Article(id=1274300162148164261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0647, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756656000000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-01, revisedDate=1762099200000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1781746434008, onlineDateStr=2026-06-18, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781746434008, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781746434008, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781746434008, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1274300092707266809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, year='2026', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='321', pageEnd='638', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781746417452, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781746463571, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1274300286466335306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1274300286466335307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=496, endPage=508, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1274300162349490855, articleId=1274300162148164261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, language=EN, title=Small strain stiffness of red mudstone fill material under anisotropic stress state, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper investigates the effect of anisotropic stress states on the small strain stiffness of red mudstone fill material (RMF). A comprehensive experimental program was conducted, including 18 triaxial-bender element tests, 4 isotropic consolidation tests, and 6 stress-controlled loading-unloading tests. The results indicate that the normalized strength is well characterized by the nonlinear strength envelope. Under isotropic stress conditions, the small strain stiffness increases with mean stress, which can be described by a power equation. During conventional triaxial shear, small strain stiffness increases at low axial strains. When the axial strain exceeds 2%, the damage point can be identified, at which point small strain stiffness decreases by more than 25% with further axial strain. A power model has been employed to characterize the small strain stiffness and shear stress at both the damage point and peak point. Unloading at stress states below the damage point results in an increase in small strain stiffness. Conversely, due to irreversible structural disturbance, unloading at stress states above the damage point leads to a progressive reduction in small strain stiffness. The difference in small strain stiffness at various unloading points can exceed 30%. Therefore, the coupled effects of stress history and stress path should be considered for accurate determination of small strain stiffness, as the conventional monotonic model is not applicable in such coupled scenarios.

, correspAuthors=Gaoqiao WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* WU Gaoqiao (1993–), professor, is engaged in mechanical behavior of problematic soil. E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kang CHEN, Gaoqiao WU, Shao YUE, Xingyu KANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1274300166325691075, articleId=1274300162148164261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, language=CN, title=异向应力状态下红层泥岩填料小应变刚度特性研究, columnId=1274300094359822588, journalTitle=岩石力学与工程学报, columnName=理论与试验研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究异向应力状态对红层泥岩填料小应变刚度的影响,开展18组应变控制的三轴–弯曲元试验,4组等向固结试验和6组应力控制的加卸载试验,揭示填料在不同应力路径下小应变刚度演化规律,结果表明:填料归一化强度包线可用指数形式表述。等向固结状态下,小应变刚度随体应力呈指数增加。三轴剪切路径下,填料小应变刚度先随应变增大而增加;应变超过2%后,出现明显损伤点。此时小应变刚度持续衰减,降幅超过25%。损伤点和峰值强度点对应的偏应力和小应变刚度可用指数函数表征。低于损伤点卸载时,相同应力状态下卸载路径小应变刚度高于加载路径。超过损伤点卸载,由于剪应力引起的结构损伤不可恢复,填料小应变刚度将不断减小。损伤点前后卸载小应变刚度差值超过30%。考虑应力历史和路径对小应变刚度影响必须与填料自身状态相结合,传统单调模型难以描述该耦合效应。

, correspAuthors=吴高桥, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 吴高桥(1993–),现任教授,主要从事特殊土力学特性方面的研究工作。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=5uWZ40CBvzrWZwCGTWBJdw==, magXml=o9W6fWeAhElI0+zVQvGf5w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=xgy0HzenI6fPgsNgQp76Jg==, pdfFileSize=1438123, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=MD7swrnhQqJvZnR+NwpwZQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=UTVxDL/9bxzG/HxGDxx/IA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

CHEN Kang (1995–), postdoctoral research fellow, is engaged in mechanical behavior of problematic soil. E-mail:

陈康(1995–),现任博士后,主要从事特殊土力学特性方面的研究工作。E-mail:

, authorsList=陈康, 吴高桥, 岳梢, 康兴宇)}, authors=[Author(id=1274368958295761120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=kang.chen@csust.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1274368958618722531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, authorId=1274368958295761120, language=EN, stringName=Kang CHEN, firstName=Kang, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of Transportation, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1274368958748745956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, authorId=1274368958295761120, language=CN, stringName=陈康, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.长沙理工大学 交通学院,湖南 长沙 410114, bio={"content":"

CHEN Kang (1995–), postdoctoral research fellow, is engaged in mechanical behavior of problematic soil. E-mail:

陈康(1995–),现任博士后,主要从事特殊土力学特性方面的研究工作。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

CHEN Kang (1995–), postdoctoral research fellow, is engaged in mechanical behavior of problematic soil. E-mail:

陈康(1995–),现任博士后,主要从事特殊土力学特性方面的研究工作。E-mail:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1274368957960216788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274368957968605397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, companyId=1274368957960216788, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Transportation, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274368957976994006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, companyId=1274368957960216788, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.长沙理工大学 交通学院,湖南 长沙 410114)])]), Author(id=1274368959050735846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=highbridgewu@gmail.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1274368959155593449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, authorId=1274368959050735846, language=EN, stringName=Gaoqiao WU, firstName=Gaoqiao, middleName=null, lastName=WU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, *, address=1.School of Transportation, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, China
2.National Key Laboratory of Green and Long-life Road Engineering in Extreme Environment, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1274368959579218154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, authorId=1274368959050735846, language=CN, stringName=吴高桥, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, *, address=1.长沙理工大学 交通学院,湖南 长沙 410114
2.长沙理工大学 极端环境绿色长寿道路工程全国重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410114, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1274368957960216788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274368957968605397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, companyId=1274368957960216788, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Transportation, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274368957976994006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, companyId=1274368957960216788, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.长沙理工大学 交通学院,湖南 长沙 410114)]), AuthorCompany(id=1274368958039908567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274368958048297176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, companyId=1274368958039908567, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.National Key Laboratory of Green and Long-life Road Engineering in Extreme Environment, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274368958056685785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, companyId=1274368958039908567, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.长沙理工大学 极端环境绿色长寿道路工程全国重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410114)])]), Author(id=1274368960019620076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1274368960397107438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, authorId=1274368960019620076, language=EN, stringName=Shao YUE, firstName=Shao, middleName=null, lastName=YUE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of Transportation, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1274368960829120751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, authorId=1274368960019620076, language=CN, stringName=岳梢, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.长沙理工大学 交通学院,湖南 长沙 410114, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1274368957960216788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274368957968605397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, companyId=1274368957960216788, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Transportation, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274368957976994006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, companyId=1274368957960216788, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.长沙理工大学 交通学院,湖南 长沙 410114)])]), Author(id=1274368961202413809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1274368961986748659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, authorId=1274368961202413809, language=EN, stringName=Xingyu KANG, firstName=Xingyu, middleName=null, lastName=KANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3.School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1274368962775277812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, authorId=1274368961202413809, language=CN, stringName=康兴宇, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3.长沙理工大学 土木与环境工程学院,湖南 长沙 410114, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1274368958144766171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274368958161543388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, companyId=1274368958144766171, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274368958186709213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, companyId=1274368958144766171, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.长沙理工大学 土木与环境工程学院,湖南 长沙 410114)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1274368963299565813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=rock mechanics), Keyword(id=1274368963647693046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=subgrade fill material), Keyword(id=1274368964599800055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=red mudstone), Keyword(id=1274368965002453240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=small strain stiffness), Keyword(id=1274368965417689337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=anisotropic stress state), Keyword(id=1274368965732262138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=EN, orderNo=6, keyword=structure damage), Keyword(id=1274368965824536827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=岩石力学), Keyword(id=1274368966680174846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=路基填料), Keyword(id=1274368967368040703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=红层泥岩), Keyword(id=1274368967959437568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=小应变刚度), Keyword(id=1274368968613748993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=异向应力状态), Keyword(id=1274368969028985090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=结构损伤)], refs=[Reference(id=1274368975626625319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=45, issue=3, pageStart=571, pageEnd=579, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=陈康, 刘先峰, 蒋关鲁, journalName=岩土工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈康,刘先峰,蒋关鲁,. 饱和红层泥岩填料动力及耗散能特性试验研究[J]. 岩土工程学报202345(3):571–579., articleTitle=饱和红层泥岩填料动力及耗散能特性试验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368975689539880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=45, issue=3, pageStart=571, pageEnd=579, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=CHEN Kang., LIU Xianfeng, JIANG Guanlu, journalName=Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(CHEN Kang.LIU XianfengJIANG Guanluet al. Experimental study on dynamic and dissipated energy behaviors of saturated red mudstone fill materials[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering202345(3):571–579.(in Chinese)), articleTitle=Experimental study on dynamic and dissipated energy behaviors of saturated red mudstone fill materials, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368975840534825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=5, pageStart=1 261, pageEnd=1 268, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=陈康, 刘先峰, 袁胜洋, journalName=岩土力学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈康,刘先峰,袁胜洋,. 饱和红层泥岩填料累积变形特性及安定界限研究[J]. 岩土力学202243(5):1 261–1 268., articleTitle=饱和红层泥岩填料累积变形特性及安定界限研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368975920226602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=5, pageStart=1 261, pageEnd=1 268, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=3, authorNames=CHEN Kang, LIU Xianfeng, YUAN Shengyang, journalName=Rock and Soil Mechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(CHEN KangLIU XianfengYUAN Shengyanget al. Experimental study of accumulative deformation behaviour and shakedown limit of saturated red mudstone fill material[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics202243(5):1 261–1 268.(in Chinese)), articleTitle=Experimental study of accumulative deformation behaviour and shakedown limit of saturated red mudstone fill material, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368975987335467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=32, issue=1, pageStart=124, pageEnd=129, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=蒋关鲁, 房立凤, 王智猛, journalName=岩土工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=蒋关鲁,房立凤,王智猛,. 红层泥岩路基填料动强度和累积变形特性试验研究[J]. 岩土工程学报201032(1):124–129., articleTitle=红层泥岩路基填料动强度和累积变形特性试验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368976079610156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=32, issue=1, pageStart=124, pageEnd=129, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=5, authorNames=JIANG Guanlu, FANG Lifeng, WANG Zhimeng, journalName=Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(JIANG GuanluFANG LifengWANG Zhimenget al. Experimental study on dynamic strength and accumulated deformation characteristics of red-mudstone filling[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering201032(1):124–129.(in Chinese)), articleTitle=Experimental study on dynamic strength and accumulated deformation characteristics of red-mudstone filling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368976146719021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=61, issue=1, pageStart=5, pageEnd=37, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=6, authorNames=CLAYTON C, journalName=Géotechnique, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CLAYTON C. Stiffness at small strain:research and practice[J]. Géotechnique201161(1):5–37., articleTitle=Stiffness at small strain:research and practice, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368976264159534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=64, issue=12, pageStart=942, pageEnd=953, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=7, authorNames=GASPARRE A, HIGHT D W, COOP M R, journalName=Géotechnique, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GASPARRE AHIGHT D WCOOP M Ret al. The laboratory measurement and interpretation of the small-strain stiffness of stiff clays[J]. Géotechnique201464(12):942–953., articleTitle=The laboratory measurement and interpretation of the small-strain stiffness of stiff clays, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368976335462703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=438, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=8, authorNames=LIU X F, CHEN K, YUAN S Y, journalName=Construction and Building Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU X FCHEN KYUAN S Yet al. Experimental study on the small strain stiffness-strength of a fully weathered red mudstone[J]. Construction and Building Materials2024438:137058., articleTitle=Experimental study on the small strain stiffness-strength of a fully weathered red mudstone, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368976410960176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=88, issue=null, pageStart=143, pageEnd=151, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=9, authorNames=PAYAN M, KHOSHGHALB A, SENETAKIS K, journalName=Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PAYAN MKHOSHGHALB ASENETAKIS Ket al. Small-strain stiffness of sand subjected to stress anisotropy[J]. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering201688:143–151., articleTitle=Small-strain stiffness of sand subjected to stress anisotropy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368976486457649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=57, issue=6, pageStart=1 076, pageEnd=1 082, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=10, authorNames=SENETAKIS K, LI H W, journalName=Soils and Foundations, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SENETAKIS KLI H W. Influence of stress anisotropy on small-strain stiffness of reinforced sand with polypropylene fibres[J]. Soils and Foundations201757(6):1 076–1 082., articleTitle=Influence of stress anisotropy on small-strain stiffness of reinforced sand with polypropylene fibres, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368976570343730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=17, issue=1, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=11, authorNames=HONG Y, KOO C H, ZHOU C, journalName=International Journal of Geomechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HONG YKOO C HZHOU Cet al. Small strain path-dependent stiffness of Toyoura sand:Laboratory measurement and numerical implementation[J]. International Journal of Geomechanics201717(1):04016036., articleTitle=Small strain path-dependent stiffness of Toyoura sand:Laboratory measurement and numerical implementation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368976687784243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=72, issue=10, pageStart=899, pageEnd=910, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=12, authorNames=TIAN Y, SENETAKIS K, journalName=Geotechnique, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TIAN YSENETAKIS K. Influence of creep on the small-strain stiffness of sand-rubber mixtures[J]. Geotechnique202272(10):899–910., articleTitle=Influence of creep on the small-strain stiffness of sand-rubber mixtures, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368976759087412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=54, issue=7, pageStart=429, pageEnd=439, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=13, authorNames=HOQUE E, TATSUOKA F, journalName=Géotechnique, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HOQUE ETATSUOKA F. Effects of stress ratio on small-strain stiffness during triaxial shearing[J]. Géotechnique200454(7):429–439., articleTitle=Effects of stress ratio on small-strain stiffness during triaxial shearing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368976830390581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=13, issue=6, pageStart=861, pageEnd=868, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=14, authorNames=SCHÄDLICH B, SCHWEIGER H F, journalName=International Journal of Geomechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SCHÄDLICH BSCHWEIGER H F. Influence of anisotropic small strain stiffness on the deformation behavior of geotechnical structures[J]. International Journal of Geomechanics201313(6):861–868., articleTitle=Influence of anisotropic small strain stiffness on the deformation behavior of geotechnical structures, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368976897499446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=150, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=15, authorNames=ZHU J L, YU J, HUANG M S, journalName=Computers and Geotechnics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU J LYU JHUANG M Set al. Inclusion of small-strain stiffness in monotonic py curves for laterally loaded piles in clay[J]. Computers and Geotechnics2022150:104902., articleTitle=Inclusion of small-strain stiffness in monotonic py curves for laterally loaded piles in clay, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368976968802615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=62, issue=1, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=16, authorNames=LIU J, OTSUBO M, KAWAGUCHI Y, journalName=Soils and Foundations, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU JOTSUBO MKAWAGUCHI Yet al. Anisotropy in small-strain shear modulus of granular materials:Effects of particle properties and experimental conditions[J]. Soils and Foundations202262(1):101105., articleTitle=Anisotropy in small-strain shear modulus of granular materials:Effects of particle properties and experimental conditions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368977056883000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=74, issue=13, pageStart=1 841, pageEnd=1 854, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=17, authorNames=SHI J Q, XIAO Y, CARRARO J A H, journalName=Géotechnique, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHI J QXIAO YCARRARO J A Het al. Anisotropic small-strain stiffness of lightly biocemented sand considering grain morphology[J]. Géotechnique202374(13):1 841–1 854., articleTitle=Anisotropic small-strain stiffness of lightly biocemented sand considering grain morphology, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368977170129209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=59, issue=6, pageStart=878, pageEnd=888, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=18, authorNames=SHI J Q, XIAO Y, HU J, journalName=Canadian Geotechnical Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHI J QXIAO YHU Jet al. Small-strain shear modulus of calcareous sand under anisotropic consolidation[J]. Canadian Geotechnical Journal202259(6):878–888., articleTitle=Small-strain shear modulus of calcareous sand under anisotropic consolidation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368977237238074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=112, issue=null, pageStart=35, pageEnd=40, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=19, authorNames=GONG J, WANG X, LI L, journalName=Computers and Geotechnics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GONG JWANG XLI Let al. DEM study of the effect of fines content on the small-strain stiffness of gap-graded soils[J]. Computers and Geotechnics2019112:35–40., articleTitle=DEM study of the effect of fines content on the small-strain stiffness of gap-graded soils, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368977295958331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=9, issue=null, pageStart=299, pageEnd=312, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=20, authorNames=MASIN D, ROTT J, journalName=Acta Geotechnica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MASIN DROTT J. Small strain stiffness anisotropy of natural sedimentary clays:review and a model[J]. Acta Geotechnica20149:299–312., articleTitle=Small strain stiffness anisotropy of natural sedimentary clays:review and a model, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368977367261500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=21, authorNames=ASTM Committee, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ASTM Committee. D2487—17 Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes(unified soil classification system)[S]. West Conshohocken:ASTM International,2025., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368977505673533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=22, authorNames=中华人民共和国行业标准编写组, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中华人民共和国行业标准编写组. TB 10001—2016铁路路基设计规范[S]. 北京:中国铁道出版社,2016., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368977593753918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=23, authorNames=The Professional Standards Compilation Group of People's Republic of China, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(The Professional Standards Compilation Group of People's Republic of China. TB 10001–2016 Code for design of railway earth structure[S]. Beijing:China Railway Publishing House,2016.(in Chinese)), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368977660862783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=24, authorNames=中华人民共和国国家标准编写组, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中华人民共和国国家标准编写组. GB/T 50123—2019土工试验方法标准[S]. 北京:中国计划出版社,2019., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368977727971648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=25, authorNames=The National Standards Compilation Group of People's Republic of China, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(The National Standards Compilation Group of People's Republic of China. GB/T 50123–2019 Standard for geotechnical testing method[S]. Beijing:China Planning Press,2019.(in Chinese)), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368977790886209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=18, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=26, authorNames=PETCHERDCHOO A, POCHALARD S, PIRIYAKUL K, journalName=Case Studies in Construction Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PETCHERDCHOO APOCHALARD SPIRIYAKUL K. Use of bender element tests for determining shear modulus of fly-ash and cement admixed Bangkok clay with considering unconfined compressive strength[J]. Case Studies in Construction Materials202318:e02040., articleTitle=Use of bender element tests for determining shear modulus of fly-ash and cement admixed Bangkok clay with considering unconfined compressive strength, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368977916715330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=15, issue=3, pageStart=287, pageEnd=298, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=27, authorNames=GU X Q, YANG J, HUANG M S, journalName=Granular Matter, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GU X QYANG JHUANG M S. DEM simulations of the small strain stiffness of granular soils:effect of stress ratio[J]. Granular Matter201315(3):287–298., articleTitle=DEM simulations of the small strain stiffness of granular soils:effect of stress ratio, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368978017378627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=130, issue=5, pageStart=498, pageEnd=506, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=28, authorNames=BAKER R, journalName=Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BAKER R. Nonlinear Mohr envelopes based on triaxial data[J]. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering2004130(5):498–506., articleTitle=Nonlinear Mohr envelopes based on triaxial data, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368978088681796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=21, issue=5, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=29, authorNames=WANG F F, LI D Q, DU W Q, journalName=International Journal of Geomechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG F FLI D QDU W Qet al. Bender element measurement for small-strain shear modulus of compacted loess[J]. International Journal of Geomechanics202121(5):04021063., articleTitle=Bender element measurement for small-strain shear modulus of compacted loess, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368978147402053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=65, issue=7, pageStart=548, pageEnd=562, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=30, authorNames=CAMACHO-TAUTA J, CASCANTE G, VIANA DA FONSECA A, journalName=Géotechnique, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CAMACHO-TAUTA JCASCANTE GVIANA DA FONSECA Aet al. Time and frequency domain evaluation of bender element systems[J]. Géotechnique201565(7):548–562., articleTitle=Time and frequency domain evaluation of bender element systems, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368978210316614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=46, issue=5, pageStart=938, pageEnd=947, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=31, authorNames=梁发云, 郑瀚波, 李林, journalName=岩土工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=梁发云,郑瀚波,李林,. 考虑小应变刚度特性的软土边界面模型与应用[J]. 岩土工程学报202446(5):938–947., articleTitle=考虑小应变刚度特性的软土边界面模型与应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368978365505863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=46, issue=5, pageStart=938, pageEnd=947, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=32, authorNames=LIANG Fayun, ZHENG Hanbo, LI Lin, journalName=Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(LIANG FayunZHENG HanboLI Linet al. Bounding surface constitutive model for soft soils considering characteristics of small-strain stiffness and its application in engineering[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering202446(5):938–947.(in Chinese)), articleTitle=Bounding surface constitutive model for soft soils considering characteristics of small-strain stiffness and its application in engineering, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368978441003336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=43, issue=增2, pageStart=72, pageEnd=75, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=33, authorNames=张浩, 张陈蓉, 时振昊, journalName=岩土工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张浩,张陈蓉,时振昊,. 基于IGS小应变模型的基坑开挖对隧道影响数值模拟[J]. 岩土工程学报202143(增2):72–75., articleTitle=基于IGS小应变模型的基坑开挖对隧道影响数值模拟, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368978508112201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=43, issue=Supp.2, pageStart=72, pageEnd=75, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=34, authorNames=ZHANG Hao, ZHANG Chenrong, SHI Zhenhao, journalName=Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(ZHANG HaoZHANG ChenrongSHI Zhenhaoet al. Numerical simulation of excavation effects on tunneling with IGS small strain model[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering202143(Supp.2):72–75.(in Chinese)), articleTitle=Numerical simulation of excavation effects on tunneling with IGS small strain model, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368978579415370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=24, issue=4, pageStart=125, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=35, authorNames=WU H W, GU X Q, HU J, journalName=Granular Matter, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU H WGU X QHU Jet al. DEM simulation of small strain and large strain behaviors of granular soils with a coherent contact model[J]. Granular Matter202224(4):125., articleTitle=DEM simulation of small strain and large strain behaviors of granular soils with a coherent contact model, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368978638135627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=72, issue=5, pageStart=424, pageEnd=437, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=36, authorNames=KANTESARIA N, SACHAN A, journalName=Géotechnique, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KANTESARIA NSACHAN A. Small-strain shear modulus and yielding characteristics of compacted high-plasticity clay[J]. Géotechnique202272(5):424–437., articleTitle=Small-strain shear modulus and yielding characteristics of compacted high-plasticity clay, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368978734604620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=13, issue=6, pageStart=1 467, pageEnd=1 472, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=37, authorNames=GU X Q, YANG S C, journalName=Acta Geotechnica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GU X QYANG S C. Why the OCR may reduce the small strain shear stiffness of granular materials?[J]. Acta Geotechnica201813(6):1 467–1 472., articleTitle=Why the OCR may reduce the small strain shear stiffness of granular materials?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368978856239437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=44, issue=2, pageStart=324, pageEnd=333, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=38, authorNames=史金权, 肖杨, 刘汉龙, journalName=岩土工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=史金权,肖杨,刘汉龙,. 钙质砂小应变初始剪切模量试验研究[J]. 岩土工程学报202244(2):324–333., articleTitle=钙质砂小应变初始剪切模量试验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368978927542606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=44, issue=2, pageStart=324, pageEnd=333, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=39, authorNames=SHI Jinquan, XIAO Yang, LIU Hanlong, journalName=Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(SHI JinquanXIAO YangLIU Hanlonget al. Experimental study on small-strain shear modulus of calcareous sand[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering202244(2):324–333.(in Chinese)), articleTitle=Experimental study on small-strain shear modulus of calcareous sand, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368979003040079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=45, issue=7, pageStart=1 976, pageEnd=1 986, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=40, authorNames=陈康, 刘先峰, 袁胜洋, journalName=岩土力学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈康,刘先峰,袁胜洋,. 含水率对红层泥岩填料刚度劣化特性及微观结构影响研究[J]. 岩土力学202445(7):1 976–1 986., articleTitle=含水率对红层泥岩填料刚度劣化特性及微观结构影响研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368979057566032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=45, issue=7, pageStart=1 976, pageEnd=1 986, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=41, authorNames=CHEN Kang, LIU Xianfeng, YUAN Shengyang, journalName=Rock and Soil Mechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(CHEN KangLIU XianfengYUAN Shengyanget al. Effect of water content on stiffness degradation and microstructure of red mudstone fill material[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics202445(7):1 976–1 986. (in Chinese)), articleTitle=Effect of water content on stiffness degradation and microstructure of red mudstone fill material, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274368979183395153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=10, issue=1, pageStart=68, pageEnd=81, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=42, authorNames=KU T, MAYNE P W, journalName=Geomechanics and Geoengineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KU TMAYNE P W. Directional properties of small strain shear stiffness in soils[J]. Geomechanics and Geoengineering201510(1):68–81., articleTitle=Directional properties of small strain shear stiffness in soils, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1274368975198806307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, awardId=52508478; 52578503, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(52508478; 52578503), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1274368975265915172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, awardId=52508478; 52578503, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(52508478; 52578503), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1274368975349801253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, awardId=GZC20251121, language=EN, fundingSource=Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under(GZC20251121), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1274368975446270246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, awardId=GZC20251121, language=CN, fundingSource=国家资助博士后研究人员计划(GZC20251121), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1274368957960216788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274368957968605397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, companyId=1274368957960216788, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Transportation, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274368957976994006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, companyId=1274368957960216788, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.长沙理工大学 交通学院,湖南 长沙 410114)]), AuthorCompany(id=1274368958039908567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274368958048297176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, companyId=1274368958039908567, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.National Key Laboratory of Green and Long-life Road Engineering in Extreme Environment, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274368958056685785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, companyId=1274368958039908567, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.长沙理工大学 极端环境绿色长寿道路工程全国重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410114)]), AuthorCompany(id=1274368958144766171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274368958161543388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, companyId=1274368958144766171, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274368958186709213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, companyId=1274368958144766171, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.长沙理工大学 土木与环境工程学院,湖南 长沙 410114)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1274368970807369987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=qgSVTtAQ0xrAE2n2NwF1cQ==, figureFileBig=tarfFKfCpNDVzKolvIqDuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368971285520644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=Compaction curve of red-bed mudstone filler, figureFileSmall=qgSVTtAQ0xrAE2n2NwF1cQ==, figureFileBig=tarfFKfCpNDVzKolvIqDuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368971663008005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=RJVYNT0kcTUjINeTRZzmHw==, figureFileBig=4RLNM2OuPlfXVVSHIyjBlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368971751088390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Set-up of triaxial-bender element tests, figureFileSmall=RJVYNT0kcTUjINeTRZzmHw==, figureFileBig=4RLNM2OuPlfXVVSHIyjBlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368971822391559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=NKE8Vsv8AizVjAMmgSDcvQ==, figureFileBig=bKCZgmkbMwqbvv4AIL0eRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368972019523848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Schema of the stress-controlled loading-unloading path, figureFileSmall=NKE8Vsv8AizVjAMmgSDcvQ==, figureFileBig=bKCZgmkbMwqbvv4AIL0eRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368972149547273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=RIUnU3iLaM0uUzjIGbN4aw==, figureFileBig=KNuyTCma9TmnMG8hHAhviw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368972216656138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Stress-strain behavior of red mudstone fill material at different water contents, figureFileSmall=RIUnU3iLaM0uUzjIGbN4aw==, figureFileBig=KNuyTCma9TmnMG8hHAhviw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368972426371339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=PYt6e+TGxl6avtlr3i5mwg==, figureFileBig=BDt0oO9zyDZUtUmLtSH0nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368972543811852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Normalized strength envelope for red mudstone fill material at different water contents, figureFileSmall=PYt6e+TGxl6avtlr3i5mwg==, figureFileBig=BDt0oO9zyDZUtUmLtSH0nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368972623503629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=LtrcU9gXzOLNY21xyhJhLw==, figureFileBig=l5nSXIpN3/H4o30VjONhSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368972682223886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=Typical input and output signal obtained from bender element, figureFileSmall=LtrcU9gXzOLNY21xyhJhLw==, figureFileBig=l5nSXIpN3/H4o30VjONhSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368972740944143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=pcU4EzzJf8YS52AVTrMY9Q==, figureFileBig=+wHR/k5BhLfgGZDLgylszA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368972908716304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=CN, label=Fig.7, caption=Evolution of Gmaxwith p under isotropic compression, figureFileSmall=pcU4EzzJf8YS52AVTrMY9Q==, figureFileBig=+wHR/k5BhLfgGZDLgylszA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368972996796689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=7r9FwDzUD+kQKYV+/JirAg==, figureFileBig=MTLGLo4DCowQodjuUOKDIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368973059711250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=CN, label=Fig.8, caption=Evolution of Gmaxwithεafor red mudstone fill material under triaxial shear, figureFileSmall=7r9FwDzUD+kQKYV+/JirAg==, figureFileBig=MTLGLo4DCowQodjuUOKDIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368973344923923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=woueFhvtayHLd28wsc5JnA==, figureFileBig=kqF/y64oDTQLSwSgSjAupw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368973453975828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=CN, label=Fig.9, caption=Evolution of Gmax with p for red mudstone fill material under triaxial shear, figureFileSmall=woueFhvtayHLd28wsc5JnA==, figureFileBig=kqF/y64oDTQLSwSgSjAupw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368973680468245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=pR0RI+Jk+3p6HQ7PI5w+NA==, figureFileBig=ZBN0+X0zDiMaWRNNZF++2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368973802103062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=CN, label=Fig.10, caption=Normalized small strain stiffness plotted against the normalized shear stress, figureFileSmall=pR0RI+Jk+3p6HQ7PI5w+NA==, figureFileBig=ZBN0+X0zDiMaWRNNZF++2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368973890183447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=orxvESMXZUvkD51S2TnnAw==, figureFileBig=B+1Mp8rM3RTq6glpnTGesw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368974108287256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=CN, label=Fig.11, caption=Relation between damage stress and peak strength, figureFileSmall=orxvESMXZUvkD51S2TnnAw==, figureFileBig=B+1Mp8rM3RTq6glpnTGesw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368974225727769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=mpdnJl9V1niwni26aQStsg==, figureFileBig=scQajHBRt+EzCyNyHDuSDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368974288642330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=CN, label=Fig.12, caption=Relationship between small strain stiffness at damage state and peak strength, figureFileSmall=mpdnJl9V1niwni26aQStsg==, figureFileBig=scQajHBRt+EzCyNyHDuSDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368974364139803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=A4H4r3e7KiBEmFAsWhLPAw==, figureFileBig=tvX4IaFpovPYuOX6XOSyVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368974422860060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=CN, label=Fig.13, caption=Small strain stiffness of red mudstone fill material during different stress paths, figureFileSmall=A4H4r3e7KiBEmFAsWhLPAw==, figureFileBig=tvX4IaFpovPYuOX6XOSyVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274368974632575261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Liquid limit/%Plastic limit/%Plasiticity index/%Relative densityFree swelling ratio/%Percentage of particle distribution/%Quartz content/%Montmorillonite content/%
Sand 2~0.075 mmSilt 0.075~0.002 mmClay <0.002 mm
32.518.214.32.69344.3092.103.60722~3
), ArticleFig(id=1274368974712267038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic properties and mineralogical composition of red mudstone fill material

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Liquid limit/%Plastic limit/%Plasiticity index/%Relative densityFree swelling ratio/%Percentage of particle distribution/%Quartz content/%Montmorillonite content/%
Sand 2~0.075 mmSilt 0.075~0.002 mmClay <0.002 mm
32.518.214.32.69344.3092.103.60722~3
), ArticleFig(id=1274368974791958815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Water content/%Confining pressure/kPaShearing rate/(%·h1)Maximum stress ratioWave measurement interval/%
525,50,100,200132When axial strain less than 2, 0.2; when axial strain higher than 2, 0.5
725,50,100,200130When axial strain less than 2, 0.2; when axial strain higher than 2, 0.5
1125,50,100,200,300126When axial strain less than 2, 0.2; when axial strain higher than 4, 0.5
1325,50,100,200,300120When axial strain less than 2, 0.2; when axial strain higher than 5, 0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1274368974854873376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Experimental program of strain-controlled triaxial-bender element tests

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Water content/%Confining pressure/kPaShearing rate/(%·h1)Maximum stress ratioWave measurement interval/%
525,50,100,200132When axial strain less than 2, 0.2; when axial strain higher than 2, 0.5
725,50,100,200130When axial strain less than 2, 0.2; when axial strain higher than 2, 0.5
1125,50,100,200,300126When axial strain less than 2, 0.2; when axial strain higher than 4, 0.5
1325,50,100,200,300120When axial strain less than 2, 0.2; when axial strain higher than 5, 0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1274368974942953761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Stress pathStress path descriptionWater content/%Initial confining pressure /kPaAverage bulk stress at unloading point p/kPaShear stress at the unloading point q/kPa
SURloading along with dq/dp = 3 before damage point s550150300
SUDRloading along with dq/dp = 3 after damage point550267650
SUPloading with constant p after damage point550267650
SURloading along with dq/dp = 3 before damage point135083100
SUDRloading along with dq/dp = 3 after damage point1350216500
SUPloading with constant p after damage point1350216500
), ArticleFig(id=1274368975056199970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300162148164261, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Experimental program of stress-controlled triaxial-bender element tests

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Stress pathStress path descriptionWater content/%Initial confining pressure /kPaAverage bulk stress at unloading point p/kPaShear stress at the unloading point q/kPa
SURloading along with dq/dp = 3 before damage point s550150300
SUDRloading along with dq/dp = 3 after damage point550267650
SUPloading with constant p after damage point550267650
SURloading along with dq/dp = 3 before damage point135083100
SUDRloading along with dq/dp = 3 after damage point1350216500
SUPloading with constant p after damage point1350216500
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1272208039877775360, delFlag=0, nameCn=岩石力学与工程学报, nameEn=Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1000-6915, eissn=null, cn=42-1397/O3, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=jE4tRO1Yjzxdww4NHlcaDw==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1781247633193, updatedTime=1781247992638, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=C, firstLetterEn=C, subjectCode=Engineering, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Engineering, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=jE4tRO1Yjzxdww4NHlcaDw==, picEn=yE9q2yMZJ9fDOBKxZi3AEg==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1272209547574849641, language=CN, name=岩石力学与工程学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1781247992652, updatedTime=1781247992652, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://rockmech.whrsm.ac.cn/journalx/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://rockmech.whrsm.ac.cn/journalx/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://rockmech.whrsm.ac.cn/journalx/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1272209547620986986, language=EN, name=Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1781247992663, updatedTime=1781247992663, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://rockmech.whrsm.ac.cn/journalx/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://rockmech.whrsm.ac.cn/journalx/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://rockmech.whrsm.ac.cn/journalx/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1272208980697911299, websiteList=[Website(id=1272211671482315193, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1272208980697911299, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yslxygcxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1781248499031, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1781248606948, updateBy=18614031015, name=岩石力学与工程学报-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=岩石力学与工程学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1272212263650931197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1272211671482315193, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1781248640215, updateTime=1781248640215, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1272212263629959674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1272211671482315193, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1781248640210, updateTime=1781248640210, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1272212263667708416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1272211671482315193, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1781248640219, updateTime=1781248640219, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1272212263625765369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1272211671482315193, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yslxygcxb/CN/file/pic?fileId=ZHPZ7MYfNE48n4/JFzLa0w==, createTime=1781248640209, updateTime=1781248640209, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1272212263688679938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1272211671482315193, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1781248640224, updateTime=1781248640224, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1272212263642542588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1272211671482315193, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yslxygcxb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1781248640213, updateTime=1781248640213, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1272212263676097025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1272211671482315193, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1781248640221, updateTime=1781248640221, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1272212263638348283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1272211671482315193, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1781248640212, updateTime=1781248640212, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1272212263659319806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1272211671482315193, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1781248640217, updateTime=1781248640217, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1272212263663514111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1272211671482315193, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1781248640218, updateTime=1781248640218, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1272211671708807615, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1272208980697911299, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yslxygcxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1781248499085, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1781248602258, updateBy=18614031015, name=岩石力学与工程学报-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1272212222580306419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1272211671708807615, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1781248630423, updateTime=1781248630423, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1272212222563529200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1272211671708807615, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1781248630419, updateTime=1781248630419, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1272212222597083638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1272211671708807615, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1781248630427, updateTime=1781248630427, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1272212222550946287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1272211671708807615, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yslxygcxb/EN/file/pic?fileId=ZHPZ7MYfNE48n4/JFzLa0w==, createTime=1781248630416, updateTime=1781248630416, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1272212222605472248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1272211671708807615, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1781248630429, updateTime=1781248630429, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1272212222576112114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1272211671708807615, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yslxygcxb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1781248630422, updateTime=1781248630422, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1272212222601277943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1272211671708807615, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1781248630428, updateTime=1781248630428, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1272212222571917809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1272211671708807615, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1781248630421, updateTime=1781248630421, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1272212222588695028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1272211671708807615, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1781248630425, updateTime=1781248630425, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1272212222592889333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1272211671708807615, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1781248630426, updateTime=1781248630426, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=岩石力学与工程学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://rockmech.whrsm.ac.cn/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, journalPhotoCn=jE4tRO1Yjzxdww4NHlcaDw==, journalPhotoEn=yE9q2yMZJ9fDOBKxZi3AEg==, journalFirstLetter=C, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yslxygcxb/CN/10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0647, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yslxygcxb/EN/10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0647, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yslxygcxb/CN/PDF/10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0647, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yslxygcxb/EN/PDF/10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0647, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
异向应力状态下红层泥岩填料小应变刚度特性研究
收藏切换
PDF下载
陈康 1 , 吴高桥 1, 2, * , 岳梢 1 , 康兴宇 3
岩石力学与工程学报 | 理论与试验研究 2026,45(2): 496-508
收起
收藏切换
岩石力学与工程学报 | 理论与试验研究 2026, 45(2): 496-508
异向应力状态下红层泥岩填料小应变刚度特性研究
全屏
陈康1 , 吴高桥1, 2, * , 岳梢1, 康兴宇3
作者信息
  • 1.长沙理工大学 交通学院,湖南 长沙 410114
  • 2.长沙理工大学 极端环境绿色长寿道路工程全国重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410114
  • 3.长沙理工大学 土木与环境工程学院,湖南 长沙 410114
  • CHEN Kang (1995–), postdoctoral research fellow, is engaged in mechanical behavior of problematic soil. E-mail:

    陈康(1995–),现任博士后,主要从事特殊土力学特性方面的研究工作。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 吴高桥(1993–),现任教授,主要从事特殊土力学特性方面的研究工作。E-mail:
Small strain stiffness of red mudstone fill material under anisotropic stress state
Kang CHEN1 , Gaoqiao WU1, 2, * , Shao YUE1, Xingyu KANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Transportation, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, China
  • 2.National Key Laboratory of Green and Long-life Road Engineering in Extreme Environment, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, China
  • 3.School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0647
文章导航
收藏切换

为研究异向应力状态对红层泥岩填料小应变刚度的影响,开展18组应变控制的三轴–弯曲元试验,4组等向固结试验和6组应力控制的加卸载试验,揭示填料在不同应力路径下小应变刚度演化规律,结果表明:填料归一化强度包线可用指数形式表述。等向固结状态下,小应变刚度随体应力呈指数增加。三轴剪切路径下,填料小应变刚度先随应变增大而增加;应变超过2%后,出现明显损伤点。此时小应变刚度持续衰减,降幅超过25%。损伤点和峰值强度点对应的偏应力和小应变刚度可用指数函数表征。低于损伤点卸载时,相同应力状态下卸载路径小应变刚度高于加载路径。超过损伤点卸载,由于剪应力引起的结构损伤不可恢复,填料小应变刚度将不断减小。损伤点前后卸载小应变刚度差值超过30%。考虑应力历史和路径对小应变刚度影响必须与填料自身状态相结合,传统单调模型难以描述该耦合效应。

岩石力学  /  路基填料  /  红层泥岩  /  小应变刚度  /  异向应力状态  /  结构损伤

This paper investigates the effect of anisotropic stress states on the small strain stiffness of red mudstone fill material (RMF). A comprehensive experimental program was conducted, including 18 triaxial-bender element tests, 4 isotropic consolidation tests, and 6 stress-controlled loading-unloading tests. The results indicate that the normalized strength is well characterized by the nonlinear strength envelope. Under isotropic stress conditions, the small strain stiffness increases with mean stress, which can be described by a power equation. During conventional triaxial shear, small strain stiffness increases at low axial strains. When the axial strain exceeds 2%, the damage point can be identified, at which point small strain stiffness decreases by more than 25% with further axial strain. A power model has been employed to characterize the small strain stiffness and shear stress at both the damage point and peak point. Unloading at stress states below the damage point results in an increase in small strain stiffness. Conversely, due to irreversible structural disturbance, unloading at stress states above the damage point leads to a progressive reduction in small strain stiffness. The difference in small strain stiffness at various unloading points can exceed 30%. Therefore, the coupled effects of stress history and stress path should be considered for accurate determination of small strain stiffness, as the conventional monotonic model is not applicable in such coupled scenarios.

rock mechanics  /  subgrade fill material  /  red mudstone  /  small strain stiffness  /  anisotropic stress state  /  structure damage
陈康, 吴高桥, 岳梢, 康兴宇. 异向应力状态下红层泥岩填料小应变刚度特性研究. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2026 , 45 (2) : 496 -508 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0647
Kang CHEN, Gaoqiao WU, Shao YUE, Xingyu KANG. Small strain stiffness of red mudstone fill material under anisotropic stress state[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2026 , 45 (2) : 496 -508 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0647
西南地区红层泥岩分布广泛,可代替级配碎石用作铁路路基下部基床填料,典型案例可参考达成线[1-2]和遂渝线[3]。填料小应变刚度(应变低于0.001%)是路基变形的关键计算参数。既有研究多关注等向应力状态(各方向应力值相同)下填料小应变刚度特性[4]。异向应力状态(各方向应力值不等)在路基结构中同样较为常见[5]。异向应力状态下,路基填料受剪切力作用。试验结果表明,高剪切应力下,路基虽不至破坏,但由剪应力引起的填料结构劣化将导致刚度衰减,致使路基产生额外沉降[6]。M. Payan等[7-8]指出,异向应力状态下,土体小应变刚度可降低至等向应力状态的74%,忽略异向应力的影响将低估路基变形超过20%,不利于路基沉降控制。因此,阐明异向应力状态下填料小应变刚度特性是评估路基服役性能的重要基础。
Y. Hong等[9-10]研究表明,岩土材料小应变刚度具有显著的应力状态、应力路径和应力历史相关性,但关于异向应力对小应变刚度的影响尚未取得共识。首先,在等向应力状态下,试样未受剪切力的作用,小应变剪切刚度Gmax与平均体应力p的关系可用指数函数表征[4]。涉及偏应力或剪切应力后,情况较为复杂。K. Senetakis和H. W. Li[8]指出低剪切应力下土体Gmax随剪切应力增加而增加。而E. Houqe和F. Tatsuoka[11]的试验结果表明,当剪切应力增加超过一定水平,填料结构出现损伤,Gmax将不断降低。进一步地,该剪切应力水平可称为损伤应力。B. Schädlich和H. F. Schweiger[12]研究中所设置的剪应力水平大多低于峰值强度的30%,难以完整地描述从初始状态到结构损伤后Gmax的演变规律。不少数值模拟中将Gmax设置为常数或仅用单调函数表征,而应力历史则采用固结比衡量[13]。但从填料自身状态来看,结构损伤前后应力状态增量引起的Gmax变化应有显著区别,常规模型在高剪切应力水平下的适用性有待进一步考证[14-16]。尤其是当剪切应力已经引起结构损伤,再沿不同应力路径和方向卸载后,Gmax变化将有别于常规模型[17-18]。目前,关于剪切应力对红层泥岩填料的Gmax影响及其在异向应力状态下的完整演变规律的研究尚不多见,对准确评估路基变形和服役状态带来挑战。
为此,本文开展了18组应变控制的三轴–弯曲元试验,4组等向固结试验和6组应力控制加卸载试验。以等向应力状态作为参考,揭示了不同剪切应力下红层泥岩填料Gmax的非单调演化规律。确定了填料损伤点和破坏点间的关系,建立了强度破坏前填料小应变刚度随偏应力的归一化指数模型。通过损伤点前后的加卸载试验揭示了应力状态与应力路径对Gmax的耦合影响;阐明了常规模型不适用于红层泥岩填料的内在成因。研究成果可为红层泥岩路基变形控制提供参考。
试验材料取自成都,岩块外部呈均匀红褐色,内部少量区域呈灰绿色。X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)试验结果表明,所取红层泥岩矿物组成以石英为主,占比超过60%;含少量膨胀矿物如蒙脱石,占比为2%~3%,其余为非膨胀矿物。填料物理指标如表1所示。陈 康等[1]的试验结果表明,细粒红层泥岩水稳性更好,更适宜作路基填料。实际路基填筑时也常用预崩解和预碾压的方法破碎较大岩块以获得小粒径填料。岩块取回后先自然风干,随后以碎土机破碎并过2 mm筛,所得岩粒即为试验材料。表1中给出了填料的粒径组成,根据规范[19]可知,填料主要由粉粒组成,占比为92.1%。含少量砂粒与黏粒,占比分别为4.3%和3.6%。
图1为重型击实试验所得到的击实曲线(图中,ρdmax为最大干密度,wopt为最优含水率,Sr为饱和度,K为压实度)。从图中可确定填料最大干密度为2.01 g/cm3,最优含水率为8.7%。设计规范[20]中规定,基床压实度K(填筑干密度与最大干密度比值)不应低于95%。因此,试样干密度设置为1.91 g/cm3,孔隙比为0.41,对应压实度K = 95%。确定孔隙比后,选定4组含水率,2组低于最优含水率(干侧),即5%和7%,2组高于最优含水率(湿侧),即11%和13%。试验所设含水率对应饱和度范围为33%~85%,包含实际路基工程中的大多数情况,具有一定代表性。
试样制备步骤为:首先将填料置于烘箱中烘干48 h并按照预设含水率配土,随后装袋密封48 h,再以静压法分5层制样。所谓静压法是指将指定质量湿土倒入模具中,随后在加载架上以2 mm/min的速率将松散土体压至目标高度。试验步骤遵循标准[21]规定。试样直径为38 mm,高度为76 mm。制样后,将试样装袋密封7 d,开展各项力学试验。
试验在土力学的基本框架下进行,各应力变量定义为
p=13(σ1+2σ3)
q=σ1σ3
η=σ1/σ3
式中:p为平均体应力;q为剪应力,也称偏应力;σ1为轴向应力;σ3为围压;η为应力比。等向应力状态和异向应力状态的定义与Y. Hong等[9]一致。等向应力状态是指试样仅受体应力作用,偏应力为0,即q=σ1σ3=0。异向应力状态是指试样不仅受体应力作用,还受剪应力作用,即q0。通过三轴–弯曲元试验测定剪切过程中的填料小应变刚度,试验装置如图2所示。试验前,先将各管路中的残留水用小型气泵排出。随后安装带弯曲元芯片的顶帽和底座。将芯片嵌入开槽的试样中,通过芯片振动测定剪切波速。对弯曲元激发频率设置进行了预试验。首先按1~40 kHz对硅质假样进行了弯曲元测定,结果表明当频率低于10 kHz时所得波形较好,超过10 kHz时出现明显过冲现象,弯曲元波形散乱,难以确定传播时间。当频率在1~10 kHz范围,弯曲元测定波速与硅质假样结果相差不超过6%,所得结果较为可靠,且该范围内频率对波速测定结果影响较小。同样地,对红层泥岩填料也开展了不同频率弯曲元激发试验,结果与硅质假样一致。综合弯曲元试验结果,最终选择2 kHz作为激发频率。利用非接触式电涡流间距传感器测定试样变形,基本原理是通过电涡流效应的强弱测定传感器与试样之间的间距,从而计算试样变形。详细操作步骤和标定方法见A. Petcherdchoo等[22]
典型试验应力路径如图3所示。首先,开展18组应变控制的固结排水三轴–弯曲元试验。蒋关鲁等[3]的研究表明,路基下部工作区深度一般不超过3 m,单元体所受围压不超过200 kPa。这样,设置围压25~200 kPa对应深度3 m以内路基单元体所受的侧向约束。此外,还开展了一组高围压(300 kPa)下的三轴–弯曲元试验,目的是讨论填料小应变刚度演变规律对围压的敏感性。围压加载速率为2 kPa/min,固结标准为试样体积变形低于0.01%/h。固结完成后,以轴向应变1%/h的速率开始剪切。当试样出现明显剪切带后(应变为8%~10%),两端弯曲元芯片偏离较远,无法获得准确波形,此时停止试验。当轴向应变低于2%时,按照应变0.2%为间隔测定弯曲元波形。当轴向应变大于2%,应力随应变增长速率明显放缓,每隔0.5%应变测定一次弯曲元波形。试验方案如表2所示。
此外,以应力控制的加载方式,开展4组等向固结试验和6组加卸载试验。等向固结试验含水率与三轴剪切试验一致,围压为25~600 kPa,对应剪切过程中试样受到的最大p值。围压加载速率同样为2 kPa/min,固结标准为轴向应变不超过0.01%/h,固结完成后开展弯曲元试验,测定试样波速。设置应力控制加卸载试验是为了进一步验证损伤点(剪切过程中小应变刚度最大值点)的存在,及探究损伤点前后卸载对小应变刚度的影响。设置3种加卸载路径:(1)损伤点前按dq/dp = 3卸载;(2)损伤点后按dq/dp = 3卸载;(3)损伤点后按恒p路径卸载,各卸载路径终点均为等向固结状态(q = 0)。应力控制加卸载试验所选含水率为5%和13%,初始围压为50 kPa,详细方案如表3所示。
图4展示了不同含水率下红层泥岩填料的应力–应变曲线。不难看出,大多数试样应力–应变曲线呈应变软化特征,具有明显峰值点,峰值强度容易确定(图中峰值点F)。对于高含水率和高围压情况,如含水率13%,围压300 kPa,应力–应变呈硬化特征。此时,以试验结束应变值对应的偏应力作为峰值强度(应变约10%)。含水率和围压越高,峰值点的应变也越大。E. Hoque和F. Tatsuoka[11]指出,当剪切应力超过一定水平时,试样团粒将产生不可逆的滑移和转动,导致组构损伤。这一损伤虽然在实验上很难直接观测,但X. Q. Gu等[23]通过数值模拟揭示了高剪切应力将导致试样内部颗粒间力链破坏甚至重构,从而引发结构损伤这一现象。相应地,高剪切应力下试样因结构损伤将导致小应变刚度开始衰减。因此,可定义损伤点为小应变刚度Gmax随剪切应变发展的最大值点,后续对此将进一步分析。从图4中不难看出,损伤点所对应的剪切应力均低于峰值强度,且均出现在峰值强度前,试样在破坏前Gmax就产生衰减。含水率越高,损伤点与峰值强度点之间的距离越远,即试样在较低剪切应力下就开始产生结构损伤。
图5展示了不同含水率填料的强度包线。如图所示,以各含水率在围压25 kPa下的剪切数据作为参考值进行归一化,可得
pfnor=pfc/pf25
qfnor=qfc/qf25
式中:pfnor为归一化峰值点平均体应力,pf25为25 kPa围压下峰值点平均体应力,pfc为其余围压峰值点平均体应力,qfnor为归一化峰值强度,qf25为25 kPa围压下填料峰值强度,qfc为其余围压下填料峰值强度。从图5中可以看出,25~300 kPa围压下,填料强度包线具有显著非线性特征,传统线性强度如莫尔–库仑准则难以描述相应强度发展规律。因此,图5中采用了R. Baker[24]提出的非线性莫尔准则,以指数形式的强度包线表征填料强度特性:
qfnor=A(pfnor+T)n
式中:ATn均为拟合参数,具体数值在图5中给出。
图6展示了典型弯曲元的输入和输出波形,其中输入激励波形为正弦波,频率为2 kHz。根据输出信号确定S波传播时间是确定波速的关键。时域初达法因简洁和容易确定等优点而广泛应用于确定S波传播时间[25]。如图6所示,所谓时域初达法是指以输出波形首次产生偏转的时间作为传播时间。J. Camacho-Tauta等[26]开展了时域初达法与共振柱对小应变刚度的测定对比,结果表明时域初达法具有较好的可靠性,测试结果与共振柱结果相差不超过7%。确定传播时间后,小应变刚度可通过弹性理论计算:
Gmax=ρVS2=ρ(LtS)2
式中:ρ为试样密度,VS为S波波速,L为弯曲元芯片间的距离,tS为S波传播时间。需要说明的是,土体小应变刚度具有各向异性。考虑红层泥岩作为路基下部填料,应严格控制竖向沉降这一工程背景,只测定了填料的竖向小应变刚度。在刚度各向异性方面可开展进一步研究工作。
图7展示了等向固结状态下红层泥岩填料Gmaxp的变化规律。从图7中可以看出,当含水率从5%增加至13%时,Gmax衰减超过了40%。这样,红层泥岩填料软化不仅体现在强度上,还体现在小应变刚度上,因含水率增加引起的路基变形值得重视。此外,等向固结状态下,填料Gmaxp增加而增加,可用指数函数拟合:
Gmax=apb
式中:ab均为拟合参数。式(8)为较为常用的函数形式,在不少岩土材料中均有应用[27-28]
然而,式(8)并未考虑应力路径的影响,且暗含Gmaxp呈单调变化的基本假定。实际路基工程中,异向应力状态也较为常见。尤其是对于重载铁路,路基表层可能受到较大的剪切应力。剪切应力增加同样会导致增加,但在高剪切应力下将产生衰减,即式(8)不再适用。
图8为三轴剪切过程中Gmax随轴向应变εa变化规律,图中试验结果均为应变控制加载。不难看出,剪切过程中,填料Gmax先随应变增大而增加,当应变进一步增加,Gmax将持续降低。H. W. Wu等[29]通过数值模拟表明,填料的小应变刚度与团聚体间接触强弱有关。当应变较小时,剪切应力小幅增加有利于团聚体接触,相应力链增强,导致Gmax有所增加。进一步剪切将导致团聚体间发生大幅度的相对运动,使得接触减弱甚至破坏,引起组构损伤,导致Gmax大幅降低。N. Kantesaria和A. Sachan[30]通过Gmax降低点判别饱和黏土在异向应力状态下是否产生屈服。需要说明的是,屈服点和损伤点并非相同概念。土体屈服一般是指某一应力状态下开始产生塑性变形,并不完全对应结构损伤。典型案例为等向固结,虽然较大的固结应力可使土体产生屈服,Gmax仍随p增加而增加(见式(8)),说明内部结构在等向压缩下更为紧密。对于部分研究如X. Q. Gu和S. C. Yang[31],虽然也观察到因较大等向应力下土体接触重构而导致Gmax降低的情况,但屈服和结构损伤二者之间仍存在概念上的区别。因此,后续仍用损伤点表征填料小应变刚度演变特性。
图8还可以看出,引起填料产生损伤的应变在2%以内,远小于峰值强度点对应的应变。尤其是对于含水率13%的试样,损伤点在0.8%应变就已出现。因此,高含水率试样对于异向应力状态更为敏感。围压增加虽然能够提升试样延性,使得峰值点应变有所增加,但损伤点应变增幅远远低于峰值点。这表明路基结构在较小应变下就已经产生损伤。强度设计保证路基结构避免发生大规模破坏,而损伤点则可以作为路基服役状态的早期评估和预警指标。
为进一步揭示剪切应力的影响,三轴剪切路径下填料Gmaxp的变化规律如图9所示,并补充等向固结状态下Gmax指数模型作为参考(图中红色实线)。三轴剪切路径中,试样总应力路径增量比值dq/dp = 3,即图9p的增长是由剪应力增加引起。从图9不难看出,在损伤点前,虽然Gmaxp有一定增长,但速率低于等向固结应力路径。而在损伤点后,即使p继续增大,但由于剪切应力的作用导致Gmax不断降低。当进一步剪切至峰值强度点后,此时试样已经破坏,即使pq随剪切开始降低,但Gmax仍不断衰减,无法恢复至破坏前阶段。试样破坏后继续剪切将导致应力从峰值强度点开始卸载。等向固结路径下,一般认为试样卸载时的小应变刚度将高于初始状态,且与固结比有关[32]。但不同于常规的等向固结加卸载,由剪切应力引起的试样损伤及破坏导致小应变刚度衰减在卸载路径下也不可逆。因此,异向应力状态下,Gmaxp难以用单调函数模型拟合,而是受应力路径和应力状态耦合影响。这一基本规律在所有试验中均有体现,围压和含水率仅仅改变Gmax的数值大小,对Gmax演变特性影响较小。
以等向固结状态为参考,图10展示了归一化小应变剪切刚度与归一化剪切应力的关系:
Gnor=Gmax/Gmaxi
qnor=q/qfc
式中:Gnor为归一化小应变刚度;Gmaxi为等向固结路径下填料小应变刚度,由式(8)计算得到;qnor为归一化剪切应力。不难看出,在峰值点前,随剪切应力增加Gnor不断降低。随剪切继续,即使剪切应力降低,也观察到Gnor进一步衰减。该试验结果与图9相互印证。含水率对填料损伤点分布规律的影响较为显著。当含水率为11%和13%时,填料损伤点出现在qnor= 20%~40%范围;而当含水率为5%和7%时,损伤点最高可达峰值强度的77%。当剪切应力水平超过损伤点后,填料小应变刚度随剪切应力增加开始快速衰减。因此,低含水率填料具有更好的结构稳定性,相同应力水平下能够提供更高的刚度,这与陈 康等[33]所开展的微观结构试验一致。
图10中还引入了理想弹塑性模型作为比较(图中黑线)。在理想弹塑性模型中,小应变刚度在峰值点前仅与p有关,即有Gnor= 1。在峰值强度后迅速衰减。从试验结果来看,峰值点前因剪切应力将导致Gmax衰减超过35%,导致路基刚度显著降低。而理想弹塑性模型仅可作为实际试验结果的边界值,并不能很好地反映Gmax变化规律。峰值强度前,Gnor随剪切应力增加而降低的基本趋势可用指数模型表述:
Gnor=(1mqnor)n
式中:mn均为拟合参数。同样地,围压和含水率只影响参数值,并未改变式(11)的基本规律(如图10中红蓝线所示)。从整体结果来看,峰值点为Gnorqnor的转折点,即峰值强度前后Gnorqnor呈非单调变化。因此,式(11)仅能描述峰值点前的相应规律。在工程中,路基通常不允许发生强度破坏,而破坏前的小应变刚度则是评估路基变形的常用指标。因此,式(11)在一定程度上能够满足设计需要。
图11展示了损伤点偏应力qD与峰值强度qfc的关系。从图11不难看出,qDqfc比值在0.25~0.75范围,其中低含水率(5%~7%)比值大多分布在0.45~0.75范围,高含水率(11%~13%)填料的比值则分布在0.25~0.45范围。qDqfc之间的关系可用指数函数表征:
qD=AqqfcBq
式中:AqBq均为拟合参数。
图12为损伤点小应变刚度GmaxD和峰值点小应变刚度GmaxF的关系。从图12不难看出,GmaxFGmaxD比值在0.75~0.95范围,二者之间关系同样可用指数函数拟合:
GmaxF=AGGmaxDBG
式中:AGBG均为拟合参数。式(11)~(13)可作为路基服役性能初步评估的依据。首先,当应力水平低于损伤点时,路基刚度衰减非常有限。而当应力水平高于损伤点时,Gmax在较小剪应力增量下将产生显著的刚度衰减,具体关系可通过式(11)表述。虽然填料并未发生强度破坏,但对于变形控制较为严格的铁路路基,因结构损伤引起的刚度衰减将形成潜在威胁。填料损伤点与峰值强度点对应的强度和小应变刚度由式(12),(13)确定,因此掌握铁路路基的小应变刚度后即可对其强度和服役状态进行初步评价。由于操作方便且不影响铁路运营,实际工程中可通过波速测定对路基服役状态进行初步评价。当然,式(11)~(13)是根据红层泥岩填料试验结果建立的经验关系,对于其他填料的适用性有待进一步验证。
为进一步阐明结构损伤对小应变刚度的影响,将不同应力路径下填料加卸载后的小应变刚度数据绘制于图13。T. Ku和P. W. Mayne[34]以固结比和应力方向考虑应力历史和路径的影响:
GmaxOC/GmaxNC=(OCRi)ni(OCRj)nj
式中:GmaxNCGmaxOC分别为正常加载路径和卸载路径下试样小应变刚度;OCR为固结比,下标ij为应力方向;ninj分别为该应力方向小应变刚度随OCR的增长速率。从式(14)可以看出,T. Ku和P. W. Mayne[34]认为增加固结比(应力卸载)将导致GmaxOC呈指数增长。然而,该模型并未考虑剪切应力的影响。从图13不难看出,在剪切应力低于损伤点时卸载(应力路径SUR,图中黑色实线),相同应力状态下卸载路径小应变刚度的确高于加载路径。如图13(a)所示,当体应力从150 kPa卸载至50 kPa后,相较于初始状态填料的Gmax从406 MPa增加至了427 MPa。一旦超过损伤点卸载,2种应力路径下(SUP和SUDR)试样Gmax均不断减小,且远低于相同应力状态下加载路径的Gmax。从图13(c)和(d)可以看出,当3种应力路径均卸载至等向固结状态时,损伤点前卸载应力路径(SUR)的Gmax值远大于其他2组应力路径,差值分别为14.7%(5%含水率)和30.1%(13%含水率)。不同应力路径加卸载试验结果再次印证了填料结构损伤不可逆。因此,以应力方向和固结比难以完整考虑异向应力状态下填料Gmax特性。对比应变控制三轴剪切结果可以发现,当填料超过峰值强度点后继续剪切,虽然卸载应力路径一致,但Gmax在试样破坏后卸载的衰减速率远高于损伤点后卸载。如图13(d)所示,当偏应力从峰值强度继续剪切降低至300 kPa时,Gmax已衰减至204 MPa,远低于相同应力状态下SUP(252 MPa)和SUR路径(243 MPa)。这样,高剪应力水平下卸载对填料损伤和破坏事实上起放大作用。
由上述可知,建立异向应力状态下填料小应变刚度本构关系的关键在于确定损伤点。损伤点前填料小应变刚度与等向应力固结状态相差不大。超过损伤点后,剪应力对结构的破坏作用逐渐体现。此外,损伤点后填料在相同应力路径下的刚度演变规律也完全改变。但定量描述结构损伤并建立相应指标还需要更多细微观结构试验,以开展异向应力状态下红层泥岩填料的多尺度分析,这也是后续工作的研究方向。
为研究异向应力状态下红层泥岩填料小应变刚度的演变规律,开展了不同含水率填料的18组应变控制的三轴–弯曲元试验、4组等向固结试验和6组试样破坏前的加卸载试验,主要结论如下:
(1)25~300 kPa围压下,填料在低围压下呈应变软化特性,在高围压和高含水率下呈应变硬化特性,强度包线具有显著非线性特征。以25 kPa围压下填料峰值点作参考,归一化后填料强度包线可用指数形式表征。
(2)等向固结状态下,填料Gmaxp增加而增加,可用指数函数拟合。三轴剪切路径下,填料Gmax先随应变增大而增加,当应变进一步增加,Gmax将持续降低。这表明填料在强度破坏前产生了结构损伤,相应Gmax演变规律可用损伤点表征。
(3)峰值强度前,归一化刚度Gnor随剪切应力增加而降低的基本趋势可用指数模型表述。低含水率(5%~7%)下,损伤点和峰值点偏应力比值主要分布在0.45~0.75范围。高含水率(11%~13%)下,该比值主要分布在0.25~0.45范围,而二者的小应变刚度比值则在0.75~0.95范围,相应关系均可用指数函数表征。
(4)不同应力路径均卸载至等向固结状态时,损伤点前卸载应力路径的Gmax值远大于其他2组应力路径,差值分别为14.7%(5%含水率)和30.1% (13%含水率)。虽然填料未发生强度破坏,但因结构劣化引起的Gmax衰减在卸载后不可恢复。考虑应力历史和路径的影响必须与填料自身状态相结合,单调模型难以描述这一耦合效应。
上述结论阐明了应力状态和路径对红层泥岩填料小应变刚度特性的耦合影响,后续可进一步开展理论研究工作,构建相应计算模型,以期应用于路基变形理论分析和数值计算。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52508478; 52578503)
  • 国家资助博士后研究人员计划(GZC20251121)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
陈康,刘先峰,蒋关鲁,. 饱和红层泥岩填料动力及耗散能特性试验研究[J]. 岩土工程学报202345(3):571–579.
(CHEN Kang.LIU XianfengJIANG Guanluet al. Experimental study on dynamic and dissipated energy behaviors of saturated red mudstone fill materials[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering202345(3):571–579.(in Chinese))
[2]
陈康,刘先峰,袁胜洋,. 饱和红层泥岩填料累积变形特性及安定界限研究[J]. 岩土力学202243(5):1 261–1 268.
(CHEN KangLIU XianfengYUAN Shengyanget al. Experimental study of accumulative deformation behaviour and shakedown limit of saturated red mudstone fill material[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics202243(5):1 261–1 268.(in Chinese))
[3]
蒋关鲁,房立凤,王智猛,. 红层泥岩路基填料动强度和累积变形特性试验研究[J]. 岩土工程学报201032(1):124–129.
(JIANG GuanluFANG LifengWANG Zhimenget al. Experimental study on dynamic strength and accumulated deformation characteristics of red-mudstone filling[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering201032(1):124–129.(in Chinese))
[4]
CLAYTON C. Stiffness at small strain:research and practice[J]. Géotechnique201161(1):5–37.
[5]
GASPARRE AHIGHT D WCOOP M Ret al. The laboratory measurement and interpretation of the small-strain stiffness of stiff clays[J]. Géotechnique201464(12):942–953.
[6]
LIU X FCHEN KYUAN S Yet al. Experimental study on the small strain stiffness-strength of a fully weathered red mudstone[J]. Construction and Building Materials2024438:137058.
[7]
PAYAN MKHOSHGHALB ASENETAKIS Ket al. Small-strain stiffness of sand subjected to stress anisotropy[J]. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering201688:143–151.
[8]
SENETAKIS KLI H W. Influence of stress anisotropy on small-strain stiffness of reinforced sand with polypropylene fibres[J]. Soils and Foundations201757(6):1 076–1 082.
[9]
HONG YKOO C HZHOU Cet al. Small strain path-dependent stiffness of Toyoura sand:Laboratory measurement and numerical implementation[J]. International Journal of Geomechanics201717(1):04016036.
[10]
TIAN YSENETAKIS K. Influence of creep on the small-strain stiffness of sand-rubber mixtures[J]. Geotechnique202272(10):899–910.
[11]
HOQUE ETATSUOKA F. Effects of stress ratio on small-strain stiffness during triaxial shearing[J]. Géotechnique200454(7):429–439.
[12]
SCHÄDLICH BSCHWEIGER H F. Influence of anisotropic small strain stiffness on the deformation behavior of geotechnical structures[J]. International Journal of Geomechanics201313(6):861–868.
[13]
ZHU J LYU JHUANG M Set al. Inclusion of small-strain stiffness in monotonic py curves for laterally loaded piles in clay[J]. Computers and Geotechnics2022150:104902.
[14]
LIU JOTSUBO MKAWAGUCHI Yet al. Anisotropy in small-strain shear modulus of granular materials:Effects of particle properties and experimental conditions[J]. Soils and Foundations202262(1):101105.
[15]
SHI J QXIAO YCARRARO J A Het al. Anisotropic small-strain stiffness of lightly biocemented sand considering grain morphology[J]. Géotechnique202374(13):1 841–1 854.
[16]
SHI J QXIAO YHU Jet al. Small-strain shear modulus of calcareous sand under anisotropic consolidation[J]. Canadian Geotechnical Journal202259(6):878–888.
[17]
GONG JWANG XLI Let al. DEM study of the effect of fines content on the small-strain stiffness of gap-graded soils[J]. Computers and Geotechnics2019112:35–40.
[18]
MASIN DROTT J. Small strain stiffness anisotropy of natural sedimentary clays:review and a model[J]. Acta Geotechnica20149:299–312.
[19]
ASTM Committee. D2487—17 Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes(unified soil classification system)[S]. West Conshohocken:ASTM International,2025.
[20]
中华人民共和国行业标准编写组. TB 10001—2016铁路路基设计规范[S]. 北京:中国铁道出版社,2016.
(The Professional Standards Compilation Group of People's Republic of China. TB 10001–2016 Code for design of railway earth structure[S]. Beijing:China Railway Publishing House,2016.(in Chinese))
[21]
中华人民共和国国家标准编写组. GB/T 50123—2019土工试验方法标准[S]. 北京:中国计划出版社,2019.
(The National Standards Compilation Group of People's Republic of China. GB/T 50123–2019 Standard for geotechnical testing method[S]. Beijing:China Planning Press,2019.(in Chinese))
[22]
PETCHERDCHOO APOCHALARD SPIRIYAKUL K. Use of bender element tests for determining shear modulus of fly-ash and cement admixed Bangkok clay with considering unconfined compressive strength[J]. Case Studies in Construction Materials202318:e02040.
[23]
GU X QYANG JHUANG M S. DEM simulations of the small strain stiffness of granular soils:effect of stress ratio[J]. Granular Matter201315(3):287–298.
[24]
BAKER R. Nonlinear Mohr envelopes based on triaxial data[J]. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering2004130(5):498–506.
[25]
WANG F FLI D QDU W Qet al. Bender element measurement for small-strain shear modulus of compacted loess[J]. International Journal of Geomechanics202121(5):04021063.
[26]
CAMACHO-TAUTA JCASCANTE GVIANA DA FONSECA Aet al. Time and frequency domain evaluation of bender element systems[J]. Géotechnique201565(7):548–562.
[27]
梁发云,郑瀚波,李林,. 考虑小应变刚度特性的软土边界面模型与应用[J]. 岩土工程学报202446(5):938–947.
(LIANG FayunZHENG HanboLI Linet al. Bounding surface constitutive model for soft soils considering characteristics of small-strain stiffness and its application in engineering[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering202446(5):938–947.(in Chinese))
[28]
张浩,张陈蓉,时振昊,. 基于IGS小应变模型的基坑开挖对隧道影响数值模拟[J]. 岩土工程学报202143(增2):72–75.
(ZHANG HaoZHANG ChenrongSHI Zhenhaoet al. Numerical simulation of excavation effects on tunneling with IGS small strain model[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering202143(Supp.2):72–75.(in Chinese))
[29]
WU H WGU X QHU Jet al. DEM simulation of small strain and large strain behaviors of granular soils with a coherent contact model[J]. Granular Matter202224(4):125.
[30]
KANTESARIA NSACHAN A. Small-strain shear modulus and yielding characteristics of compacted high-plasticity clay[J]. Géotechnique202272(5):424–437.
[31]
GU X QYANG S C. Why the OCR may reduce the small strain shear stiffness of granular materials?[J]. Acta Geotechnica201813(6):1 467–1 472.
[32]
史金权,肖杨,刘汉龙,. 钙质砂小应变初始剪切模量试验研究[J]. 岩土工程学报202244(2):324–333.
(SHI JinquanXIAO YangLIU Hanlonget al. Experimental study on small-strain shear modulus of calcareous sand[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering202244(2):324–333.(in Chinese))
[33]
陈康,刘先峰,袁胜洋,. 含水率对红层泥岩填料刚度劣化特性及微观结构影响研究[J]. 岩土力学202445(7):1 976–1 986.
(CHEN KangLIU XianfengYUAN Shengyanget al. Effect of water content on stiffness degradation and microstructure of red mudstone fill material[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics202445(7):1 976–1 986. (in Chinese))
[34]
KU TMAYNE P W. Directional properties of small strain shear stiffness in soils[J]. Geomechanics and Geoengineering201510(1):68–81.
2026年第45卷第2期
PDF下载
6
2
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0647
  • 接收时间:2025-09-01
  • 首发时间:2026-06-18
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-09-01
  • 修回日期:2025-11-03
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52508478; 52578503)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52508478; 52578503)
Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under(GZC20251121)
国家资助博士后研究人员计划(GZC20251121)
作者信息
    1.长沙理工大学 交通学院,湖南 长沙 410114
    2.长沙理工大学 极端环境绿色长寿道路工程全国重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410114
    3.长沙理工大学 土木与环境工程学院,湖南 长沙 410114

通讯作者:

* 吴高桥(1993–),现任教授,主要从事特殊土力学特性方面的研究工作。E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yslxygcxb/CN/10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0647
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏