Article(id=1322957376369861004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322957283147252214, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024389, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739203200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793347217886, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1774454400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793347217886, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793347217886, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793347217886, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322957283147252214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='2', pageStart='225', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774454400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793347195659, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793348987089, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322964796999611071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322957283147252214, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322964796999611072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322957283147252214, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=443, endPage=450, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322957376575381901, articleId=1322957376369861004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Research on key fracturing technology for deep shale oil in Gaoyou Sag, Subei Basin, columnId=1322941621217657699, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Engineering Techniques, runingTitle=null, highlight=

The Huazhuang area in the Gaoyou Sag of the Subei Basin is a key block for shale oil exploration in the Jiangsu Oilfield. The shale in the Huazhuang Ⅱ block is buried at depths exceeding 4 000 m, accounting for 42% of the total shale oil resources in the Huazhuang area. Therefore, achieving efficient development of this block is of great significance to the Jiangsu Oilfield. However, with increasing burial depth, shale oil fracturing faces challenges such as high operational pressure and difficulty in sand addition. To address these issues, the research team conducted hydraulic fracturing physical simulation experiments with the goals of increasing fracture complexity, expanding supported fracture area, and improving fracture conductivity. The influence of different injection rates and fracturing fluid viscosity on fracture morphology was analyzed, and numerical simulations were used to optimize multi-stage cluster design, ball-throwing temporary plugging techniques, and proppant combinations. The results showed that injecting medium- to high- viscosity fracturing fluid at high displacement improved fracture penetration capability but reduced the number and area of opened bedding planes. Using low-viscosity fracturing fluid with conventional displacement injection facilitated the connection and formation of bedding fractures. A single-stage design with fewer clusters was beneficial to improve the energy of each cluster, promoting more balanced fluid and sand injection among fractures. Simulation results showed that having 5-6 clusters per stage could achieve balanced fracture propagation and proppant support. At the same time, simulations were conducted to examine the impact of temporary plugging balls under different injection rates, quantities, and diameters. The optimized parameters for the temporary plugging of ball throwing were determined as follows: injection rate of 12-14 m³/min, ball diameter of 15 mm, and ball quantity of 50%-60% of the number of perforation holes. Combined with simulations of complex fracture proppant transport and placement, the optimal proppant combination and pumping parameters were determined to improve the transformation effect. This technology was successfully implemented in well HY7, yielding a peak daily oil production of 52.3 t and a single well estimated ultimate recovery of 4.6×104 t. The results represent a major breakthrough in deep shale oil exploration in the Huazhuang Ⅱ block of the Jiangsu Oilfield and provide important reference for the development of similar shale oil reservoirs.

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苏北盆地高邮凹陷花庄地区是江苏油田页岩油勘探的重点区块。其中,花庄Ⅱ区块页岩埋深超4 000 m,其资源量占花庄地区页岩油总资源量的42%,实现该区块高效开发对江苏油田的页岩油勘探开发工作具有重大战略意义。然而,随着埋深增加,该区块页岩油压裂面临施工压力高、加砂难度大等挑战。针对上述问题,研究团队以提高复杂度、扩大支撑面积和提升导流能力等思路为目标,开展了水力压裂物理模拟实验,分析不同排量和压裂液黏度对裂缝形态的影响规律,并采用数值模拟方法对分段分簇设计、投球暂堵工艺、支撑剂组合等进行优化。研究表明:采用中高黏度压裂液高排量注入,可提高裂缝穿层能力,但会导致开启的层理数量减少,且裂缝扩展面积相对较小;而采用低黏度压裂液和常规排量注入,更易于沟通开启层理缝。在分段分簇设计方面,单段少簇布缝有利于集中造缝能量,促进各簇裂缝均衡进液、进砂。模拟结果显示:单段设置5~6簇时,能满足裂缝均衡扩展和裂缝支撑效果,同时开展不同送球排量、暂堵球数量和直径下暂堵球对炮眼暂堵影响模拟研究,并对投球暂堵工艺参数进行优化,送球排量在12~14 m³/min之间、暂堵球直径为15 mm、暂堵球数量为孔眼数的50%~60%。结合复杂裂缝支撑剂运移铺置模拟,通过模拟确定最佳支撑剂组合及泵注参数,提高改造效果。该工艺在HY7井成功实施,峰值日产油量达到52.3 t,单井最终可采储量为4.6×104 t,为江苏油田花庄Ⅱ区块深层页岩勘探带来重大突破,对同类型页岩油开发具有重要的借鉴意义。

, articleAbstract=null, authors=黄晓凯, 黄越, 金智荣, 何雷宇, authorsList=黄晓凯, 黄越, 金智荣, 何雷宇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=黄越, authorNote=

黄晓凯(1987—),硕士,副研究员,主要从事油田储层改造技术研究。地址:江苏省扬州市邗江区文汇西路1号,邮政编码:225009。E-mail:

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黄越(1990—),硕士,副研究员,主要从事油田储层改造技术研究。地址:江苏省扬州市邗江区文汇西路1号,邮政编码:225009。E-mail:
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黄晓凯(1987—),硕士,副研究员,主要从事油田储层改造技术研究。地址:江苏省扬州市邗江区文汇西路1号,邮政编码:225009。E-mail:

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黄晓凯(1987—),硕士,副研究员,主要从事油田储层改造技术研究。地址:江苏省扬州市邗江区文汇西路1号,邮政编码:225009。E-mail:

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苏北盆地高邮凹陷深层页岩油压裂关键技术研究
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黄晓凯 , 黄越 , 金智荣 , 何雷宇
油气藏评价与开发 | 工程工艺 2026,16(2): 443-450
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油气藏评价与开发 |工程工艺 2026 , 16 (2) : 443 -450
苏北盆地高邮凹陷深层页岩油压裂关键技术研究
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黄晓凯(1987—),硕士,副研究员,主要从事油田储层改造技术研究。地址:江苏省扬州市邗江区文汇西路1号,邮政编码:225009。E-mail:

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黄晓凯(1987—),硕士,副研究员,主要从事油田储层改造技术研究。地址:江苏省扬州市邗江区文汇西路1号,邮政编码:225009。E-mail:

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黄晓凯 , 黄越, 金智荣, 何雷宇
作者信息
  • 中国石化江苏油田分公司石油工程技术研究院,江苏   扬州   255009
通讯作者:
黄越(1990—),硕士,副研究员,主要从事油田储层改造技术研究。地址:江苏省扬州市邗江区文汇西路1号,邮政编码:225009。E-mail:
作者简介:

黄晓凯(1987—),硕士,副研究员,主要从事油田储层改造技术研究。地址:江苏省扬州市邗江区文汇西路1号,邮政编码:225009。E-mail:

Research on key fracturing technology for deep shale oil in Gaoyou Sag, Subei Basin
XIAOKAI HUANG , YUE HUANG, ZHIRONG JIN, LEIYU HE
Affiliations
  • Petroleum Engineering Technology Research Institute, Sinopec Jiangsu Oilfield Company, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
出版时间: 2026-03-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024389
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苏北盆地  /  深层页岩油  /  密切割布缝  /  投球暂堵  /  组合粒径
Subei Basin  /  deep shale oil  /  ultra-dense fracturing  /  ball-throwing temporary plugging  /  composite particle size
黄晓凯, 黄越, 金智荣, 何雷宇. 苏北盆地高邮凹陷深层页岩油压裂关键技术研究. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (2) : 443 -450 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024389
XIAOKAI HUANG, YUE HUANG, ZHIRONG JIN, LEIYU HE. Research on key fracturing technology for deep shale oil in Gaoyou Sag, Subei Basin[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (2) : 443 -450 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024389
苏北盆地高邮凹陷古近系阜宁组二段(简称阜二段)整体为一套富含有机质半深湖—深湖相暗色泥页岩,资源量为5.9×108 t,是江苏油田页岩油勘探的主要层系。2021年以来,江苏油田在花庄区块Ⅰ区先后部署了HY1、HY2等多口页岩油井,试获高产工业油流,实现深层(埋深介于3 500~4 000 m)页岩油勘探突破[1-3]。目前,正在向埋深4 000 m以深的花庄Ⅱ区块拓展,与国内外其他主要页岩油盆地相比,阜二段页岩在沉积环境、储层条件、应力分布等方面存在巨大差异[4]。
北美地区的页岩储层埋深普遍低于3 800 m,以海相沉积为主,具有储层连续性好,总有机碳(TOC)含量高、成熟度高、压力系数高、气油比高、脆性大、黏土含量低和原油黏度低等特征,且拥有良好的油藏品质和压裂品质。在储层改造技术上,单井压裂段数和射孔簇数不断增加,射孔簇间距控制在10 m以内,加砂强度介于4~5 t/m[5]。济阳坳陷的岩相多样、断裂复杂,富含碳酸盐岩。经过多轮次迭代提升,最终形成了以“多簇密切割+组合粒径全尺度支撑+多井协同平推施工+全电驱设备”为核心的高效压裂技术体系。其中,单段最大SRV(储层改造体积)为70×104 m3,单井最终可采储量(EUR)最高为6×104 t[6-10],针对形成复杂缝难、产量低等问题,创新性采用CO₂混相扩缝增能压裂技术,在FYP1井CO2注入量达到5 708 t,井底压力从47.6 MPa升至60.2 MPa,有效提高了裂缝复杂程度,压后峰值日产油达170 t;FY1-1HF井更创下了262.8 t日产记录[11]。准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷风城组储层具有“甜点”薄且分散、大尺度裂缝欠发育、闭合应力高等特征。针对该储层特点,形成全充填体积压裂技术和深层安全加砂技术。在玛页1H井应用中,采用3 mm油嘴条件下实现32~38 t的稳定日产油量[12]。江汉油田针对超过4 000 m储层开展分段分簇设计、射孔参数、施工参数等方面的综合降压优化技术研究,初步形成了耐高温高压的压裂液体系和低破碎率高导流能力的支撑剂体系,压裂配套设备向“105 MPa装备、控制排量、降低射孔数”的压裂工艺转换[13]。
苏北盆地高邮凹陷阜宁组二段(简称阜二段)页岩沉积后,盆地经历了多期构造运动,将阜二段页岩切割、错断,形成了不同规模、不同性质的若干独立断裂系统,不同级别断层相互切割,具有断块宽度窄、面积小和现今应力场复杂的特征,相比于其他页岩油盆地,阜二段页岩同时具备埋藏深度大、纹层发育明显、裂缝发育程度高、地应力高、水平两向应力差大(12~14 MPa)等特征,在一定程度上限制了水平井布井方位。现有的“连续稳定性”页岩油压裂技术参考借鉴作用有限,亟须开展相关页岩油储层压裂关键技术研究,为相关页岩油储层压裂开采提供理论指导[14-22]。
针对高邮凹陷花庄深层页岩油储层特征,采用物理模拟与数值模拟相结合的方法,开展可压性评价、裂缝延伸扩展、支撑剂铺置与暂堵转向等研究。探索、优化出一套适合断块型深层页岩油压裂技术,经现场实验效果良好,为花庄阜二段深层页岩油突破提供了技术支撑。
苏北盆地高邮凹陷花庄Ⅱ区块阜二段页岩,目的层在4 000~4 500 m之间,厚度达到230~300 m,主要发育长英质-泥质混积页岩和长英质-灰云质混积页岩,脆性矿物的平均质量分数超过了70%。其中,长英质质量分数介于40%~45%,碳酸盐矿物质量分数介于28%~34%,黏土矿物质量分数介于19%~23%,具有良好的可压性特征。烃源岩指标显示:镜质组反射率(Ro)介于0.9%~1.0%,ω(TOC)含量介于0.57%~2.87%,游离烃含量(S1)介于1~4 mg/g,具有较好的生油性和含油性。纹层总体较发育,主要发育砂质纹层、灰质-云质纹层和泥质纹层。其中,灰质-云质纹层中微裂缝和砂质纹层中长英质粒间孔较为发育,是花庄Ⅱ区块阜二段重要的储集空间类型[23-27]。
从力学性质看,研究区储层表现出典型的“四高”特征:高地应力、高应力差、高杨氏模量和高抗拉强度。岩心实测Ⅳ亚段最大水平主应力介于88.9~91.8 MPa,最小水平主应力介于76.8~77.6 MPa,垂向地应力介于97.5~98.0 MPa,水平两向应力差介于12.1~14.2 MPa。力学参数方面,杨氏模量介于32~42 GPa,泊松比介于0.19~0.24,抗拉强度介于14~29 MPa。纵向不同层段岩相组合特征差异大、层理纹层非均质性强、纵向应力差异大,隔层应力差达5~10 MPa。
高邮凹陷花庄阜二段页岩油埋藏深、纵向非均质性强、天然裂缝发育等特点导致压裂施工面临以下核心难点:
1)有利页岩层段埋藏深、纵向非均质性强,纵向存在多个高应力薄隔夹层,隔层应力差达5~10 MPa,水平两向应力差介于12.1~14.2 MPa,造成压裂裂缝起裂延伸难、裂缝纵向穿层与转向难度大、缝网复杂度受限、缝网覆盖率降低。同时,纵向岩性、应力非均质性强导致缝宽剖面变化快,支撑剂纵向输送难度大。
2)不同级别断层相互切割、围限,极大限制水平井布井方位,水平井普遍存在同一断块内或跨断层穿行现象。受地应力复杂条件、断裂体系发育、穿行层位差异影响,多簇压裂裂缝非均匀起裂、扩展程度大幅提升,严重影响压裂改造效果和作业效率。
3)纹层和天然裂缝发育造成压裂液大量滤失,造缝效率低,压裂缝长变短、缝宽变窄;同时,压裂液滤失造成液体的携砂能力降低,支撑剂易发生沉降并在近井裂缝的底部堆积甚至造成砂堵,裂缝长度和高度方向的支撑效果变差。
针对高邮凹陷深层页岩油储层特点,开展不同工程参数的物理模拟实验和数值模拟,优化形成了断块型深层页岩油变黏度、变排量造缝,多段少簇密切割布缝,投球暂堵转向压裂,组合粒径全尺度支撑等压裂关键技术。
基于储层岩石和应力环境特征,利用不同强度水泥和石英砂混合建立不同强度岩层交互的人工物理模拟岩样,岩性尺寸为300 mm×300 mm×300 mm,共设置5个小层,从上到下各小层强度组合为高-中-低-中-高。实测力学参数显示:高强度层抗压强度为50.5 MPa、杨氏模量为18.7 GPa;中强度层分别为36.2 MPa和13.7 GPa;低强度层为21.6 MPa和5.9 GPa。为模拟实际储层层间胶结特征,创新性地采用3种界面处理方式:无纸界面代表强胶结、宣纸界面模拟中等胶结、普通A4纸界面表征弱胶结。该物理模型较好地再现了深层页岩储层的力学非均质性和层间接触特征。
开展不同压裂液注入排量和黏度下真三轴水力压裂物理模拟:压裂液注入排量介于(30~60)×10-6 m³/min;液体黏度在[6,9)mPa·s为低黏度,[9,18) mPa·s为中黏度,[18,30]mPa·s为高黏度。垂向地应力、水平最大主应力、水平最小主应力分别为43、36、24 MPa。界面均为弱胶结。借助高精度三维光学扫描系统(OKIO-3M-100)对复杂裂缝形态进行扫描和重构,将裂缝面进行分片扫描后拼接,形成三维数字裂缝。不同压裂液黏度和注入排量下裂缝形态如图1所示,实验结果表明:使用低黏度压裂液和常规排量注入,水力主裂缝易于沟通开启层理缝,形成多尺度水力裂缝形态,层理缝开启范围较大;使用高黏度压裂液且大排量注入下,裂缝穿层能力提高,主裂缝能穿越更多的层理,形成较大的裂缝纵向扩展面积,但开启的层理数量减少,且激活的层理缝的面积也较小。
开展不同界面胶结强度下裂缝扩展模拟,实验条件:压裂液注入排量为30×10-6 m³/min,液体黏度为6 mPa·s,垂向地应力、水平最大主应力、水平最小主应力分别为43、36、24 MPa。裂缝形态如图2所示,在界面弱胶结情况下,水力主裂缝易于激活层理裂缝,层理缝将形成较大的扩展范围,水力主裂缝的纵深扩展能力也会受到削弱。在界面强胶结情况下,层理结构不易被水力主裂缝打开,水力主裂缝将形成较充分的纵深扩展范围。
在现场压裂设计、施工中,需要合理评估储层的层理密度、层间基质强度差异和层理界面胶结强度等情况,适时调整压裂液黏度和注入排量,即动态变黏度和变排量施工工艺,使储层改造体积最大化[28]。结合花庄区块天然裂缝发育、地应力高等特点:施工前期阶梯慢提排量造主缝,减小近井筒裂缝复杂性,促主缝延伸;中后期保持较高排量,提升净压力,开启层理缝,促进裂缝复杂。采用变黏度压裂液体系,既可以保证足够裂缝穿透距离,又能充分激活层理,在前置造缝的压裂液选用中—高黏度(15~20 mPa·s)可突破较薄的隔层,中期采用低黏度(6 mPa·s)压裂液更易进入层理、微裂缝扩展并充分开启,提升复杂度,后期采用中黏度压裂液(12~15 mPa·s)有利于高砂比携砂提升主缝导流能力。
针对花庄Ⅱ区块页岩油埋藏深、地应力高、应力差高造成的裂缝起裂延伸难、形成复杂缝难的问题,以纵向水力裂缝沟通和开启纹层层理、提高裂缝面积为目标,优化布缝设计。在花庄Ⅱ区块地质模型基础上,基于边界元方法,开展不同射孔簇数和簇间距下裂缝扩展-支撑剂运移一体化模拟研究。模拟参数:杨氏模量为32 GPa、泊松比为0.20、断裂韧性为0.8 mPa·s0.5,压裂段长度为60 m,压裂液用量为3 000 m3,射孔簇数量分别为4、6、8簇,压裂液注入排量为16 m3/min,压裂液的黏度为6 mPa·s,支撑剂体积分数为3%。模拟结果表明:在相同排量下,随着射孔簇数增加,缝高、缝宽和缝长均呈下降趋势,各簇水力裂缝非均匀扩展程度增强,同时水力裂缝穿层难度增加、纵向改造效果变差(图3)。同时,射孔簇数增多,支撑裂缝面积提高,但支撑裂缝缝长降低、支撑剂分流非均质性增强。射孔簇数从4簇增至6簇后,支撑裂缝半缝长由123 m降至106 m,但支撑裂缝面积提高了23%;当增加至8簇后,支撑裂缝半缝长降低至56 m,中间簇裂缝甚至产生砂堵,外侧裂缝以进砂为主,与6簇相比支撑裂缝面积降低了29%(图4)。针对深层页岩油,应采用相对较少的射孔簇数,可保证集中进液,在排量一定的条件下提高缝内净压力,促进各簇裂缝均衡进液、进砂,综合考虑裂缝均衡扩展与裂缝支撑效果,优化单段射孔簇数为6簇,通过多段少簇密切割布缝提高单簇造缝能量和支撑面积,达到提高改造效果的目的。
考虑多簇压裂裂缝延伸不均的现象,通过暂堵球对优势扩展簇的孔眼进行封堵,促使各簇裂缝均衡扩展。基于计算流体力学数值方法(CFD)与离散元方法(DEM),建立了暂堵球井筒运移CFD-DEM耦合数值模型,系统研究了送球排量、暂堵球数量、暂堵球直径等对炮眼暂堵的影响。井筒及射孔参数设置:井筒内径114 mm,总孔数42孔,射孔孔径9.5 mm,压裂液以6 mPa·s的低黏度滑溜水为主,暂堵球密度为1.2 g/cm3。如图5所示,送球排量从8 m3/min增加至16 m3/min,封堵效率从18%上升至44%;送球排量进一步增加到20 m3/min,封堵效率几乎不再增加。封堵效率随球数量增加而提升,但增速逐渐趋缓;同理,暂堵球直径从11 mm增加到15 mm,封堵效率急剧增加;随着球直径进一步增加至18 mm,封堵效率缓慢上升。综上所述:推荐送球排量在12~14 m³/min之间、暂堵球直径15 mm、暂堵球数量为孔眼数的50%~60%。
1)水力裂缝长效支撑
前期压裂实践表明花庄区块储层闭合压力大,缝宽窄,微裂缝和层理缝内支撑剂难以进入和有效支撑,使得导流能力难以保持。花庄区块目前主要采用耐压35 MPa的石英砂(100/200目+70/140目+40/70目)+耐压86 MPa陶粒(40/70目)组合。因此,通过室内导流实验评价了目标区块不同闭合应力、粒径及组合条件下的导流能力变化规律,图6展示了实验测试结果。可以看出,随着闭合应力的增加,导流能力显著降低,在69 MPa的高闭合应力下,不同组合的导流能力普遍低于10 μm2·cm。其中,耐压35 MPa的石英砂(100/200目5%+70/140目40%+40/70目50%)+耐压86 MPa陶粒(40/70目5%)组合,在高闭合应力下导流能力高于10 μm2·cm,可满足页岩油长期生产需求。
2)多分支裂缝全支撑
基于欧拉-拉格朗日多相流理论和RNG(重整化群理论)湍流方程,建立了复杂裂缝支撑剂运移铺置CFD-DEM耦合数学模型。模拟参数设置:预设裂缝长度50 cm,裂缝高度6 cm,缝宽为5 mm,分支缝选择在主裂缝长度的2/3进行扩展,分支缝宽度为3 mm,分支缝与主缝夹角从左至右分别为45°、30°、90°,裂缝模型见图7。通过ICEM软件采用结构化网格进行划分,模拟参数设置:组合粒径石英砂(100/200目5%+70/140目40%+40/70目55%),支撑剂体积浓度为7%,单簇施工排量介于3~5 m3/min,压裂液黏度介于6~12 mPa·s,模拟时依次注入100/200目石英砂、70/140目石英砂和40/70目石英砂。
在实验优化的支撑剂组合基础上,考虑主裂缝与不同角度分支裂缝影响,分析了复杂缝支撑剂运移铺置形态及单簇施工排量、压裂液黏度对支撑剂运移和导流的影响规律,图8为不同排量、不同黏度下各级裂缝铺砂质量浓度,在相同施工排量下,压裂液黏度对主缝及30°分支缝中支撑剂运移特征影响较小,对45°和90°的分支缝影响较大,当单簇施工排量为3 m³/min时,压裂液黏度由6 mPa·s提至12 mPa·s,45°和90°分支缝中铺砂质量浓度分别提高0.4 kg/m2和0.8 kg/m2。在相同黏度下,提高单簇施工排量对主缝、30°分支缝和45°分支缝支撑剂铺砂质量浓度影响不明显,对90°分支缝中铺砂质量浓度影响较大,当黏度为12 mPa·s时,单簇施工排量从3 m3/min提高至4 m3/min和5 m3/min时,90°分支缝的铺砂质量浓度分别提升1.9倍和2.3倍。
因此,综合考虑提高分支缝的导流能力和施工的经济性,单簇施工排量宜保持在4 m3/min左右,压裂液黏度宜在12 mPa·s左右。
HY7井为花庄Ⅱ区块的一口探井,主要目的层阜二段Ⅳ-2小层和Ⅳ-3小层,储层埋深4 144~4 278 m,水平段长度为1 795 m。该井采用“变黏度变排量造缝、多段少簇密切割布缝、投球暂堵转向压裂、组合粒径全尺度支撑”为理念,结合模拟结果,针对不同穿行小层采用差异化设计:穿行Ⅳ-2小层水平段,单段6~7簇,初期的压裂液黏度介于6~9 mPa·s,但到了中后期,黏度增加到了12~15 mPa·s;穿行Ⅳ-3小层水平段,单段5~6簇,初期压裂液以15~20 mPa·s中高黏度滑溜水为主,中期则是以6~9 mPa·s的中低黏度滑溜水,后期大粒径阶段提升黏度至12~15 mPa·s。共设计32段197簇,单段5~7簇,簇间距介于5~8 m,施工排量介于18~20 m³/min,套管注入。施工实际注入液量为15.1×104 m³、总砂量为5 081.6 m³,平均单段砂量为158.8 m³,加砂强度为4.25 t/m,未出现施工复杂现象,成功率100%。
在第5~32段采用投球暂堵,单段孔数为42孔,设计暂堵球直径为15 mm,暂堵球数量为24颗,送球排量为12 m³/min,投球后压力提升至6~15 MPa。微地震的影响范围在水平段相对均匀,波及的长度范围介于160~634 m,平均的长度达到了391 m;高度范围介于42~87 m,平均高度达到66 m;单段改造体积均值为160×104 m3;G函数的曲线总体上呈现出上升的趋势,并且存在明显的波动,其中90%的压裂段具有复杂的裂缝特性。示踪剂监测结果表明各压裂段均有产油贡献,压后测试产油量为52.3 t,产气量为1.1×104 m³,压力为36.9 MPa,预测EUR为4.6×104 t,实现了花庄Ⅱ区块深层页岩油勘探突破。
1) 花庄断块型深层页岩油地质条件复杂,高地应力、高应力差、高杨氏模量、高抗拉强度,纵向非均质性强,断裂发育,压裂施工面临施工压力高、加砂窗口窄、裂缝延伸难度大等问题,改造体积和复杂度受限,影响改造效果。
2) 花庄区块页岩压裂过程中:中高黏度压裂液高排量注入,可提高裂缝穿层能力,裂缝纵向扩展面积大,但开启的层理数量减少面积小;低黏度压裂液和常规排量注入,水力主裂缝易于沟通开启层理缝。施工过程动态变黏度和变排量施工,在提高纵向穿层能力的同时,尽量开启多的层理缝,提高改造体积。
3) 多段少簇密切割布缝,变黏度、变排量强化扩缝可促进深层页岩裂缝起裂延伸,实现较大改造体积;采用多粒径组合支撑剂同时优化可提高分支缝支撑效果,提高导流能力。
4) 通过复合暂堵转向压裂可进一步提高裂缝复杂度,提高改造效果。送球排量在12~14 m³/min之间、暂堵球直径为15 mm、暂堵球数量为孔眼数的50%~60%时,现场起压介于6~15 MPa,暂堵效果较好。

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2026年第16卷第2期
9
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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024389
  • 接收时间:2025-02-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-03-26
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-11
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    中国石化江苏油田分公司石油工程技术研究院,江苏   扬州   255009

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黄越(1990—),硕士,副研究员,主要从事油田储层改造技术研究。地址:江苏省扬州市邗江区文汇西路1号,邮政编码:225009。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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