Article(id=1322957313895695091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322957283147252214, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.20250046, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1767024000000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793347202990, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1774454400000, pubDateStr=2026-03-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793347202990, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793347202990, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793347202990, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322957283147252214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='2', pageStart='225', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774454400000', pubDateStr='2026-03-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793347195659, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793348987089, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322964796999611071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322957283147252214, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322964796999611072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322957283147252214, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=238, endPage=255, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322957314403205876, articleId=1322957313895695091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Shale oil formation and enrichment conditions and exploration and development practices in faulted lacustrine basins of eastern China: A case study of shale oil in Huanghua Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, columnId=1322941556788953582, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Specialist Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=

Continental fine-grained muddy-laminated shale oil is widely developed in eastern China’s faulted lacustrine basins such as the Bohai Bay Basin and Subei Basin. It is characterized by “fine grain size and numerous laminae”, representing a significant new frontier in shale oil exploration and development. However, the complex formation conditions and enrichment patterns of laminated shale oil constrain its effective exploration and development. This study aims to systematically reveal the main controlling factors of the enrichment of this shale oil type, establish corresponding geological theories and reservoir formation models, and develop a supporting key technology system to guide exploration practices and evaluate its resource potential. By comprehensively utilizing core data, well logs, 3D seismic data, geochemical experiments, and production performance data, the geological characteristics, formation conditions, enrichment patterns, and key exploration and development technologies for laminated shale oil were systematically analyzed. The study clarified the advantageous composition of “high brittleness minerals + high-frequency laminae”, the optimal thermal evolution window (maturity between 0.7% and 1.2%), and the enrichment patterns of “medium-to-high matching” (source-to-reservoir lamina thickness ratio of 1∶1.5) that yielded the highest oil content in muddy-laminated shale oil. Two types of micro-migration reservoir formation models were established: felsic + organic matter and calcareous-dolomitic + organic matter. A quantitative standard for identifying Class I enrichment layers was developed, focusing on free hydrocarbon (S1), volume fraction of brittle minerals, resistivity ratio, and natural gamma. A key technology system was developed, centering on geology-logging-seismic integrated “sweet spot” characterization, optimization of horizontal well group parameters, efficient volume fracturing, and controlled pressure production techniques. After the application of this technology system, breakthroughs in high-yield shale oil were achieved in depressions such as Huanghua, Jiyang, Liaohe, Jizhong, and Dongtai. The geological resources of shale oil in eastern faulted basins were estimated to exceed 100×108 t, demonstrating promising development prospects. Additionally, the study identified challenges of shale oil from faulted lacustrine basins, including small “sweet spot” scale, great burial depth, inter-well interference, and rapid decline. It proposed research directions such as cost reduction and efficiency improvement, digitalization, and in-situ conversion. By 2030, continental shale oil production in China would account for about 8% of China’s total production.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=XIUGANG PU1, 2, WENZHONG HAN1, JING XU1, ZHANNAN SHI1, JIANGCHANG DONG1, JINGYANG WEI1, WEI ZHANG1, NA WANG1, LULU JI1, authorsList=XIUGANG PU, WENZHONG HAN, JING XU, ZHANNAN SHI, JIANGCHANG DONG, JINGYANG WEI, WEI ZHANG, NA WANG, LULU JI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322957316634575623, articleId=1322957313895695091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=中国东部断陷湖盆页岩油形成富集条件与勘探开发实践——以渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷页岩油为例, columnId=1322941557069971952, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=专家论坛, runingTitle=null, highlight=

中国东部断陷湖盆如渤海湾盆地、苏北盆地广泛发育陆相细粒泥纹型页岩油,具有“粒度细、纹层多”的典型特征,是页岩油勘探开发的重要新领域。然而,泥纹型页岩油复杂的形成条件与富集规律制约了有效勘探与开发。研究旨在系统揭示该类页岩油的富集主控因素,建立相应的地质理论与成藏模式,并形成配套的关键技术体系,以指导勘探实践并评价其资源潜力。综合利用岩心、测井与三维地震资料,地球化学实验及生产动态数据,系统分析了泥纹型页岩油的地质特征、形成条件、富集规律及勘探开发关键技术。明确了泥纹型页岩油“高脆性矿物+高频纹层”优势组构、优势热演化窗口(镜质体反射率介于0.7 %~1.2 %)、含油性最高的“中高匹配”富集规律(源-储纹层厚度比为1∶1.5),建立了“长英质+有机质、灰云质+有机质”2类微运移成藏模式,研发了以游离烃(S1)、脆性矿物体积分数、电阻率比值、自然伽马为核心的Ⅰ类富集层量化标准,形成了地质-测井-地震一体化“甜点”刻画、水平井组参数优化、高效体积压裂及控压排采技术为核心的关键技术体系。应用该技术体系后,黄骅、济阳、辽河、冀中及东台等坳陷实现页岩油高产突破,东部断陷盆地页岩油地质资源量超过100×10⁸ t,展现了良好的开发前景。同时指出断陷湖盆页岩油具有“甜点”规模偏小、埋深偏大、井间干扰、递减快等挑战,提出降本增效、数字化、原位转化等攻关方向,预计2030年中国陆相页岩油产量约占中国总产量的8%。

, articleAbstract=null, authors=蒲秀刚1, 2, 韩文中1, 许静1, 时战楠1, 董姜畅1, 魏敬洋1, 张伟1, 王娜1, 计璐璐1, authorsList=蒲秀刚, 韩文中, 许静, 时战楠, 董姜畅, 魏敬洋, 张伟, 王娜, 计璐璐, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

蒲秀刚(1968—),男,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要从事沉积储层、油气成藏、页岩油勘探开发方面的研究。地址:天津市滨海新区幸福路1278号,邮政编码:300280。E-mail:

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蒲秀刚(1968—),男,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要从事沉积储层、油气成藏、页岩油勘探开发方面的研究。地址:天津市滨海新区幸福路1278号,邮政编码:300280。E-mail:

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注:a为华1井,孔二段,块状长英质页岩岩心照片;b为华1井,孔二段,块状长英质页岩薄片照片;c为官108-8井,孔二段,纹层状长英质页岩岩心照片;d为官108-8井,孔二段,纹层状长英质页岩薄片照片;e为埕54X1井,沙一段,块状灰云质页岩岩心照片;f为埕54X1井,沙一段,块状灰云质页岩薄片照片;g为歧页12-1-1井,沙三段,纹层状灰云质页岩岩心照片;h为歧页12-1-1井,沙三段,纹层状灰云质页岩薄片照片;i为歧页12-1-1井,沙三段,块状混合质页岩岩心照片;j为歧页12-1-1井,沙三段,块状混合质页岩薄片照片;k为歧页12-1-1井,沙三段,纹层状混合质页岩岩心照片;l为歧页12-1-1井,沙三段,纹层状混合质页岩薄片照片。

, figureFileSmall=tim5GzqdwL9JN/ccDKgOiQ==, figureFileBig=4EweopjykryuM7nYG3TMqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957321386722122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957313895695091, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Lithology classification and proportion of Paleogene shale in Huanghua Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, figureFileSmall=u9jMxZ8VHjkaVtGoWJqCfQ==, figureFileBig=uojnXxNOqZVce8lxX58SOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957321453830987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957313895695091, language=CN, label=图3, caption=渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷古近系页岩岩性划分与岩性占比, figureFileSmall=u9jMxZ8VHjkaVtGoWJqCfQ==, figureFileBig=uojnXxNOqZVce8lxX58SOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957321537717068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957313895695091, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Evaluation of Paleogene source rocks and classification of organic matter types in Huanghua Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, figureFileSmall=Dvfqvqec4ioRLFMLb+OOAQ==, figureFileBig=pE7L9nvU8V2Obd5HDIZ0Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957321663546189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957313895695091, language=CN, label=图4, caption=渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷古近系烃源岩评价与有机质类型划分, figureFileSmall=Dvfqvqec4ioRLFMLb+OOAQ==, figureFileBig=pE7L9nvU8V2Obd5HDIZ0Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957321747432270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957313895695091, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Pore types of Paleogene shale in Huanghua Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, figureFileSmall=OjqG92OmmSmaRxdjDfPvOQ==, figureFileBig=VFHhJfQF1EyFX18jCRElNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957321835512655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957313895695091, language=CN, label=图5, caption=渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷古近系页岩孔隙类型

注:a为官108-8井,孔二段,深度2 922.0 m,长英质页岩;b为官108-8井,孔二段,深度3 250.2 m,长英质页岩;c为官108-8井,孔二段,深度3 253.6 m;d为埕54X1井,沙一段,深度3 180.2 m;e为歧页12-1-1井,沙一段,深度3 672.5 m;f为歧页12-1-1井,沙三段,深度4 054.8 m;g为官108-8井,孔二段,深度3 250.2 m;h为歧页12-1-1井,沙三段,深度4 054.8 m;i为官东12井,孔二段,深度4 110.4 m。

, figureFileSmall=OjqG92OmmSmaRxdjDfPvOQ==, figureFileBig=VFHhJfQF1EyFX18jCRElNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957321911010128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957313895695091, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Fluorescence thin section photos and 3D fluorescence spectral characteristics of different laminae in second member of Kongdian Formation (Ek2) and third member of Shahejie Formation (Es3) shale, Huanghua Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, figureFileSmall=wSOB5H8Ff8twmkyhGPGTuQ==, figureFileBig=uXknvpwapagzBp5/PQVY/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957322070393681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957313895695091, language=CN, label=图6, caption=渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷古近系孔二段、沙三段页岩不同纹层荧光薄片照片与三维荧光光谱特征

注:a为官东12井,孔二段,长英质页岩,深度3 876.48 m;b为官东14井,孔二段,长英质页岩,深度4 084.46 m;c为官东12井,孔二段,长英质页岩-长英质纹层,深度3 876.48 m;d为官东14井,孔二段,长英质页岩-灰云质纹层,深度4 084.46 m;e为房39X1井,沙三段,灰云质页岩,深度3 891.6 m;f为房39X1井,沙三段,灰云质页岩,深度3 995.6 m;g为房39X1井,沙三段,混合质页岩-灰云质纹,深度4 384.55 m;h为房39X1井,沙三段,混合质页岩-长英质纹层,深度4 384.55 m;i为官108-8井,孔二段,混合质页岩,深度3 210 m,红色点位置对应长英质纹层三维荧光光谱,白色点位置对应灰云质纹层三维荧光光谱;j为歧页12-1-1井,沙三段,混合质页岩,深度4 021.76 m,红色点位置对应灰云质纹层三维荧光光谱,白色点位置对应长英质纹层三维荧光光谱。

, figureFileSmall=wSOB5H8Ff8twmkyhGPGTuQ==, figureFileBig=uXknvpwapagzBp5/PQVY/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957322192028498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957313895695091, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Enrichment model of micro-migration reservoir formation in muddy-laminated shale oil, figureFileSmall=uUfcVlOY1BeadIJJzxVQfQ==, figureFileBig=fyNtqZj2ovHflzdQ6Ehtgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957322250748755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957313895695091, language=CN, label=图7, caption=泥纹型页岩油微运移成藏富集模式, figureFileSmall=uUfcVlOY1BeadIJJzxVQfQ==, figureFileBig=fyNtqZj2ovHflzdQ6Ehtgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957322502406996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957313895695091, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Single-well evaluation map and 3D deployment map of second member of Kongdian Formation (Ek2), Cangdong Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, figureFileSmall=EiX3/snE2hHRfoJOLhWf4A==, figureFileBig=vN3EwHi9SsI2/Lou6BhHSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957322573710165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957313895695091, language=CN, label=图8, caption=渤海湾盆地沧东凹陷孔二段单井评价及立体部署图, figureFileSmall=EiX3/snE2hHRfoJOLhWf4A==, figureFileBig=vN3EwHi9SsI2/Lou6BhHSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957322674373462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957313895695091, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Stacked production charts of single wells from shale oil development platforms in Huanghua Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, figureFileSmall=MT/H6eDiLP/AmT1tLv0JFg==, figureFileBig=ZcirZNm77c44oWMDaLBqYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957322913448791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957313895695091, language=CN, label=图9, caption=渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷页岩油开发平台单井产油量堆积图, figureFileSmall=MT/H6eDiLP/AmT1tLv0JFg==, figureFileBig=ZcirZNm77c44oWMDaLBqYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322957323005723480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957313895695091, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Comparison of geological reservoirs and engineering technologies for shale oil development at home and abroad, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别构造沉积压裂参数
盆地类型沉积环境压裂工艺段间距/m簇间距/m加砂强度/(m3/m)用液强度/(m3/m)施工排量/(m3/m)支撑剂类型压裂时效/(段/d)
美国海湾盆地裂谷断陷海相沉积桥射联作505~61.625.510.3~15.9石英砂
松辽盆地古龙坳陷拉张断坳陆相沉积桥射联作50~707~101.6~2.521.0~28.018.0~20.0石英砂2.5~4.5
渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷拉张断陷陆相沉积桥射联作45~805~151.2~3.525.0~35.014.0~16.0石英砂2.0~4.0
渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷拉张断陷陆相沉积桥射联作50~704~101.8~2.518.0~25.016.0~18.0石英砂
苏北盆地东台坳陷拉张断陷陆相沉积桥射联作8~121.3~4.260.0~90.014.0~18.0石英砂1.0~2.0
类别烃源岩性质储层特征开发参数
w(TOC)/%Ro/%含油层深度/m岩性有效厚度/m孔隙度/%布井方式平均水平段长/m井距/m
美国海湾盆地鹰滩组1 200~4 300黑色钙质页岩15~1006~14平台布井2 100120
松辽盆地古龙坳陷0.9~3.80.5~1.3青山口组1 800~2 500致密砂岩6~13平台布井2 140350~400
渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷1.0~12.00.6~1.3孔店组、沙河街组2 700~4 500长英质、灰云质、混合质页岩200~5003~10立体布井1 200300~400
渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷1.5~6.00.5~1.4沙河街组3 000~4 300泥质灰岩、灰质泥岩300~4004~13平台布井2 000300~450
苏北盆地东台坳陷0.5~2.90.7~1.1阜宁组3 500~4 600混积页岩200~4504~8平台布井1 600300
), ArticleFig(id=1322957323102192473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322957313895695091, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

国内外页岩油开发地质油藏及工程技术对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别构造沉积压裂参数
盆地类型沉积环境压裂工艺段间距/m簇间距/m加砂强度/(m3/m)用液强度/(m3/m)施工排量/(m3/m)支撑剂类型压裂时效/(段/d)
美国海湾盆地裂谷断陷海相沉积桥射联作505~61.625.510.3~15.9石英砂
松辽盆地古龙坳陷拉张断坳陆相沉积桥射联作50~707~101.6~2.521.0~28.018.0~20.0石英砂2.5~4.5
渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷拉张断陷陆相沉积桥射联作45~805~151.2~3.525.0~35.014.0~16.0石英砂2.0~4.0
渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷拉张断陷陆相沉积桥射联作50~704~101.8~2.518.0~25.016.0~18.0石英砂
苏北盆地东台坳陷拉张断陷陆相沉积桥射联作8~121.3~4.260.0~90.014.0~18.0石英砂1.0~2.0
类别烃源岩性质储层特征开发参数
w(TOC)/%Ro/%含油层深度/m岩性有效厚度/m孔隙度/%布井方式平均水平段长/m井距/m
美国海湾盆地鹰滩组1 200~4 300黑色钙质页岩15~1006~14平台布井2 100120
松辽盆地古龙坳陷0.9~3.80.5~1.3青山口组1 800~2 500致密砂岩6~13平台布井2 140350~400
渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷1.0~12.00.6~1.3孔店组、沙河街组2 700~4 500长英质、灰云质、混合质页岩200~5003~10立体布井1 200300~400
渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷1.5~6.00.5~1.4沙河街组3 000~4 300泥质灰岩、灰质泥岩300~4004~13平台布井2 000300~450
苏北盆地东台坳陷0.5~2.90.7~1.1阜宁组3 500~4 600混积页岩200~4504~8平台布井1 600300
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中国东部断陷湖盆页岩油形成富集条件与勘探开发实践——以渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷页岩油为例
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蒲秀刚 1, 2 , 韩文中 1 , 许静 1 , 时战楠 1 , 董姜畅 1 , 魏敬洋 1 , 张伟 1 , 王娜 1 , 计璐璐 1
油气藏评价与开发 | 专家论坛 2026,16(2): 238-255
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油气藏评价与开发 |专家论坛 2026 , 16 (2) : 238 -255
中国东部断陷湖盆页岩油形成富集条件与勘探开发实践——以渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷页岩油为例
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蒲秀刚(1968—),男,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要从事沉积储层、油气成藏、页岩油勘探开发方面的研究。地址:天津市滨海新区幸福路1278号,邮政编码:300280。E-mail:

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蒲秀刚(1968—),男,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要从事沉积储层、油气成藏、页岩油勘探开发方面的研究。地址:天津市滨海新区幸福路1278号,邮政编码:300280。E-mail:

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蒲秀刚1, 2 , 韩文中1, 许静1, 时战楠1, 董姜畅1, 魏敬洋1, 张伟1, 王娜1, 计璐璐1
作者信息
  • 1 中国石油大港油田分公司,天津 300280
  • 2 怀柔国家实验室新疆研究院,新疆   乌鲁木齐 830000
作者简介:

蒲秀刚(1968—),男,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要从事沉积储层、油气成藏、页岩油勘探开发方面的研究。地址:天津市滨海新区幸福路1278号,邮政编码:300280。E-mail:

Shale oil formation and enrichment conditions and exploration and development practices in faulted lacustrine basins of eastern China: A case study of shale oil in Huanghua Depression, Bohai Bay Basin
XIUGANG PU1, 2 , WENZHONG HAN1, JING XU1, ZHANNAN SHI1, JIANGCHANG DONG1, JINGYANG WEI1, WEI ZHANG1, NA WANG1, LULU JI1
Affiliations
  • 1 PetroChina Dagang Oilfield Company, Tianjin 300280, China
  • 2 Xinjiang Research Institute, Huairou National Laboratory, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
出版时间: 2026-03-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.20250046
文章导航
收藏切换
断陷盆地  /  陆相页岩油  /  中高匹配  /  微运移成藏模式  /  开发实践
faulted basin  /  continental shale oil  /  medium-to-high matching  /  micro-migration reservoir formation model  /  development practices
蒲秀刚, 韩文中, 许静, 时战楠, 董姜畅, 魏敬洋, 张伟, 王娜, 计璐璐. 中国东部断陷湖盆页岩油形成富集条件与勘探开发实践——以渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷页岩油为例. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (2) : 238 -255 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.20250046
XIUGANG PU, WENZHONG HAN, JING XU, ZHANNAN SHI, JIANGCHANG DONG, JINGYANG WEI, WEI ZHANG, NA WANG, LULU JI. Shale oil formation and enrichment conditions and exploration and development practices in faulted lacustrine basins of eastern China: A case study of shale oil in Huanghua Depression, Bohai Bay Basin[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (2) : 238 -255 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.20250046
依靠海相页岩油气革命,美国实现了从能源进口国向出口国的重大转变,深刻重塑了全球能源格局[1]。不同于北美稳定分布的海相页岩,中国页岩油资源主要赋存于陆相湖盆细粒沉积储层中,普遍具有规模相对小、构造复杂、储层非均质性强、黏土含量高、热演化程度低及油质重等特征,勘探开发面临更大挑战。近年来,中国陆相页岩油勘探开发取得显著进展,2023年中国已探明十大盆地页岩油地质资源量为318.99×108 t,技术可采资源量为22.78×108 t[2]。2022年中国陆相页岩油产量约为318×104 t,2023年产油量突破458×104 t[3],2024年产油量突破600×104 t[4],展现了巨大的资源潜力。当前页岩油产量主要来自地质条件相对稳定、盆地面积广阔的准噶尔、鄂尔多斯及松辽等大型盆地。相比之下,中国东部以渤海湾、苏北为代表的新生代断陷盆地,受多期构造活动控制,具有断裂系统复杂、烃源岩埋藏时间短、热演化程度低、有机质含量中等偏低等特点。尽管在济阳、黄骅等坳陷已实现页岩油单井与井组的高产突破,并积累了初步产能,但整体上尚未实现规模效益开发。截至2024年12月,黄骅坳陷孔店组二段(以下简称孔二段)、沙河街组三段(以下简称沙三段)页岩油累计投产水平井60余口,产油量为400 t/d,累计产油量为62×104 t;济阳坳陷投产水平井103口,产油量为1 600 t/d,2024年新建产能为30×104 t,年产油量超过50×104 t,累计产油量为100×104 t;苏北盆地页岩油累计投产35口井,产油量超过600 t/d,累计产油量为41.6×104 t[4]。制约页岩油产量的核心在于对断陷湖盆特有背景下形成以“粒度细、纹层多”为典型特征的泥纹型页岩油,其复杂的内在形成条件、富集主控因素及成藏规律尚缺乏系统性认识,导致“甜点”预测精度低、工程工艺适应性不足。
近年来,随着高精度地球物理勘探与岩心实验分析技术的进步,对陆相页岩油储集性、含油性及可动性的认识不断深化,初步构建了多尺度成藏模式[5-6],如中高匹配富集规律、源-储原位成藏理论、“三元”储渗理论等[7-9],并发展了多“甜点”布井、CO2增能高效压裂等开发主体技术[10]。然而,现有理论与技术体系多基于构造相对稳定的盆地背景建立,针对东部断陷盆地强非均质性、高频纹层化的泥纹型页岩油,其特有的“源-储”纹层耦合机制、微运移成藏过程、优势富集参数窗口及与之匹配的“甜点”评价与工程工艺技术尚未完善[11-12],使得当前勘探开发实践中“甜点”靶窗优选难度大、压裂改造效果不均、产量递减快等问题突出,制约了该领域资源的规模有效动用。
以渤海湾和苏北断陷盆地为典型实例,聚焦其特色鲜明的泥纹型页岩油,系统揭示其形成富集的主控地质条件与成藏规律,建立针对性的地质模式,并研发配套的“甜点”评价与勘探开发关键技术体系。综合利用岩心、测井、地震、地球化学实验及生产动态等多源数据,重点剖析泥纹型页岩油的矿物组构、地化特征、储集空间与含油性,阐明其富集的关键控制因素与“微运移”成藏模式,形成量化“甜点”评价标准与地质工程一体化技术方案,旨在为东部复杂断陷盆地泥纹型页岩油的科学勘探与效益开发提供关键理论支撑与实践指导,并对其他类似盆地页岩油勘探开发提供借鉴。
中国东部盆地受控于新生代太平洋板块和印度板块向欧亚板块俯冲的叠加控制,自北向南形成了渤海湾、苏北、华北南部、南襄、江汉等新生代含油气断陷盆地(图1a)。渤海湾盆地位于华北东部,面积约为20×104 km2,发育黄骅、济阳、辽河、冀中、临清、渤中6个含油气坳陷,以及歧口、沧东、饶阳、东营等54个次级凹陷。古近系沉积环境主要为冲(洪)积扇、湖泊相和三角洲相沉积,岩性组合以泥页岩夹粉砂-细砂岩或碳酸盐岩为主,自下而上沉积了孔店组、沙河街组和东营组3套层系,发育孔二段、沙河街组四段(以下简称沙四段)、沙三段、沙河街组一段(以下简称沙一段)、东营组三段(以下简称东三段)5套优质烃源岩层系,为页岩油形成提供了良好的物质基础(图1b)。孔店组富有机质页岩层系主要分布在黄骅坳陷南部的沧东凹陷,总有机碳(TOC)含量高,孔二段页岩TOC含量介于2.0%~6.0%,厚度介于250~400 m。沙四段富有机质页岩层系主要分布在济阳坳陷和辽河坳陷,沙四上亚段页岩TOC含量介于1.5%~8.0%,厚度介于250~300 m。沙三段及沙一段富有机质页岩层系广泛分布,沙三上亚段是沙河街组初始湖泛期沉积,页岩TOC含量介于1.0%~3.0%,厚度介于300~500 m;沙一段下亚段为半咸水—咸水沉积,TOC含量介于2.0%~4.0%,分布广但厚度较小,厚度介于50~80 m;沙一段中亚段为沙河街组最大湖泛期沉积,页岩TOC含量介于2.0%~5.0%,厚度介于300~400 m。东三段富有机质页岩层系主要分布在渤中坳陷,TOC含量介于1.0%~2.5%,厚度介于200~300 m。
页岩油的概念早在20世纪20年代就已提出[13],其核心被概括为“富有机质泥(页)岩中生成并滞留的石油资源”。截至目前,针对页岩油的概念尚未形成统一的观点,随着勘探实践的发展,不同学者从赋存状态、成藏机制、开发特点等不同侧重点出发,对页岩油的定义和分类进行了概括。
邹才能等[14]定义页岩油是赋存于富有机质纳米级孔喉页岩地层中的石油,是成熟有机质页岩石油的简称,石油基本未经历运移,原位滞留,页岩既是石油的生油岩,又是石油的储集岩,主要储集于纳米级孔隙和裂缝系统中,多沿片状层理面或与其平行的微裂缝分布。张金川等[15]定义页岩油是以游离态(含凝析态)、吸附态及溶解态(可溶解于天然气、干酪根和残余水中等)等多种方式赋存于有效生烃泥页岩地层中,且具有勘探开发意义的非气态烃类[3],是泥页岩地层所生成的原油未能完全排出而滞留或仅经过极短距离运移就地聚集的结果,属于典型的自生自储型原地聚集油气类型,赋存主体介质包括泥页岩地层及其夹持的致密砂岩、碳酸盐岩及火山岩等薄层。陈祥等[16]认为页岩油是从富含有机质泥页岩地层系统(大套暗色泥页岩、高碳页岩、粉砂质页岩及砂岩薄夹层)中开采出的原油,以游离和吸附状态为主赋存于孔隙、裂缝等储集空间中,是特低孔、特低渗、自生自储的连续型石油聚集。金之钧等[17-18]认为页岩油是蕴藏在富有机质页岩层系内,包括泥页岩孔隙和裂缝中以及泥页岩层系中的致密碳酸盐岩或碎屑岩等夹层中,一般具有超低孔隙度和渗透率的烃源岩层系中的石油资源,其开发需要使用水平井和压裂改造技术才能得以实现。中华人民共和国国家标准《页岩油地质评价方法》(GB/T 38718—2020)定义页岩油为赋存于富有机质页岩层系中的石油,富含有机质页岩层系烃源岩内粉砂岩、细砂岩、碳酸盐岩单层厚度不大于5 m,累计厚度占页岩层系总厚度比例小于30%,无自然产能或低于工业石油产量下限,需采用特殊工艺技术措施才能获得工业石油产量[19]。赵文智等[20]提出陆相页岩油是埋藏深度大于300 m、镜质体反射率(Ro)大于0.5%的陆相富有机质页岩层系中赋存的液态石油烃和多类有机物的统称,包括地下已经形成的石油烃、各类沥青物和尚未热降解转化的固体有机质。
页岩油的分类对于陆相盆地而言非常复杂,方案还在研究中。邹才能等[14]从定义本质、成熟度、储层特征与赋存条件、烃类相态分类等角度对页岩油进行了分类。依据定义对页岩油与油页岩油进行了区分;依据成熟度划分,Ro<0.7%为低成熟页岩油,Ro≥0.7%为中高成熟页岩油;依据储层特征与赋存条件划分为单体型、集群型、准连续型与连续型4类。张金川等[15]将页岩油按照原油物性分为黏稠型和凝析型。金之钧等[17]将页岩油分类,即Ro<0.9%为中低成熟、Ro≥0.9%为中高成熟,选区即依据TOC含量、Ro、压力系数分好中差,以及“甜点”即依据水平渗透率等3项分好中差,还区分致密油与页岩油、陆相与海相页岩油。中华人民共和国国家标准《页岩油地质评价方法》(GB/T 38718—2020)以成熟度为核心划分中低成熟度(Ro≤1.0%)与中高成熟度(Ro>1.0%)2类资源[19]。赵文智等[20]将陆相页岩油分成中低成熟度(Ro介于0.5%~1.0%)和中高成熟度(Ro>1.0%)两大类型。焦方正等[21]按照地质条件和沉积特征,将陆相页岩层系中的页岩油“甜点”划分为夹层型、混积型和页岩型3类;宋明水等[22]依据储集空间、开发生产条件及开发经济效果,结合页岩油井所处的构造位置,将济阳坳陷的页岩油类型划分为基质型、夹层型和裂缝型。其他学者依据页岩油储存空间、开发生产条件及开发经济效果,将济阳坳陷的页岩油划分为基质含油型、夹层富集型和裂缝富集型3类[15]。结合前人的页岩油划分方案,基于页岩油主要产区的地质特征,依据粒度分布、沉积组构、砂地比等方面,提出了现阶段将陆相页岩油划分页岩滞留型和碎屑岩或碳酸盐岩运移型两大类,其中前者细分为泥纹型(或者纹层型、页岩型)和混积型,后者细分为夹层型、互层型、厚层型。随着研究的深入与实践的推广,页岩油的分类方案也将更加具有科学性和适用性。
不同于其他类型页岩油,“粒度细”与“纹层多”是断陷湖盆细粒区泥纹型页岩油的两大典型特质。首先,“粒度细”的特质奠定了其独特的储集基础。背散射电子图像粒度分析表明,沧东凹陷孔二段泥级颗粒(粒径小于3.9 μm)占比约70%,粉砂级颗粒(粒径介于3.9~62.5 μm)占比约30%。这种以泥级颗粒为主的物质组成,导致了泥纹型页岩具有较大的比表面积,有机质内部及矿物颗粒间可形成大量纳米级孔隙。纳米孔为主、微米孔为辅共同构成了页岩油的主要储集空间,赋予了页岩可观的储油潜力,但其导致的微米—纳米级孔喉系统也引发了极高的毛细管阻力,从而使地层绝对渗透率介于(0.001~0.010)×10-3 μm2,必须依靠水平井与大规模水力压裂等人工干预手段才能实现经济开采。其次,“纹层多”的特质造就了独特的页岩油富集方式和复杂压裂渗流网络。根据资料统计,岩心尺度的纹层密度可达400~1 200 层/m,而镜下薄片尺度超过10 000层/m,主要是由暗色富有机质-黏土纹层与浅色富长英质纹层、富碳酸盐纹层或混合纹层的频繁互层构成(图2)。这种毫米至微米级、不同矿物成分的频繁互层,既可以造就“源-储耦合”的有利格局,形成泥纹型页岩油独特的富集方式,又可以造成了层理薄弱面较强的力学非均质性,可能会引起压裂过程中水力裂缝发生频繁的穿层、转向及沿层理滑移,形成有效的微米级导流通道,极大地促进微米—纳米级孔隙中烃类向主裂缝的汇集与运移。
全岩X射线衍射(XRD)数据表明,黄骅坳陷古近系孔二段、沙三段与沙一下亚段3套页岩层系的岩性与矿物成分存在明显的区别(图3)。其中,孔二段以长英质与混合质页岩为主,长石、石英体积分数最高,均值分别为16.1%、21.0%,黏土体积分数较低,均值仅为16.5%;沙三段以混合质页岩为主,长英质、碳酸盐与黏土三大类矿物体积分数相对均势,长石、石英均值分别为25.7%、8.1%,方解石、白云石均值分别为21.7%、13.2%,黏土体积分数均值为27.8%;沙一下亚段以混合质、灰云质页岩为主,白云石、方解石体积分数最高,均值分别为24.1%、17.1%,黏土体积分数均值为23.7%。采用沉积构造与矿物组分的岩相划分方案,可将页岩划分为块状长英质页岩、纹层状长英质页岩、块状灰云质页岩、纹层状灰云质页岩、块状混合质页岩、纹层状混合质页岩(图4)。孔二段主要为纹层状长英质页岩、块状灰云质页岩、纹层状混合质页岩与纹层状灰云质页岩;沙三段页岩岩相则以块状混合质页岩、纹层状混合质页岩为主;沙一下亚段页岩岩相则以块状混合质页岩、纹层状混合质页岩、块状灰云质页岩、纹层状灰云质页岩为主。
孔二段烃源岩TOC含量介于0.1%~12.9%,均值为3.4%,TOC含量大于2%的占比为60.1%;沙三段烃源岩TOC含量介于0.6%~2.9%,均值为1.6%,TOC含量大于1%的占比为84%;沙一下亚段烃源岩TOC含量介于0.5%~5.1%,均值为2.1%,TOC含量大于1%的占比为84%(图4a)。黄骅坳陷孔二段、沙三段、沙一下亚段3套烃源岩的氢指数均值分别为558、307、204 mg/g,表明孔二段有机质类型最好,以Ⅰ-Ⅱ1型干酪根为主,含少量Ⅱ2型干酪根;沙一下亚段烃源岩以Ⅰ-Ⅱ1型干酪根为主,含少量Ⅱ2型干酪根;沙三段烃源岩干酪根类型以Ⅱ1型为主(图4b)。3套烃源岩主体处于中—高热演化阶段,Ro主要分布在0.5%~1.4%,以大量生油为主,其中孔二段与沙三段烃源岩热演化成熟度略高于沙一下亚段。
黄骅坳陷古近系泥纹型页岩微米—纳米级孔隙十分发育,孔隙种类多,在空间上呈现出群集式发育的特征。页岩孔隙分为无机孔隙和有机孔隙两大类,无机孔隙包括粒间孔、晶间孔、粒内孔(图5a—图5f);有机孔主要为有机质孔和有机质收缩缝(图5g—图5i)。不同类型页岩因矿物成分不同,其经历的成岩作用也不相同,形成的孔隙类型也存在差别。如长英质页岩中储集空间种类较多,脆性矿物颗粒(长石、石英、方解石、白云石等)间的不稳定矿物(粒间孔、长石、方解石、白云石等)易受酸性流体溶蚀形成粒内孔、黄铁矿、白云石晶体内的晶间孔;灰云质页岩的孔隙类型则主要以白云石晶间孔为主;混合质页岩孔隙类型以长英质矿物的溶蚀孔、白云石-黏土矿物粒间孔为主。低温氮气吸附、核磁共振、聚焦离子束-扫描电镜(FIB-SEM)成像研究表明,黄骅坳陷页岩平均孔隙半径介于87~187 nm,平均喉道半径介于58~168 nm。纹层状页岩的孔喉呈层状,长英质页岩的孔隙主要为平行板孔,孔隙开放程度较高,孔喉连通性好,最大孔隙半径可达1 700 nm,最大喉道半径可达1 350 nm;灰云质页岩的孔隙主要为墨水瓶型孔,孔隙开放程度低,孔喉较细,最大孔隙半径510 nm,最大喉道半径490 nm。混合质页岩孔喉多呈立体网状,大孔喉多呈孤立状或似层状,储集空间非均质性较强。
荧光薄片照片表明,黄骅坳陷泥纹型页岩高亮荧光具有明显的成层特征,且不同岩性荧光分布存在明显不同。如孔二段页岩荧光成层性更明显(图6a、图6b),纹层层理界面及长英质纹层中荧光普遍较强(图6c),在灰云质纹层中荧光普遍较弱(图6d);沙三段与孔二段页岩的荧光分布完全相反(图6e、图6f),灰云质纹层中荧光较强(图6g),长英质纹层荧光普遍较弱(图6h)。微区三维荧光光谱分析表明:孔二段页岩页岩油主要存储于长英质纹层中,含油量高达22.5 mg/g,而灰云质纹层含油性普遍较低,仅为9.1 mg/g(图6i);沙三段页岩含油性特征与孔二段完全相反,其灰云质纹层含油性为5.4 mg/g(图6j),长英质纹层略低,含油性为3.0 mg/g。因此,对于泥纹型页岩而言,脆性矿物纹层是页岩油的主要富集部位。
纹层型页岩油的形成与富集是构造活动、沉积作用、演化阶段、保存条件等多因素协同作用的结果:①构造活动在中国东部断陷湖盆出现频繁,在构造持续沉降阶段,盆地中部及深凹区可形成300~500 m厚层纹层状页岩[23],构造演化形成多级复杂的断裂体系,尤其是伴生的微裂缝可作为页岩油良好的储集空间及渗流通道,有利于烃类的富集及渗流[7,24];②不同沉积环境泥纹型页岩的形成有利于有机质富集与矿物分异,如黄骅坳陷歧口凹陷沙一下亚段、济阳坳陷沙四段—沙三段咸水环境中,主要发育灰云质纹层与富有机质纹层的组合[25-27],而沧东凹陷孔二段虽以半干旱-半潮湿气候背景下的封闭咸化环境为主,但小湖盆与强外源输入作用下更易发育长英质纹层[28-29];③有机质热演化与成岩演化的动态匹配是页岩油富集的关键,大量热压生/排烃模拟已经证实,Ro介于0.7%~1.3%为主要生油阶段,此时干酪根大量裂解生成液态烃[7],同时大量生烃阶段产生的有机酸可溶蚀长石、碳酸盐矿物形成次生溶孔,如东营凹陷沙四上亚段—沙三下亚段页岩中溶蚀孔占比介于30%~40%[30],并随着热演化程度的增大,有机质孔的发育程度越来越高[31];④优良的保存条件是页岩油滞留并富集的必要前提,顶底板的封闭性直接影响页岩油保存效果[32],弱构造区深水沉积泥页岩低渗透率(一般小于0.001×10-3 μm2)和高突破压力(一般大于10 MPa)可形成强封闭屏障。
断陷盆地纹层型页岩油成藏受构造、沉积、演化、保存等多因素综合控制,如郭旭升等[33]提出页岩油的“二元富集”理论,提出沉积环境、热演化程度及保存条件“成藏控产”;倪良田等[34]提出了济阳陆相断陷湖盆中—低成熟度页岩“富烃-成储-富集-高产”的理论认识,揭示了“纹层控富”的成藏规律。在综合前人研究的基础上,提出以“2优(优势组构、优势区间)1超(超越可动)1匹配(源-储匹配)”为核心内涵的“中高匹配”泥纹型页岩油成藏富集规律,其中优势组构是指“高脆性矿物、低黏土矿物”的优势组分及高频纹层的优势结构特征,如沧东凹陷孔二段具有高长英质、低黏土的特征,东营凹陷沙三下亚段—沙四上亚段具有高碳酸盐、中低黏土含量特征,显微镜下纹层密度普遍达到10 000层/m;优势区间是指中等热演化阶段(Ro为0.7%~1.2%)为页岩油滞留富集的最有利窗口,但是当咸化水体环境有机质成烃活化能低且生烃转化率高时,Ro为0.65%也可达到生烃高峰,如歧口凹陷沙一下亚段及东营凹陷沙三下亚段—沙四上亚段均存在早生早排特征;超越可动是指纹层型页岩油只有超越自身吸附量,多余烃类才可流动的特征;源-储匹配是指长英质或碳酸盐矿物纹层(储集纹层)与有机质纹层(源岩纹层)高频互层,更利于烃类发生微运移成藏,如沧东凹陷孔二段为典型的长英质纹层与有机质纹层的源-储匹配类型,歧口凹陷沙一下亚段、东营凹陷沙三下亚段—沙四上亚段为典型的碳酸盐纹层与有机质纹层的源-储匹配类型。
多位学者从宏观、微观或者二者结合的角度对页岩油成藏富集模式进行了总结,包括“构造-沉积-成岩三元耦合富集模式”“纹层组合-微运移驱动富集模式”“超压-封闭协同保存富集模式”“中高匹配富集模式”“咸化湖盆高效生储富集模式”等[7,23,30,35-36]。综合前人研究成果,研究从矿物纹层与富有机质纹层匹配关系、页岩油成藏机理、富集规律等角度综合考虑,总结出断陷湖盆主要发育“长英质+有机质”及“碳酸盐+有机质”组合模式2类泥纹型页岩油微运移成藏模式。
以沧东凹陷孔二段为主要代表的地层发育富有机质纹层与富长英质纹层的高频互层,单纹层厚度主要介于100~800 μm。微钻取样证实,暗色富有机质纹层有机质丰度高但S1(游离烃)含量低,浅色富长英质纹层有机质丰度低但S1含量高,三维定量荧光及荧光薄片可观察到烃类主要赋存于长英质纹层中的微米—纳米级孔缝系统中,荧光亮度显著高于富有机质纹层。证实了富有机质纹层为源纹层,主要起生烃作用,长英质纹层为储纹层,起到储集作用,在中等热演化条件下,源纹层生成的烃类首先满足自身吸附后,多余的烃类在生烃增压、水热增压等作用下,沿微裂隙或孔喉就近运移到相邻的储纹层,微观上的巨量源纹层、储纹层的微运移成藏,形成了宏观上的泥纹型页岩油的富集。
以歧口凹陷沙一下亚段、东营凹陷沙三下亚段—沙四上亚段为主要代表的地层发育富有机质纹层与富灰云质纹层的高频互层,单纹层厚度主要介于50~600 μm。该类型成藏模式与“长英质+有机质”微运移成藏模式具有相似性,富有机质纹层仍为源纹层,但灰云质纹层成为储集纹层,当达到生烃热演化条件后,富有机质纹层生成的烃类首先满足自身吸附,多余的则沿碳酸盐的晶间缝等通道,运移至方解石或白云石的晶间孔或溶孔中富集(图7)。由此可见,当碳酸盐作为储纹层时,即使储集性比长英质纹层差,但仍可以形成有效的烃类富集,符合储集纹层“兼有优富、独有也富”的特征。
泥纹型页岩油本质上是有机质纹层与脆性矿物纹层互层形成的集合体,其中有机质纹层作为主要的生油纹层(源纹层)是生成油气的主要部位;脆性矿物纹层,如长英质纹层、灰云质纹层或混合质纹层作为主要的储集纹层(储纹层)是储层油气的有利部位,因此页岩源纹层与储纹层的耦合关系势必会影响页岩的生烃能力与储集性进而影响页岩的含油性。通过统计薄片中有机质纹层(黏土矿物纹层)占比与含油性关系表明,页岩含油性随生油层占比增高呈现先增大后降低的变化规律,在生油层厚度占比为40%(源纹层与储纹层比为1∶1.5)时,页岩含油性最高。分析认为,当生油层厚度占比较低时,页岩呈现出烃源岩少、储集空间多的特征,其含油性较低;当生油层厚度占比较高时,页岩中呈现出烃源岩多,储集空间少的特征,其含油性也较低。因此,对于泥纹型页岩油而言,仅在源纹层与储纹层具有良好的耦合关系时页岩才具有较好的含油性,这也证实了页岩油富集成藏过程是源纹层生烃增压,向储纹层(长英质、灰云质等脆性矿物纹层)发生微米—毫米级的纹层尺度微运移的过程,脆性矿物纹层是页岩油主要富集区。
东部断陷盆地断裂系统发育,构造格局异常复杂,近物源、多物源、水体动荡导致岩相类型多样,非均质性强,在复杂地质条件制约下,陆相断陷盆地页岩油开发呈现“高投入、高风险、低产出”的特点,黄骅坳陷断块宽度通常仅为500~1 100 m,2018—2019年16井次压裂中发生4次套变,发生率为25%,累计损失油层段长达1 233 m,因此工程技术提高效率和质量成为实现页岩油效益勘探开发的关键。针对“断层多、厚度大、纹层富、黏土高”地质条件下如何优选“甜点”多层系开发、强改造与防套变的问题,探索形成了地质工程双“甜点”评价选层技术、多层系立体开发井工厂模式、密切割极限限流体积压裂技术、断裂复杂区防套变技术等(表1),达到了国外海相相对稳定分布的页岩油开发相近工程技术水平。
基于断陷盆地纹层型页岩油的地质特征与勘探实践,目前已形成多套针对性的“甜点”评价技术方法,如灰色关联综合指数评价方法、多参数分级分类评价方法,核心均是围绕地质-工程双维度展开定量与定性结合的综合评价[37- 39]。在广泛调研前人评价方法的基础上,研究以黄骅坳陷68口水平井产能与“甜点”之间的耦合关系为重要依据,形成了以储集性、含油性、可压性、渗流性为核心评价要素的泥纹型页岩油“甜点”精细评价技术。
针对页岩油“甜点”评价指标多、关键参数不明确的问题,利用主因子分析法筛选7类40余项参数,最终优选S1、脆性矿物体积分数、全烃峰基比、测井深电阻率比值对数以及自然伽马5项相关性较高的参数,用于富集层的评价优选,明确S1>6 mg/g、脆性矿物体积分数大于或等于78%、全烃峰基比大于5、测井深电阻率比值对数大于1.9、自然伽马小于或等于105 API,为Ⅰ类富集层评价标准,将箱体由20~30 m进一步精确锁定至8~10 m(图8a)。
多层系水平井立体开发是页岩油藏提高产量和产出程度的关键技术手段,在断裂发育的地质背景下,平面、纵向相邻水平井之间容易发生井间窜扰,为降低干扰,通过“平行井网”部署,根据层间断裂发育、沟通程度,优化不同层间平面距离,C1、C3水平井平面距离120 m,C3、C5水平井平面距离160 m(图8b)。
黄骅坳陷孔二段储层含油性好、脆性指数高、微裂缝及核磁大孔发育,利于压裂改造与高产稳产,但由于复杂应力场与天然裂缝的双重控制,压裂缝难以均匀扩展,容易与天然裂缝沟通形成超级缝,从而发生井间窜扰现象。针对此问题,基于全三维裂缝扩展模型,考虑多裂缝扩展时竞争扩展机制,模拟不同注入排量、段簇-孔组合、支撑剂比例、岩心力学性质下水力缝扩展情况,指导井组开发参数优化,降低压窜风险。
模拟结果显示,由于簇间干扰与天然缝的存在,压裂段内跟端与趾端的簇更容易形成扩展,中部缝被抑制扩展,水力缝与天然缝沟通后其他缝停止或缓慢扩展。水平段距离断层大于200 m时,施工参数优化为压裂段长50~60 m、单段6~8簇、30~40孔、排量12~14 m3/min,确保水力缝均匀起裂,裂缝半长120~150 m;水平段距离断层小于200 m时,减小段长、施工强度和簇数,避免与天然缝沟通形成超级缝,施工参数优化为压裂段长50~60 m、单段5~6簇、30~40孔、排量10~12 m3/min。
黄骅坳陷沧东孔二段页岩油,历经10 a的探索实践,在沧东5号、6号、8号平台建产施工过程中,形成了以地质研究为基础,通过实验、模拟优化工程参数,地质-工程协同跟踪优化现场施工流程,一体化管理提高工作效率的模式。
面对大平台同步、高强度施工、压窜风险高的难题,利用“微地震监测+变排量施工”动态优化施工过程中合适的排量,施工排量为13 m3/min时,微地震信号数量每5 min超过60个,调整施工排量至12 m3/min,信号数量每5 min不超过40个,能够保证安全施工。早期为了提高单井改造体积,采用大排量、大液量的方式批量工厂化压裂施工,施工过程中发现多段施工压力迅速下降、临井压力响应的现象,因此优化压裂规模设计,在断裂风险区带采用控强度为主的实施工艺,降低天然裂缝激活与套变风险,实时微地震监测预警。同时为实现压裂均匀改造,现场配备光纤监测、高频压力计监测、井下微地震监测多重方法跟踪预警,动态优化段簇设计。距离断层大于200 m 时,压裂单段每50 m射孔8簇,光纤监测进液不均匀,压裂单段每50 m 射孔7簇,光纤监测进液相对均匀;距离断层小于200 m时,压裂单段每50 m射孔 6簇,高频压力计监测进液不均匀,现场及时采取暂堵措施,各簇进液均匀程度相对改善,压裂单段每50 m射孔 5簇,高频压力计监测进液均匀。
沧东凹陷通过井组开发参数优化以及高效体积压裂技术,沧东5号平台与歧口6号平台实现高效建产。在沧东凹陷5号平台试验井组开发部署与生产过程中,采用地质-工程一体化评价选准打准“甜点”层,优化布井参数,强化钻井设计提速,迭代升级水平井体积压裂技术,采用水平井拉链式压裂降低压窜风险,5口井压裂段长介于1 800~2 100 m,共完成压裂179段,实现高效安全施工。
结合压裂段长以及地质条件,沧东5号平台优化焖井周期超过40 d,压力趋于稳定后放喷钻塞,初期3 mm油嘴控压生产,单井产油量40~60 t/d,放喷2个月达峰值产量,最高平台产油量278.7 t/d,稳定生产期月递减率2.1%~2.5%,与同平台前期高产井相比降低超过12%,首年平均产油量37.7 t/d、累计产油量(0.96~1.70)×104 t,目前已投产1 000 d,下泵90~360 d,预测估算最终采收量(Estimated Ultimate Reserve,EUR)为 (3.9~4.3)×104 t,率先建成中国十万吨级陆相页岩油效益开发示范平台(图9a)。
歧口凹陷与沧东凹陷孔二段相比,储层黏土含量高,主要岩相是混合质页岩与灰云质页岩,歧口凹陷6号平台同样采用井组开发参数优化以及高效体积压裂技术,借鉴沧东孔二段段簇设计经验,单段簇数为3~4簇,平均簇间距为17.1 m,前期实施歧页Y-1井压裂水平段长为1 417 m,投产后获高产稳产,钻塞后3 mm油嘴放喷最高产油量45.8 t/d。
投产1 a后,歧页Y-1井累计产油量12 025 t、产液量27 326 m3,在周围部署试验井3口,试验长水平段优快钻完井、穿断层布井、压裂干扰预防等效益开发关键技术,对歧页Y-1井关井补能,新老井间距为400 m、新井间距为300 m,加驱油剂提高采收率,设计增能注水量6 330 m3,其中驱油剂注入量2 800 m3,补能后老井压力由26 MPa增加至37.3 MPa。歧页Y-1井增能前平均产油量13 t/d,措施开井后油压保持稳定,措施后最高产油量32.5 t/d,平均增油量13.1 t/d,实现产量翻番。新井见油早、压力稳、产量上升快,初期3 mm油嘴放喷,压力介于25.34~25.78 MPa,产油量介于27.54~29.45 t/d,产气量介于4 230~4 720 m3/d,3口井投产600 d,累计产油量3.06×104 t,实现效益开发建产(图9b)。
济阳页岩油开发目的层主要为沙四段上亚段和沙三段下亚段,其矿物组成主要由方解石、白云石、石英、长石、黏土矿物和黄铁矿等组成,脆性矿物含量通常高达70%~80%。页岩普遍发育灰质和泥质高频纹层结构,纹层密度约为2 000~10 000条/m。储层发育微米—纳米级碳酸盐矿物晶间孔、溶蚀孔、粒间孔等无机孔,占比高达95%,以及层理缝、粒缘缝、晶间缝等。有机质类型以生油Ⅰ型和Ⅱ1型为主,Ro值介于0.5%~1.2%。沙四段上亚段页岩TOC含量介于1.5%~8.0%,S1主体介于1.0~7.0 mg/g;沙三段下亚段页岩TOC含量主体介于2.0%~10.0%,S1主体介于1.2~12.0 mg/g。页岩油的富集高产受“双储-双缝-双压”三元储渗耦合控制。“双储”即孔隙和多尺度、多类型微缝,控制着储集空间及油气富集规律,是高产稳产的物质基础。“双缝”即支撑缝与激活缝,跨幅为纳米—厘米级,是高产稳产的渗流路径。“双压”即地层原始地层压力和压裂增压,可有效提高孔缝的渗流能力、增加渗吸置换效率,是高产稳产的能量保障[40]。
济阳坳陷不同洼陷、不同层位页岩油单井和井组开发均取得突破。已投产评价试验井中27口井峰值产油量超过100 t/d、28口井累计产油量超过1×104 t,3口井累计产油量超过3×104 t[41]。丰页1-1HF井峰值产油量为262.2 t/d,创中国页岩油日产油量之最;丰页1HF井90 d累计产油量超过1×104 t,年累计产油量超过3×104 t,投产950 d累计产油量5.3×104 t,创中国页岩油累计产油量之最。先后建成复杂断块区樊页平1共3层楼8口井立体开发井组,洼陷稳定带牛页一区共5层楼20口井大平台立体开发试验井组,民丰洼陷共7层楼大平台小井组立体开发试验,均取得良好开发成效,全洼陷产油量由2021年的100 t/d上升到2024年的1 900 t/d,实现了产量跨越式增长[41]。
古近系发育沙一段、沙三段、沙四段3套富有机质页岩层,以沙四段最优,分布在西部凹陷、大民屯凹陷沙四段前扇三角洲-半深湖亚相[42-43]。以西部凹陷为例,斜坡区发育混积型、夹层型页岩油,以泥质云岩和纹层型混合质页岩为主。凹陷区发育纹层型页岩油,逐渐过渡为纹层型混合质页岩,局部发育泥质云岩夹层,整体以纹层型混合质页岩为主。沙四段混积型页岩(油)呈“两高两低”特征,即TOC含量高(3.5%~8.0%)、高黏度(28~200 mPa·s)、低Ro(0.3%~0.7%)、低气油比;纹层型页岩(油)呈“两高一低”特征,即TOC含量高(1.05%~11.86%)、高S1(2.0~20.3 mg/g)、低压力系数(1.08~1.42)。
按照“试验先行、直平组合、立体评价”的思路,西部凹陷斜坡区近2 a部署3口先导试验井,试油均获成功,展示了沙四段页岩油良好勘探开发前景。L88-H209井水平段长为1 527 m,2024年11月放喷,最高产油量45.2 t/d,单日平均压降0.01 MPa,平均产液量34.2 m3/d,平均产油量21.9 t/d,平均产气量958 m3/d,累计产液量20 894.55 m3,累计产油量4 682.7 t,返排率28.22%。L88-H501完钻井深4 700 m,水平段长1 601 m,平均产油量5.4 t/d,平均产气量163 m3/d,累计产液量4 024.75 m3,累计产油量22.38 t,返排率7.38%。L88-55-89完钻井深3 344 m,3 mm油嘴自喷,平均产液量34.5 m3/d,平均产油量1.5 t/d,累计产液量505.9 m3,累计产油量28.6 t,返排率20.89%。
古近系页岩油主要分布于束鹿凹陷沙三下亚段、饶阳凹陷沙一下亚段[44-45]。束鹿凹陷沙三下亚段优势岩相为富有机质纹层状富碳酸盐页岩相,以J105-62井为例,发育以砾岩及泥灰岩为主的富含碳酸盐矿物的岩层,矿物组成以方解石、石英、黏土矿物为主,方解石体积分数为39.5%,黏土矿物体积分数为26.7%,石英体积分数为24.2%,含有少量白云石,方解石条带与石英、泥质条带相互叠置。页岩TOC含量介于0.6%~3%、有机质类型Ⅱ2—Ⅱ1,局部Ⅰ型,Ro介于0.7%~1.3%,为优质源岩。页岩发育层理缝、溶蚀孔隙和晶间孔隙,裂缝密度高达2 731条/m,压汞数据显示排驱压力较小(0.03 MPa),中值半径较大(0.37 μm),退汞效率高(35.8%),孔隙结构较好。页岩方解石呈透镜体状、条带状分布,方解石粒内溶孔、晶间孔发育,边缘发育裂缝,为游离烃主要赋存空间,含油饱和度为31.5%,游离烃为41.7%、束缚烃为58.3%。沙三段页岩油钻探了ST1H井、ST2X井、ST3井、SY1井,相继获得高产工业油流,SY1井在4 109~4 755 m井段分9段压裂试油中获产油量19.88 t/d,为高产工业油流,取得了页岩油勘探突破[46]。
饶阳凹陷沙一下亚段优势岩相为富有机质纹层状碳酸盐质混合页岩相,以N50-149井为例,矿物组成以方解石为主,呈条带状分布,其体积分数为64.8%,石英体积分数为9.9%、黏土矿物体积分数为7.4%,黄铁矿体积分数为5.1%。页岩孔隙度平均为1.7%,孔隙半径主要集中在25~64 μm,发育黏土矿物晶间孔、层理缝和微裂缝,孔隙连通性较好。方解石条带与泥质条带交界处发育大量层理缝,充填有机质和游离烃,S1平均为2 mg/g。多口井在泥页岩层系中见到油气显示,并获低产油流,展现出沙一段下亚段良好的页岩油勘探前景[46]。
苏北盆地页岩油主要分布在东台坳陷的高邮、金湖、溱潼和海安凹陷阜二段和阜四段。阜二段烃源岩有机质类型以Ⅰ型、Ⅱ1型为主,TOC含量平均值为1%,S1介于1~4 mg,优质烃源岩TOC含量大于2%主要分布在阜二段中部,顶部和底部烃源岩品质相对较差。实测孔隙度为8.9%,渗透率为0.002 6×10-3 μm2,孔径介于0.1~0.5 μm,发育粒间孔、晶间孔、层理缝等。阜二段投入生产的有13口井,其中7口井累计产油量超过1×104 t,3口井累计产油量超过2×104 t,1口井累计产油量超过4×104 t,新增页岩油控制储量超过5 100×104 t、预测储量超过2 000×104 t,证实苏北盆地页岩油具备良好的勘探开发前景。2024年4月,高邮凹陷部署永106井,获产油量14.5 t/d、产气量1 560 m3/d[1]。溱潼凹陷中低演化区Ro介于0.7%~0.8%,部署溱页3HF井,2024年8月8日自喷产油量超过20 t/d,截止2025年7月,累计自喷生产380 d,产油量5 700 t,实现了中低演化页岩油勘探突破[47]。
中国东部新生代含油气断陷盆地作为中国重要的油气产区,在经历了几十年的常规油气勘探开发后正面临着资源接替和稳产上产的巨大挑战。近年来,随着黄骅、济阳、东台坳陷页岩油勘探开发,陆相页岩油资源逐渐展现出巨大的潜力,新一轮油气资源评价表明,东部断陷盆地页岩油资源量超过100×108 t,成为保障国家能源安全、实现原油长期稳产的重要战略接替领域。渤海湾盆地的页岩油地质资源量为75.19×108 t,技术可采资源量为4.51×108 t[2],主要分布于歧口、沧东、利津、民丰、牛庄、渤南、博兴、西部等凹陷孔二段、沙四段、沙三段,是未来3~5 a主要的规模增储领域,也是增储上产的主要阵地[48]。苏北盆地页岩油地质资源量超过24×108 t,主要分布于高邮、溱潼、金湖和海安凹陷阜二段和阜四段[49-51]。江汉盆地潜江凹陷潜江组盐间页岩油地质资源量为8×108 t、技术可采资源量为1.26×108 t,主要分布在潜江凹陷中北部[52]。南襄盆地页岩油资源7.21×108 t,其中泌阳凹陷页岩油资源量约4.56×108 t,南阳凹陷页岩油资源量约2.65×108 t,主要分布在核桃园组二段(以下简称核二段)和核桃园组三段(以下简称核三段)[53-54]。
断陷盆地页岩油勘探仍面临诸多风险挑战,陆相页岩油储层具有较强的非均质性,“甜点”区(即富集高产的优质储层段)的规模偏小,如何精准预测和有效刻画“甜点”区的三维空间展布仍是制约勘探开发效率和效益的核心地质难题[55-56]。热演化程度低造成富集层埋深大,垂深一般超过3 500 m,高温、高压复杂环境,导致井壁稳定性差,井塌、钻具阻卡等复杂情况频发。普遍具有黏土含量高、脆性指数低的页岩使压裂时难以形成复杂有效的裂缝网络,且裂缝容易闭合,导致压裂效果不佳。断陷复杂区密集布井的开发模式下,井间干扰问题也日益突出,压裂作业易导致套管变形,如何实现立体开发下的缝网精准控制是亟待解决的技术瓶颈。此外,页岩油井普遍具有初期产量高、递减速度快的特点,如何制定合理的开发技术政策,延缓产量递减,提高单井的最终可采储量是应对高成本与油价波动风险的关键。
未来技术创新的核心目标是降本增效,即通过技术进步降低开发成本,提高单井产量和最终采收率。攻关重点:①深化基础地质理论研究,特别是陆相页岩油的富集机理、赋存状态和流动规律,为“甜点”预测和开发方案优化提供更精准的科学依据;②攻关适应性工程技术,研发适用于深层、高温高压环境的优快钻井技术和装备,发展能够实现复杂缝网精准控制的体积压裂技术,以及探索提高采收率的新方法,如CO₂驱替、注气吞吐等;③推动数字化、智能化转型,利用大数据、人工智能等技术,构建从地质建模、钻井优化、压裂设计到生产管理的全生命周期智能决策系统,提升作业效率和精细化管理水平;④探索中低成熟度页岩油的原位转化技术,对于资源量巨大但流动性差的中低成熟度页岩油,原位加热转化技术可能是条重要的开发路径,需要加强相关机理和技术研究。
预计2030年,中国页岩油产量约占中国总产量的8%,成为中国产油量2×108 t/a 的重要组成部分[3,57-58]。随着技术的不断突破和成本的持续降低,渤海湾盆地、苏北盆地等勘探开发程度较高的老油区页岩油规模开发将为老油田的稳产和可持续发展注入新的活力。
1)断陷盆地页岩油具有“细粒多纹”特质,源储条件优越。泥级颗粒占比达70%、纹层密度介于400~12 000层/m。黄骅坳陷孔二段富长英质,TOC含量均值达3.4%,沙一下亚段富灰云质,储集空间以纳米孔喉为主,平均孔隙半径介于87~187 nm,页岩油优先富集于脆性矿物纹层,呈现“纹层控储”鲜明特征。
2)页岩油富集遵循“优势组构、优势区间、超越可动、源-储匹配”规律。核心是Ro 介于0.7%~1.2%的中等热演化阶段下,高脆性矿物(体积分数大于78%)纹层与富有机质纹层高频互层(最佳源储厚度比1∶1.5),生烃增压驱使烃类在超越源岩吸附后,发生纹层尺度微运移,形成“长英质+有机质”与“灰云质+有机质”2类典型富集模式。
3)断陷盆地页岩油需地质工程一体化才能实现有效开发。针对复杂地质条件,形成基于S1、脆性矿物等5项关键参数与地震反演的“甜点”精细评价技术。通过全三维裂缝模拟,优化段簇设计与施工参数,有效控制压窜风险。精细刻画地应力与天然裂缝,优化井轨方位,采用“应力封存箱”概念与实时监测,实现复杂缝网的安全高效构建。通过“焖井控压”(焖井28~35 d)与小油嘴生产,延长自喷期,保障高产稳产。
4)东部断陷盆地页岩油资源潜力巨大,资源量超过100×108 t,其中渤海湾资源量为75.19×108 t,苏北盆地资源量超过24×108 t,实践已证实其开发可行性。然而,当前仍面临“甜点”预测难、深层钻井工程复杂、高黏土含量制约缝网形成及产量递减快等核心挑战。未来需持续深化地质理论与攻关适应性工程技术,以实现降本增效与规模效益开发。

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2026年第16卷第2期
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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.20250046
  • 接收时间:2025-12-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-03-26
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-30
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    1 中国石油大港油田分公司,天津 300280
    2 怀柔国家实验室新疆研究院,新疆   乌鲁木齐 830000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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