Article(id=1322957400961057257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322957283147252214, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024601, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745164800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793347223749, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1774454400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793347223749, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793347223749, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793347223749, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322957283147252214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='2', pageStart='225', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774454400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793347195659, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793348987089, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322964796999611071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322957283147252214, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322964796999611072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322957283147252214, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=414, endPage=422, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322957401984467434, articleId=1322957400961057257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=An oil production prediction method for micro-nano water-gas dispersion system flooding based on ANN algorithm, columnId=1322941693024141328, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Oil and Gas Development, runingTitle=null, highlight=

Micro-nano water-gas dispersion system (MNWDS) flooding is a novel enhanced oil recovery technique. By injecting gas-water dispersed phases at the micro–nano scale, it can enter smaller pore spaces, thereby expanding the swept volume and effectively improving recovery efficiency. At present, field tests of this method have been conducted in the Wuliwan Chang 6 pilot area. When using numerical simulation to predict oil production after MNWDS flooding, multiple parameters such as bubble size, gas-liquid ratio, and fluid properties, as well as complex gas-liquid interactions, must be considered. This process is complex and time-consuming, making it difficult to rapidly simulate oil production after MNWDS injection. This study aims to accurately predict the oil production of wells after MNWDS injection. Based on actual production data from the test area and geological model parameters, an artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm was employed to establish a production prediction model for MNWDS flooding. The model used oil production, water cut, permeability, injected MNWDS volume, waterflooding reserves, porosity, and effective thickness of wells before MNWDS injection in the test area as input parameters, and used the oil production over the 12 months after flooding as the output parameter to construct the training sample set. K-means clustering analysis was performed on the sample set to remove invalid samples, and a training set of 59 samples was finally obtained. During model training, an optimization algorithm was introduced to automatically adjust model parameters, which significantly improved prediction accuracy on the test set. Based on this model, oil production was predicted for 21 well groups scheduled to undergo MNWDS flooding. Comparisons with numerical simulation results indicated an agreement rate of up to 95%, verifying the accuracy of this model. The model provides a new approach for oil production prediction of MNWDS flooding.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=GUOQING FENG1, HAILING CHANG1, KEYU WANG2, LIN WU2, JIAZHONG WU3, SHITOU WANG4, authorsList=GUOQING FENG, HAILING CHANG, KEYU WANG, LIN WU, JIAZHONG WU, SHITOU WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322957404173894141, articleId=1322957400961057257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=基于ANN算法的微纳米水气分散体系驱产油量预测方法, columnId=1322941693259022355, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=油气开发, runingTitle=null, highlight=

微纳米水气分散体系驱(MNWDS)是1种新型的提高采收率技术,通过微纳米尺度的气水分散相注入,能够进入更小的孔隙空间,从而扩大了波及体积,有效提高了采收率。目前,该方法已在五里湾长6试验区开展矿场实验。在采用数值模拟方法预测微纳米水气分散体系驱的产油量时,需要考虑气泡尺寸、气液比、流体性质等多参数及复杂的气液相互作用,过程复杂且耗时长,无法快速模拟微纳米水气分散体系驱的产油量。为能够准确地预测注入微纳米水气分散体系驱后油井的产油量,该研究基于试验区实际生产数据和地质模型参数,运用人工神经网络(ANN)算法,建立了微纳米水气分散体系驱的产油量预测模型。该模型以试验区微纳米水气分散体系实施前油井的产油量、含水率、渗透率、注入微纳米水气分散体系量、水驱储量、孔隙度、有效厚度作为输入参数,以实施后12个月的产油量作为输出参数,建立了模型的训练样本集。通过对样本集进行K-Means(K-均值聚类算法)聚类分析,剔除了无效样本,最终形成了59个样本的训练集。在模型训练中,引入优化算法自动调整模型参数,显著提高了模型的测试集预测精度。基于此模型,对即将实施微纳米水气分散体系驱的21个井组进行了产油量预测,预测结果与数值模拟结果对比表明,二者的符合率高达95%,验证了该次模型的准确性。该模型为微纳米水气分散体系驱的产油量预测提供了1个新的途径。

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冯国庆(1974—),男,博士,教授,主要从事油气藏数值模拟、油气藏工程、储层建模、测井资料解释等方向的科研和教学工作。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

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冯国庆(1974—),男,博士,教授,主要从事油气藏数值模拟、油气藏工程、储层建模、测井资料解释等方向的科研和教学工作。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

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Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2023, 13(4): 467-473., articleTitle=A model for shale gas well production prediction based on improved artificial neural network, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322957404400386558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957400961057257, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322957404408775167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957400961057257, companyId=1322957404400386558, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Petroleum Engineering School, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322957404417163776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957400961057257, companyId=1322957404400386558, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957400961057257, language=CN, label=图1, caption=微纳米水气分散体系示意图, figureFileSmall=Ct0UlVNUces9xiOdjM0f7Q==, figureFileBig=giO+2HPVP2NVMUMyACve4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957408921846324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957400961057257, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Comparative analysis of actual and numerically simulated daily oil production for 16 well groups in Wuliwan Chang 6 reservoir pilot test area of Changqing oilfield, figureFileSmall=VK0K0ZueGGkHazZti8ZU4A==, figureFileBig=GpLc16xtYaJCyL6fhtorzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957409009926709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957400961057257, language=CN, label=图2, caption=长庆油田五里湾长6油藏先导试验区16井组实际日产油量与数值模拟预测日产油量对比分析, figureFileSmall=VK0K0ZueGGkHazZti8ZU4A==, figureFileBig=GpLc16xtYaJCyL6fhtorzA==, tableContent=null), 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注:MNWDS为微纳米水气分散体系驱;X1—X7为左侧输入的7个参数;Y为输出的参数。

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注:紫线为注入MNWDS的时间线。

, figureFileSmall=74KUj7mAvKvOgyaVJvWMFw==, figureFileBig=Pkd9HQHVRl0KEvCEOn7LiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957411786555972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957400961057257, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Input and output parameters used for model training, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
井名输入参数输出参数
孔隙度渗透率/10-3 μm2有效厚度/m水驱储量/104 t

连通性

系数

含水率/%微纳米水气分散体系注入量/(m3/月)注MNWDS前12个月产油量/(t/月)注MNWDS后12个月产油量/(t/月)
W10.119.4011.262.650.1253.04365.1055.68…53.6083.42…77.47
W20.128.0413.472.410.2674.74368.9551.06…45.6069.50…59.88
W30.133.8012.155.090.1550.34341.50110.57…98.53112.02…104.43
W40.134.2710.560.960.0993.01349.1020.42…22.0626.92…23.99
W50.1212.7117.333.910.0978.92304.4591.08…88.6196.49…90.55
W60.147.5915.233.480.1472.59323.5572.34…59.8067.82…88.45
W70.114.1114.782.450.1779.88314.7545.32…26.6337.56…60.08
W80.157.6612.451.060.0869.62309.1627.56…15.4232.56…44.34
︙︙︙︙︙︙︙︙︙︙︙︙︙︙
W570.129.1513.112.580.3175.22298.4197.63…63.4265.79…89.75
W580.1111.2412.590.780.1476.41321.5989.15…52.3475.46…91.32
W590.135.4717.563.770.2771.59330.1264.56…41.2355.25…81.25
W600.125.3313.501.920.0473.15356.9044.84…46.0649.06…58.18
W610.134.0218.300.700.3476.17234.8019.39…15.7520.60…24.24
W620.127.3019.431.730.0493.04317.4563.03…66.6664.24…48.48
W630.124.2710.751.410.2093.01313.5558.18…51.8157.27…60.60
W640.136.6711.721.080.1778.92299.2525.45…24.3332.72…27.45
), ArticleFig(id=1322957411883024965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957400961057257, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=

模型训练采用的输入输出参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
井名输入参数输出参数
孔隙度渗透率/10-3 μm2有效厚度/m水驱储量/104 t

连通性

系数

含水率/%微纳米水气分散体系注入量/(m3/月)注MNWDS前12个月产油量/(t/月)注MNWDS后12个月产油量/(t/月)
W10.119.4011.262.650.1253.04365.1055.68…53.6083.42…77.47
W20.128.0413.472.410.2674.74368.9551.06…45.6069.50…59.88
W30.133.8012.155.090.1550.34341.50110.57…98.53112.02…104.43
W40.134.2710.560.960.0993.01349.1020.42…22.0626.92…23.99
W50.1212.7117.333.910.0978.92304.4591.08…88.6196.49…90.55
W60.147.5915.233.480.1472.59323.5572.34…59.8067.82…88.45
W70.114.1114.782.450.1779.88314.7545.32…26.6337.56…60.08
W80.157.6612.451.060.0869.62309.1627.56…15.4232.56…44.34
︙︙︙︙︙︙︙︙︙︙︙︙︙︙
W570.129.1513.112.580.3175.22298.4197.63…63.4265.79…89.75
W580.1111.2412.590.780.1476.41321.5989.15…52.3475.46…91.32
W590.135.4717.563.770.2771.59330.1264.56…41.2355.25…81.25
W600.125.3313.501.920.0473.15356.9044.84…46.0649.06…58.18
W610.134.0218.300.700.3476.17234.8019.39…15.7520.60…24.24
W620.127.3019.431.730.0493.04317.4563.03…66.6664.24…48.48
W630.124.2710.751.410.2093.01313.5558.18…51.8157.27…60.60
W640.136.6711.721.080.1778.92299.2525.45…24.3332.72…27.45
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数据集样本数/个回归方差均方误差修正决定系数
完整数据集640.8920.6980.792
剔除无效样本后590.9540.1160.902
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聚类剔除样本对模型性能的影响对比

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数据集样本数/个回归方差均方误差修正决定系数
完整数据集640.8920.6980.792
剔除无效样本后590.9540.1160.902
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预测模型修正决定系数
训练集测试集
决策树0.9440.784
随机森林0.9350.642
支持向量机0.9670.801
人工神经网络0.9910.896
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训练算法对比

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预测模型修正决定系数
训练集测试集
决策树0.9440.784
随机森林0.9350.642
支持向量机0.9670.801
人工神经网络0.9910.896
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超参数搜索范围优化结果
训练算法

LM(莱文贝格-马夸特)

SCG(缩放共轭梯度)

BR(贝叶斯正则化)

LM
隐含层层数1~32
激活函数ReLU(修正线性单元)、Tanh(双曲正切函数), Sigmoid(S型函数)、None(无激活函数)ReLU
第一层节点数1~3 00020
第二层节点数1~3 00020
第三层节点数1~3 0000
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ANN模型超参数优化结果

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超参数搜索范围优化结果
训练算法

LM(莱文贝格-马夸特)

SCG(缩放共轭梯度)

BR(贝叶斯正则化)

LM
隐含层层数1~32
激活函数ReLU(修正线性单元)、Tanh(双曲正切函数), Sigmoid(S型函数)、None(无激活函数)ReLU
第一层节点数1~3 00020
第二层节点数1~3 00020
第三层节点数1~3 0000
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网络参数调整前参数调整后参数
网络架构20.0010.00
学习率0.100.01
训练周期100.0050.00
), ArticleFig(id=1322957412675748429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957400961057257, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

调整前后模型超参数对比

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网络参数调整前参数调整后参数
网络架构20.0010.00
学习率0.100.01
训练周期100.0050.00
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性能指标拟合优度均方误差修正决定系数
训练集0.9850.1160.902
测试集(优化前)0.9311.8710.575
测试集(优化后)0.9610.1770.876
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优化前后模型性能指标对比

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性能指标拟合优度均方误差修正决定系数
训练集0.9850.1160.902
测试集(优化前)0.9311.8710.575
测试集(优化后)0.9610.1770.876
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基于ANN算法的微纳米水气分散体系驱产油量预测方法
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冯国庆 1 , 常海铃 1 , 王苛宇 2 , 吴琳 2 , 伍家忠 3 , 王石头 4
油气藏评价与开发 | 油气开发 2026,16(2): 414-422
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油气藏评价与开发 |油气开发 2026 , 16 (2) : 414 -422
基于ANN算法的微纳米水气分散体系驱产油量预测方法
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冯国庆(1974—),男,博士,教授,主要从事油气藏数值模拟、油气藏工程、储层建模、测井资料解释等方向的科研和教学工作。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

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冯国庆(1974—),男,博士,教授,主要从事油气藏数值模拟、油气藏工程、储层建模、测井资料解释等方向的科研和教学工作。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

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冯国庆1 , 常海铃1, 王苛宇2, 吴琳2, 伍家忠3, 王石头4
作者信息
  • 1 西南石油大学石油与天然气工程学院,四川   成都 610500
  • 2 陕西省二氧化碳封存与提高采收率重点实验室,陕西   西安 710065
  • 3 中国石油勘探开发研究院,北京 100083
  • 4 中国石油长庆油田分公司油气工艺研究院,陕西   西安 710018
作者简介:

冯国庆(1974—),男,博士,教授,主要从事油气藏数值模拟、油气藏工程、储层建模、测井资料解释等方向的科研和教学工作。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

An oil production prediction method for micro-nano water-gas dispersion system flooding based on ANN algorithm
GUOQING FENG1 , HAILING CHANG1, KEYU WANG2, LIN WU2, JIAZHONG WU3, SHITOU WANG4
Affiliations
  • 1 Petroleum Engineering School, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
  • 2 Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Carbon Dioxide Sequestration and Enhanced Oil Recovery, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710065, China
  • 3 PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China
  • 4 Oil and Gas Technology Research Institute, PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710018, China
出版时间: 2026-03-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024601
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微纳米水气分散体系驱  /  机器学习  /  K-Means聚类分析  /  人工神经网络  /  莱文贝格-马夸特算法
micro-nano water-gas dispersion system flooding  /  machine learning  /  K-means clustering analysis  /  artificial neural network  /  Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm
冯国庆, 常海铃, 王苛宇, 吴琳, 伍家忠, 王石头. 基于ANN算法的微纳米水气分散体系驱产油量预测方法. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (2) : 414 -422 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024601
GUOQING FENG, HAILING CHANG, KEYU WANG, LIN WU, JIAZHONG WU, SHITOU WANG. An oil production prediction method for micro-nano water-gas dispersion system flooding based on ANN algorithm[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (2) : 414 -422 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024601
低渗透油藏因低渗透率、强非均质性、自然产能低、含油饱和度低以及储层敏感性高等特征,使传统注水开发方法在提高采收率方面面临显著挑战[1-8]。为应对这些难题,学者们相继提出了气驱、水气交替驱等开发技术,这些方法在一定程度上提高了采收率,但其见效性仍存在不稳定的问题[9-15]。
近年来,微纳米水气分散体系驱(MNWDS)这项技术在实验室研究中取得了重要进展。伍家忠等[16]提出了基于离子精确匹配和离子交换的水驱油新方法,证实微气泡可有效破除油膜吸附力,剥离残余油膜,从而提高采收率;陈兴隆等[17]建立了以气泡直径和上升速度为核心的水气分散体系性能评价方法,说明了微米级气泡的特性;尚祯浩等[18]通过定量分析,展示了该体系在驱替过程中的流动特征及其对扩大波及体积的作用。这些研究为微纳米水气分散体系驱油技术的应用提供了理论基础。
室内实验研究结果表明[19-22]:微纳米水气分散体系驱通过多孔介质渗透提高了孔隙空间利用率,缓解了窜流问题,扩大了波及体积,并显著提升了微观驱油效率。相比传统的气驱和水驱[23-28],该体系无需添加化学剂,可有效降低流度比。其纳米级气泡具有优异的分散性和稳定性,能够渗透至不同阻力孔隙空间,形成溶解气驱动,补充储层能量,并在纵向上自适应调整,高效驱替残余油。
目前,微纳米水气分散体系驱已在长庆油田五里湾长6油藏开展矿场试验,16个井组中82%的油井增产效果显著,该技术具有良好的提高采收率潜力。实际井产油量与数值模拟预测结果的符合率达90%,但传统数值模拟方法存在计算成本高、耗时长等问题,且需要考虑气泡尺寸、气液比、流体性质等多参数及复杂的气液相互作用,难以快速响应多工况下的动态预测需求。
为解决上述问题,该研究采用人工神经网络(ANN)算法构建产油量预测模型。尽管传统ANN模型在常规工业领域已有应用,但在微纳米水气分散体系驱方面的研究尚未形成完整体系[29-34]。ANN模型凭借其高效的计算能力和强大的非线性拟合特性[35],能够快速处理多参数输入,直观地反映多相流动行为和微观尺度效应,为微纳米水气分散体系驱的优化提供了高效工具。基于16个井组的动态生产数据,ANN模型通过学习驱油过程中的产油量变化趋势,可快速、准确地预测微纳米水气分散体系注入后的产油量变化。通过交叉验证和优化算法,该模型能够为油井实施后的产油量预测和效果评估提供可靠支持。
微纳米水气分散体系是1种由水和气体组成的混合体系。其中,水为连续相,气体则以微气泡的形式分散在水中(图1)。通过调节水与气的比例以及分散方式,可以有效调控渗流阻力,并向油藏提供额外能量,从而显著提升低渗透油藏的水驱采收率。
该方法提高采收率的机制主要体现在扩大波及体积和提高驱油效率两方面。水气分散体系中的微气泡作为分散相,相较于普通泡沫具有注入压力低、波及范围广的优势。与CO2气驱和传统水驱相比,该体系不易在大孔道中引发明显的气窜现象,也能避免形成优势通道。微气泡倾向于优先占据优势通道,形成“封堵”效应,迫使后续流体进入更细小孔隙,从而有效扩大波及体积。此外,微气泡与残余油通过持续接触和相互作用,在水段塞的推动下,将盲端中的残余油逐步拖曳出来。油-水-气三相的反复作用使拖曳效应不断重复,最终将盲端残余油完全驱出,显著提高了驱油效率。
模拟微纳米水气分散体系的驱油过程,其数学模型满足基本假设:油藏中存在三相(油、气、水)和四组分(轻质油、N2、H2O、微气泡),见式(1)。
∇⋅(ρgXjgKKrgμg⋅∇pg+ρLXjLKKrLμL⋅∇pL)-(qgpXjg+qLpXjL)+Yj=∂∂t(φρLSgXjL)
式中:ρg为气相密度,单位kg/m³;ρL为液相密度,单位kg/m³;Xjg为j组分在气相中的摩尔分数,j=1,2,3,…,nc,其中nc为组分总数;XjL为j组分在液相中的摩尔分数,j=1,2,…,nc;Yj为源汇相;K为渗透率,单位10-3 μm2;Krg为气相相对渗透率;KrL为液相相对渗透率;μg为气相黏度,单位mPa·s;μL为液相黏度,单位mPa·s;pg为气相压力,单位MPa;φ为孔隙度;pL为液相压力,单位MPa;qgp为气相产出量,单位mol/s;qLp为液相产出量,单位mol/s;Sg为气相饱和度,%;t为时间,单位d。
建立微纳米水气分散体系数值模拟模型,模型中的流体组分包括H2O、原油、N2和微气泡。
先导试验区选定长庆油田的五里湾长6油藏,共16个井组,其中油井64口,水井16口。油藏的原始地层压力为12.20 MPa,原油饱和压力达到7.64 MPa。截至2020年10月,准备实施微纳米水气分散体系驱油技术时,试验区累积产油量达到121.2×104 t,采出程度为20.68%,综合含水率为64.9%。利用数值模拟方法,对五里湾先导试验区的16个井组进行了微纳米水气分散体系驱模拟,注入水气比为3∶1,并将模拟结果与实际生产数据进行了对比分析。模拟结果表明:微纳米水气分散体系驱在注入后的第一年就取得了较好的驱油效果。从数值模拟预测的结果与实际产油量数据对比来看,符合率约为90%(图2)。
然而,微纳米水气分散体系驱油过程的数值模拟因多相流动、气液非连续介质特性(如离散气泡分布)而计算复杂且耗时。为提高效率,采用人工神经网络构建产油量预测模型,通过训练注入量、含水率等关键生产数据,快速预测动态产油量。
根据五里湾先导试验区16个井组的相关生产数据和储层参数。建立了1个高效的产油量预测模型。经过训练,该模型能够根据不同的操作条件快速预测微纳米水气分散体系驱的产油量变化,实现油田开发过程中的产油量预测与优化。
产油量预测模型采用微纳米水气分散体系驱先导试验区16个井组64口油井的数据,模型训练的输入数据包括孔隙度、渗透率、有效厚度、油井和水井的井间连通系数、单井水驱控制储量、含水率、油井对应水井的微纳米水气分散体系注入量、油井注入微纳米水气分散体系前12个月的平均月产油量。其中,孔隙度、渗透率、有效厚度为油井的静态地质参数,通过测井解释获得;油水井间连通系数为Spearman(斯皮尔曼)秩相关系数,采用油井和水井1 a内的产液量和注水量求取[36]。
选取一段时间内n组注水井的注入量Qwi,n组生产井的产液量Qli,形成2组评秩Xi、Yi(i为产油井编号,i=1,2,3,…,n),用di来衡量注水井注入量评秩和生产井产液量评秩之间偏离的程度,如式(2)所示。
2组评秩之间偏离的程度为:
di=Xi-Yi
式中:di为评秩偏离程度;Xi为注入量评秩;Yi为产液量评秩。
Spearman秩相关系数计算方法为:
rs=1-6∑i=1n di2n3-n
式中:rs为相关系数;n为注水井的数量。
水驱控制储量采用甲型、乙型、丙型、丁型水驱曲线法综合求取,对比分析水驱曲线在注入微纳米水气分散体系后产水量的变化特征。如图3所示,自2022年12月开始实行微纳米水气分散体系驱,并持续至2023年8月。经过这一阶段的注入操作,可观察到水驱曲线上产水量曲线的变化趋势。具体来说,产水量曲线呈现出逐渐减缓的趋势,意味着随着微纳米水气分散体系驱的注入,井组的产水量得到了控制并逐渐趋于稳定,井组的可采储量提高了19.23×104 t[37]。
含水率为注入前油井的含水率。注入前油井的产油量和微纳米水气分散体系的注入量均来自生产数据,这些参数全面反映了注入前储层和油井的动静态信息。输出参数为微纳米水气分散体系驱后12个月油井的产油量。模型的输入输出参数如表1所示。
考虑到各参数变量值差异较大,采用K-Means(K-均值聚类算法)对输入参数进行分析。该算法从包含孔隙度、渗透率、含水率、连通性系数、有效厚度及水驱储量的数据集中,随机选取k个质心作为初始聚类中心,将样本划分为k个簇。通过计算样本点与各簇中心的距离,将样本分配至最近的簇,并重新计算簇内样本均值作为新中心点。该过程迭代进行,直至达到指定迭代次数或簇中心点不再变化为止[38]。如图4所示,数据在特征空间中分布均匀,形成了明显的群集,92%的数据都分布在1个范围内,形成了明显的圆形边界,有5口井的数据远离聚类中心并位于边界外,为异常数据,不参与训练。
表2展示了聚类剔除无效样本对模型性能的影响。完整数据集包含64个样本,回归方差为0.892,均方误差为0.698,修正决定系数为0.792。剔除无效样本后,数据集减少至59个样本,回归方差提升至0.954,均方误差显著降低至0.116,修正决定系数提高至0.902。结果表明:剔除无效样本提升了模型的预测精度和拟合优度,聚类分析在优化数据集和改善模型性能方面是有效的。
在人工神经网络的训练过程中,输入变量越多会导致模型越难收敛[39]。明确各输入参数对微纳米水气分散体系驱效果的影响程度,采用皮尔逊分析法对输入参数与输出参数进行相关性分析,以确定各参数的权重。影响产油量的主要因素根据各参数的权重排序为:微纳米水气分散体系实施前油井的含水率(0.983 9)、产油量(0.890 0)、渗透率(0.601 5)、注入量(0.154 2)、水驱储量(0.147 7)、孔隙度(0.136 1)、有效厚度(0.094 2)。
常见的机器学习算法包括决策树、随机森林、支持向量机和人工神经网络。该研究利用这4种算法构建产油量预测模型,并通过综合比较各模型的评价指标,如表3中的数据是基于5折交叉验证计算的修正决定系数均值,人工神经网络建立的产油量预测模型具有较好的预测性能,因此最终确定应用人工神经网络算法构建产油量预测模型。
人工神经网络由输入层、隐藏层和输出层组成,以神经元为基本单元。其学习过程包括正向传播和反向传播。在正向传播阶段,输入数据从输入层进入,通过包含7个节点的输入层进入模型,分别对应油井产量、含水率、渗透率、注入量、水驱储量、孔隙度和有效厚度。输出层为1个节点,表示注入微纳米水气分散体系后12个月的产油量。神经元权重和偏置初始化为随机值。若输出层误差超过设定阈值,则进入反向传播阶段。反向传播算法通过计算损失函数对各层参数的梯度,利用梯度下降法更新参数,以最小化输出误差。
根据均方误差:
SMSE=1n∑i=1n(yi-y¯i)2
则输出层的误差为:
δMSE=(yi-y¯i)f'(zj)
通过梯度下降法更新输出层的权重wji和偏置bj:
wji=wji-η∂SMSE∂wji
bj=bj-η∂SMSE∂bj
式中:SMSE为均方误差;n为样本数,单位个;yi为第i个样本的真实值;y¯i为当前样本的预测值;∑i=1n为对所有样本的误差平方求和;δMSE为输出层的误差信号;f'(zj)为输出层激活函数f对加权输入zj的导数,其中,zj为输出层神经元的加权输入,zj=∑i=1nwjiai+bj,ai为前一层的输出;wji为连接前一层的第i个神经元与当前层第j个神经元的权重;η为学习率,控制参数更新的步长;bj为当前层第j个神经元的偏置项。
在反向传播中,误差信号沿着原路径返回,对各层神经元的权重进行调整优化。正向传播和反向传播交替进行,直至输出误差低于设定的最小值,最终得到模型输出结果。其网络结构如图5所示。
主要使用监督学习算法——人工神经网络(ANN)模型来预测油井的产油量,通过设置超参数的范围,然后利用优化器选择合适的超参数,对于人工神经网络,需要优化的超参数有训练算法隐含层层数、隐含层节点数、激活函数,超参数搜索范围及最终优化的超参数(表4)。
基于构建的数据集,采用7个参数作为人工神经网络模型的输入层,以注入微纳米水气分散体系驱后12个月的实际产油量作为输出层,建立多层前馈神经网络结构的产油量预测模型。将数据集划分为训练集(70%)和测试集(30%),并利用拟合优度(R²)、均方误差和修正决定系数(RA   2)等参数对模型进行综合评估(式8—式10)。
R2=1-∑i=1n(y¯i-yi)2∑i=1n(y¯τ-yi)2
SMSE=1n∑i=1n(yi-y¯i)2
RA   2=1-(1-R2)(n-1)n-kb-1
式中:y¯τ为样本数据真实值的平均值;kb为自变量数量。拟合优度、修正决定系数越接近1,说明模型对数据的拟合程度越好。
在训练过程中,使用train函数(模拟训练函数)对神经网络进行训练,通过最小化损失函数调整模型参数。随着迭代次数增加,均方误差逐渐减小,第38次迭代时达到最佳验证性能,SMSE为1.871 81。图6展示了训练集和测试集样本的预测值与实际值对比,训练集的预测值与实际值高度吻合,生产井的见效性与实际情况一致。然而,测试集的18个样本预测值与实际值存在一定差异,需要进一步提升模型在测试集上的预测精度。
为减小测试集的平均绝对误差,引入网格搜索和交叉验证算法,系统调整参数组合以选择最佳神经网络架构和参数(表5、表6)。调整后,测试集的误差显著降低,SMSE从1.871 81降至0.177 41。图7展示了调整前后测试集样本的对比结果,调整后的模型在测试集上的精度明显提高。
五里湾长6油藏的21个井组试验区即将在2024年底开展微纳米水气分散体系驱,从先导试验区16个井组的数值模拟预测结果与实际生产数据的对比结果来看,符合率为90%(图2)。因此,可以用扩展试验区21井组的微分散体系驱数值模拟结果对提出的ANN模型进行验证。
采用建立的ANN模型对实施微纳米水气分散体系驱后油井1 a的产油量进行预测,并与数值模拟结果对比。试验区共有80口油井,截至2023年12月,累积产油量263.57×10⁴ t,含水率64.2%,采出程度22.78%。将各油井的孔隙度、渗透率、有效厚度、单井水驱控制储量、含水率、微纳米水气分散体系注入量及注入前12个月的产油量输入ANN模型,得到12个月的产油量预测结果。与数值模拟计算的对比(图8),12个月的累积产油量,二者计算结果基本一致。图9展示了任意选取的2口油井的预测结果,表明微纳米水气分散体系驱有效提高了产油量。试验区21个井组的80口油井中,ANN模型预测见效井59口(74%),数值模拟预测见效井62口(77%)。二者预测的见效井符合率为95%,未见效井基本重合,表明ANN模型与数值模拟结果具有较高一致性,整体差异较小。
与数值模拟不同,该次ANN模型基于先导试验区16个井组64口油井的储层物性参数和生产数据,通过ANN算法训练建立。相比数值模拟,该方法在产油量预测方面更具优势:不依赖精确的地质模型,避免了复杂的地质建模过程,同时无需大量计算,显著节省了时间。ANN模型仅需输入数据即可运行,对比数值模拟方法,运算时间从15~20 min缩短至1 min以内,无需额外调整参数,计算过程简单且高效。
通过对先导试验区微纳米水气分散体系驱油效果的分析,采用人工神经网络(ANN)算法建立了产油量预测模型,主要结论如下:
1) 利用K-Means聚类分析了影响微纳米水气分散体系驱效果的关键因素,按重要性排序为:含水率>储层渗透率>油井产量>水驱控制储量>有效厚度>注入量>孔隙度>井间连通系数。
2) 基于先导试验区59口油井的数据,建立了包含7个输入参数(孔隙度、渗透率、有效厚度、水驱储量、含水率、注入MNWDS前12个月产油量、注入MNWDS后12个月产油量)和1个输出参数(预测注入MNWDS后12个月产油量)的ANN产油量预测模型。
3) 试验区21个井组的产油量预测结果表明:该次的ANN产油量模型与数值模拟预测结果的符合率为95%,证明了该模型具有较高的准确性。
受限于目前微纳米水气分散体系驱的实施范围,该研究所构建的ANN产油量预测模型训练样本数量仅为64个。随着试验区的不断扩大,更多井组数据将被纳入训练样本,进一步提升模型的预测精度与泛化能力,增强其实用性。此外,由于模型训练的样本数据来自于五里湾长6油藏,未来研究中可引入更多不同类型的井组数据作为训练样本,不断优化网络结构和特征选择方法,提升模型在不同地质条件下的适应性。

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2026年第16卷第2期
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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024601
  • 接收时间:2025-04-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-03-26
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-21
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    1 西南石油大学石油与天然气工程学院,四川   成都 610500
    2 陕西省二氧化碳封存与提高采收率重点实验室,陕西   西安 710065
    3 中国石油勘探开发研究院,北京 100083
    4 中国石油长庆油田分公司油气工艺研究院,陕西   西安 710018
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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