.88,253.30,252.790.30,0.35,0.25,0.22
80253.62,254.16,253.81,253.370.30,0.25,0.20,0.35
Quartz sand40211.82,211.63,211.83,211.680.15,0.12,0.08,0.18
50213.26,212.95,212.51,213.120.15,0.10,0.08,0.20
65214.70,214.78,213.84,214.080.25,0.20,0.18,0.15
80225.73,225.95,226.59,226.490.25,0.30,0.35,0.23
), ArticleFig(id=1274369029029520304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300191889974080, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Mw Neq
6.05
6.58
7.012
7.520
8.030
), ArticleFig(id=1274369029105017777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300191889974080, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

The corresponding relationship between moment magnitude and equivalent number of cyclic vibrations[53-56]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Mw Neq
6.05
6.58
7.012
7.520
8.030
), ArticleFig(id=1274369029306344370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300191889974080, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Material Vs-lab/(m·s1)CRR5-labCRR8-labCRR12-labCRR20-labCRR30-lab
Coral sand236.10.2250.2000.1810.1590.144
248.10.2570.2420.2300.2160.205
252.80.2880.2620.2420.2190.203
253.80.2990.2790.2630.2440.229
Quartz sand211.80.1740.1580.1460.1320.122
213.00.1880.1710.1580.1430.132
214.40.2220.2110.2020.1920.184
226.20.3050.2900.2780.2630.252
), ArticleFig(id=1274369029390230451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300191889974080, language=CN, label=Table 4, caption=

Vsand corresponding CRR values of coral and quartz sand

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Material Vs-lab/(m·s1)CRR5-labCRR8-labCRR12-labCRR20-labCRR30-lab
Coral sand236.10.2250.2000.1810.1590.144
248.10.2570.2420.2300.2160.205
252.80.2880.2620.2420.2190.203
253.80.2990.2790.2630.2440.229
Quartz sand211.80.1740.1580.1460.1320.122
213.00.1880.1710.1580.1430.132
214.40.2220.2110.2020.1920.184
226.20.3050.2900.2780.2630.252
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南海珊瑚砂剪切波速与抗液化强度关系研究
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汪云龙 1, 2 , 王义德 1, 2, 3, * , 陈龙伟 1, 2 , 马佳钧 1, 2 , 刘荟达 4 , 王鸾 5 , 张文彬 6 , 袁晓铭 1, 2
岩石力学与工程学报 | 土工基础 2026,45(2): 613-625
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岩石力学与工程学报 | 土工基础 2026, 45(2): 613-625
南海珊瑚砂剪切波速与抗液化强度关系研究
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汪云龙1, 2 , 王义德1, 2, 3, * , 陈龙伟1, 2, 马佳钧1, 2, 刘荟达4, 王鸾5, 张文彬6, 袁晓铭1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 2.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 3.中国海洋大学 山东省海洋工程地质与环境重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
  • 4.中国建设基础设施有限公司,北京 100044
  • 5.中国海外发展有限公司,广东 深圳 518048
  • 6.上海市政工程设计研究总院(集团)有限公司,上海 200092
  • WANG Yunlong (1985–), associate research fellow, is engaged in geotechnical earthquake engineering. E-mail:

    汪云龙(1985–),现任副研究员,主要从事岩土地震工程等方面的研究工作。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 王义德(1995–),现任博士后,主要从事土动力学与地震工程等方面的研究工作。E-mail:
Relationship between shear wave velocity and liquefaction resistance of coral sand in the South China Sea
Yunlong WANG1, 2 , Yide WANG1, 2, 3, * , Longwei CHEN1, 2, Jiajun MA1, 2, Huida LIU4, Luan WANG5, Wenbin ZHANG6, Xiaoming YUAN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, China
  • 3.Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Engineering Geology and the Environment, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
  • 4.China Construction Infrastructure Co., Ltd., Beijing 100044, China
  • 5.China Overseas Land & Investment Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518048, China
  • 6.Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design Institute (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200092, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0679
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南海岛礁珊瑚砂场地存在地震液化风险。剪切波速作为场地抗液化评估指标,具有快速、无损的优势,但历史震害资料表明,现有判据在珊瑚砂场地的适用性存在局限,亟需建立针对珊瑚砂的专门关系模型。研究采用GDS动三轴–弯曲元试验系统,对饱和南海珊瑚砂及级配一致的对照石英砂分别开展循环不排水液化试验和弯曲元试验,系统获得两类砂土的抗液化强度及剪切波速,进而建立了珊瑚砂的剪切波速–抗液化强度定量关系模型。结合典型地震液化案例对模型的合理性和工程适用性进行了验证,并据此提出了适用于珊瑚砂场地的液化临界剪切波速计算公式。研究结果表明:珊瑚砂的剪切波速与抗液化强度具有良好的相关性,且在相同强度条件下显著高于石英砂,进一步印证珊瑚砂与陆源砂间的系统性差异;所建立的珊瑚砂剪切波速–抗液化强度模型能够较为准确地表征不同地震强度下珊瑚砂土的抗液化能力。将该模型应用于历史震害场地检验中,能够合理判别珊瑚砂层的液化范围。研究成果可为南海岛礁港口等珊瑚砂地基的地震安全评估和工程抗震设计提供理论参考。

土力学  /  珊瑚砂  /  动三轴–弯曲元联合试验  /  剪切波速  /  抗液化强度  /  场地液化判别

Coral sand deposits in the islands and reefs of the South China Sea are vulnerable to seismic liquefaction. Shear wave velocity provides a rapid and non-destructive method for assessing liquefaction potential; however, existing criteria, primarily developed for quartz sands, exhibit limited applicability to coral sands. This study aims to establish a specific relationship between shear wave velocity and cyclic resistance ratio for coral sand. A series of cyclic undrained triaxial tests and bender element tests were conducted using a GDS dynamic triaxial system on saturated coral sand from the South China Sea and comparable quartz sand. Systematic measurements of cyclic resistance and shear wave velocity were obtained for both materials, leading to the development of a quantitative model relating shear wave velocity to cyclic resistance for coral sand. The validity and engineering applicability of the proposed model were further validated through a case study of typical liquefaction sites, resulting in an empirical equation for the critical shear wave velocity of coral sand. The results indicate a strong correlation between shear wave velocity and cyclic resistance ratio in coral sand, with coral sand exhibiting significantly higher shear wave velocity than quartz sand at equivalent cyclic resistance ratio levels, thereby confirming their intrinsic mechanical differences. The proposed model effectively characterizes the liquefaction resistance of coral sand under varying seismic intensities and can accurately delineate liquefied layers in case analyses. This research provides a valuable reference for seismic safety assessments and foundation design in coral sand sites, such as islands and ports in the South China Sea.

soil mechanics  /  coral sand  /  dynamic triaxial-bender element test  /  shear wave velocity  /  liquefaction resistance  /  site liquefaction assessment
汪云龙, 王义德, 陈龙伟, 马佳钧, 刘荟达, 王鸾, 张文彬, 袁晓铭. 南海珊瑚砂剪切波速与抗液化强度关系研究. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2026 , 45 (2) : 613 -625 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0679
Yunlong WANG, Yide WANG, Longwei CHEN, Jiajun MA, Huida LIU, Luan WANG, Wenbin ZHANG, Xiaoming YUAN. Relationship between shear wave velocity and liquefaction resistance of coral sand in the South China Sea[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2026 , 45 (2) : 613 -625 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0679
珊瑚砂广泛分布于南北纬30°之间的热带与亚热带海域,是该区域填海造陆与海洋工程中的重要地基填料[1-2]。与典型陆源硅质砂相比,珊瑚砂因孔隙发育、钙盐含量高且颗粒易破碎,呈现出显著不同的力学与工程特性[3-5]。由于珊瑚砂分布与地震高发区部分重合,相关场地在地震作用下存在发生大规模液化的风险。G. Chock等[6-11]已有记录表明,1993年关岛地震、2006年夏威夷地震和2010年海地地震中均出现了珊瑚砂场地液化,导致大量岛礁与港口的基础设施受损。随着海洋工程与岛礁基础设施的快速发展,如何准确评估珊瑚砂场地的地震安全性已成为岩土工程领域的重要议题。
在岩土动力学分析中,剪切波速(Vs)是表征土体小应变刚度与评估液化潜势的关键指标之一[12-19]Vs能反映土层在剪切荷载作用下的刚度特征,并与抗液化强度(如循环抗力比,cyclic resistance ratio,CRR)具有较好的相关性[20-23]。R. D. Andrus等[24-27]大量研究显示,Vs可有效区分液化与非液化状态,已被广泛用于工程液化判别。然而,现行判别标准主要基于陆源砂场地建立,其在珊瑚砂场地的适用性尚不明确。基于2006年夏威夷地震的震害分析,袁晓铭等[1-2]发现,在触发条件与陆源砂场地无显著差异的情况下,发生液化的珊瑚砂层现场实测Vs均值约为250 m/s,修正剪切波速Vs1(修正至有效应力100 kPa的剪切波速)约为314 m/s,明显高于现行砂土液化层220 m/s的上限。这表明在相同抗液化强度下,珊瑚砂与陆源砂的Vs可能存在系统性差异;因此,若将Vs作为珊瑚砂场地抗液化强度指标,不能直接套用陆源砂得到的关系,需要建立面向珊瑚砂的专门Vs-CRR模型。
近年来,关于南海珊瑚砂的Vs特性与液化特性的研究已取得进展。汪云龙等[28]基于GDS大三轴弯曲元系统测试表明,南海珊瑚土Vs与含砾量呈正相关;郭 祯等[29]指出Vs与围压和密实度整体呈正相关;施周桓等[30]通过动三轴–弯曲元联合试验发现,归一化最大剪切模量与抗液化强度之间呈近似单值关系,提示基于Vs的抗液化评价方法对南海珊瑚砂具有潜在适用性;史金权等[31]进一步分析了颗粒特征对Vs的影响,并基于试验对Hardin最大剪切模量公式进行了修正。在南海珊瑚砂液化特性方面,国内学者如刘汉龙等[32-52]都开展了大量试验研究,丰富了南海珊瑚砂液化理论。然而,尽管已有证据表明珊瑚砂的抗液化强度与Vs相关,目前仍缺乏针对珊瑚砂的Vs-CRR定量关系,亦缺少以Vs为判据的理论依据与工程公式。
基于以上认识,本文采用配备弯曲元测试系统的GDS动三轴设备,对饱和珊瑚砂及级配一致的对照组石英砂开展循环加载液化试验,获得2类材料的CRR;同时,在液化试验前通过弯曲元试验获取对应试样初始应力状态下的Vs,进而对VsCRR进行回归分析,建立面向饱和珊瑚砂的Vs-CRR表征关系模型。最后结合历史地震案例讨论模型的合理性,并据此提出适用于珊瑚砂场地的液化判别公式。研究成果有望为珊瑚砂场地基于Vs的液化判别与地基强度评估提供理论支撑与工程参考。
本试验使用取自南海某岛礁的珊瑚砂。为了方便与现有基于陆源土的研究结果进行对比并尽量排除颗粒级配对试验结果的影响,使用福建石英砂配制了与珊瑚砂级配相同的石英砂作为对照材料。二者级配曲线如图1所示。可以看出2种砂土颗粒分布较为均匀,粒径分布在0.2~2.5 mm范围。材料的主要物理指标如表1所示。本试验中制作的试样尺寸均为高100 mm和直径50 mm。在制作试样时,使用预先烘干的珊瑚砂或石英砂采用砂雨法分层填筑试样至目标相对密度(Dr),以保证试样的均质性,随后对试样施加20 kPa的围压使试样能够直立。使用二氧化碳冲洗试样,冲洗后对试样从底部注入脱气水进行水头饱和,随后进行反压饱和进一步提高饱和度。当孔压系数B达到并稳定在0.95以上超过45 min时,认为试样达到饱和标准。在本研究中,当反压增加至280 kPa时,珊瑚砂与石英砂试样的B值都可以达到该饱和标准。为了试验结果的可对比性,所有试样在固结前的反压皆为280 kPa。达到饱和标准后,对试样进行均等固结,固结时间4 h,此时试样应变极小,固结完成。
试验采用中国地震局工程力学研究所地震工程与工程振动重点实验室的GDS动三轴–弯曲元测试系统进行(见图2),该系统可在同一试样上先后进行弯曲元波速试验与固结不排水循环加载试验,即实现动三轴–弯曲元联合测试,获得试样的CRRVs。弯曲元测试Vs通过下式确定:
Vs=L0tΔt2
式中:L0为剪切波在试样中的传播距离,在制样时测量得到;t为系统测定的剪切波从激发端传播至接收端所需的时间;Δt2为系统延时,在试验前通过将剪切波激发端与传播端直接接触的形式标定。采用时域初达波法判定剪切波的到达时刻,如图3所示。弯曲元测试采用频率为5 kHz的正弦波激发,经验证在本试验工况下具有较好的效果。
液化试验加载采用循环应力比CSR控制:
CSR=qcyc/(2p0)
式中:qcyc为循环偏应力幅值,p0为初始平均有效应力。液化试验采用频率为0.5的正弦波形加载。
所有试验均为均等固结,且p0皆为100 kPa。试验按试样的Dr分为4组,每组包括4个试样,分别施加不同的CSR进行液化试验,当孔隙水压力首次达到围压时,认为试样液化,终止试验;每个试样在液化试验前,通过弯曲元测试p0下的Vs,并取平均值作为该Dr试样组的Vs。具体工况安排如表2所示。
珊瑚砂与石英砂在Dr= 50%,CSR = 0.20下的超孔压随循环振次变化曲线、循环有效应力路径、偏应力–轴向应变关系以及轴向应变随循环振次变化曲线如图4所示。可以看出,二者皆表现为典型的循环流动液化现象,超孔压随循环次数逐渐累积,并最终达到初始有效应力,说明试样在此时发生液化。对应地,应力路径逐步向左收缩至原点,偏应力–应变曲线滞回圈逐渐扩张直至塌缩,同时应变随循环突增,表明试样强度丧失。在该试验条件下,相同工况下石英砂达到液化需要比珊瑚砂更少的循环次数,且达到液化时,石英砂试样发生更大的轴向变形,最大应变幅值约为10%,而珊瑚砂仅为4%,显示出珊瑚砂试样更高的动强度。
在针对砂土的常规尺寸循环三轴试验中,橡皮膜效应对珊瑚砂试样以及高Dr的石英砂试样的孔压增长限制显著,将显著高估抗液化强度,误差高达26%~51%,需对试样的孔压增量进行膜顺变性修正[45]。在本研究中,为了保证试验结果的可靠性,均使用Y. D. Wang等[45]推荐的方法对孔压结果进行了修正。图5为修正后的抗液化强度曲线。可以看出,珊瑚砂与石英砂的抗液化强度皆与Dr呈正相关,石英砂尤为明显。
根据如图5所示的液化强度曲线,结合矩震级Mw与等效应力循环振次Neq关系(见表3[53-56]),可以分别得到相应震级下的液化临界CSR值,也就是CRR值,结果如表4所示(表中,Vs-lab为相同Dr下4次弯曲元试验测得的Vs均值,CRRNeq-lab为通过室内三轴液化试验获得的对应等效循环振次下(Neq)的CRR)。同样的,将表2中通过弯曲元系统测定的相同Dr的试样在p0下的Vs结果均值也对应置于表4中。可以看出珊瑚砂的Vs-lab显著高于石英砂,且珊瑚砂在最低Dr下的Vs-lab也比石英砂最高Dr状态下的Vs-lab高。
R. D. Andrus等[2457]现有研究表明,石英砂的剪切波速与抗液化强度有着良好的相关性。姜 朴和孙德安[58]的试验结果表明,液化时的动剪应力与振动前的剪切波速之间有良好关系,且不受固结比和固结压力的影响,并提出可只用少数几个试件确定这种关系,进而再作液化判别方法的构建。这也是在缺少震害案例原位测试资料的现状下,本文通过试验构建珊瑚砂抗液化强度表征关系的理论基础之一。石兆吉和郁寿松[59]在对前人试验研究研究结果总结后发现,砂土重塑或扰动试样的剪切波速与抗液化强度之间的关系与用冰冻法取出的高质量原状样的相同。因此,研究将根据表4中的结果寻找珊瑚砂的抗液化强度与剪切波速之间的表征关系。
对于Vs,考虑到通过GDS弯曲元测试系统得到的Vs是在均等固结下进行的,为了对应现场应力条件需要对测试结果进行各向异性修正。C. D. P. Baxter等[57]提出了有效围压与初始有效应力同为σ0条件下室内Vs试验结果与现场修正剪切波速Vs1-field的关系:
Vs1-field=Vs-labK0m(pa/σ0)2m
式中:pa= 100 kPa或一个大气压;K0为侧向静止土压力系数,对砂土等无黏性土K0的范围通常为0.40~0.55,对于可能液化的自然沉积水平场地,K0= 0.5;m为应力指数,对多数土而言,m = 0.125[24]。对于在100 kPa下进行室内试验测试得到的试验结果,式(3)可以变换为
Vs1-field=Vs-labK0m
对于室内三轴试验获得的CRRNeq-lab,由于单元体循环试验的应力状态与水平自由场地土层的应力状态之间的差异,需要对液化试验结果进行相应的修正。H. B. Seed[60]给出了自由场地土层的循环抗力比CRRMw与室内三轴液化试验所获得的循环抗力比CRRNeq-lab之间的对应关系:
CRRMw=0.9CrCRRNeq-lab
式中:Cr为修正系数,取值与密实度有关,范围0.55~0.80,对中等密实度砂土可取0.65。
根据式(4),(5)以及表4中的室内试验数据,可以计算得到CRRMwVs1-field,如图6所示。同时,研究发现,CRRMwVs1-field二者具有较好的相关性,二者关系为
CRRMw=k1exp(k2Vs1-field)
式中:k1k2为模型参数。式(6)拟合优度R2均在0.87以上。另一方面,珊瑚砂的拟合优度R2普遍高于石英砂,达到0.90以上,说明珊瑚砂的抗液化强度与剪切波速有着更好的相关性。
经拟合分析发现,参数k1k2均与矩震级Mw有着很好的相关性,拟合优度R2均达到0.99以上,对于珊瑚砂:
k1=4.143exp(1.191Mw)
k2=0.004 5Mw0.010 1
对于石英砂:
k1=5.791exp(1.175Mw)
k2=0.005 3Mw+0.007 9
根据式(6)~(10),可以得到珊瑚砂与石英砂的剪切波速与抗液化强度关系(Vs-CRR)模型,模型参数仅为原位土层的修正剪切波速Vs1-field及对应的地震矩震级Mw,对于珊瑚砂:
CRRMw=4.143exp[(0.004 5Mw               0.010 1)Vs1-field1.191Mw]
对于石英砂:
CRRMw=5.791exp[(0.005 3Mw+               0.007 9)Vs1-field1.175Mw]
为了验证本文Vs-CRR模型构建方法的合理性,同时间接验证珊瑚砂Vs-CRR模型的可靠性,将基于相同方法路线构建的石英砂模型应用于1989年洛马普列塔地震的Treasure Island消防站液化场地,并与目前陆源土场地中常用的基于VsCRR计算方法进行对比。该场地的Vs通过现场交叉孔测试获得[61]CSR的计算中假设水位以上土体密度为1.76 Mg/m3,水位以下为1.92 Mg/m3,并采用了H. B. Seed和I. M. Idriss[54]提出的平均rd值。根据1989年地震期间在消防站记录的两水平向峰值加速度0.16 g,0.11 g[62],取其几何平均值0.13 g作为地表峰值加速度amax图7所示的土层类型与细颗粒含量(FC)则基于P. de Alba等[63-64]提供的资料。CRR值分别采用R. D. Andrus和K. H. Stokoe II[24]提出的Andrus模型、R. Kayen等[23]提出的Kayen模型以及本文提出的石英砂方法(式(12))进行计算,其中,Andrus模型和Kayen模型计算式分别为
CRR=0.022(Vsl/100)2+2.8           [1/(VslcVsl)1/Vslc]
CRR=exp[(0.007 3Vs1)2.801 12.616 8lnMw           0.009 9lnσv0+0.002 8FC           0.480 9Φ1(PL)]/1.946
式中:Vsl为修正剪切波速;σv0为现场初始有效应力;Vslc为液化层Vsl上限值;Φ为累积正态分布函数;PL为液化概率,当使用临界判据时,PL= 0.5。
图7所示,在相同深度条件下,本文提出的基于石英砂Vs-CRR模型计算得到的CRR值总体上与Andrus及Kayen模型所得结果相近。在3种模型结果中,4.5~9 m深度范围的CRR曲线均位于CSR曲线的左侧,显示该区间存在液化发生的可能。然而,在12~14 m深度范围,所提出的关系模型(式(11))与Kayen方法计算的CRR值均落在CSR曲线的左侧且非常接近,而Andrus模型得到的CRR值则位于CSR曲线之上或右侧,显示了3种方法结果之间的差异。鉴于所提出的关系模型是基于清洁石英砂的室内试验而建立的,其对细颗粒含量(FC)为30%以上黏性砂层的适用性可能存在局限。3种模型结果一致表明在4.5~9 m深度范围可能发生液化,但依据规范[65],7~9 m以及12~14 m范围由于存在细颗粒含量高达32%~35%的黏性砂层,可判定为非液化土体。总体而言,本文提出的基于石英砂Vs-CRR模型在陆域场地液化评价中与常用方法结果表现出较好的一致性。
基于节3.3的实例分析,可以初步认为本文提出的珊瑚砂剪切波速与抗液化强度关系模型是可靠的。由于目前已知的历史上有现场Vs数据的珊瑚砂地震液化事件只有2006年夏威夷地震,因此使用该地震实例进行进一步验证。
2006年夏威夷地震(Mw6.7),震源深度为29 km,距液化场地的震中距离约20 km,作用于场地的峰值地表加速度(PGA)约为0.4 g,场地平均地下水位为1.85 m。液化所致破坏主要集中在Kawaihae港[68]。该场地为人工填筑的珊瑚填土区,被称为“珊瑚平台”,表明其土层剖面由相对均一的珊瑚土组成。震后在Kawaihae港广泛观测到喷砂冒水现象,值得注意的是,其中部分喷出物为砾石粒径,与汶川地震中在砾质土中观测到的液化现象类似[66]。液化造成了道路、码头及地下输油管道的损坏。调查表明,发生液化的土层位于埋深3.6~6.7 m的饱和珊瑚土层[2]。在迄今为止有记载的3次珊瑚土液化事件中,夏威夷地震是唯一一例公开提供场地Vs数据的案例,该数据集为展示并验证珊瑚砂Vs-CRR的适用性提供了案例资料。
地质勘查及液化现象观测表明,场地内存在大量砾质土层,但其具体分布尚不明确。此外,已有研究表明,砾质珊瑚土在相似埋深条件下的Vs显著高于珊瑚砂,其差值可达10%~20%[29]。为便于对所提出的珊瑚砂液化判别方法进行对比分析,本案例研究选取H. Shahnazari等[2]提供的Kawaihae港震前的Vs剖面的下限作为实测Vs(见图8),旨在优先反映场地中珊瑚砂层的Vs,而非更具有更高Vs的含砾珊瑚土层的数值。
图8展示了基于本文提出的珊瑚砂关系模型计算得到的CRR值,可以看出,模型估算的液化深度范围为2~9 m,其余深度范围为非液化层。该结果与H. Shahnazari等[2]基于理论分析与震害调查所确定的液化范围总体一致,评估结果略保守。但是,本模型基于珊瑚砂室内试验建立,并未考虑夏威夷液化场地含砾量对珊瑚土Vs的影响。在将该方法应用于一般珊瑚土场地时,应考虑对砾石含量进行修正。相比之下,考虑使用Andrus或Kayen模型时,由于该场地Vs1皆高于或接近液化层Vs1上限值220 m/s,因此所有深度都将被判别为非液化层,产生严重误判。总体而言,本文提出的珊瑚砂Vs-CRR模型在研究案例中表现出较好的工程适用性。
在国内的工程实践中,习惯上以临界Vs作为液化判据,例如石兆吉等[67]基于多次历史震害现场Vs提出的临界Vs计算公式:
Vsci=Vs 0(ds0.013 3ds2)0.5[10.185(dw/ds)]
式中:Vsci为临界剪切波速,当现场实测剪切波速小于该值时判定为液化;Vs 0为剪切波速基准值,在7,8,9度时分别取63,89和125 m/s;ds为土层深度;dw为地下水位深度。式(15)经细微调整后曾进入规范[27]。考虑我国岛礁及港口等珊瑚砂场地工程应用,基于式(11)构建珊瑚砂场地的液化临界Vs计算公式。
根据修订后的珊瑚砂Hardin公式[33],可以得到现场实测不同深度d下的剪切波速Vswd-field
Vswd-field=(σvpa)0.277Vs1-field
式中:σv上覆有效应力。考虑式(11),(16),并结合室内试验测得的珊瑚砂天然密度、饱和重度以及地下水位hw,可以得到现场土层的抗液化强度CRRMw
CRRMw=4.143exp[(0.004 5Mw0.010 1)               (31.9d+2hw)0.277Vswd-field1.191Mw]
式中:hw为地下水位。由于珊瑚砂难以取得无扰动样品,本文采用重塑试样测定天然密度与饱和重度。试样相对密度取50%,对应中等密实状态,天然密度取含水率50%的情况。所得结果可代表典型珊瑚砂的平均物理特征。
至于地震发生时的循环剪应力荷载,T. L. Youd和I. M. Idriss[53]提出地震发生时土层中的循环剪应力比应根据下式计算:
CSRMw=CSR/MSF
式中:CSRMw为经震级修正后的循环剪应力比;MSF为震级缩放因子,由下式计算:
MSF=102.24/Mw2.56
式(18)的CSR为现场特定深度土层中的等效循环剪应力,根据Seed简化方法计算[54]
CSR=0.65amaxgσvσvrd
式中:amax为地表峰值加速度,根据规范[65]取值;g为重力加速度;σv为上覆总应力;rd为动剪应力折减系数,采用王 克等[68]提出的方法根据土层深度d分段计算:
rd={10.007 65d         (d9.15 m)1.1740.026 7d   (9.15 md23 m)0.7440.008d       (23 md30 m)0.5                          (30 md)
根据以上分析,结合式(18)~(21)可以得到地震发生时珊瑚砂场地不同深度下的CSRMw
CSRMw={amaxgdMw2.56(12.6750.097d)1 737.8hw+1 650.9d                                 (hwd9.15)amaxgdMw2.56(14.8800.338d)1 737.8hw+1 650.9d                                (9.15d23)amaxgdMw2.56(9.4300.101d)1 737.8hw+1 650.9d                                  (23d30)6.338amaxgdMw2.561 737.8hw+1 650.9d      (d30)
令式(17)与(22)相等,即当CSRMwCRRMw相等时,可以得到珊瑚砂场地土层液化临界剪切波速Vsc计算公式:
Vsc=(lnA1lnA2+1.191Mw)A3
其中,
A1={amaxgdMw2.56(12.6750.097d)                              (hwd9.15)amaxgdMw2.56(14.8800.338d)                             (9.15d23)amaxgdMw2.56(9.4300.101d)                            (23d30)6.338amaxgdMw2.56            (d30)
A2=7 199.7hw+6 839.7d
A3=(0.011 5Mw0.025 9)1(1.9d+2hw)0.277
式(23)由本文提出的Vs-CRR关系模型(式(11))结合工程常用判别流程经数学推导直接得到,其计算结果与Vs-CRR模型的液化判别结论保持一致。
本研究针对南海岛礁及港口工程广泛采用珊瑚砂作为地基填料,而其地震场地液化判别手段尚不完善的现实问题,系统开展了饱和珊瑚砂剪切波速与抗液化强度关系的试验与模型研究。通过室内动三轴–弯曲元联合试验,全面获取了南海珊瑚砂及对照组石英砂的抗液化强度与剪切波速参数,进一步建立了具有工程适用性的珊瑚砂Vs-CRR定量关系模型,并结合典型历史地震液化案例对模型的可靠性与适用性进行了系统验证。在此基础上,推导了考虑震级影响的珊瑚砂场地液化临界剪切波速计算公式。研究为南海岛礁及港口珊瑚砂地基的地震液化判别与抗震设计提供了科学依据和工程参考。主要结论如下:
(1)通过室内动三轴–弯曲元联合试验,建立了饱和珊瑚砂的剪切波速Vs与抗液化强度CRR之间的定量关系模型。试验结果表明,珊瑚砂的VsCRR具有较好的相关性,拟合优度R2普遍在0.90以上;相比之下,同级配石英砂的相关性略低,这表明采用Vs作为珊瑚砂场地液化判别参数更具合理性。在相同CRR下珊瑚砂所对应的Vs显著高于石英砂,这一现象反映出珊瑚砂剪切刚度和抗液化性能的特殊性,表明珊瑚砂与陆源砂之间Vs存在系统性差异。
(2)基于石英砂试验结果建立的Vs-CRR模型应用于1989年洛马普列塔地震场地时,模型计算的CRR分布与R. Kayen等[23-24]的现有方法基本一致,均能识别出4.5~9.0 m深度范围的液化可能性,验证了该模型的适用性和可靠性。同时,也进一步说明了本研究采用的模型构建技术路线具有科学性和可推广性。
(3)针对2006年夏威夷Kawaihae港典型珊瑚砂液化场地,本文提出的珊瑚砂Vs-CRR关系模型能够合理预测珊瑚砂层的液化深度,与震后现场调查确定的液化范围相符,模型评估略偏保守。相比之下,目前常用的Vs判别方法将该场地全部土层误判为非液化,显著高估了场地安全性。上述对比验证表明,本文提出的珊瑚砂Vs-CRR关系模型具有良好的可靠性和工程适用性,可更准确地判别珊瑚砂场地的液化风险。
(4)需要指出的是,若场地存在极细颗粒夹层(例如粉砂质夹层)或含砾量显著高于本试验材料的层段,则该模型的适用性可能降低,此类情况应通过现场及室内试验或耦合数值分析进一步校核。同时,未来研究宜基于本模型发展考虑含砾量影响的宽级配珊瑚土关系模型,以更广泛地适应珊瑚土吹填场地的实际情况。
  • 中国地震局工程力学研究所基本科研业务费专项资助项目(2023C07)
  • 黑龙江省自然科学基金资助项目(LH2023E020)
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2026年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0679
  • 接收时间:2025-09-15
  • 首发时间:2026-06-18
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-15
  • 修回日期:2025-10-14
基金
Scientific Research Fund of Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration(2023C07)
中国地震局工程力学研究所基本科研业务费专项资助项目(2023C07)
Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(LH2023E020)
黑龙江省自然科学基金资助项目(LH2023E020)
作者信息
    1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    2.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    3.中国海洋大学 山东省海洋工程地质与环境重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
    4.中国建设基础设施有限公司,北京 100044
    5.中国海外发展有限公司,广东 深圳 518048
    6.上海市政工程设计研究总院(集团)有限公司,上海 200092

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* 王义德(1995–),现任博士后,主要从事土动力学与地震工程等方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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