Article(id=1322964759980679679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322964647376191536, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024484, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730044800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793348978275, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1769356800000, pubDateStr=2026-01-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793348978275, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793348978275, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793348978275, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322964647376191536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='224', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769356800000', pubDateStr='2026-01-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793348951428, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793349012150, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322964902113063080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322964647376191536, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322964902113063081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322964647376191536, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=174, endPage=185, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322964760177811969, articleId=1322964759980679679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Research on gel-inorganic particle synergistic damming method for water control and oil enhancement in fracture-cavity reservoirs, columnId=1322942861007791003, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Comprehensive Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=

To address the challenge of rapid bottom water breakthrough along fractures during water injection in fracture-cavity reservoirs, which makes “attic oil” difficult to recover effectively, a strategy of “gel-inorganic particle synergy damming for water control and oil enhancement” was proposed. The method constructed a stable dam with specific height and slope in near-wellbore cavities through the synergistic effects of gel plugging of channeling paths and vertical stacking of inorganic particles, raising the overflow point to divert bottom water, thereby expanding the water flooding sweep volume and mobilizing the remaining oil at the top. Based on field well cases and actual geological models, a large-scale visual physical model of fracture-cavity reservoir was established. Equivalent plugging agents and injection-production parameters were designed using similarity principles to simulate the in-reservoir damming process. The migration and distribution patterns of plugging agents under different injection modes were investigated, and the effects of plugging agent combination, slug number, total agent volume, agent ratio, injection rate, and cavity filling degree on dam morphology and performance of water control and oil enhancement were analyzed. Finally, based on back propagation (BP) neural network, a model was established to predict damming height and performance of enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The experimental results demonstrated that: (1) the gel-inorganic particle synergistic damming could effectively mobilize the top remaining oil in cavities, increasing recovery by 14.4% with significant water control and oil enhancement performance. (2) Plugging agent combinations directly determined dam morphology and height, while injection parameters significantly influenced the migration patterns of plugging agents, thereby affecting the performance of water control and oil enhancement. (3) After sufficient training, the BP neural network-based model successfully predicted dam height and EOR under different injection modes, with root mean square errors of 22.24 and 2.92, respectively. The study reveals the mechanisms of synergistic damming, clarifies directions for process parameter optimization, and provides new insights and effective methods for enhancing oil recovery in the later stages of water injection in fracture-cavity reservoirs.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=ZHIBO ZHANG1, DIANLIN WANG1, WEN ZHANG2, XIAO ZHANG2, BOCHAO QU2, LIANG LI2, RUNXUE MAO1, SAGYNDIKOV MARAT3, BING WEI1, authorsList=ZHIBO ZHANG, DIANLIN WANG, WEN ZHANG, XIAO ZHANG, BOCHAO QU, LIANG LI, RUNXUE MAO, SAGYNDIKOV MARAT, BING WEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=BING WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322964764950929949, articleId=1322964759980679679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=缝洞型油藏凝胶-无机颗粒协同筑坝控水增油方法研究, columnId=1322942862974919581, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=综合研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=

针对缝洞型油藏注水开发过程中底水沿裂缝快速突破导致“阁楼油”难以有效开采的难题,提出“凝胶-无机颗粒协同筑坝控水增油”策略。该方法通过凝胶封堵窜流通道与无机颗粒纵向堆积的协同作用,在近井溶洞内构筑具有一定高度和坡度的稳定坝体,抬升溢出点促使底水绕流,从而扩大水驱波及体积,动用顶部剩余油。研究基于现场井例和实际地质模型,构建了大尺度可视化缝洞型油藏物理模型,并通过相似原理设计等效堵剂和注采参数,模拟藏内筑坝过程,探究不同注入模式下堵剂运移分布规律,分析堵剂组合模式、段塞数量、堵剂总量、堵剂比例、注入速度及溶洞填充度对坝体形态和控水增油效果的影响。最后基于反向传播(Back Propagation,简称BP)神经网络构建模型预测筑坝高度和采收率提升效果。实验结果表明:①凝胶与无机颗粒协同筑坝能有效动用溶洞顶部剩余油,采收率提高14.4%,控水增油效果显著;②堵剂组合模式直接决定坝体形态和高度,注入参数显著影响堵剂运移规律,进而影响控水增油效果;③基于BP神经网络构建的模型经充分训练后,成功预测不同注入模式下坝体高度和采收率增加值,其均方根误差分别为22.24和2.92。研究揭示了协同筑坝机制,明确了工艺参数优化方向,为缝洞型油藏注水开发后期提高采收率提供了新思路和有效方法。

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章智博(1999—),男,在读硕士研究生,从事油藏工程与提高采收率研究。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

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魏兵(1983—),男,博士,教授,从事复杂油气藏提高采收率理论和技术研究。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:
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章智博(1999—),男,在读硕士研究生,从事油藏工程与提高采收率研究。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

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章智博(1999—),男,在读硕士研究生,从事油藏工程与提高采收率研究。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

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Journal of Southwest Petroleum University (Science & Technology Edition), 2013, 35(3): 160-167., articleTitle=Prediction of remaining strength of corroded oil and gas pipeline based on improved GA-BP algorithm, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322964786836808379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=60, issue=5, pageStart=68, pageEnd=75, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=44, authorNames=闫绍栋, 刘斌, 李卫东, journalName=化工设备与管道, refType=null, unstructuredReference=闫绍栋, 刘斌, 李卫东, 等. 基于BP神经网络的油气管道振动检测系统[J]. 化工设备与管道, 2023, 60(5): 68-75., articleTitle=基于BP神经网络的油气管道振动检测系统, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322964786899722940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=60, issue=5, pageStart=68, pageEnd=75, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=45, authorNames=YAN Shaodong, LIU Bin, LI Weidong, journalName=Process Equipment & Piping, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YAN Shaodong, LIU Bin, LI Weidong, et al. Oil and gas pipeline vibration detection system based on BP neural network[J]. Process Equipment & Piping, 2023, 60(5): 68-75., articleTitle=Oil and gas pipeline vibration detection system based on BP neural network, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322964786971026109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=29, issue=7, pageStart=4, pageEnd=7, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=46, authorNames=段艳强, journalName=能源与节能, refType=null, unstructuredReference=段艳强. 基于BP神经网络优化算法的煤岩识别误差分析[J]. 能源与节能, 2024, 29 (7): 4-7., articleTitle=基于BP神经网络优化算法的煤岩识别误差分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322964787054912190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=29, issue=7, pageStart=4, pageEnd=7, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=47, authorNames=DUAN Yanqiang, journalName=Energy and Energy Conservation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DUAN Yanqiang. Error analysis of coal-rock identification based on BP neural network optimization algorithm[J]. Energy and Energy Conservation, 2024, 29 (7): 4-7., articleTitle=Error analysis of coal-rock identification based on BP neural network optimization algorithm, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322964787126215359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=54, issue=2, pageStart=59, pageEnd=66, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=48, authorNames=崔海, 余鑫磊, 庞继伟, journalName=哈尔滨工业大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=崔海, 余鑫磊, 庞继伟, 等. 采用BP-ANN和改进SVR的进水BOD软测量模型[J]. 哈尔滨工业大学学报, 2022, 54(2): 59-66., articleTitle=采用BP-ANN和改进SVR的进水BOD软测量模型, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322964787214295744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=54, issue=2, pageStart=59, pageEnd=66, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=49, authorNames=CUI Hai, YU Xinlei, PANG Jiwei, journalName=Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CUI Hai, YU Xinlei, PANG Jiwei, et al. Influent BOD soft sensing models based on BP-ANN and improved SVR[J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology, 2022, 54(2): 59-66., articleTitle=Influent BOD soft sensing models based on BP-ANN and improved SVR, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322964765601047070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322964765609435679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, companyId=1322964765601047070, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322964765617824288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, companyId=1322964765601047070, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, 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articleId=1322964759980679679, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322964767341683237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, companyId=1322964767320711716, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Institute of Polymer Materials and Technology, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322964767375237670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, companyId=1322964767320711716, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 哈萨克斯坦高分子材料和技术研究院,哈萨克斯坦   阿拉木图 050000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322964772509065828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of in-reservoir damming for water control, figureFileSmall=3Mg+3YoPPjfbsvCm5dI5Gg==, figureFileBig=f3JjXm6isoscfwMGTrlJHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964772735558245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=CN, label=图1, caption=藏内筑坝控水工艺示意图, figureFileSmall=3Mg+3YoPPjfbsvCm5dI5Gg==, figureFileBig=f3JjXm6isoscfwMGTrlJHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964773150794343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Actual geological model of well TK474 in Tahe oilfield, figureFileSmall=vKM48tTnUkG85xSPk9TIjg==, figureFileBig=zBvKs18zUP43wpuRGdDW/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964773243069032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=CN, label=图2, caption=塔河油田TK474井实际地质模型, figureFileSmall=vKM48tTnUkG85xSPk9TIjg==, figureFileBig=zBvKs18zUP43wpuRGdDW/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964773314372201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Dimensions, 3D view, and photo of equivalent visual physical model, figureFileSmall=f/g4SMJRWsE4JiZm1K5Bew==, figureFileBig=0kGiBfVcil0BPklZ3mXPng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964773633139306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=CN, label=图3, caption=等效可视化物理模型尺寸、立体图和实物图, figureFileSmall=f/g4SMJRWsE4JiZm1K5Bew==, figureFileBig=0kGiBfVcil0BPklZ3mXPng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964773704442475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Equivalent plugging agent system used in laboratory simulation, figureFileSmall=0uQo9U8GehygjSGAJhko3Q==, figureFileBig=1NpY2hG6qXBPkC70PCawbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964774048375404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=CN, label=图4, caption=实验室模拟采用的等效堵剂体系

注:a为凝胶成胶状态(染色后);b为凝胶成胶强度;c为无机堵剂体系(染色后);d为无机堵剂沉降前;e为无机堵剂沉降后。

, figureFileSmall=0uQo9U8GehygjSGAJhko3Q==, figureFileBig=1NpY2hG6qXBPkC70PCawbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964774115484269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Experimental process of in-reservoir damming for water plugging, figureFileSmall=0vXpHS+2g9qyCsoU4otNWw==, figureFileBig=T4uxdqO4bEy27PkCwiEhPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964774199370350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=CN, label=图5, caption=藏内筑坝堵水实验过程

注:a为未填充;b为填充玻璃珠;c为饱和油;d为一次底水驱;e为注入一段塞;f为注入二段塞;g为注入封口段塞;h为等待成胶;i为二次底水驱。

, figureFileSmall=0vXpHS+2g9qyCsoU4otNWw==, figureFileBig=T4uxdqO4bEy27PkCwiEhPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964774425862767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Dam morphology and water-oil contact after secondary bottom-water drive under different plugging agent combination modes, figureFileSmall=cmsp9Kawfwta/xVjZxCwOQ==, figureFileBig=qUWmg7sTqsaVm8GRcAdcaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964774488777328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同堵剂组合模式的坝体形态和二次底水驱的油水界面

注:a为单一凝胶坝体形态;b为单一凝胶二次底水驱油水界面;c为单一无机颗粒坝体形态;d为单一无机颗粒二次底水驱油水界面;e为凝胶与无机颗粒组合坝体形态;f为凝胶与无机颗粒组合二次底水驱油水界面。

, figureFileSmall=cmsp9Kawfwta/xVjZxCwOQ==, figureFileBig=qUWmg7sTqsaVm8GRcAdcaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964774543303281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Dam morphology and water-oil contact after secondary bottom-water drive with different slug numbers, figureFileSmall=/ARieReUKwb8WhezaGTyBQ==, figureFileBig=SoHo/kSJU0Vee4LX0JqCNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964776237802098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同段塞数量的坝体形态和二次底水驱油水界面

注:a为二段塞模式坝体形态;b为二段塞模式二次底水驱油水界面;c为三段塞模式坝体形态;d为三段塞模式二次底水驱油水界面;e为四段塞模式坝体形态;f为四段塞模式二次底水驱油水界面。

, figureFileSmall=/ARieReUKwb8WhezaGTyBQ==, figureFileBig=SoHo/kSJU0Vee4LX0JqCNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964776573346419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Dam morphology and water-oil contact after secondary bottom-water drive with different total plugging agent volumes, figureFileSmall=/4U9vqNnke/5A7VgeyOuUw==, figureFileBig=BxQl/vV+ybTYonpZvGy7dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964776938250868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同堵剂总量的坝体形态和二次底水驱油水界面

注:a为坝体形态(堵剂总量为0.1 PV);b为二次底水驱油水界面(堵剂总量为0.1 PV);c为坝体形态(堵剂总量为0.2 PV);d为二次底水驱油水界面(堵剂总量为0.2 PV);e为坝体形态(堵剂总量为0.3 PV);f为二次底水驱油水界面(堵剂总量为0.3 PV);g为坝体形态(堵剂总量为0.4 PV);h为二次底水驱油水界面(堵剂总量为0.4 PV)。

, figureFileSmall=/4U9vqNnke/5A7VgeyOuUw==, figureFileBig=BxQl/vV+ybTYonpZvGy7dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964777022136949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Dam morphology and water-oil contact after secondary bottom-water drive at different plugging agent ratios, figureFileSmall=2SqLwqISnEPy+PvP8N7fOg==, figureFileBig=3NWF/oORbhixxTuOk/S4NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964777361875574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同堵剂比例的坝体形态和二次底水驱油水界面

注:a为坝体形态(凝胶与无机颗粒比为1∶2);b为二次底水驱油水界面(凝胶与无机颗粒比为1∶2);c为坝体形态(凝胶与无机颗粒比为1∶6);d为二次底水驱油水界面(凝胶与无机颗粒比为1∶6);e为坝体形态(凝胶与无机颗粒比为1∶10);f为二次底水驱油水界面(凝胶与无机颗粒比为1∶10)。

, figureFileSmall=2SqLwqISnEPy+PvP8N7fOg==, figureFileBig=3NWF/oORbhixxTuOk/S4NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964777437373047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Dam morphology and water-oil contact after secondary bottom-water drive at different injection rates, figureFileSmall=xJry27qinSG0rpXvt5c6Gw==, figureFileBig=j4f7IzSFuuDDfTzwhVElHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964777760334456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同注入速度的坝体形态和二次底水驱油水界面

注:a为坝体形态(注入速度为0.8 cm3/min);b为二次底水驱油水界面(注入速度为0.8 cm3/min);c为坝体形态(注入速度为1.0 cm3/min);d为二次底水驱油水界面(注入速度为1.0 cm3/min); e为坝体形态(注入速度为1.2 cm3/min);f为二次底水驱油水界面(注入速度为1.2 cm3/min)。

, figureFileSmall=xJry27qinSG0rpXvt5c6Gw==, figureFileBig=j4f7IzSFuuDDfTzwhVElHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964777827443321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Dam morphology and water-oil contact after secondary bottom-water drive at different cavity filling degrees, figureFileSmall=bX357Dm+hWZRn8fvGf3xhg==, figureFileBig=A9ameTqRRbxsPFWJ7Yp5RQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964777902940795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同溶洞填充程度的坝体形态和二次底水驱油水界面

注:a为坝体形态(溶洞无填充);b为二次底水驱油水界面(溶洞无填充);c为坝体形态(溶洞填充度30%);d为二次底水驱油水界面(溶洞填充度30%);e为坝体形态(溶洞填充度60%);f为二次底水驱油水界面(溶洞填充度60%)。

, figureFileSmall=bX357Dm+hWZRn8fvGf3xhg==, figureFileBig=A9ameTqRRbxsPFWJ7Yp5RQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964778230096508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Model training curves, figureFileSmall=+LO/pt99A973WKu2OaMuIw==, figureFileBig=gghjWHWu4LC2AhtL6da1cA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964778284622461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=CN, label=图12, caption=模型训练曲线, figureFileSmall=+LO/pt99A973WKu2OaMuIw==, figureFileBig=gghjWHWu4LC2AhtL6da1cA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964778599195262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Training and prediction performance of BP neural network model, figureFileSmall=quUgmZdCwYQdU7T9UnQQzg==, figureFileBig=HnEJlaCssy82FqWVv9zkRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964778674692735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=CN, label=图13, caption=BP神经网络模型训练效果与预测效果, figureFileSmall=quUgmZdCwYQdU7T9UnQQzg==, figureFileBig=HnEJlaCssy82FqWVv9zkRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322964778750190208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Physical properties of equivalent plugging agents, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类密度/(g/cm3)黏度(温度25 ℃)/(mPa·s)静态成胶时间/h成胶强度固相质量分数/%
现场凝胶1.145001~3(温度130 ℃)H级
实验室凝胶1.105064~6(温度40 ℃)H级
现场无机堵剂1.1430~3520
实验室无机颗粒1.166020
), ArticleFig(id=1322964778817299073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

等效堵剂物性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类密度/(g/cm3)黏度(温度25 ℃)/(mPa·s)静态成胶时间/h成胶强度固相质量分数/%
现场凝胶1.145001~3(温度130 ℃)H级
实验室凝胶1.105064~6(温度40 ℃)H级
现场无机堵剂1.1430~3520
实验室无机颗粒1.166020
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相似准数物理意义相似性
pρgL驱替压差与重力之比动力相似
μρvL雷诺数动力相似
Qt(φf+φv)ρL3注入量与缝洞总体积之比运动相似
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实验等效参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
相似准数物理意义相似性
pρgL驱替压差与重力之比动力相似
μρvL雷诺数动力相似
Qt(φf+φv)ρL3注入量与缝洞总体积之比运动相似
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参数注采压差/MPa原油密度/(g/cm3)凝胶密度/(g/cm3)无机颗粒密度/(g/cm3)模型尺寸/m凝胶黏度/(mPa·s)无机颗粒黏度/(mPa·s)注入速度/(mL/min)孔隙度/%
实际油藏参数2.00~20.000.8~1.01.141.14200.0~600.050030~3530 000~60 0003.0~20.0
物理模型参数0.01~0.100.91.101.160.3~0.4506600.78~1.302.0~3.0
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实际油藏参数和物理模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数注采压差/MPa原油密度/(g/cm3)凝胶密度/(g/cm3)无机颗粒密度/(g/cm3)模型尺寸/m凝胶黏度/(mPa·s)无机颗粒黏度/(mPa·s)注入速度/(mL/min)孔隙度/%
实际油藏参数2.00~20.000.8~1.01.141.14200.0~600.050030~3530 000~60 0003.0~20.0
物理模型参数0.01~0.100.91.101.160.3~0.4506600.78~1.302.0~3.0
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参数注采压差原油密度凝胶密度无机颗粒密度模型尺寸凝胶黏度无机颗粒黏度注入速度孔隙度
相似系数20~2 000≈ 1≈ 1≈ 1500~2 000≈ 1≈ 0.523 000~77 0001.0~10.0
), ArticleFig(id=1322964781019308680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

参数相似系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数注采压差原油密度凝胶密度无机颗粒密度模型尺寸凝胶黏度无机颗粒黏度注入速度孔隙度
相似系数20~2 000≈ 1≈ 1≈ 1500~2 000≈ 1≈ 0.523 000~77 0001.0~10.0
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实验方案研究内容研究参数固定参数
1堵剂组合模式单一凝胶堵剂凝胶黏度500 mPa·s,密度1.14 g/cm3,无机颗粒黏度60 mPa·s,密度1.16 g/cm3
2单一无机颗粒堵剂
3凝胶+无机颗粒组合
4段塞数量二段塞填充度60%,堵剂总量0.2 PV,注入速度0.8 cm3/min,凝胶与无机颗粒比为1∶2
5三段塞
6四段塞
7堵剂总量0.1 PV填充度60%,二段塞,注入速度0.8 cm3/min,凝胶与无机颗粒比为1∶2
80.2 PV
90.3 PV
100.4 PV
11堵剂比例凝胶与无机颗粒比1∶2填充度60%,堵剂总量0.2 PV,二段塞,注入速度0.8 cm3/min
12凝胶与无机颗粒比1∶6
13凝胶与无机颗粒比1∶10
14注入速度0.8 cm3/min填充度60%,堵剂总量0.2 PV,二段塞,凝胶与无机颗粒比为1∶2
151.0 cm3/min
161.2 cm3/min
17溶洞填充程度未填充堵剂总量0.2 PV,二段塞,注入速度0.8 cm3/min,凝胶与无机颗粒比为1∶2
18填充度30%
19填充度60%
), ArticleFig(id=1322964781174497930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322964759980679679, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

实验方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验方案研究内容研究参数固定参数
1堵剂组合模式单一凝胶堵剂凝胶黏度500 mPa·s,密度1.14 g/cm3,无机颗粒黏度60 mPa·s,密度1.16 g/cm3
2单一无机颗粒堵剂
3凝胶+无机颗粒组合
4段塞数量二段塞填充度60%,堵剂总量0.2 PV,注入速度0.8 cm3/min,凝胶与无机颗粒比为1∶2
5三段塞
6四段塞
7堵剂总量0.1 PV填充度60%,二段塞,注入速度0.8 cm3/min,凝胶与无机颗粒比为1∶2
80.2 PV
90.3 PV
100.4 PV
11堵剂比例凝胶与无机颗粒比1∶2填充度60%,堵剂总量0.2 PV,二段塞,注入速度0.8 cm3/min
12凝胶与无机颗粒比1∶6
13凝胶与无机颗粒比1∶10
14注入速度0.8 cm3/min填充度60%,堵剂总量0.2 PV,二段塞,凝胶与无机颗粒比为1∶2
151.0 cm3/min
161.2 cm3/min
17溶洞填充程度未填充堵剂总量0.2 PV,二段塞,注入速度0.8 cm3/min,凝胶与无机颗粒比为1∶2
18填充度30%
19填充度60%
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实验方案研究内容研究参数坝体高度/mm提高采收率/%
1堵剂组合模式单一凝胶堵剂52.90.8
2单一无机颗粒堵剂20.43.2
3凝胶+无机颗粒组合36.614.4
4段塞数量二段塞58.514.4
5三段塞57.011.1
6四段塞53.310.3
7堵剂总量0.1 PV49.04.0
80.2 PV58.514.4
90.3 PV59.516.1
100.4 PV63.713.2
11堵剂比例凝胶与无机颗粒比为1∶258.514.4
12凝胶与无机颗粒比为1∶656.86.4
13凝胶与无机颗粒比为1∶1056.25.8
14注入速度0.8 cm3/min69.111.0
151.0 cm3/min61.05.6
161.2 cm3/min69.59.3
17溶洞填充程度无填充47.015.5
18填充度30%36.612.5
19填充度60%53.314.4
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不同方案筑坝高度和提高采收率幅度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验方案研究内容研究参数坝体高度/mm提高采收率/%
1堵剂组合模式单一凝胶堵剂52.90.8
2单一无机颗粒堵剂20.43.2
3凝胶+无机颗粒组合36.614.4
4段塞数量二段塞58.514.4
5三段塞57.011.1
6四段塞53.310.3
7堵剂总量0.1 PV49.04.0
80.2 PV58.514.4
90.3 PV59.516.1
100.4 PV63.713.2
11堵剂比例凝胶与无机颗粒比为1∶258.514.4
12凝胶与无机颗粒比为1∶656.86.4
13凝胶与无机颗粒比为1∶1056.25.8
14注入速度0.8 cm3/min69.111.0
151.0 cm3/min61.05.6
161.2 cm3/min69.59.3
17溶洞填充程度无填充47.015.5
18填充度30%36.612.5
19填充度60%53.314.4
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模型参数寻优范围最优值
隐藏层1神经元个数3232
48
64
96
128
隐藏层2神经元个数1616
24
32
48
64
学习率0.000 50.01
0.001 0
0.002 0
0.005 0
0.010 0
批量大小1616
32
48
64
128
训练轮数5001 000
1 000
2 000
5 000
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BP神经网络模型超参数优化结果

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模型参数寻优范围最优值
隐藏层1神经元个数3232
48
64
96
128
隐藏层2神经元个数1616
24
32
48
64
学习率0.000 50.01
0.001 0
0.002 0
0.005 0
0.010 0
批量大小1616
32
48
64
128
训练轮数5001 000
1 000
2 000
5 000
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缝洞型油藏凝胶-无机颗粒协同筑坝控水增油方法研究
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章智博 1 , 王典林 1 , 张雯 2 , 张潇 2 , 瞿博超 2 , 李亮 2 , 毛润雪 1 , SAGYNDIKOVMarat 3 , 魏兵 1
油气藏评价与开发 | 综合研究 2026,16(1): 174-185
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油气藏评价与开发 |综合研究 2026 , 16 (1) : 174 -185
缝洞型油藏凝胶-无机颗粒协同筑坝控水增油方法研究
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章智博(1999—),男,在读硕士研究生,从事油藏工程与提高采收率研究。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

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章智博(1999—),男,在读硕士研究生,从事油藏工程与提高采收率研究。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

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章智博1 , 王典林1, 张雯2, 张潇2, 瞿博超2, 李亮2, 毛润雪1, SAGYNDIKOVMarat3, 魏兵1
作者信息
  • 1 西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室,四川   成都 610500
  • 2 中国石化西北油田分公司,新疆   乌鲁木齐 830011
  • 3 哈萨克斯坦高分子材料和技术研究院,哈萨克斯坦   阿拉木图 050000
通讯作者:
魏兵(1983—),男,博士,教授,从事复杂油气藏提高采收率理论和技术研究。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:
作者简介:

章智博(1999—),男,在读硕士研究生,从事油藏工程与提高采收率研究。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

Research on gel-inorganic particle synergistic damming method for water control and oil enhancement in fracture-cavity reservoirs
ZHIBO ZHANG1 , DIANLIN WANG1, WEN ZHANG2, XIAO ZHANG2, BOCHAO QU2, LIANG LI2, RUNXUE MAO1, SAGYNDIKOV MARAT3, BING WEI1
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
  • 2 Sinopec Northwest China Oilfield Company, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, China
  • 3 Institute of Polymer Materials and Technology, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
出版时间: 2026-01-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024484
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缝洞型油藏  /  “阁楼油”  /  筑坝控水增油  /  凝胶  /  无机颗粒  /  提高采收率
fracture-cavity reservoir  /  attic oil  /  damming for water control and oil enhancement  /  gel  /  inorganic particles  /  enhanced oil recovery
章智博, 王典林, 张雯, 张潇, 瞿博超, 李亮, 毛润雪, SAGYNDIKOVMarat, 魏兵. 缝洞型油藏凝胶-无机颗粒协同筑坝控水增油方法研究. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (1) : 174 -185 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024484
ZHIBO ZHANG, DIANLIN WANG, WEN ZHANG, XIAO ZHANG, BOCHAO QU, LIANG LI, RUNXUE MAO, SAGYNDIKOV MARAT, BING WEI. Research on gel-inorganic particle synergistic damming method for water control and oil enhancement in fracture-cavity reservoirs[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (1) : 174 -185 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024484
缝洞型油藏储集体以构造变形产生的构造裂缝与岩溶作用形成的孔、洞、缝为主,储集空间类型多样、尺度差异大,储集体内部和储集体之间连通关系复杂、空间分布变化大,储集体外部形态各异、结构复杂,非均质性极强。油藏的油水关系复杂,开发难度大[1-2]。由于井周发育的裂缝与远井溶洞连通,底水沿裂缝快速突破形成优势通道。受油水重力分异作用影响,溶洞顶部剩余油分布在溢出点之上,难以得到有效波及,形成“阁楼油”[3-4],导致油藏见水快,水淹后产量下降迅速,水驱采收率低。季晓靖等[5]采用大理石雕刻了整体区块的缝洞体外形,研究了提高“阁楼油”采出程度的方法,发现缝洞连通关系和储集体排列方式直接影响“阁楼油”采出程度。孙瑞仪等[6]结合塔河油田缝洞型油藏储集体特征设计制作了2种微观可视化模型,探究了缝洞型油藏的微观驱替规律。国内外研究和油田开发实践表明:对于储集空间类型多且储集空间规模差异大的油藏,开发过程中大尺度储集空间的原油首先被采出,一旦被水占据,往往很难再提高开发效果。
控水增油是缝洞型油藏注水开发提质增效的必要手段[7-11]。为解决因油藏非均质性导致的注入水长期低效、无效循环问题,刘玉章等[12]提出了水平井置胶成坝深部液流转向的技术思路,在注采井之间高渗透、强水洗油层部位钻水平井后,通过注入凝胶形成“胶坝”,迫使注入水转向驱替原油相对富集的低渗透层,扩大水驱波及体积[13-14]。许可等[15]通过平面可视化填砂模型进一步证明了该技术能有效解决同层水调剖难度大的问题。然而,现有研究中所采用的模型只能对储层非均质性进行初步模拟,无法准确描绘缝洞型油藏的复杂结构特征。对于筑坝过程的模拟,通常直接使用不渗透挡板,未深入研究堵剂在孔隙和缝洞中的流动和分布特征。此外,坝体高度作为衡量筑坝效果的重要指标之一,缺乏地质结构、施工条件等因素对筑坝效果系统性研究和定量分析。
针对缝洞型油藏水驱优势通道屏蔽导致的“阁楼油”难动用问题,提出凝胶-无机颗粒协同筑坝控水增油的思路和方法(图1),利用凝胶和无机颗粒在近井溶洞内协同筑坝,形成稳定坝体结构,改变油藏内流场,抬升溢出点位置,实现扩大水驱波及体积,采出溶洞顶部剩余油。由于缝洞型油藏地质条件复杂,堵剂展布精细描述难度大,缝洞系统产油、产水变化复杂,亟须通过可视化模型开展室内实验[16-19],模拟缝洞型油藏筑坝堵水详细过程。因此,首先研制了缝洞型油藏可视化模型,采用等效堵剂开展了藏内筑坝过程模拟,分析了堵剂在模型中的流动和展布规律以及油水界面、采收率变化,明确了油藏内筑坝效果的关键影响因素,为优化堵水方案提供了依据。
填充介质采用玻璃珠(粗玻璃珠粒径介于1.5~2.0 mm,细玻璃珠粒径介于0.8~1.0 mm);模拟油采用工业白油,添加适量原油染色以便在实验过程中清晰地观察油相分布;盐水采用氯化钠和去离子水配制;堵剂体系为丙烯酰胺单体、黄原胶、过硫酸铵、聚乙二醇和碳酸钙。
根据实际地质模型(图2),考虑几何相似等比例抽提构建了由1个溶洞、2个井筒、3条裂缝和1个底部通道组成的大尺度缝洞型油藏模型。为方便描述筑坝过程和筑坝后底水绕流,模型材质选用可视化的亚克力有机玻璃。
图3为缝洞型油藏物理模型的尺寸、立体图和实物图。模型整体尺寸为长400 mm、宽300 mm、厚30 mm,由2块厚度为15 mm的加厚高透明亚克力有机玻璃刻蚀而成,1块为半镂空刻蚀,1块为密封圈覆盖,并采用32颗螺栓铆定。模型溶洞内可填充不同粒径的玻璃珠,模拟储层的非均质性。3条裂缝和2个井筒进出口处均设开关,通过控制开关实现不同裂缝和井筒间组合,从而改变溢出口高度和采出井位置。
流体的密度和黏度是影响运移和分布的关键物理性质,为确保堵剂在室内实验中能够有效模拟现场流动行为,依据动力相似和运动相似原理[17,20],通过调整主剂、引发剂、稠化剂的比例,确定了与现场堵剂体系性质最接近的实验室堵剂体系配方。以丙烯酰胺为主剂制备凝胶堵剂,将15.00 g丙烯酰胺溶于84.48 g去离子水,依次加入0.20 g过硫酸铵引发剂、0.02 g聚乙二醇和0.30 g黄原胶,在500 r/min的转速下机械搅拌1 h,最终形成凝胶。以碳酸钙粉末为主剂制备无机颗粒堵剂,将20.00 g碳酸钙粉末、悬浮剂0.10 g黄原胶依次加入79.90 g去离子水中,在500 r/min的转速下均匀搅拌1 h,最终形成无机颗粒堵剂体系。等效堵剂物性参数如表1所示。实验室合成的堵剂体系性能与现场堵剂相近,可有效模拟现场堵剂在油藏内协同铺展规律(图4)。
基于现场注采参数(施工排量、油管尺寸等)和截面积等效原则,等效设计了实验室筑坝堵水物理模型的实验参数,如表2—表4所示。
模型最高耐温80 ℃、最高耐压200 kPa,无法开展高压条件下实验,因此不能反映油藏初始阶段利用岩石流体弹性能进行衰竭开采的过程,但仍可有效模拟进入注采平衡阶段后水驱剩余油形成过程,筑坝过程中堵剂的运移和分布规律以及二次底水驱剩余油的动用过程[4]。
实验步骤如下:①模型溶洞内填充一定量的玻璃珠,密封后计算饱和油量和孔隙度;②关闭1井,打开2井和底部通道,底水驱至含水率98%,记录一次底水驱的油水界面和采收率;③通过2井将各段塞依次恒速注入模型完成逐级筑坝,每一段塞由凝胶、无机颗粒、盐水组成,完成筑坝后将模型放入40 ℃烘箱中静置6 h等待成胶,记录坝体形态;④二次底水驱至含水率98%,记录二次底水驱的油水界面和采收率,为便于观察,用碱性品红染剂将凝胶溶液染成红色,用亚甲基蓝染剂将无机颗粒染成蓝色,用甲基绿染剂将二次底水驱的盐水染成绿色。实验过程如图5所示,实验方案如表5所示。
表6展示了不同注入模式的研究结果。凝胶与无机颗粒协同筑坝后底水驱采收率提高4.0%~16.1%,而现有相关研究表明采收率提高16%~27%[12-15]。造成差异的主要原因在于筑坝过程模拟方法。直接采用挡板作为坝体的方法虽然在控水增油效果方面表现优异,但过于理想化的坝体形态与实际筑坝效果存在较大偏差。
实验1—3考察了堵剂组合模式对堵剂展布、坝体形态和控水增油效果的影响(图6)。实验1仅注入凝胶堵剂体系(图6a、图6b),由于凝胶本身黏度较高,在注入初期,凝胶在上部空腔内纵向扩展。随着注入量增加,凝胶逐渐横向铺展,最终形成一个左高右低的坝体,对裂缝3形成有效封堵。二次底水驱过程中,由于凝胶强度较高,底水难以绕过坝体形成绕流,直接沿裂缝3窜流,因此油水界面基本保持不变,采收率仅提高0.8%。实验2仅注入无机颗粒堵剂体系(图6c、图6d),与凝胶不同,无机颗粒体系黏度较低,优先沿空腔交界处横向运移,形成堆积带。但在运移过程中大量颗粒会渗透进多孔介质内,导致纵向上难以形成有效的坝体结构。二次底水驱过程中,虽有底水绕流现象,但由于坝体较低,采收率仅提升3.2%。实验3注入“凝胶+无机颗粒”组合堵剂体系(图6e、图6f),凝胶和无机颗粒组合能充分发挥凝胶和无机颗粒的优势。凝胶高黏特性有效封堵窜流通道,同时作为支撑结构促进无机颗粒在近井地带纵向堆积,减少无机颗粒进入多孔介质的量,成功构建高度适中且有坡度的坝体。二次底水驱过程中,绕流效果十分明显,油水界面显著抬升,顶部剩余油有效动用,采收率提高14.4%,堵剂组合模式直接决定坝体的形态和高度。
实验4—6考察了段塞数量对堵剂展布、坝体形态和控水增油效果的影响(图7)。实验4为二段塞模式,实验5为三段塞模式,实验6为四段塞模式。不同数量的段塞均能在近井地带成功构筑坝体,但坝体高度随着段塞数量增加而降低,从二段塞筑坝58.5 mm下降到四段塞筑坝53.2 mm。变化影响了底水绕流效果,导致二次底水驱的采收率逐渐降低,四段塞模式筑坝提高采收率效果比三段塞低1.2%,比二段塞低4.1%。
在相同注入总量条件下,段塞数量影响堵剂在油藏中的运移方向和堆积行为。后续段塞堵剂的注入会推动前一段塞堵剂横向铺展,使坝体展布方向整体朝远井地带偏移,减少了无机颗粒纵向堆积,造成部分堵剂无效筑坝。
从技术和经济角度出发,优选二段塞注入模式,该模式能够简化工艺流程,降低操作复杂性和投入成本,还能减少堵剂在注入端损失,降低材料消耗。此外,二段塞模式能更加有效控制底水锥进,最大程度动用顶部剩余油。
实验7—10考察了堵剂总量对堵剂展布、坝体形态和控水增油效果的影响(图8)。实验7的堵剂总量为0.1 PV,实验8的堵剂总量为0.2 PV,实验9的堵剂总量为0.3 PV,实验10的堵剂总量为0.4 PV。实验数据显示,随着堵剂用量增大,坝体高度逐渐从49.0 mm增加至63.7 mm,溢出点提高,采收率提高幅度从堵剂总量0.1 PV的4.0%逐渐提高至堵剂总量0.3 PV的16.1%,当堵剂总量增加至0.4 PV时,采收率提高幅度降低至13.2%左右(表6)。
堵剂总量影响坝体的高度和稳定性。堵剂量不足时,无法在油藏中形成足够堆积,导致坝体高度较低,溢出点提高受限,此时增加堵剂总量能很好地改善控水增油效果。但当堵剂超过一定量后,坝体已经达到填砂高度,继续增加堵剂用量不再增加坝体高度,后续注入的堵剂开始在溶洞未填充区域窜流或从底部通道排出,造成无效筑坝和堵剂浪费。
实验结果表明:在溶洞填充程度为60%的条件下,0.2 PV的堵剂总量是较优选择,能够在保证有效筑坝的前提下避免堵剂浪费,降低施工作业成本,并且能较大程度提高采收率。
实验11—13考察了凝胶和无机堵剂的比例对堵剂展布、坝体形态和控水增油效果的影响(图9)。实验11凝胶与无机颗粒比为1∶2,实验12凝胶与无机颗粒比为1∶6,实验13凝胶与无机颗粒比为1∶10。随着凝胶比例降低和无机颗粒比例增加,坝体高度从58.5 mm降低至56.2 mm,采收率从14.4%降低至5.8%(表6)。
堵剂比例主要影响凝胶与无机颗粒的协同作用。凝胶主要作用是封堵裂缝和支撑作用,无机颗粒起到堆叠筑坝作用。当凝胶比例较低时,窜流通道未能被有效封堵,底水直接沿裂缝窜流而不会绕过坝体。同时,当无机颗粒比例过大时,没有足够凝胶支撑时,更容易渗透进多孔介质,难以在纵向上形成有效堆积。
研究结果表明:当凝胶和无机颗粒比为1∶2时,能够达到较为理想的协同筑坝效果,既能充分发挥凝胶封堵近缝地带窜流通道的能力,又能确保无机颗粒在纵向上有效堆积。
实验14—16考察了注入速度对堵剂展布、坝体形态和控水增油效果的影响(图10)。实验14注入速度为0.8 cm3/min,实验15注入速度为1.0 cm3/min,实验16注入速度为1.2 cm3/min。随着注入速度从0.8 cm3/min提高至1.2 cm3/min,采收率从11.0%降低至9.3%(表6)。
注入速度影响堵剂在溶洞内运移分布、堆叠,从而影响最终坝体形态和封堵效果。低注入速度下无机颗粒堵剂缓慢纵向堆叠,有利于形成更紧密的坝体结构,提高坝体的整体强度和稳定性。注入速度过大可能导致无机颗粒分布不均,形成局部堆积松散或冲刷现象,容易受到流体流动的侵蚀,影响坝体的稳定性。
基于以上分析,优选出等效注入速度为0.8 cm3/min,确保堵剂在溶洞内筑坝过程中缓慢纵向堆叠,避免注入速度过快导致筑坝效果不佳等问题。
实验17—19考察了溶洞填充程度对堵剂展布、坝体形态和控水增油效果的影响(图11)。实验17溶洞无填充,实验18溶洞填充度为30%,实验19溶洞填充度为60%。溶洞未填充时,凝胶先在溶洞空腔内近井地带横向铺展,无机颗粒在重力作用下沉积堆叠,形成坝体,坝体高度为47.0 mm。填充度为30%时,填砂高度在裂缝3附近,凝胶先封堵高渗窜流通道,随后在溶洞近井地带横向铺展。无机颗粒沿溶洞与填砂交界处形成横向堆积带,然后进入填充空间内堆积,导致坝体高度降低到36.6 mm。填充度为60%时,填砂高度在裂缝2附近,无机颗粒在凝胶的承托、支撑作用下在多孔介质内形成纵向堆叠的坝体,坝体高度最高,达到53.3 mm,采收率提高幅度随坝体高度从15.5%降低至12.5%,又增加至14.4%(表6)。随着填充度的增加,凝胶和无机颗粒之间的协同作用逐渐增强,共同形成更加稳定坝体结构,有效解决缝洞型油藏“阁楼油”难动用的问题。
根据研究结果,凝胶-无机颗粒协同筑坝控水的效果受地质条件、施工参数等多种因素影响,坝体高度和采收率增加值的准确预测对于筑坝控水增油方案优化具有重要指导意义。反向传播(Back Propagation,简称BP)神经网络是种按照误差逆向传播算法训练的多层前馈神经网络,是目前应用最广泛的神经网络之一[21-23]。BP神经网络由输入层、隐含层和输出层组成,每层包含一定数量的神经元,各层神经元之间通过权重连接,权重大小决定了上一层神经元对下一层神经元的影响程度。
隐藏层、输出层的输出公式为[24]:
Qi=f[(∑ωijxi)-bj]
Yk=f[(∑ωjkQi)-ck]
式中:Qi、Yk分别为隐藏层输出值和输出层输出值;f为隐藏层和输出层的传输函数;ωij为输入层到隐藏层的权值;ωjk为隐藏层到输出层的权值;xi为神经网络的输入值;bj为隐藏层第j个神经元的偏置值;ck为输出层第k个神经元的偏置值。
为预测凝胶-无机颗粒协同筑坝控水增油效果,以段塞数量、堵剂总量、堵剂比例、注入速度、溶洞填充程度、凝胶密度、凝胶黏度、无机颗粒密度及无机颗粒黏度9个数据作为输入参数,基于BP神经网络模型预测坝体高度和提高采收率效果。在使用BP神经网络模型预测之前,需要对输入数据进行标准化处理,特别是当输入数据的意义和单位各不相同时,标准化处理可以消除不同量纲对模型训练的影响,从而使得各个特征在模型中能够公平地贡献其重要性。采用Min-Max归一化消去量纲,使结果值映射到0~1,其函数表达式如式(3)所示:
x*=x-xminxmax-xmin
式中:x*为归一化后的值;x为原始数据值;xmax和xmin分别为该指标数据最大值和最小值。
采用网格搜索法对模型参数设置进行优化。网格搜索法是一种用于超参数优化的穷举搜索的方法,其原理是将待定的参数设置在一定搜索范围内,根据一定的调节步长沿搜索方向生成相交的网格,形成对应可能的最优参数组合的网格点,然后寻遍所有网格点确定误差最小的最优参数组合[25]。模型参数优化结果如表7所示。
训练步骤如下:①数据处理,将九维度的输入数据和二维度的输出数据进行归一化处理;②将样本按8∶2的比例划分为训练集和测试集;③神经网络模型的建立与训练参数的设定,将处理后的数据样本作为输入数据,训练神经网络,模型的结构参数设置,神经层数设置为4,输入层神经元个数为9,2个隐藏层神经元个数分别为32、16,输出层神经元个数为2,最大迭代次数为1 000次,学习速率为0.01,损失函数为均方根误差(MSE);④数据验证,为进一步检验模型的准确性,将测试集样本的数据代入训练好的模型中进行验证,评估预测结果与实验值的吻合度。
如图12所示,训练集的损失在训练初期迅速下降,在后续阶段逐渐趋于稳定并维持在较低水平。这表明模型在训练数据上具备良好的学习能力,能有效拟合训练数据。测试集的损失在训练初期也表现出快速下降的特征,随后也保持相对稳定且与训练损失相近。说明模型在面对未见过的测试数据时,仍能保持较为理想的泛化能力。
模型经过训练后,筑坝高度和采收率增加值预测的MSE分别为22.24和2.92,模型预测结果与实验值吻合度较高(图13),证明该BP神经网络模型拟合效果好,具有较高的准确度。通过BP神经网络模拟预测凝胶-无机颗粒协同筑坝控水效果可以为现场应用方案设计提供指导。
1) 提出了“凝胶-无机颗粒协同筑坝控水增油”思路。通过凝胶和无机颗粒在近井溶洞内协同筑坝,成功构建了稳定且具有一定高度和坡度的坝体,提高溢出点,促使二次水驱底水绕流,有效动用顶部剩余油。
2) 凝胶高黏特性既能有效封堵窜流通道,又能作为支撑结构促进无机颗粒在近井地带纵向堆积。相较于单一堵剂筑坝,凝胶与无机颗粒协同筑坝能充分发挥各自优势,采收率提高了14.4%。
3) 注入工艺参数对堵剂的运移规律和坝体形态具有重要影响,进而影响最终控水增油效果。实验数据显示:二段塞注入模式、0.2 PV堵剂总量、凝胶与无机颗粒比为1∶2、注入速度为0.8 cm³/min是最优的工艺参数组合,能够在保证有效筑坝的同时降低作业成本。
4) 基于BP神经网络构建的预测模型经充分训练后,成功预测了不同注入模式下的坝体高度和提高采收率效果,预测结果与实验值高度吻合,MSE分别为22.24和2.92。这为预测不同注入参数条件下的坝体高度和采收率提供指导,为现场注入方案提供更快、更准确的评估方法。

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2026年第16卷第1期
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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024484
  • 接收时间:2024-10-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-01-26
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-28
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    1 西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室,四川   成都 610500
    2 中国石化西北油田分公司,新疆   乌鲁木齐 830011
    3 哈萨克斯坦高分子材料和技术研究院,哈萨克斯坦   阿拉木图 050000

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魏兵(1983—),男,博士,教授,从事复杂油气藏提高采收率理论和技术研究。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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