Article(id=1274300156942017012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0520, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753027200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-21, revisedDate=1759161600000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1781746432766, onlineDateStr=2026-06-18, pubDate=1769875200000, pubDateStr=2026-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781746432766, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781746432766, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781746432766, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1274300092707266809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, year='2026', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='321', pageEnd='638', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781746417452, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781746463571, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1274300286466335306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1274300286466335307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, issueId=1274300092707266809, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=483, endPage=495, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1274300157424361974, articleId=1274300156942017012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, language=EN, title=Model tests on the effects of boundary conditions on the run-out and deposition processes of ice avalanche, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ice avalanches are a primary trigger for glacier-related disaster chains in high-mountain regions. Understanding how boundary conditions influence the dynamics and deposition of ice avalanche debris flows is crucial for deciphering the evolution of such disaster chains. This study systematically investigates the motion and depositional behavior of ice avalanche debris flows under varying mass, elevation differences, slope gradients, and toe constraints, utilizing a chute-based experimental setup within a low-temperature laboratory. Key parameters, including flow velocity, basal force, and deposition morphology, are analyzed throughout the debris flow movement. Results indicate that elevation differences and mass govern the dynamic energy transfer within the flows. Specifically, elevation differences control depositional dispersion by regulating peak flow velocity, while mass influences travel duration, resulting in a positive correlation between run-out length and deposit thickness. Furthermore, topographic conditions significantly affect energy dissipation during deposition. An increased slope gradient in the run-out zone reduces basal resistance, thereby expanding the depositional area and enhancing particle scattering at the flow front. A wider slope toe promotes lateral spreading, increasing travel distance and shifting the mass center, which transforms deposit morphology from tongue-shaped to fan-shaped. Finally, theoretical analysis confirms that run-out distance is dictated by the efficiency of kinetic energy transfer among particles and their interaction with the substrate, exhibiting a positive correlation with both particle energy-transfer efficiency and fluctuations in basal stress.

, correspAuthors=Hai HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* HUANG Hai (1984–), professor level senior engineer, is engaged in the formation mechanisms of geohazard chains on the Tibetan Plateau. E-mail:
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冰崩是极高山区冰雪型灾害链的关键首链,场地边界条件对冰崩碎屑流运动–堆积过程的影响是认识冰雪型灾害链的关键。基于低温环境滑槽试验平台,研究冰崩规模、高差、演进区坡度和坡脚扩散角4个参数对碎屑流运动过程的影响规律,分析碎屑流运移中的速度场变化、基底动力响应过程及堆积形态演化。研究结果表明:冰崩高差和规模控制碎屑流动力传递过程,前者通过主导峰值流速影响堆积的离散度,后者通过控制运动历时促使堆积体长度和厚度的正相关演变;地形条件影响堆积耗能过程,演进区坡度增大导致运动过程基底阻力减小,进一步扩展堆积范围与前缘散粒量,坡脚扩散角扩大则通过加速侧向离散程度影响堆积距离和质心位置,并促使堆积形态由舌形转变为扇形。冰崩碎屑流的远程运动受控于颗粒间动能传递效率及与基底接触关系,且与颗粒动能传递效率及基底应力波动具有明显正相关关系。

, correspAuthors=黄海, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 黄海(1984–),现任教授级高工,主要从事青藏高原地质灾害链成灾机制方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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GONG Cheng (1998–), research assistant, is engaged in geohazard investigation and risk assessment. E-mail:

龚诚(1998–),现任研究实习员,主要从事地质灾害调查与风险评价方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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GONG Cheng (1998–), research assistant, is engaged in geohazard investigation and risk assessment. E-mail:

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GONG Cheng (1998–), research assistant, is engaged in geohazard investigation and risk assessment. E-mail:

龚诚(1998–),现任研究实习员,主要从事地质灾害调查与风险评价方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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No.Weight W/kgHeight difference H/mSlope gradient S/(°)Toe constraints R/(°)
Wj-Hj-Sj-Rj20.540
41.0820
61.01230
), ArticleFig(id=1274369060196393959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300156942017012, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Testing programs adopted in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.Weight W/kgHeight difference H/mSlope gradient S/(°)Toe constraints R/(°)
Wj-Hj-Sj-Rj20.540
41.0820
61.01230
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Experimental apparatusData acquisition
High-speed cameraVariation of flow velocity in the evolution zone
Triaxial force sensorsBasal force and fluctuation force
3D laser scannerMorphological characteristics and parameters of deposits
), ArticleFig(id=1274369060343194601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1272208980697911299, articleId=1274300156942017012, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Experimental apparatus and data acquisition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Experimental apparatusData acquisition
High-speed cameraVariation of flow velocity in the evolution zone
Triaxial force sensorsBasal force and fluctuation force
3D laser scannerMorphological characteristics and parameters of deposits
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边界条件对冰崩碎屑流运动与堆积特性影响的模型试验研究
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龚诚 1, 2 , 黄海 3, * , 杨永杰 3, 4 , 张雨琪 3
岩石力学与工程学报 | 理论与试验研究 2026,45(2): 483-495
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岩石力学与工程学报 | 理论与试验研究 2026, 45(2): 483-495
边界条件对冰崩碎屑流运动与堆积特性影响的模型试验研究
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龚诚1, 2 , 黄海3, * , 杨永杰3, 4, 张雨琪3
作者信息
  • 1.中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所 自然资源部、广西岩溶动力学重点实验室/联合国教科文组织国际岩溶研究中心,广西 桂林 541004
  • 2.中国地质调查局 重庆地质安全研究中心,重庆 401329
  • 3.中国地质科学院 探矿工艺研究所,四川 成都 611734
  • 4.四川水发勘测设计研究有限公司,四川 成都 610015
  • GONG Cheng (1998–), research assistant, is engaged in geohazard investigation and risk assessment. E-mail:

    龚诚(1998–),现任研究实习员,主要从事地质灾害调查与风险评价方面的研究工作。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 黄海(1984–),现任教授级高工,主要从事青藏高原地质灾害链成灾机制方面的研究工作。E-mail:
Model tests on the effects of boundary conditions on the run-out and deposition processes of ice avalanche
Cheng GONG1, 2 , Hai HUANG3, * , Yongjie YANG3, 4, Yuqi ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS/Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MNR & GZAR/International Research Center on Karst under the Auspices of UNESCO, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
  • 2.Geosafety Research Centre of Chongqing, China Geological Survey, Chongqing 401329, China
  • 3.Institute of Exploration Technology, China Academy of Geological Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 611734, China
  • 4.Sichuan Water Development Investigation, Design and Research Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan 610015, China
出版时间: 2026-02-01 doi: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0520
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冰崩是极高山区冰雪型灾害链的关键首链,场地边界条件对冰崩碎屑流运动–堆积过程的影响是认识冰雪型灾害链的关键。基于低温环境滑槽试验平台,研究冰崩规模、高差、演进区坡度和坡脚扩散角4个参数对碎屑流运动过程的影响规律,分析碎屑流运移中的速度场变化、基底动力响应过程及堆积形态演化。研究结果表明:冰崩高差和规模控制碎屑流动力传递过程,前者通过主导峰值流速影响堆积的离散度,后者通过控制运动历时促使堆积体长度和厚度的正相关演变;地形条件影响堆积耗能过程,演进区坡度增大导致运动过程基底阻力减小,进一步扩展堆积范围与前缘散粒量,坡脚扩散角扩大则通过加速侧向离散程度影响堆积距离和质心位置,并促使堆积形态由舌形转变为扇形。冰崩碎屑流的远程运动受控于颗粒间动能传递效率及与基底接触关系,且与颗粒动能传递效率及基底应力波动具有明显正相关关系。

工程地质  /  冰崩  /  动力特征  /  地形条件  /  运动距离

Ice avalanches are a primary trigger for glacier-related disaster chains in high-mountain regions. Understanding how boundary conditions influence the dynamics and deposition of ice avalanche debris flows is crucial for deciphering the evolution of such disaster chains. This study systematically investigates the motion and depositional behavior of ice avalanche debris flows under varying mass, elevation differences, slope gradients, and toe constraints, utilizing a chute-based experimental setup within a low-temperature laboratory. Key parameters, including flow velocity, basal force, and deposition morphology, are analyzed throughout the debris flow movement. Results indicate that elevation differences and mass govern the dynamic energy transfer within the flows. Specifically, elevation differences control depositional dispersion by regulating peak flow velocity, while mass influences travel duration, resulting in a positive correlation between run-out length and deposit thickness. Furthermore, topographic conditions significantly affect energy dissipation during deposition. An increased slope gradient in the run-out zone reduces basal resistance, thereby expanding the depositional area and enhancing particle scattering at the flow front. A wider slope toe promotes lateral spreading, increasing travel distance and shifting the mass center, which transforms deposit morphology from tongue-shaped to fan-shaped. Finally, theoretical analysis confirms that run-out distance is dictated by the efficiency of kinetic energy transfer among particles and their interaction with the substrate, exhibiting a positive correlation with both particle energy-transfer efficiency and fluctuations in basal stress.

engineering geology  /  ice avalanche  /  kinematic characteristics  /  topographic condition  /  run-out distance
龚诚, 黄海, 杨永杰, 张雨琪. 边界条件对冰崩碎屑流运动与堆积特性影响的模型试验研究. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2026 , 45 (2) : 483 -495 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0520
Cheng GONG, Hai HUANG, Yongjie YANG, Yuqi ZHANG. Model tests on the effects of boundary conditions on the run-out and deposition processes of ice avalanche[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2026 , 45 (2) : 483 -495 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0520
青藏高原近年来升温幅度达同期全球平均值的2倍[1]。在此背景下,区域内冰川退缩态势愈发明显,冰冻圈地表孕灾环境剧烈变化,致使山谷冰川冰源区冰崩多发频发,并转化为不同类型链式地质灾害,造成严重危害[2-3]。该类灾害具有运动速度快、致灾距离远、相态转变复杂、级联效应强等特征,已成为制约高寒山区城镇发展和工程活动安全的核心地质问题之一[4-6]
冰崩碎屑流是藏东南地区典型冰雪型地质灾害链的核心组成,其动力学特征表现为极强的流动性[7]。与滑坡、崩塌等灾害体不同,冰崩体为多相混合介质(冰/雪/空气),其中混杂少量岩屑,其高速运动机制与初始势能、孔隙水压效应及基底减阻作用密切相关[8]。B. Turnbull[9]采用液氮冷冻法制备了粒径为5 mm的冰崩颗粒模拟材料,并采用(-4 ℃,-2 ℃,-1 ℃,0 ℃)温度可控的转鼓进行运动过程再现。试验结果表明:即使外界环境温度低于冰点,冰颗粒之间的摩擦作用也会使得冰颗粒表层形成水膜效应,并加剧颗粒之间的碰撞,而颗粒的流动则会进一步加剧融水作用,共同促进碎屑流的运动。此外,冰川剪切破坏过程中往往夹带相当数量基底岩土体,致使灾害体多以冰岩混合体向沟谷下游转移。D. Schneider等[10]通过不同尺寸的转筒装置模拟了含冰量(0~100%)、颗粒形状、含水量等条件对于冰岩碎屑流体运动状态、应力、温度等参数的影响,发现含冰量和颗粒磨圆度与碎屑流运动性呈现正相关。Y. Ren等[11]基于水槽模型对冰岩碎屑流运动特性研究发现:当含冰量为0~30%时,其流动性随着冰含量的增加而增加;当含冰量为30%~80%时,冰屑的增加会对混合体的运动促进效果减弱。Z. Feng等[12]基于滑槽模型试验和离散元模拟,揭示了冰岩粒径比、含冰量对冰岩分选行为和碎屑流运动的影响机制,研究结果表明冰岩粒径比和体积含冰量决定了混合物中冰颗粒的空间分布,并通过控制颗粒碰撞应力与库仑摩擦应力的比值进而影响冰岩碎屑流的运动性。Z. Dong和L. Su[13]在恒温环境下通过转鼓试验对不同含冰量、颗粒尺寸、流速及融水相关条件下冰岩碎屑流的流动性进行了研究,结果表明碎屑流的含冰量和冰融水的变化直接影响流动性大小,颗粒尺寸和流速对碎屑流流动性的影响较小。
现有研究揭示了冰崩运动过程中岩屑含量、冰体相变作用、冰岩颗粒分选行为对碎屑流的动力学特性的影响。然而,通过藏东南高山峡谷区冰崩灾害调查研究发现,地形条件对冰崩碎屑流灾害链发育具有显著耦合效应,其主要体现在物质搬运过程的侵蚀作用和堆积作用[14]。事实上,藏东南地区独特的沟谷地形为冰崩链式转换提供了有利场所,为其运动和转化提供了重要的宏观边界条件。S. Luo等[15]研究表明,藏东南高山峡谷区冰崩多遵循“高位启动→碎屑流运动→沟床铲刮→泥石流转化”的链式路径。冰崩形成的碎屑流在复杂地形区的冰面、深切沟谷、基岩沟槽、侧碛垄等不同类型孕灾环境中运动[16-17],进而演化出冰崩泥石流、冰崩碎屑流、冰雪崩碎屑流等灾害链[18]。由此可见,冰崩碎屑流在灾害链链生过程中扮演关键的首链角色,其在不同边界条件影响下,控制着不同灾害链的演化方向[19]
为了进一步揭示初始边界条件对冰崩运动–堆积过程的调控机制,为冰崩诱发地质灾害链的风险判识提供参考。本文采用低温可控滑槽试验,定量开展了边界条件对冰崩运动与堆积过程的影响研究,尝试揭示冰崩碎屑流链动过程中的关键控灾因子,为揭示冰崩灾害链式转化机制提供理论依据。
为减少冰融水对运动特性的干扰[11],试验全程在低温实验室内(-5 ℃±1.5 ℃)进行(见图1(a))。冰崩“启动–运移”过程模型装置参考藏东南冰崩发育特征以及冰缘区至演进区的地形设计,结合几何与物理相似关系,构建了小尺度理想模型。装置主体由物料箱(模拟悬冰川启动区,尺寸为0.5 m× 0.2 m×0.2 m)、50°倾角滑槽(2.5 m×0.2 m×0.2 m,模拟基岩侵蚀槽)及可调约束停积板(3.0 m×2.0 m,堆积区)构成(见图1(b))。物料箱通过改变冰颗粒的重量、质心高度模拟不同规模和发育高差下冰崩的启动过程。与此同时,现场调查和相关研究表明,冰崩演进区的平面形态主要分为2种:一种是如天摩沟的狭窄“V”型沟道,冰缘区侵蚀槽宽度为100~150 m,下游沟谷宽度在50~150 m范围,另一种是如则隆弄沟上游较为宽阔的冰川“U”型槽谷,槽谷宽度500~2 500 m。“V”型沟道主要受到两侧基岩的侧向约束,而“U”型槽谷主要受到坡脚宽度变化的侧向约束。针对“V”型窄沟与“U”型宽谷两类地形特征,采用铰接式侧板装置调节扩散角量化坡脚约束强度[20](见图1(c),(d)),停积板前缘设为半无限边界。另外,藏东南沟谷区分布面积广泛冰岩混杂堆积的表碛层。为了进一步模拟表碛层界面性质,参考已有泥石流试验方法,停积板上部覆盖约8 cm厚的砂层[21]。由于本试验暂未考虑碎屑流的侵蚀铲刮效应,基底经淋滤–冻结处理形成固定粗糙面(见图1(b)),冰颗粒与基底介质间的静摩擦因数为0.32~0.38,系通过斜面法在低温实验室内测得[22]
试验的相似设计基于量纲分析的相似第二定理(π定理)[23],依据前期研究工作,区内冰崩隐患点距坡脚高差集中在200~1 500 m,综合考虑本试验装置几何相似比为CH= 500,冰川冰的密度为0.83~0.92 g/cm3,实验室中制备的冰颗粒密度为0.84 g/cm3,综上材料的相似比Cρ= 1,试验的重力相似比Cg= 1,其他物理量各相似关系可由Hρg三个基本物理量表示。
冰川崩解碎裂后形成的碎屑流通常由粒径和形状不均一的冰体碎块组成。据统计,其平均粒径范围为0.1~1.0 m,最大可达15 m[24]。在碎屑流物理模型试验中常采用统一粒径的颗粒相似材料,在保证材料物理力学性质与实际冰体碎屑相近的同时,提高材料制备的效率和可控性。此外,R. Bartali等[25]通过斜槽试验指出,随着颗粒粒径的增大,颗粒间相互摩擦与碰撞导致的能量耗散会相应减少。
综上,考虑材料的相似性和与试验开展的可操作性,参考B. Turnbull等[9-12]中试验材料制备方法,采用统一规格模具制备粒径为10 mm的冰颗粒作为相似材料(见图2)。该粒径与滑槽宽度的比值为0.05,加速段边界效应影响较小[26]。经高精度天平测量,实验室所制得冰体颗粒的天然密度、堆积密度,分别为0.84,0.76 g/cm3,天然休止角参考M. A. Carrigy[27]的方法进行测量,其值为14°。
本文以冰崩规模、高差、演进区坡度及坡脚扩散角为试验变量,冰崩规模和高差分别设置3组,用于模拟不同初始势能;演进区坡度以满足碎屑流自然停积为主要准则,略小于自然休止角,设置4°,8°,12°共3组,侧板角度参考地形交汇段平面特征确定,设置0°,20°,30°共3组。采用上述4组不同的变量进行试验,每组变量设置3组水平,共开展了81组试验,每种工况重复3次,确保试验结果准确可靠,具体试验方案如表1所示。
试验过程中采用高速摄像机(1 020 Pixels×1 024 Pixels,帧率:1 000 fps)对碎屑流运动过程进行记录,采用偏置冷光光源进行照明和降低折射干扰,动态流速通过PIV lab计算获取[28]。基底动力参数则由2套KistlerTM 9327C三分量力传感器(±4 kN)同步获取,包括切向力(Fx)、横向力(Fy)、法向力(Fz)及基底波动力的大小[29]。数据采集系统采用基恩士数据采集模块,采样频率1 kHz,具体布设位置如图1(d)所示。堆积形态采用Rigel Scanplus激光扫描仪(精度0.02 mm)三维重构,通过定位标签矫正坐标系偏差,并基于Cyclone3DR软件解算表面模型并提取碎屑流运动距离及堆积体几何参数。试验仪器及采集内容如表2所示。
碎屑流的时空演化特征是描述其运动过程的重要参数,本节采用PIV粒子图像分析技术对冰崩碎屑流径向速度v和侧向速度u进行了分析,提取了所有子集的速度平均值随时间的变化序列。
图3所示,冰崩碎屑流从冲出口到停止运动过程具体可分为3个主要阶段:加速阶段、动态流动阶段和减速阶段。在加速阶段,随着高差增大,碎屑流峰值速度明显增大,且加速段峰值加速度明显增大。此外,冰崩规模对于峰值速度的影响远小于高差,相同规模条件下,随着高差由0.5 m增大至1.5 m,碎屑流峰值速度的变化值为1~1.5 m/s,而在相同高差不同规模下峰值速度变化仅为0.1~0.3 m/s。这是由于当冰崩规模保持不变时,随着初始发育高差增大,单个冰颗粒所具有的势能大大增加,且碎屑流在滑槽段所受到的运动阻力极小,在此过程中势能与动能的转化几乎无能量耗散,从而使得峰值速度显著增大。而当冰崩规模由2 kg增大至6 kg时,具有高位势能的冰颗粒数量明显增多,大大延长了动态流动段峰值速度持续时间,在此过程中颗粒之间挤压碰撞效应更为明显,使得动态流动段碎屑流平均速度呈现波动变化趋势。
图4所示,随着演进区坡度的增加,碎屑流整体运动持续时间延长0.1~0.3 s,在加速阶段,随着演进区坡度的增大,碎屑流到达峰值速度持续时间明显缩短,峰值速度稍有增大,运动加速度随坡度的增大趋势变化较小,可见碎屑流在堆积区所具有的初始运动速度主要取决于其自身具有的势能。而在减速阶段,演进区坡度对于碎屑流速度影响更为明显,坡度更大时碎屑流速率变化明显减小,减速过程持续时间更长,这一过程可能与不同坡度下基底阻力的减小有关[30]
随着坡脚扩散角的增大,冰崩碎屑流的侧向运动现象变得更为明显,其两侧呈对称扩散形态,侧向速度由中部向两侧逐渐增大,揭示了演进区侧向约束对于冰崩碎屑流侧向运动行为的控制作用(见(图5)。当扩散角为0°时,由于侧板的限制,碎屑流大部分沿主运动方向运动,最大侧向运动速度仅为0.075 m/s,其运动过程中的侧向扩散速度主要来源于前缘离散颗粒的不规则运动,另外还来源于后缘颗粒撞击时所产生的侧向位移。随着扩散角由0°增大至20°,侧板对碎屑流颗粒的侧向阻碍作用降低,而碎屑流主体颗粒受到惯性力的作用,其到达冲出口时依然会保持原有运动方向,致使其最大侧向运动速度变化不明显。随着扩散角的进一步增大,碎屑流的侧向运动趋势明显增强,导致颗粒离散程度加大,碎屑流逐渐沿两侧扩散,其最大侧向运动速度增大至0.17 m/s。另外,在所有工况下,冰崩碎屑流在动态流动段(0.2~0.6 s)的侧向速度均呈现波动变化。对照高速摄像机图像进行分析发现,该时刻碎屑流正处在碰撞减速作用最为强烈的时刻,颗粒间的撞击挤压,同样也是导致碎屑流侧向运动的重要原因之一。
冰崩碎屑流运动过程中,颗粒与底部接触时通过冲击碰撞的方式与底面相互作用[31]。由试验结果可知,当冰颗粒接触底板的第一时间,基底切向力和法向力瞬间增大。此过程与前缘颗粒与基底的撞击碰撞作用有关,且随着高差的变化,撞击作用更为显著(见图6,图中,F¯xF¯z分别为滤波处理过后的基底切向力和基底法向力的平均值)。当规模增大时,撞击过程持续时间相应延长,碎屑流动态维持在较大作用力范围,并在此过程中达到峰值,直至颗粒主体大部分经过后作用力缓慢减小。不同规模和高差下冲击力对比分析表明,随着规模的增大,坡脚作用力的峰值明显增大,峰值作用时间明显延长;而在后续作用力降低阶段,切向力和法向力存在一个短暂的上升趋势。I. Manzella[31]在对碎屑流的研究过程中同样观察到这一异常加速现象,认为这一上升阶段是由冰块相互碰撞过程中动量传递引起的,在前缘与底板发生撞击后,后部颗粒通过碰撞作用将部分能量传递给前端,使碎屑流速度曲线呈现回升过程。
与此同时,在碎屑颗粒和基底进行碰撞过程中,将能量从颗粒传递至基底层表面,传递的能量等于基底力随时间的积分及冲量,其大小间接反映了碎屑流在冲出口具有的动能大小[32]
Ii=Fi(t)dt
式中:I为冲量,F为瞬间基底力,i为分量力的方向,t为冰崩碎屑流运动的总时间。
图7所示,随着规模和高差增大,碎屑流的总冲量都呈现增长趋势,而在不同工况下法向冲量均大于切向冲量,表明在地形转折处冰崩碎屑体与基底以撞击作用为主,基底剪切作用相对较弱。在同等切向冲量条件下,冰崩规模越大法向冲量越大,这可能是规模增大导致颗粒作用时间延长的结果。此外,切向冲量随着高差的增大而增大,这是由于大高差条件增强了冰崩碎屑流的流速,同时增强了颗粒与底部的剪切作用强度。
当碎屑流抵达停积板后,伴随着场地坡度的急剧变化,颗粒与基底层之间发生了强烈碰撞,致使碎屑流整体运动方向发生变化,最前缘颗粒由于无边界约束,呈离散状态,以弹跳、旋转、飞溅的形式向前运动,其后侧大多数颗粒呈紧密排布状态,以整体形式向前运动,如图8所示。
在此过程中,冰颗粒出现明显的动力破碎现象,形成的小冰屑在弥散应力作用下沿各个方向运动,前缘颗粒主体则以滚动或跳动方式向前进一步运动,并逐渐减速堆积,形成非连续堆积层。随着前缘颗粒逐渐减速,主体部分颗粒间距明显紧缩,颗粒间的碰撞作用更为明显,伴随着基底摩擦作用和颗粒碰撞过程能量耗散,碎屑流主体以层状方式平稳堆积。随之后缘颗粒撞击主体颗粒,并在此过程中进一步向前挤压堆积,最终因能量耗散而停止运动,形成后高前低的堆叠状冰崩碎屑流堆积体。
在相同高差条件下,随着冰崩规模的增大,前缘整体运动距离稍有增长,最前缘离散颗粒数量明显增多,而后缘颗粒运动的距离相对减小(见图9)。另外,随着冰崩规模增大,堆积体的表面起伏现象趋势减弱,堆积体的长度和厚度明显增大,且堆积体厚度最大值位置明显向前延伸。其原因可能是,规模增大影响了碎屑流运动时长,当前缘颗粒减速停积后,受到两侧约束条件的限制,致使后缘颗粒运动受限,颗粒整体的运动性变弱,而最前缘离散颗粒由于受到后部动能传递作用,前缘运动得更远,致使前缘颗粒离散程度增大。而在碎屑流尾部,后缘颗粒推动表层颗粒并向上翻越,持续堆积,这种层状累积效应对堆积高度具有明显促进作用。然而,当冰崩碎屑流试验条件为小高差和大规模时,其堆积体后缘多位于滑槽斜面之上,运动性明显减弱。在藏东南地区冰崩的野外调查中也同样发现此类现象,此类冰崩碎屑物质多堆积于坡脚,运动距离较短。其整体性较强,致使消融态势明显减弱,能明显分辨冰体与周边基岩。
在相同规模条件下,随着高差的增大,碎屑流整体的运动性大大增强,堆积体的离散程度更大,前后缘位置沿运动方向大大增加(见图9(c))。另外,从堆积体高度变化可以看出,随着高差的增大,堆积体厚度明显降低,堆积体整体向前移动,且堆积长度明显变大,而堆积体表面的起伏随着高度的增加同样明显增大。
当冰崩的规模和发育高差一致时,随着演进区坡度变陡,后缘坡脚处堆积物明显减少。随着演进区坡度由0°增加至12°,堆积体的整体运动明显前移,且质心距离延长,前缘离散颗粒数量显著增多。这一现象反映了在实际沟道条件下,沟道纵比降的增加将会大大延长冰崩的整体运动距离,并扩大冰崩影响范围。当扩散角为0°时,颗粒运动完全受到两侧约束板的限制,其堆积体沿运动方向扩展,堆积体前缘呈舌状,中部突出,两侧呈对称状沿侧板向后收缩,如图10所示。
扩散角增大减弱了碎屑流的侧向约束力,颗粒进入堆积区后其侧向扩散趋势明显增强,堆积宽度也随之增加(见图11)。随着扩散角与堆积区纵比降同时增大,堆积体的前缘颗粒扩散趋势更加明显,其离散程度更高,而后缘颗粒受到前端及两侧阻碍作用降低,后缘运动距离大大增加,平面形态由舌状向扇形转变,最大厚度所在位置明显前移。
不同条件下冰崩堆积体平面特征参数变化规律如图12所示。堆积面积随冰崩规模和高差的增大而增加,且高差对堆积面积的影响更为显著,变异幅度更大。演进区坡度对堆积面积的影响呈现非单调性:随坡度增大,堆积面积先增加后减小。结合形态特征可知,坡度进一步增大导致前缘离散颗粒增多、主体离散程度加大,因而统计所得颗粒主体堆积区面积减小,扩散角增大同样引起主体堆积区面积减少。
堆积长度显著受规模和高差控制,规模与高差的增大均会导致堆积长度增加。随演进区坡度增大,堆积主体长度略有延长;而随扩散角增大,堆积长度明显缩短,其原因可能在于侧向运动增强、后缘颗粒阻滞作用减弱,导致后缘运动距离延长,进而使沿运动中轴线量测的堆积长度减小。
堆积厚度与高差呈负相关关系,该趋势不因规模改变,但规模增大时,高差引起的厚度递减梯度显著增加,表现出更强的敏感性。堆积厚度随演进区坡度与扩散角增大均呈连续递减趋势,与堆积形态特征一致:扩散角增大加剧颗粒侧向扩散,坡度增大延长运动方向延伸距离,二者均导致颗粒更离散、堆积体更薄。综上可知,高差与规模主要控制堆积体的径向扩展和颗粒离散,而演进区坡度与扩散角则显著影响冰崩碎屑流的侧向扩散及整体展布特征。
通过对冰崩碎屑流整体运动速度场分析发现,冰崩碎屑流前缘运动距离与碎屑流最大运动速度及平均运动速度之间并不完全遵循线性增长趋势。当同一高差下,随着冰崩规模由2 kg增加至6 kg,冰崩峰值运动速度仅仅相差0.2 m/s,而碎屑流运动距离明显增大。通过对不同初始势能条件下冰崩碎屑流运动速度分段取值计算发现,冰崩碎屑流的动态流动阶段平均速度、持续时间是决定碎屑流运动距离的关键(见图13),并同时控制着碎屑流在水平基底面上的堆积体长度。动态流动阶段平均速度越大,持续时间越长,碎屑流的运动距离越远,堆积体长度越长。这主要是由于在动态流动段,碎屑流前缘物质得到了后部通过碰撞传递而来的能量,其恰好与碎屑流颗粒受到摩擦作用损耗的能量相等,因此动态流动段的持续时间和平均速度反映了碎屑流在此种状态下的能量传递程度,持续时间越短,传递程度越低,碎屑流的动能通过摩擦和碰撞作用耗散,持续时间越长,传递程度越高,碎屑流的整体运动性越强[33]
在初始势能一定的情况下,随着演进区地形的变化,冰崩碎屑流的运动距离会呈现差异化的变化过程。碎屑流在停积过程中,碎屑体与基底层之间相互接触、碰撞,颗粒对于基底产生的应力波动反映了单个颗粒及颗粒团簇对于基底层之间的动态响应强度,其大小从细观角度描述碎屑流停积过程的能量变化。为了揭示基底波动力和冰崩碎屑流动力学以及运动距离之间的联系,选取演进区基底波动力计算了波动力的归一化标准差[34-36],如下式:
ΔFiFi¯=1ni=1n(FiFi¯)Fi¯
式中:n为测量的次数,Fi为基底波动力,Fi¯为基底平均力,ΔFi为基底波动力归一化标准差。
图14可以看出,归一化法向波动力远大于归一化切向波动力,而随着运动距离的增大,法向力和切向力的波动都呈现递增趋势。说明冰崩碎屑流停积过程中主要受到流动深度方向的碰撞,且随着演进区坡度的增大,碎屑流之间的碰撞更为强烈。H. J. Melosh[36]基于颗粒流研究指出,当波动力超过某一值时,超过的值可以减缓区域内基底的静压力,从而降低摩擦阻力,说明演进区坡度变陡对于碎屑流停积过程具有减缓作用。与此同时,归一化切向波动力还反映了碎屑流颗粒与基底层之间的剪切作用。B. Cagnoli和G. P. Romano[37]认为颗粒与基底之间的摩擦和碰撞将导致颗粒运动方向的偏移,基底波动力变化增强了颗粒运动过程中的能量消耗。X. Yu等[38]在排除气体对颗粒流动的影响后,发现对于粗颗粒含量较高的颗粒流中归一化切向波动力运动距离呈正相关。通过本文分析可知,归一化波动力与运动距离之间同样存在明显的正相关关系,说明基底波动力促进了冰颗粒的运动。
基于历史资料收集、野外调查与遥感解译分析,查明则隆弄沟于2014,2020年上游存在明显冰崩活动[14],导致沟道内部或下游微地貌发生改变;色东普沟自2014年以来发生较明显冰崩事件10余次[17];此外,2007年7月,天摩沟上游沟道分水岭处高位岩崩引发下部冰斗冰川发生冰崩,并形成大规模泥石流[18]。通过对上述3处沟道内多次历史事件分析发现,冰崩运动与停积过程的差异导致其所引发的灾害链式效应显著不同。依据链生过程即时或延时特征,将冰崩灾害链划分为3类模式:①冰崩不成链模式;②冰崩半成链模式;③冰崩成链模式。
多次灾害链事件的分析表明,物源条件与演进区地形在成链过程中起到关键作用(见图15)。首先,成链模式下的冰崩规模普遍大于其他2类(见图15(a))。根据本次所收集典型事件,其规模多超过106 m3,以大型冰崩为主。J. Alean[24]基于阿尔卑斯山区100余次冰崩案例分析同样发现,冰崩运动距离与冰体体积之间呈现正相关,其运动距离一般在几百米到一千米范围。另外,对比天摩沟2007,2010与2018年泥石流灾害,2007年高位冰崩参与事件的泥石流规模为历史最大,根本原因在于冰崩碎屑流在运动过程中不断转化,并在沟道物源的持续补给下扩大灾害链的规模。然而,不同事件的冰崩规模差异显著,说明规模并非链生模式的唯一决定因素。其次,从冰崩发育位置来看,统计事件的启动点与斜坡底部高差均超过400 m,多数集中于1 500~2 000 m范围,高地形差为冰崩运动提供了初始势能。但高差对成链过程的影响较为复杂:不成链模式多对应较低高差,而成链模式的平均高差却略低于半成链模式,说明冰崩–泥石流灾害链还受其他因素控制(见图15(b))。
进一步对演进区地形分析表明,宽度越窄,冰崩链式成灾的可能性越高(见图15(c))。D. Schneider等[10]通过转鼓试验发现,冰雪物质的持续运动可显著降低阻力,其与内部孔隙水压力上升和底部运动界面摩擦因数降低有关。学者认为冰体物质可通过3种机制减阻:降低材料间摩擦、减小下伏界面剪切力、减弱边界阻力[39]。M. J. Mcsaveney[40]对于谢尔曼冰川冰崩的相关研究同样显示,在碎屑流运动过程中,侧碛垄或冰蚀槽可以阻止其侧向运动,进而促进其向下游方向持续运动。本次研究发现,当冰缘区底部为狭陡条件时,冰崩碎屑流受两侧约束强烈,发生显著的动能转换,增强碎屑流运动距离。若冰缘区底部为平坦开阔的冰川槽谷,冰崩碎屑流易在表碛区减速停积,伴随强烈能量耗散,成链可能性大幅降低[14]。2022,2023年笔者在古乡冰川及林珠藏布上游野外调查中观察到悬冰川底部的小型冰崩堆积体(见图16),碎屑物质散落堆积于平缓台地,基岩与冰崩堆积区界限清晰;进一步表明平缓开阔地形对冰崩停积具有显著作用。
沟床纵比降(又称纵坡降)是反映流域剖面形态的基本参数,对灾害体的运动起重要控制作用。纵比降较小时易于物质堆积,较大时则有利于沟道水动力汇集与沟床物质启动。分析发现,成链模式下的冰崩演进区纵比降普遍高于其他2类,其与本次试验结果具有高度一致性,说明较大纵比降可提升碎屑流的运移距离和成链概率(见图15(d))。
实际上,冰崩碎屑流灾害链的运动演化过程涵盖多个物理过程的转化,包括冰川崩解、冰体消融、冰岩混合以及岩土体侵蚀等。这些过程从微观尺度改变了碎屑体的力学性质,进而影响碎屑流的宏观运动特征与阻力特性。目前,本研究主要针对宏观边界条件展开研究,未来仍需进一步探讨不同环境温度、不同相态冰体材料及冰岩混合比例的影响,并综合考虑演进区沟道曲率、堵塞情况以及基底侵蚀效应等因素对其影响作用机制。
由于冰崩碎屑流在演进过程中常呈现显著的级联效应,可能诱发冰湖溃决、泥石流和洪水等次生灾害,从而放大灾害规模与影响范围。因此,针对冰崩灾害链的防灾减灾措施需建立在对其演化特征的准确把握之上,相应的治理策略应遵循“固源、拦挡、导流、消能”的系统思路,以切断灾害链演进路径为目的,最终减小灾害的影响。
基于低温环境滑槽试验平台,对不同冰崩体规模、高差、演进区坡度和坡脚约束条件下的碎屑流运动、堆积过程进行了模拟研究,获取了冰崩碎屑流运动过程中的速度场、动力场及堆积形态演化,并得出以下结论:
(1)基于速度场监测数据可知,碎屑流峰值运动速度受高差主导;规模增大使碎屑流动态流动段持续时间延长,碰撞效应增强;演进区坡度增大时碎屑流减速速率明显降低,运动持续时间更长;坡脚扩散角扩大致使侧向速度与颗粒离散程度增大。
(2)基于动力场监测数据可知,冰崩碎屑流运动过程中,颗粒与底部接触时通过冲击碰撞的方式与基底相互作用,撞击区的基底作用力和总冲量受规模和高差的叠加作用,且基底演进区基底法向冲量显著高于切向冲量。
(3)由冰崩堆积体形态分析可知,规模增大使堆积体长度和厚度分别增大;高差提升导致离散度增长、堆积长度延长;演进区坡度增大使堆积范围扩大,前缘离散颗粒量增加;坡脚扩散角增大促使堆积形态由舌形转为扇形,前缘厚度最大位置前移。
(4)碎屑流的远程运动受控于颗粒间动能传递效率及与基底接触关系;试验结果表明,颗粒能量传递效率越高,颗粒与基底之间的应力波动越强,运动距离越远。
  • 中国地质调查局地质调查项目(DD20230449; DD20230600211)
  • 中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所基本科研业务费项目(202317)
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2026年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.3724/1000-6915.jrme.2025.0520
  • 接收时间:2025-07-21
  • 首发时间:2026-06-18
  • 出版时间:2026-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-21
  • 修回日期:2025-09-30
基金
Geological Survey Program of CGS(DD20230449; DD20230600211)
中国地质调查局地质调查项目(DD20230449; DD20230600211)
Basic Research Foundation for the Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS(202317)
中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所基本科研业务费项目(202317)
作者信息
    1.中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所 自然资源部、广西岩溶动力学重点实验室/联合国教科文组织国际岩溶研究中心,广西 桂林 541004
    2.中国地质调查局 重庆地质安全研究中心,重庆 401329
    3.中国地质科学院 探矿工艺研究所,四川 成都 611734
    4.四川水发勘测设计研究有限公司,四川 成都 610015

通讯作者:

* 黄海(1984–),现任教授级高工,主要从事青藏高原地质灾害链成灾机制方面的研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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