Article(id=1322957367905760083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322957283147252214, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025278, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762790400000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793347215867, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1774454400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793347215867, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793347215867, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793347215867, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322957283147252214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='2', pageStart='225', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774454400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793347195659, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793348987089, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322964796999611071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322957283147252214, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322964796999611072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322957283147252214, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=374, endPage=382, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322957368165806932, articleId=1322957367905760083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Productivity calculation and influencing factors of staged fracturing in high-inclination pseudo-horizontal wells, columnId=1322941693024141328, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Oil and Gas Development, runingTitle=null, highlight=

In the development of horizontal wells in low-permeability reservoirs with complex structures, when the formation dip angle is large and the direction of the maximum principal stress is perpendicular to the formation dip, the horizontal well trajectory tends to become a high-inclination pseudo-horizontal well due to structural constraints. At this point, the regulatory effects of formation dip angle on well productivity can no longer be neglected. To achieve rapid and accurate prediction of post-fracturing productivity for such wells, this study established a productivity prediction model for staged fracturing in high-inclination pseudo-horizontal wells based on the equivalent virtual wellbore radius theory, incorporating the effect of formation dip angle. By comparing with numerical simulation results, the reliability of the model was verified, and the influencing factors of the productivity of staged fracturing in high-inclination pseudo-horizontal wells were analyzed. The results showed that the longer the horizontal section, the higher the productivity of the high-inclination pseudo-horizontal well. Formation thickness and dip angle significantly influenced well productivity. As formation thickness increased, both the productivity and its growth rate gradually increased. As the formation dip angle increased, well productivity decreased, and the rate of decline gradually accelerated. Both fracture half-length and the number of fractures significantly affected productivity. Oil well productivity increased with the increase of these parameters, but the rate of increase showed a slowing trend, indicating an optimal value range. The smaller the formation anisotropy, the higher the productivity of the high-inclination pseudo-horizontal well. Moreover, the increase rate of productivity grew as the anisotropy coefficient decreased. Through field application in a high-inclination well in the Subei oilfield, it was verified that the calculation results of the productivity model for staged fracturing in high-inclination pseudo-horizontal well established in this study were close to the actual productivity of well CD101X, with a relative error of less than 5%, meeting the accuracy requirements for field applications. This model is applicable to reservoir conditions with formation dip angles of 10°~40°. It can provide a basis for formulating a reasonable production system for low-permeability reservoirs with complex structures. Moreover, the model features a concise form, high computational efficiency, and strong practicality, making it easy for field promotion and application.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=YONGWANG ZHENG, WEI WANG, JIANHUA REN, ZHENYU NI, BI LU, CHUNFENG HU, authorsList=YONGWANG ZHENG, WEI WANG, JIANHUA REN, ZHENYU NI, BI LU, CHUNFENG HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=WEI WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322957372641129325, articleId=1322957367905760083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=大斜度拟水平井分段压裂产能计算及影响因素研究, columnId=1322941693259022355, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=油气开发, runingTitle=null, highlight=

在低渗透复杂构造油藏水平井开发中,当地层倾角较大且最大主应力方向与地层倾向垂直时,受构造约束的水平井轨迹易演变为大斜度井拟水平井。此时,地层倾角对油井产能的调控作用已不可忽略。因此,为实现此类井压裂后产能的快速精准预测,本文基于等效虚拟井径理论,融合地层倾角效应,建立了大斜度拟水平井分段压裂产能预测模型。通过与数值模拟结果对比,验证了模型的可靠性,并对大斜度拟水平井分段压裂产能影响因素进行了分析。研究结果表明:水平段越长,大斜度拟水平井产能越高;地层厚度与倾角对油井产能影响显著,随着地层厚度的增加,油井产能及其增幅均逐渐增大;而随着地层倾角的增大,油井产能降低,且降幅逐渐加大;裂缝半长和裂缝条数均对产能存在显著影响,油井产能随着参数的增大而提高,但增幅呈减缓趋势,存在最优取值范围;地层各向异性越小,大斜度拟水平井产能越高,且产能增幅随各向异性系数减小而增大。通过苏北某油田大斜度井现场实际应用,验证了本文所建立的大斜度拟水平井分段压裂产能模型计算结果与油井实际产能相近,相对误差小于5%,满足现场精度要求。该模型适用于地层倾角10°~40°的油藏条件,能为低渗透复杂构造油藏合理生产制度的制定提供依据,且模型形式简洁,计算效率高,实用性强,便于现场推广应用。

, articleAbstract=null, authors=郑永旺, 王伟, 任建华, 倪振玉, 卢比, 胡春锋, authorsList=郑永旺, 王伟, 任建华, 倪振玉, 卢比, 胡春锋, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王伟, authorNote=

郑永旺(1984—),男,高级工程师,主要从事非常规油气勘探开发方面的研究与管理工作。地址:江苏省南京市建邺区江东中路375号金融城9号楼,邮政编码:210019。E‑mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王伟(1984—),男,副研究员,主要从事非常规油气开发方面的研究工作。地址:江苏省南京市建邺区江东中路375号金融城9号楼,邮政编码:210019。E‑mail:
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郑永旺(1984—),男,高级工程师,主要从事非常规油气勘探开发方面的研究与管理工作。地址:江苏省南京市建邺区江东中路375号金融城9号楼,邮政编码:210019。E‑mail:

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郑永旺(1984—),男,高级工程师,主要从事非常规油气勘探开发方面的研究与管理工作。地址:江苏省南京市建邺区江东中路375号金融城9号楼,邮政编码:210019。E‑mail:

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Drilling & Production Technology, 2024, 47(6): 37-43., articleTitle=Research and application of enhancing net-pressure fracturing technology for tight oil reservoirs in Changqing Oilfield, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322957372855038830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957367905760083, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322957372859233135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957367905760083, companyId=1322957372855038830, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Research Institute of Exploration and Development, Sinopec East China Oil & Gas Company, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210019, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322957372867621744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957367905760083, companyId=1322957372855038830, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国石化华东油气分公司勘探开发研究院,江苏   南京 210019)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322957376906736537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957367905760083, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=3D diagram of physical model of a high-inclination pseudo-horizontal well, figureFileSmall=rBxz8ZwXrrBZImO0D4VKKA==, figureFileBig=EljHgJqxGOw7VrH7P0P29Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957376986428314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957367905760083, language=CN, label=图1, caption=大斜度拟水平井物理模型3D图

注:θ为地层倾角,单位(°)。

, figureFileSmall=rBxz8ZwXrrBZImO0D4VKKA==, figureFileBig=EljHgJqxGOw7VrH7P0P29Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957377191949211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957367905760083, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Simplified model of seepage zone for staged fracturing in a high-inclination pseudo-horizontal well, figureFileSmall=VzsEErcExQ2A8iKp0Cm/Tw==, figureFileBig=Nqa5jUb7YQ0WE6vuldnESA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957377296806812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957367905760083, language=CN, label=图2, caption=大斜度拟水平井分段压裂渗流区域简化模型

注:re为供给半径,单位m; rb为虚拟水平井半径,单位m;L1为水平井长度,单位m ;L2为裂缝半长,单位m。

, figureFileSmall=VzsEErcExQ2A8iKp0Cm/Tw==, figureFileBig=Nqa5jUb7YQ0WE6vuldnESA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957377372304285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957367905760083, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Schematic diagram of numerical simulation model of a high-inclination pseudo-horizontal well, figureFileSmall=KdWf/t+5fs66h25tNpd8FA==, figureFileBig=NNEyRqaCL8D1GK7wHxPGrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957377443607454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957367905760083, language=CN, label=图3, caption=大斜度拟水平井数值模拟模型示意图, figureFileSmall=KdWf/t+5fs66h25tNpd8FA==, figureFileBig=NNEyRqaCL8D1GK7wHxPGrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957377502327711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957367905760083, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Schematic diagram of equivalent drainage area model of a fractured horizontal well, figureFileSmall=D+dAD6vDxWUdV3PTobunwQ==, figureFileBig=Tv/atvp6hqTe8XOPzvjLUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957377565242272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957367905760083, language=CN, label=图4, caption=压裂水平井等效泄油面积模型示意图

注:R为直井压裂井的等效圆形泄油半径,单位m。

, figureFileSmall=D+dAD6vDxWUdV3PTobunwQ==, figureFileBig=Tv/atvp6hqTe8XOPzvjLUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957377632351137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957367905760083, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Comparison between model calculation results and numerical simulation, figureFileSmall=D8BRkHHnqqJ3HAf8UYJCmA==, figureFileBig=JTCaNwGDV62gP7oewx4erQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957377703654306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957367905760083, language=CN, label=图5, caption=模型计算结果与数值模拟对比, figureFileSmall=D8BRkHHnqqJ3HAf8UYJCmA==, figureFileBig=JTCaNwGDV62gP7oewx4erQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957377779151779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957367905760083, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Variation curves of oil well productivity with horizontal section length, figureFileSmall=hbRaIHGRsdLYpfLhAKJWrA==, 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ArticleFig(id=1322957380371231665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957367905760083, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Basic parameters of high-inclination pseudo-horizontal well model, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
油藏压力pe /MPa35
水平井井壁压力pwf /MPa5
水平渗透率kh / (10-3 μm2)5.0
垂直渗透率kv / (10-3 μm2)0.1
地层厚度h/m5
流体黏度μo/(mPa·s)40
井筒半径rw /m0.1
水平井长度L1 /m500
裂缝半长L2/m100
地层倾角θ/ (°)30
裂缝条数n/条5
供给半径re/m1 000
), ArticleFig(id=1322957380442534834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957367905760083, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

大斜度拟水平井模型基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
油藏压力pe /MPa35
水平井井壁压力pwf /MPa5
水平渗透率kh / (10-3 μm2)5.0
垂直渗透率kv / (10-3 μm2)0.1
地层厚度h/m5
流体黏度μo/(mPa·s)40
井筒半径rw /m0.1
水平井长度L1 /m500
裂缝半长L2/m100
地层倾角θ/ (°)30
裂缝条数n/条5
供给半径re/m1 000
), ArticleFig(id=1322957380513838003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957367905760083, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Variable parameters of high-inclination pseudo-horizontal well model, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
油藏压力pe/MPa35
水平井井壁压力pwf /MPa5
水平渗透率kh /(10-3 μm2)5.0
垂直渗透率kv /(10-3 μm2)0.1
地层厚度h/m2~10
流体黏度μo/(mPa·s)40
井筒半径rw /m0.1
水平井段长度L1/m100~1 000
裂缝半长L2/m100~500
地层倾角θ/ (°)0~60
裂缝条数n/条1~10
供给半径re/m1 000
), ArticleFig(id=1322957380610306996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957367905760083, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

大斜度拟水平井模型变化参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
油藏压力pe/MPa35
水平井井壁压力pwf /MPa5
水平渗透率kh /(10-3 μm2)5.0
垂直渗透率kv /(10-3 μm2)0.1
地层厚度h/m2~10
流体黏度μo/(mPa·s)40
井筒半径rw /m0.1
水平井段长度L1/m100~1 000
裂缝半长L2/m100~500
地层倾角θ/ (°)0~60
裂缝条数n/条1~10
供给半径re/m1 000
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大斜度拟水平井分段压裂产能计算及影响因素研究
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郑永旺 , 王伟 , 任建华 , 倪振玉 , 卢比 , 胡春锋
油气藏评价与开发 | 油气开发 2026,16(2): 374-382
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油气藏评价与开发 |油气开发 2026 , 16 (2) : 374 -382
大斜度拟水平井分段压裂产能计算及影响因素研究
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郑永旺(1984—),男,高级工程师,主要从事非常规油气勘探开发方面的研究与管理工作。地址:江苏省南京市建邺区江东中路375号金融城9号楼,邮政编码:210019。E‑mail:

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郑永旺 , 王伟, 任建华, 倪振玉, 卢比, 胡春锋
作者信息
  • 中国石化华东油气分公司勘探开发研究院,江苏   南京 210019
通讯作者:
王伟(1984—),男,副研究员,主要从事非常规油气开发方面的研究工作。地址:江苏省南京市建邺区江东中路375号金融城9号楼,邮政编码:210019。E‑mail:
作者简介:

郑永旺(1984—),男,高级工程师,主要从事非常规油气勘探开发方面的研究与管理工作。地址:江苏省南京市建邺区江东中路375号金融城9号楼,邮政编码:210019。E‑mail:

Productivity calculation and influencing factors of staged fracturing in high-inclination pseudo-horizontal wells
YONGWANG ZHENG , WEI WANG, JIANHUA REN, ZHENYU NI, BI LU, CHUNFENG HU
Affiliations
  • Research Institute of Exploration and Development, Sinopec East China Oil & Gas Company, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210019, China
出版时间: 2026-03-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025278
文章导航
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大斜度地层  /  拟水平井  /  分段压裂  /  产能模型  /  影响因素
high-inclination formation  /  pseudo-horizontal well  /  staged fracturing  /  productivity model  /  influencing factors
郑永旺, 王伟, 任建华, 倪振玉, 卢比, 胡春锋. 大斜度拟水平井分段压裂产能计算及影响因素研究. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (2) : 374 -382 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025278
YONGWANG ZHENG, WEI WANG, JIANHUA REN, ZHENYU NI, BI LU, CHUNFENG HU. Productivity calculation and influencing factors of staged fracturing in high-inclination pseudo-horizontal wells[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (2) : 374 -382 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025278
低渗油藏因渗透率低,导致常规开发方式效果不佳,而水平井分段压裂技术凭借其高效开发优势,在低孔低渗油气藏开发中应用日益广泛[1-5]。精准预测压裂水平井产能是指导现场生产、制定合理油藏开发技术政策的基本前提。因此,有必要深入开展分段压裂水平井产能计算方法研究。为准确评估水平井分段压裂后的产能[6],研究者们提出了多种理论模型,主要包括稳态模型和非稳态模型2类。所采用的方法有解析法、半解析法、数值模拟法及水电模拟方法等[7-13]。早期的产能模型仅考虑单一主缝假设,未能有效表征天然裂缝与水力裂缝沟通后形成的复杂缝网系统[14-15]。后续研究通过引入双重介质模型等效表征复杂缝网,并进一步考虑裂缝网络的非均质性,从而提高了模型的模拟度和预测的准确性[16-18]。
在复杂构造油藏中,水平井轨迹常受最大水平主应力方位与地层产状(走向、倾向)约束。水平井压裂时,水力裂缝总是沿最大水平主应力方向扩展。因此,当水平段方位平行于最小水平主应力方向时,形成的横向缝最为发育,储层改造体积达到最大。当最小水平主应力方向与地层倾向平行,为满足压裂施工的最优工艺要求与裂缝扩展效果,水平井需沿地层倾向(或反倾向)钻进。此类沿倾向钻进的,其井斜角通常较大,易形成大斜度井(或具有大斜度井段的水平井)。此时,地层倾角对分段压裂水平井产能的调控作用已不可忽略。研究者通常采用解析模型、数值模拟等数学分析方法计算其产能[19-20],但这些方法公式复杂、模拟计算量大,人工难以完成,需借助计算机进行模拟计算[21-22],因而难以满足现场快速决策需求。本文基于等效虚拟井径理论,通过合理简化物理模型和渗流模型,建立了融合地层倾角效应的大斜度井分段压裂产能预测模型,旨在为现场提供兼顾精度与实用性的预测工具。
低渗透油藏利用水平井进行分段压裂开发时,为优化压裂改造效果,水平井部署方位需与最小水平主应力方向平行,确保压裂裂缝能够垂直于井筒延伸,进而实现储层改造体积最大化。当油藏构造较为复杂、地层倾角较大且最大主应力方向与地层倾向垂直时,水平井轨迹受构造条件限制往往呈现大斜度特征(图1)。因此,实际钻成的井更符合大斜度拟水平井的定义。鉴于低渗透油藏见水后产能会显著衰减,本文仅考虑油藏见水前的单相流体流动阶段,构建简化的产能计算模型,开展不同影响因素对产能的敏感性分析。
本文构建了一个顶部和底部封闭的倾斜均质储层模型,地层倾角为θ。最大水平主应力方位平行于地层走向。油藏中部位置垂直于最大水平主应力方位部署一口压裂水平井,水力裂缝扩展方向与水平井井筒垂直,裂缝沿着井筒等间距分布且左右对称,裂缝为矩形缝且上下贯穿整个地层,但裂缝端部(与顶部和底部封闭边界接触处)视为不渗透边界。储层改造区域,单相流体由地层基质流向水力裂缝,然后流入井筒;储层未改造区域,流体通过地层基质直接径向流入水平井筒。由于水力裂缝渗透率较高,忽略毛管力作用。同时,假设地层倾角θ较小或流动以水平方向主导,重力作用可忽略,流体黏度设为定值。
假设水平井压裂后水力裂缝半长均相等,在水平段范围内储层倾角保持不变,可将压裂水平井储层改造区域近似等效为一口大井径的虚拟水平井。利用等值渗流阻力原理,将分段压裂拟水平井的复杂渗流场划分为内外2个渗流区的串联系统[23],即从虚拟水平井半径rb到水平井井筒的内部渗流区域,从供给半径re到虚拟水平井半径rb的外部渗流区,内部和外部区域的渗流近似为径向流(图2)。
从供给半径到虚拟水平井半径的外部渗流为:
Q=pe-pLRout
式中:Q为虚拟水平井产能,单位m3/d; Rout为外部渗流阻力,单位MPa·d/m3; pe为油层供给压力,单位MPa;pL为虚拟水平井井壁压力,单位MPa。
虚拟水平井井筒半径为:
rb=L2cos θ
式中:rb为虚拟水平井半径,单位m;θ为地层倾角,单位(°);L2为裂缝半长,单位m。
由于从虚拟井径rb到水平井井筒近似为径向流,因此,内部渗流为:
Q=pL-pwfRin
式中:pwf为真实水平井井壁压力,单位MPa;Rin为内部渗流阻力,单位MPa·d/m3。
程林松等[13]通过保角变换、镜像反映、等值渗流阻力等数学物理方法,建立了常规水平井产能计算公式:
Q=2πKhhpe-pw/μoln 4reL1+hβL1ln  hβ/sin πa/h2πrb
式中:pw为井底压力,单位MPa;h为油层厚度,单位m;L1为水平井长度,单位m;re为供给半径,单位m;μo为流体黏度,单位mPa·s;β为地层各向异性系数,β=Kh/Kv; Kh为水平方向渗透率,单位10-3 μm2;Kv为垂直方向渗透率,单位10-3 μm2; a为水平井筒与油层底部距离,单位m。
为防止水力裂缝纵向扩展引发层间干扰,水平井宜部署于油层中部,基于此可推导得到油层中部条件下常规水平井的产能计算公式:
Q=2πKhhpe-pw/μo(ln 4re L1+hβL1ln  hβ2πrb)
联立式(1)、式(2)和式(5),计算外部区域渗流阻力,此时式(5)中的井底压力pw等于虚拟水平井井壁压力pL,可得:
Rout=μo2πKhh(ln  4reL1+hβL1ln  hβ2πL2cos θ)
式中:L2为裂缝半长,单位m。
对于虚拟水平井内部的渗流阻力,可进一步细分为压裂裂缝之间基质到井筒的径向流动阻力和n个并联的等效流动区域为地层厚度h的裂缝内部径向流动阻力,基于等值渗流阻力法可得井筒和裂缝总的内部渗流阻力:
Rin=μoβln h/(2πrw)2πKhL1+2nL2
式中:rw为真实井筒半径,单位m;n为水力裂缝条数,单位条。
在几何条件、流体性质等不变条件下,渗流具有连续性特征,利用等值渗流阻力法可得:
Q=pe-pwfRin+Rout
联立式(6)、式(7)和式(8),可得大斜度拟水平井分段压裂产能计算公式:
Q=2πKhhpe-pwf/μoln4reL1+hβL1lnhβ2πL2cos θ +hβL1+2nL2lnh2πrw
选取苏北某低渗透油田基本参数(表1),利用自研的油气藏数值模拟软件构建油藏典型数值模型,在油藏中央部署一口大斜度拟水平井(图3)。利用本文建立的大斜度拟水平井分段压裂产能模型计算上述油井的产能,与数值模拟得到的产能进行对比,以此验证新产能模型的准确性。
由于数值模拟中储层为矩形油藏模型,需要将供给半径re换算为矩形油藏的长和宽。水平井在平面上的泄油面积可表示为2个半圆形位于两端,一个长方形位于中间(图4),根据泄油面积相等原则:
πre2=πR2+2RL1
式中:R为直井压裂井的等效圆形泄油半径,单位m。
根据式(10)计算R值为853 m,据此设定数值模拟模型的尺寸为:长度为2 207 m,宽度为1 707 m,厚度为5 m。模型中,水力裂缝先采用离散裂缝网络(DFN)模型表征几何分布特征,再基于嵌入式离散裂缝(EDFM)将水力裂缝模拟为嵌入在基质结构化网格中的四边形平板[24],通过计算基质网格与水力裂缝多边形交线的传导率,实现了基质系统与裂缝系统的耦合求解,从而获得大斜度拟水平井的产能。
利用本文提出的大斜度拟水平井分段压裂产能模型,计算得到产能为62.6 m3/d,将计算结果与数值模拟结果进行对比:数值模拟初期产能为65.3 m3/d,二者相对误差为4.1%。数值模拟结果较产能计算结果偏高,主要原因在于数值模拟模型采用了矩形油藏边界,其泄油面积相较于图4所示的两端为半圆形压裂水平井等效泄油面积略大,进而导致数值模拟产能偏高。
由于本文对大斜度拟水平井分段压裂后复杂的渗流模型进行了大量物理简化,将垂向水力裂缝投影到垂直于水平井井筒的平面上,进而构建虚拟井径。当地层倾角较小或较大时,模型应退化为常规分段压裂水平井或垂直压裂井产能模型,而当前提出的模型与此类退化模型的计算结果存在一定差异。为评估所建模型的适用性,本文建立了地层倾角在0°~60°范围内的系列油藏数值模型开展验证。通过与数值模拟结果对比(图5)可见,随着地层倾角增大,产能模型计算结果与数值模拟结果的绝对误差呈现先下降后上升的趋势。当地层倾角介于10°~40°时,二者的绝对误差低于15%,满足工程应用的精度要求。
基于式(9)可以看出,影响大斜度拟水平井分段压裂产能的因素包含地质因素和工程因素2个方面。地质因素包括地层倾角、地层厚度、地层各向异性及原油黏度等;工程因素包括水平段长、水力裂缝条数、裂缝半长等。利用上述油藏基本参数开展产能影响因素分析,模型参数变化情况见表2。基础模型地层厚度为5 m,地层倾角30°,水平段长500 m,分5段进行压裂,裂缝半长100 m。在此基础上改变不同参数变化范围,研究各参数变化对大斜度拟水平井分段压裂产能的影响。
假定油藏供给半径保持不变,固定裂缝参数(n=1,L2=100 m),仅改变大斜度拟水平井的水平段长度L1(取值范围:100 ~1 000 m),计算不同水平段长度下的油井产能(图6)。由图6可知,随着水平段长的增加,油井产能呈现上升趋势,油井产能与水平段长度呈现近似线性变化。当水平段长度达到水力裂缝半长的3倍时,产能增幅达到最高值。之后随着水平段长的增加,产能增幅逐渐下降,当水平段长度L1≥500 m后产能增幅趋于稳定。原因在于随着水平段长的增加,不仅扩大了生产早期泄油面积,同时降低了外部区域渗流阻力。现场工程实践中需要权衡钻井成本与收益,推荐水平段长度L1≥500 m以实现经济阈值。
设定水平段长度500 m保持不变,仅改变水力裂缝条数(由1条逐渐增加至10条),计算对应的油井产能。图7给出了不同裂缝条数下大斜度拟水平井分段压裂的油井产能变化规律。由图7可知,水力裂缝条数越多,油井的产能整体呈增大趋势。但由于水平段长度固定,随着水力裂缝条数增加,裂缝簇间距随之减小,裂缝簇间受地应力叠加作用和生产干扰的双重影响,裂缝导流能力有所衰减,导致产能增加幅度逐渐下降。当裂缝条数由1条增加至10条时,产能增加幅度由最初的49.6%逐渐降至3.5%;同时每增加1条水力裂缝都要增加相应的压裂成本,因此要结合经济评价综合确定最优压裂段数。在500 m水平段长度条件下,当裂缝条数超过5条后,即单段压裂段长度小于100 m后,产能增加幅度趋于平缓。因此,在制定压裂策略时,要控制单段压裂长度不低于100 m,同时采用非均匀布缝技术及暂堵转向压裂工艺,以减轻段簇间应力干扰[25]。
固定水平段长度和裂缝条数不变(L1=500 m,n=5),将水力裂缝的半长由100 m逐渐增加至500 m,同时等比例增加供给半径,计算对应的油井产能。图8给出了大斜度拟水平井分段压裂油井产能及产能增幅随裂缝半长变化的曲线。由图8可知,水力裂缝半长越长,大斜度拟水平井产能越大,水力裂缝半长由100 m增加至500 m时,水平井产能由62.6 m3/d上升至125.6 m3/d。随着裂缝半长增加,产能增加幅度先上升然后逐渐降低,当裂缝半长超过300 m后,内部渗流阻力下降的幅度逐渐趋缓,产能增加幅度也逐渐变缓。考虑经济效益和现场施工难度,水力裂缝半长并非越长越优[26],宜控制在300 m以内。
其他参数保持不变,地层倾角由10°逐渐增大至50°,计算对应的油井产能。图9给出了不同地层倾角下大斜度拟水平井分段压裂油井产能和产能变化幅度曲线。由图9可知,地层倾角越大,大斜度拟水平井产能越低,这是由于随着地层倾角变大,虚拟水平井井径缩小,外部渗流阻力增大。同时,随着地层倾角的增加,产能降低幅度逐渐加大,当地层倾角超过40°后,产能降低幅度加快。针对地层倾角大于40°的油藏,建议采用定向射孔或多级转向压裂以补偿地层倾角的负面影响。
其他参数保持不变,地层厚度由2 m逐渐增大至10 m,计算对应的油井产能。图10给出了不同地层厚度下,大斜度拟水平井分段压裂油井产能和产能变化幅度曲线。由图10可知,地层厚度越大,大斜度拟水平井产能越高。同时,随着地层厚度的增加,产能增加幅度逐渐提升,当地层厚度超过6 m后,产能增加幅度变快。因此,对于厚层低渗透油藏,建议优先部署大斜度井进行开发。
其他参数保持不变,改变地层水平渗透率与垂向渗透率的比值β,计算对应的油井产能。图11给出了不同渗透率各向异性系数条件下,大斜度拟水平井分段压裂的产能和产能相对变化幅度曲线。由图11可知,随着地层各向异性系数的减小,大斜度拟水平井产能增加。同时,随着各向异性系数的减小,产能增加幅度逐渐增大。这是由于油藏中垂向渗透率通常远小于水平渗透率,随着油藏垂向渗透率增加,油藏各向异性程度逐渐减弱,导致垂直方向流动渗流阻力降低,大斜度拟水平井产能逐渐增加,当各向异性系数为1时,油井产能达到峰值,且油藏厚度越大,各向异性系数的变化对油井产能的影响越显著。
本文以苏北某油田海安凹陷2口大斜度拟水平井为例开展了矿场应用研究。该油田构造位于海安凹陷曲塘次凹北部斜坡带,为北部受张家垛断裂遮挡、构造轴向近南北、呈近东西向展布的大型断鼻构造。构造内部派生的次级小断层将其切割为多个断块,整体呈由西向东阶梯式下降的形态。其中,阜三段构造地层倾向SSE,倾角20°~45°,阜三段顶面构造高点埋深2 930.0 m,构造圈闭面积约7.0 km2,圈闭闭合高度为650 m,东部Z3区块地层倾角25°~35°。早期受地面平台及井型限制导致井网不完善,开发效果差,且平面上单井产能差异较大。受油藏物性影响,常规直井、定向井产能较低,产油量介于5~6 m3/d。后期针对油藏构造特点及开发痛点,为改善开发效果,现场部署实施了9口大斜度拟水平井。其中,Z3-X1井于2012年投入试采,水平段长235 m,井筒半径为0.1 m,分4段压裂:注液强度为20 m3/m,加砂强度为0.7 m3/m。压后反演预测裂缝半长为90 m,油藏厚度4.9 m,地层倾角31°,水平渗透率5.5×10-3 μm2,垂向渗透率0.9×10-3 μm2,地层原油黏度9.51 mPa·s,生产压差4.9 MPa。利用本文提出的大斜度拟水平井分段压裂产能计算公式,将计算结果与油井实际产能进行对比分析。Z3-X1井实际试采初期产能15.7 m3/d,数值模拟方法计算产能18.1 m3/d,利用本文建立的大斜度拟水平井分段压裂产能公式计算的产能16.4 m3/d,相对实际误差仅为4.5%。基于该方法计算的产能,现场制定了合理生产制度,产油量稳定在9.0~11.5 m3/d(图12)。截至目前,该井产油量为5.6 m3/d,累产油量为50 940 m3,预测单井可采储量为6.3×104 m3。
CD101X井于2020年投入试采,水平段长535 m,分7段压裂。压裂施工参数为:注液强度为32 m3/m,加砂强度为0.9 m3/m,压后反演裂缝半长172 m。油藏基础参数为:油藏厚度15.2 m,地层倾角26°,水平渗透率5.6×10-3 μm2,垂向渗透率0.8×10-3 μm2,地层原油黏度9.5 mPa·s,生产压差5.4 MPa。该井实际试采初期产能为54.7 m3/d,数值模拟方法计算产能为60.1 m3/d,利用本文建立的大斜度拟水平井分段压裂产能公式计算的产能为57.4 m3/d,相对实际误差为4.9%。该井初期采用4 mm油嘴控产,产油量稳定在40 m3/d以上的生产周期长达213 d,单位压降产油量达488 m3/MPa,自喷生产时长23个月。截止目前,该井油压1.0 MPa,产油量为6.8 m3/d,累产油量已达25 079 m3,单井可采储量预测为4.1×104 m3。
研究分析表明,研究区油藏非均质性强且地层倾角较大,常规水平地层各向同性均质油藏产能模型因未考虑储层渗透率各向异性及地层倾角引发的渗流阻力增加问题,导致预测结果普遍偏高。这一偏差易造成生产制度制定不合理,进而影响油井最终可采储量。将该模型应用于全油田41口不同倾角大斜度拟水平井实践表明:当地层倾角小于40°(即稳斜段井斜角大于80°)时,本文建立的产能模型计算结果与油井实际投产产能误差控制在15%以内。综合第2节模型验证得出的适用条件结论,确定该模型在目标油田的适用范围为地层倾角介于10°~40°(即稳斜段井斜角介于50°~80°)。本文提出的大斜度拟水平井分段压裂产能计算模型具有简单易用的特点,其核心优势在于考虑了储层渗透率各向异性特征,更加符合大斜度油藏实际储层条件及水平井的渗流规律。计算结果与实际产能高度吻合,满足矿场精度要求,便于现场推广应用。
1)在合理简化大斜度拟水平井分段压裂后的物理模型和渗流特征的基础上,引入等效虚拟井径理论并考虑地层倾角影响,建立了新型产能预测模型。通过对比油藏数值模拟结果,本文提出的产能计算方法相对误差小于5%,验证了模型的可靠性。
2)基于所建产能模型开展关键影响因素分析表明:裂缝半长和裂缝条数均对大斜度拟水平井分段压裂产能有显著影响,且存在最优取值范围以实现生产效益最大化;地层厚度和地层倾角对产能影响较大,其中地层厚度越大产能越高、地层倾角越大产能越低且二者变化对应的产能升降速率会同步增大;地层各向异性程度越低产能越高,且随着各向异性系数的减小,产能的提升速率也相应增大。
3)现场实际应用表明,本文所建大斜度拟水平井压裂产能计算模型,在地层倾角介于10°~40°时计算精度满足矿场要求。该模型可为低渗透复杂构造油藏合理生产制度的制定提供依据,具有计算简单快捷、现场实用性强的特点。
4)本研究通过引入等效虚拟井径和地层倾角校正因子,为复杂构造区压裂水平井的产能预测提供了一种高效、实用的解析方法。该模型的核心在于将三维空间中的倾斜渗流问题,简化为二维平面内的等效径向流问题,这一思路可为其他类型复杂结构井(如多分支井、鱼骨井)的产能建模提供参考。后续研究将着重于放宽模型的均质假设,并探索其与油藏数值模拟器的嵌入式耦合应用,以进一步提升其在全生命周期生产优化中的价值。

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2026年第16卷第2期
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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025278
  • 接收时间:2025-11-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-03-26
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    中国石化华东油气分公司勘探开发研究院,江苏   南京 210019

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王伟(1984—),男,副研究员,主要从事非常规油气开发方面的研究工作。地址:江苏省南京市建邺区江东中路375号金融城9号楼,邮政编码:210019。E‑mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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