Article(id=1322942583235814242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941842395889747, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.20250013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761494400000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343690928, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1784995200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343690928, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343690928, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343690928, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322941842395889747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='4', pageStart='737', pageEnd='948', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784995200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343514297, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344192960, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322944689019695905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941842395889747, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322944689019695906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941842395889747, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=934, endPage=948, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322942584959673188, articleId=1322942583235814242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Numerical simulation study on optimization of gas injection debrining and effects of cushion gas in salt cavern hydrogen storage, columnId=1322942584829649763, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Non-fossil Energy Resources, runingTitle=null, highlight=

During the construction of salt cavern hydrogen storage, the debrining process, in which gas injection is used to displace brine and convert the solution-mined cavern into usable hydrogen storage space, is commonly required. The process parameters at this stage directly affect the effective storage capacity and operational safety of the salt cavern. To reduce the cost and safety risks of using H2 as the debrining medium and to form a stable cushion structure during cavern construction, CH4, N2, and CO2 were selected as cushion gases, and their flow behavior when introduced during the gas injection debrining stage and their effects on salt cavern hydrogen storage performance were investigated. Based on the geological parameters of the Dunham salt region in the United States, a three-dimensional salt cavern model was constructed using the CMG-GEM numerical simulation platform, and key factors such as debrining rate, injection pressure, and cushion-gas type were systematically analyzed, with gas channeling time, cumulative gas injection, effective H2 storage capacity, and cushion-gas proportion used as evaluation indicators. The simulation results indicated that the debrining rate was the main factor controlling gas channeling behavior and effective storage capacity. When the debrining rate increased from 40 m3/h to 80 m³/h, gas channeling occurred approximately 34% earlier, the effective H2 storage capacity decreased by about 9%, and the gas-water interface gradually evolved from an overall gentle downward movement into a coning pattern along the wellbore axis. Increasing the injection pressure from 22 MPa to 25 MPa increased cumulative gas injection by about 13.6%, but it had only a limited effect on the timing of gas channeling. Under different cushion-gas conditions, CO2 was more prone to gas channeling during debrining because of its higher solubility and lower interfacial tension, and its cushion-gas proportion could reach about 45%. CH4 provided a higher effective H2 storage capacity. N2 showed a lower cushion-gas proportion (about 37%) and more favorable H2 purity. In addition, different salt-cavern shapes significantly affected gas channeling behavior, cumulative gas injection, and effective storage capacity, but under the same debrining rate, the overall trends among different cavern shapes remained consistent as the debrining rate changed, whereas the change in cushion-gas proportion was small. The results show that selecting an appropriate cushion gas and controlling the debrining rate during cavern construction can help delay gas channeling, improve the effective H2 storage capacity of the salt cavern, and enhance operational safety, thus providing a basis for the process design of salt cavern hydrogen storage construction.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=CHENYU WU1, XINYE FENG1, YULIN WU1, YINGRUI WANG2, QISHAN LI2, ZONGXIAN BAI3, HU JIA1, authorsList=CHENYU WU, XINYE FENG, YULIN WU, YINGRUI WANG, QISHAN LI, ZONGXIAN BAI, HU JIA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=HU JIA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322942589686653836, articleId=1322942583235814242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=盐穴储氢库注气排卤工艺优化与垫层气作用数值模拟研究, columnId=1322942585060336485, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=非烃能源资源, runingTitle=null, highlight=

在盐穴储氢库建库过程中,通常需要通过注气排卤将溶腔转化为可用储氢空间,该阶段的工艺参数直接影响盐穴有效库容和运行安全。为降低以H2作为排卤介质所带来的成本与安全风险,并在建库阶段形成稳定垫层结构,选取CH4、N2和CO2作为垫层气,研究其在注气排卤阶段介入时的流动行为及对盐穴储氢性能的影响规律。基于美国 Dunham 盐岩区地质参数,利用CMG-GEM数值模拟平台构建盐穴三维模型,对排卤速率、注气压力及垫层气类型等关键因素进行系统分析,并以气窜时间、累积注气量、H2有效库容和垫层气比例作为评价指标。模拟结果表明,排卤速率是控制气窜行为和有效库容的主控因素。当排卤速率由40 m3/h增加至80 m3/h时,气窜时间提前约34%,有效储氢容量降低约9%,同时气水界面由整体平缓下降逐渐演化为沿井筒轴向的锥进形态。注气压力由22 MPa提高至25 MPa,可使累积注气量增加约13.6%,但对气窜发生的时机影响有限。在不同垫层气条件下,CO2由于溶解度较高和界面张力降低,更易在排卤阶段发生气窜,其垫层气比例最高可达约45%;CH4条件下可获得较高的H2有效库容;N2则表现出较低的垫层气比例(约37%)和较有利的H2纯度特征。此外,不同盐穴形状对气窜行为、累积注气量和有效库容具有显著影响,但在相同排卤速率条件下,各形状盐穴随排卤速率变化的总体规律一致,而垫层气比例变化较小。研究表明:在建库阶段合理选择垫层气并控制排卤速率,有助于延缓气窜发生、提高盐穴有效储氢容量和运行安全性,可为盐穴储氢库建库工艺设计提供依据。

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吴晨瑜(1996—),男,博士,讲师,主要从事CCUS及地下储氢库等研究。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

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贾虎(1983—),男,博士,教授,主要从事提高油气采收率与储层保护与改造等研究。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:
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地层顶界深度/m厚度/m平均渗透率/10-3 μm2平均孔隙度/%
Poe(上封层)1 908.012.20.000 0143.7
Dunham(盐岩层)1 920.233.50.000 0161.7
Saude(下封层)1 953.812.20.000 0160.6
), ArticleFig(id=1322942595525125098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942583235814242, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Dunham盐层及其上下封隔层物性参数[22-24]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地层顶界深度/m厚度/m平均渗透率/10-3 μm2平均孔隙度/%
Poe(上封层)1 908.012.20.000 0143.7
Dunham(盐岩层)1 920.233.50.000 0161.7
Saude(下封层)1 953.812.20.000 0160.6
), ArticleFig(id=1322942595604816875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942583235814242, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Empirical constants used in calculation of hydrogen compressibility factor[33], figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ijVijnij
210.036 71921.23
2220.039 84022.22
3120.001 47022.68
320.002 40823.10
410.659 94322.70
4220.154 69024.30
5120.133 83023.30
610.156 08324.10
), ArticleFig(id=1322942595676120044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942583235814242, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

用于H2压缩因子计算的经验常数[33]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ijVijnij
210.036 71921.23
2220.039 84022.22
3120.001 47022.68
320.002 40823.10
410.659 94322.70
4220.154 69024.30
5120.133 83023.30
610.156 08324.10
), ArticleFig(id=1322942595793560557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942583235814242, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Geomechanical properties of Dunham Salt Formation and its upper and lower sealing formations[42], figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地层杨氏模量/MPa泊松比岩石内聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(º)有效应力系数
Poe(上封层)30.70.2016.039.500.6
Dunham(盐岩层)25.20.1715.940.350.2
Saude(下封层)35.30.1715.941.200.6
), ArticleFig(id=1322942595856475118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942583235814242, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

Dunham盐层及其上下封隔层岩石力学参数[42]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地层杨氏模量/MPa泊松比岩石内聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(º)有效应力系数
Poe(上封层)30.70.2016.039.500.6
Dunham(盐岩层)25.20.1715.940.350.2
Saude(下封层)35.30.1715.941.200.6
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盐穴储氢库注气排卤工艺优化与垫层气作用数值模拟研究
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吴晨瑜 1 , 冯鑫业 1 , 吴俞霖 1 , 王颖蕊 2 , 李奇珊 2 , 柏宗宪 3 , 贾虎 1
油气藏评价与开发 | 非烃能源资源 2026,16(4): 934-948
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油气藏评价与开发 |非烃能源资源 2026 , 16 (4) : 934 -948
盐穴储氢库注气排卤工艺优化与垫层气作用数值模拟研究
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吴晨瑜1 , 冯鑫业1, 吴俞霖1, 王颖蕊2, 李奇珊2, 柏宗宪3, 贾虎1
作者信息
  • 1 西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室,四川   成都   610500
  • 2 西南石油大学石油与天然气工程学院,四川   成都 610500
  • 3 中国石油冀东油田分公司新能源事业部(供电公司),河北   唐山   063000
通讯作者:
贾虎(1983—),男,博士,教授,主要从事提高油气采收率与储层保护与改造等研究。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:
作者简介:

吴晨瑜(1996—),男,博士,讲师,主要从事CCUS及地下储氢库等研究。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

Numerical simulation study on optimization of gas injection debrining and effects of cushion gas in salt cavern hydrogen storage
CHENYU WU1 , XINYE FENG1, YULIN WU1, YINGRUI WANG2, QISHAN LI2, ZONGXIAN BAI3, HU JIA1
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
  • 2 Petroleum Engineering School, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
  • 3 New Energy Division (Power Supply Company), PetroChina Jidong Oilfield Company, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China
出版时间: 2026-07-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.20250013
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盐穴储氢  /  注气排卤  /  垫层气  /  数值模拟  /  气窜
salt cavern hydrogen storage  /  gas injection debrining  /  cushion gas  /  numerical simulation  /  gas channeling
吴晨瑜, 冯鑫业, 吴俞霖, 王颖蕊, 李奇珊, 柏宗宪, 贾虎. 盐穴储氢库注气排卤工艺优化与垫层气作用数值模拟研究. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (4) : 934 -948 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.20250013
CHENYU WU, XINYE FENG, YULIN WU, YINGRUI WANG, QISHAN LI, ZONGXIAN BAI, HU JIA. Numerical simulation study on optimization of gas injection debrining and effects of cushion gas in salt cavern hydrogen storage[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (4) : 934 -948 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.20250013
在“双碳”目标下,中国能源体系正加快向清洁低碳、安全高效方向转型。氢能作为零碳排放、高能量密度与可再生能源友好性兼具的二次能源,被广泛视为未来能源系统的重要支柱。《中国氢能产业中长期发展规划(2021—2035年)》明确指出,应加快氢能在交通、工业及储能等领域的规模化应用,构建涵盖制备、储运与利用的完整产业链。在众多氢能支撑技术中,地下储氢(Underground Hydrogen Storage)因其储量大、运行成本低、调峰能力强等特点,被认为是实现氢能大规模安全利用的关键路径之一[1]。其中,盐穴储氢技术凭借良好的地质封闭性和高注采效率,在工程实践中获得高度关注[2-3]。
盐穴储氢库的建设涉及多个阶段,其中注气排卤作为实现溶腔向储氢空间过渡的关键环节,其工艺参数直接关系到有效储气容量及系统运行安全[4-6]。目前,针对如何提高排卤效率、缩短工程周期、保障界面稳定,已有大量研究开展了针对性探索。BERNHARDT等[7]对Nuttemoor 盐穴提出利用气举法提升排卤速度;FAWTHROPE等[8]则探索了焊接管柱在排卤中的优势,包括大管径、高密封性和便捷安装;JIN等[9]分析了盐结晶堵塞原因,指出其与卤水温度、流速及管道内壁粗糙度密切相关;此外,WANG等[10]多物理场耦合排卤模型,对注气压力、排卤速率、注采深度等参数进行优化。总体而言,现有研究主要集中于排卤工艺效率和工程可实施性的提升。
然而,在工程实践中排卤工艺仍主要使用待储气体(如H2)作为置换介质。尽管H2能够有效驱替卤水,但其高扩散性和化学活性使排卤过程面临成本高、安全风险大以及气体损耗等问题[11-13]。因此,需引入物性稳定且成本较低的气体作为排卤介质,其中包括CH4、N2和CO2等。此类气体在完成卤水置换的同时,也可作为垫层气在盐穴内形成初始气体隔离层,为后续运行阶段H2与卤水的分隔提供基础,从而有助于降低化学反应风险并增强盐穴运行稳定性[14-16]。
关于垫层气在地下储氢库中的应用,现有研究主要集中在垫层气的组成、注入方式以及其在含水层、油气藏等储氢构型中的行为机制。SAEED等[17]对不同垫层气条件下H2采收率进行了对比,发现CH4可获得更高回采效率。IZADI等[18]指出气体溶解度对H2回收率影响显著,溶解度较高的气体更易混合,降低H2纯度。JIA等[19]则从流动规律角度分析了垫层气对气-液界面的稳定作用。上述研究多集中于运行阶段或假定垫层气在建库完成后引入,而对于盐穴储氢库建库过程中垫层气的注入时机选择,尤其是将垫层气作为注气排卤介质引入建库阶段,其对排卤行为和有效储气容量形成的影响,仍缺乏系统分析与工程验证。
为研究盐穴储氢库建库过程中垫层气注入时机选择及其对注气排卤行为和有效储氢容量形成的影响,以美国Dunham盐岩区工程参数为基础,基于CMG-GEM数值模拟平台构建盐穴三维模型,系统开展不同注气压力、排卤速率及气体类型条件下的注气排卤模拟研究,并进一步分析盐穴形状差异对排卤过程及结构稳定性的影响,揭示垫层气作为排卤介质参与建库阶段时对气窜特征、气体分布及有效库容演化的控制规律,为盐穴储氢库注气排卤工艺优化和垫层气选型提供工程参考。
Dunham盐层是位于美国北达科他州Williston盆地Piper组中的一套侏罗纪蒸发岩层。该盐岩层上方覆盖一层薄的页岩层,下伏为三叠纪Spearfish组地层,构成盆地上部区域性蒸发岩序列的重要组成部分。Dunham盐层主要由岩盐组成,夹有少量硬石膏和红褐色泥岩,反映出其形成于侏罗纪海侵-海退背景下的局限性海相沉积环境[20-21]。如图1所示,Dunham盐岩广泛分布于北达科他州西部,覆盖面积约129.5×104 hm2,但在盆地东缘局部区域有明显的减薄与尖灭特征[22]。其厚度变化范围较大,从0 到190 ft(0~57.9 m),最大厚度集中在盆地中部和西北部。Dunham盐岩顶界面的埋深一般介于平均海平面下垂直-2 990~-5 057 ft(-911.3~-1 541.4 m),处于适合地下储存工程开发的深度范围内[20-22]。
为模拟盐穴储氢投运前的注气排卤过程,基于美国北达科他州Dunham盐岩区块的实测井资料[22-24],采用数值模拟软件CMG-GEM构建了三维地质模型,反映典型层状岩盐条件下盐穴的流体行为特征。
模型区域范围为x方向85.3 m、y方向85.3 m、z方向57.9 m,采用结构化网格划分,用于表征盐岩层及其上下封隔层,并保证压力传递和气水界面演化具有足够的模拟空间。为平衡模拟精度与计算效率,水平网格尺寸设置为3.048 m ×3.048 m,盐岩层和封隔层沿z方向的网格厚度分别设置为1.514 m与3.028 m。整体模型共划分为28×28×30个网格单元,总计23 520个。各地层的厚度、孔隙度和渗透率等物性参数见表1。
为简化数值模型并表征盐穴腔体的几何特征,模型中将盐穴区域简化为垂直圆柱体(图2),该几何形式可反映溶蚀形成的盐穴空间特征[25]。盐穴本体体积设为65 242.02 m3,由工程参数和溶腔几何形态计算获得。盐穴初始条件设置为压力22.6 MPa、温度104 ℃,并假定盐穴内完全充满饱和卤水,以模拟溶腔结束后的状态。注气排卤井位于腔体中央,排卤管柱底端距离腔体底部1.524 m,用于模拟气体驱替与液体产出路径。
在流动模拟中,盐穴内部被等效为高孔高渗介质,以近似描述腔体内自由流动为主的流动特征。相应地,盐穴区域孔隙度设为99%,渗透率设为 8 000 ×10-3μm2。为评估该设定对模拟结果的影响,在注入气体为CH4、注入压力为22 MPa、排卤速率为 40 m³/h 的条件下,进一步开展了渗透率敏感性分析,设置6组渗透率工况,介于 500×10⁻³ ~ 12 000×10⁻³ μm²。模拟结果表明,随着渗透率的增加,气窜时间与累积注气量总体呈增大趋势;当渗透率达到约8 000 ×10-3μm2时,两项指标变化趋于稳定(图3)。当渗透率为500 ×10-3μm2时,气体流动受限,排卤井底端压力明显低于盐穴内部压力;而在8 000×10-3μm2条件下,盐穴内部压力分布较为均匀。将盐穴空腔等效为高孔隙度、高渗透率单元的建模方法已在相关研究中采用。MIŁEK等[26]在 ECLIPSE(油藏数值模拟软件)中将盐穴内部设置为孔隙度接近1.0、渗透率为10 000×10-3μm2的单元;FANG等[27]在FLAC3D-TOUGH2 耦合模型中采用孔隙度为1、渗透率为1.0×10-9 m2的高孔渗“air 单元”处理盐穴空腔;BAGCI等[28]则在Tuz Gölü盐穴储气库研究中使用模拟软件CMG-IMEX以类似方式处理盐穴内部。并且RUTQVIST等[29]指出,在数值模拟中,只要盐穴在力学与渗流性质上相对于围岩表现为弱化域,其具体参数取值并不主导系统整体响应。
该研究关注的核心为排卤—扩容—初次注氢阶段的气-液界面演化、气体置换规律及有效库容变化,不涉及盐岩蠕变、腔体变形或长期地质力学行为。因此模拟过程中假设盐岩结构稳定且不可溶蚀。流体被视为可压缩的连续介质,遵循达西定律进行渗流;全过程假定为等温过程,暂不考虑热值耦合效应[6]。
为模拟盐穴储氢投运前的准备过程,基于KHALEDI等[30]的研究依次模拟了3个连续阶段:注气排卤、扩容与初次注氢,全过程井底压力变化如图4所示。在注气排卤阶段,先以恒定井底压力注气、按预设排量排卤,直至气窜出现,然后关闭井口并稳压,静置10 d模拟缓冲期。扩容阶段通过抽取部分垫层气将腔压降至最小工作压力,以释放储气空间,完成后再次封闭10 d以验证气密性。初次注氢阶段以恒定速率注入H2,使井底压力升至最大工作压力,标志着盐穴具备投运条件。
为确保盐穴在注采H2运行中的结构稳定性与储气能力,需明确盐穴的最大与最小工作压力,并据此估算垫层气比例。研究从应力分析出发,分别计算两种工况下的气体密度和H2标准体积,并最终获得垫层气比例。该结果将用于与数值模拟结果进行比较。
盐穴开挖前,围岩处于原始地应力状态。对于地表地形较为平坦的地区,深部盐层的远场应力可近似为静水压力状态,即初始垂向应力近似等于初始水平应力[31]。根据OZARSLAN[31]和SAYGIN等[32]的研究方法,垂向地应力可由式(1)估算:
pL=∇σvhL
式中:pL为盐穴最后固井套管鞋点处的底层压力,单位MPa;∇σv为应力梯度,单位MPa/m,取值0.022 3 MPa/m;hL为该位置处深度,单位m,取值1 878.05 m。
为避免水力压裂以及套管结构损坏,最大工作压力通常设为垂向应力的某一比例值,一般介于0.75~0.85,取上限0.85,计算表达式见式(2)。
pmax=0.85pL
式中:pmax为最大工作压力,单位MPa。
而最小工作压力主要用于维持盐穴稳定,需在腔体内保留一定量的气体,即垫层气,以满足结构与运行需求。工程设计中,最小工作压力一般取垂向应力的30%,计算表达式如式(3)所示:
pmin=0.3pL
式中: pmin为最小工作压力,单位MPa。
由此计算可得最大工作压力pmax为35.53 MPa,最小工作压力pmin为12.55 MPa。
垫层气比例定义为垫层气体积占盐穴气体工作空间总容量的比例。在最大工作压力条件下所能容纳的气体体积可视为气体工作空间总容量,而在最小工作压力下,为维持盐穴结构稳定而必须保留的气体体积,则对应于所需的垫层气体积。根据上述定义,垫层气比例可通过两者的比值进行计算,计算过程包括以下几个步骤:
盐穴温度由地表温度和地温梯度决定,如式(4)表述:
Tc=Tsu+G1 000h
式中:Tc为盐穴温度,单位℃;Tsu为地表温度,单位℃,取值12 ℃;G为地温梯度,单位℃/km,取值45.95 ℃/km;h为盐穴深度,单位m。
气体压缩因子由式(5)求得:
zp,Tc=1+∑i=26∑j=12Vijpi-1Tc+273.15100nij
式中:z为气体压缩因子;p为最大或最小工作压力,单位MPa;经验常数i、j、Vij、nij取值详见表2[33]。
根据状态方程,盐穴条件下H2密度可通过式(6)求得:
ρ=pMa9.869 2zR(Tc+273.15)
式中:ρ为H2在地层条件下密度,单位kg/m3; Ma为H2分子量,取值2.015 8 g/mol; R为通用气体常数,取值8.314 J/(mol·K)。
盐穴内可储存H2的标准体积由盐穴体积与地层条件下密度换算得出:
VN=ρVcρN
式中: VN为盐穴内可储存H2的标准体积,单位m3;Vc为盐穴体积,单位m3,取值65 242.02 m3; ρN为H2标准状态下密度,单位kg/m3,取值0.089 9 kg/m3。
最终,垫层气比例可由最大与最小工况下H2标准体积的比值计算得出,如式(8)所示:
RCG=VN, minVN, max×100%
式中: RCG为垫层气比例; VN, min为最小工况下H2标准体积,单位m3;VN, max为最大工况下H2标准体积,单位m3。
结合上述参数计算结果,得到该研究工况下的垫层气比例为39.42%。
在注气排卤过程中,随着气体持续注入,作业后期可能出现气体锥进并突破液面的现象,即“气窜”。一旦气窜发生,注入气体将优先流入排卤管内,导致盐穴底部卤水无法继续有效排出,从而影响排卤效率与后续工艺稳定性。在实际工程中,当出现气窜现象时,应根据现场工况及作业条件采取相应处置措施。一般通过不压井作业的方式,在带压状态下起出排卤管柱,此时可视为注气排卤阶段结束[34-37]。为合理判断气窜的发生与发展程度,引入气窜指数作为定量判据。
气窜指数定义为地下累积产气量占地下累积产液量的百分比,用以衡量气体是否开始穿破液体界面并进入排卤通道。其计算表达式如式(9)所示[38]:
K= VgrVgr+Vlr×100%
式中:K为气窜指数;Vgr为地下累积产气量,单位m3;Vlr为地下累积产液量,单位m3。
当气窜指数K<5%时,表明排出液体中气体占比较小,系统处于无气排卤阶段;当K>5%时,说明注入气体已开始进入排卤通道,系统进入气窜发育阶段,此时应视作气窜发生。该判断方法在CO2混相驱等多相流场合中已有广泛应用,具有良好的普适性与可操作性[39-40]。
排卤性能受多种参数影响,聚焦于4项关键参数:注气压力、排卤速率、注入气体类型和盐穴形状。WANG等[10]采用井口压力控制,发现在恒定排卤速率下注气压力在结束时仅增加约2%,因此该研究采用恒定井底压力控制注气,以减小管柱影响并提高模拟效率。研究设置了5种排卤速率(40~80 m3/h)、5种注气压力(22~25 MPa)、3种气体(CH4、N2和CO2),并在盐穴总体积和高度不变下比较了3种形状(圆柱状、倒梨状、椭圆状),见图5。此外,还进行了应力分析模拟以评估结构稳定性。
图6a显示了在注入动力 为22 MPa、注入CH4条件下,不同排卤速率对气窜时间与累积注气量的影响。排卤速率由40 m3/h增至80 m3/h时,气窜时间从49 d缩短至22 d,累积注气量由868.1×104 m3降至790.7×104 m3。在恒定井底压力下,注气速率主要受井筒-腔体体系的气体受压平衡控制,而非直接由排卤速率决定。提高排卤速率加速饱和卤水排出,促使气水界面快速下移,间接加快注气速率,导致气体更早接触排卤管入口而提前气窜。尽管高排卤速率提升了单位时间排液效率,但因有效注气时间显著缩短,累积注气量反而下降。
图6b展示了不同排卤速率下气水界面平均深度随时间的变化(每5 d记录1次至气窜)。结果显示,排卤速率从40 m3/h增至80 m3/h时,界面下降速率显著加快:80 m3/h工况下界面经过约22 d下降至1 945 m,而40 m3/h同期仅下降至约1 934 m,且气窜时间明显滞后。排卤速率大于70 m3/h后界面曲线更为陡峭,早期即呈现加速下降特征。这表明界面推进受井筒附近径向流动增强的显著影响,而非单纯由累积排液量控制。高排卤速率强化井筒流场,导致界面早期非线性快速推进,增加了气体优先连通排卤井入口的可能性,为气窜提前发生创造条件。
完成注气排卤后,按2.2节流程进行扩容和初次注氢模拟,得到最小/最大工作压力下的腔体气体体积。图7展示了有效库容与垫层气比例。有效库容指最大工作压力下腔体可储存的地面标准状态H2体积,是衡量储气能力的关键指标;垫层气比例则为最小工作压力下维持腔体稳定所需气体占比。模拟结果表明:排卤速率从40 m3/h增至80 m3/h时,有效库容由597.8×104 m3 降至549.8×104 m3,降幅显著;而垫层气比例变化较小,均维持在约40.3%,与基于状态方程计算的39.42%接近。这说明排卤阶段气窜提前发生导致气体未能充分扩展至腔体整体空间,其所造成的空间缺失被固化,后续扩容及注氢难以完全弥补有效库容损失。
为探究有效库容下降机理并提高井筒附近流体界面显示分辨率,在整体结构化网格基础上对井筒周围区域实施2×2×2局部网格加密。加密前后对比显示,气窜时间和累积注气量等关键参数平均差异小于3.3%,表明原始网格已满足盐穴尺度流体行为模拟精度要求,局部加密主要提升可视化效果。图8展示了不同排卤速率下含水饱和度分布剖面图(绿色为低含水饱和度区域)。可见气体界面并非平面状均匀下降,而是以井筒中轴线为中心形成明显锥型突进。高排卤速率下这一现象尤为显著,气体尚未充分展开至腔体周边即提前接触排卤管柱下端,导致气窜提前终止注气排卤过程。气体未能充分扩展填充腔体空间,最终占据体积较小,直接造成后续储氢有效库容降低。过高的排卤速率虽加快液体排出,但也加剧气体界面形态的不均匀性与锥进发展,反而对腔体利用效率产生负面影响。宏观尺度上,高排卤速率强化井筒附近径向流动,使气体更倾向沿优势通道向排卤井集中,而非在腔体内形成均匀扩展的气体分布。
在固定排卤速率为40 m3/h、注入介质为CH4的条件下,研究了注气压力分别为22.0、22.5、23.0、25.0 MPa时对排卤过程的影响。如图9a所示,注气压力从22 MPa升至25 MPa时,累积注气量由868.1×104 m3增至986.0×104 m3,而气窜时间均保持在第49天不变。图9b显示不同压力下气水平均界面深度下降趋势一致。这表明在固定排卤速率下,气窜时机主要由界面下降速度主导,而非注气压力;注气压力升高虽不改变气窜时间,但通过提升单位时间注气速率,使累积注气量和腔体压力显著增加。因此,排卤速率是控制气窜的主控因素,注气压力主要影响累积注气量与腔体压力。
在相同排卤速率和时间下,卤水置换体积基本一致,气体占据空间保持稳定。注气压力升高所增加的注入气量,主要体现在气体压缩程度提高,而非空间扩展。因此,不同注气压力下的有效库容变化较小,保持在597.8×104 ~604.2 ×104 m3,垫层气比例均约为40.3%。这说明在排卤能力受限条件下,单纯提高注气压力不能有效扩大后续储氢有效库容,其主要作用在于提高建库阶段的腔体压力水平,而非改变气体空间分布格局。
该研究选取CH4、N2、CO2三种垫层气进行数值模拟对比。图10展示了在不同排卤速率时,相同注入压力下的气窜时间与累积注气量。结果显示,CO2的气窜时间略短于CH4和N2(相差约1~2 d),后二者基本一致;累积注气量方面,CO2最高,CH4次之,N2最低。在22 MPa注入压力下,CO2平均累积注气量约1 239.8×104 m3,CH4约834.5×104 m3,N2为731.5×104 m3。气窜时间与累积注气量受气体物性影响机理不同。CO2气窜时间略短,主要因其在卤水中的溶解与界面性质改变了气液界面附近的传质与局部流动特征;而累积注气量显著高于CH4和N2,则源于其较高的溶解度和可压缩性,使更多气体以溶解态或高密度状态进入腔体。例如,排卤速率40 m3/h、注入压力22 MPa时,溶解于卤水中的CO2物质的量达6.49×106 mol。
为探究低排卤速率下气体类型对气窜行为的影响差异,增设了7 m3/h和10 m3/h两组工况。如图11所示,在7 m3/h下,CO2气窜最早(299 d),N2次之(316 d),CH4最晚(358 d);当速率升至10 m3/h时,三者气窜时间差异明显缩小。这表明气窜主控机制随排卤动力学条件转移:低速率下,气体物性(溶解度、界面张力及扩散能力)显著影响气液界面稳定性,主导气窜时机;随着速率提高,流动剪切和界面推进速率成为主导因素,气体物性差异的影响被削弱。CO2因在卤水中溶解度较高,可使界面张力显著降低(据MUTALIPU等[41],可降低约30%~40%),削弱界面稳定性,使局部扰动更易发展为非均匀界面推进。在低排卤速率下该效应充分显现,导致CO2更早发生气窜。
此外,完成扩容和初次注氢后,图12显示3种垫层气均呈现有效库容随排卤速率增加而下降的趋势。整体而言,CH4对应的有效库容显著高于N2和CO2。采用CO2时垫层气比例平均达45%,明显高于CH4和N2;而N2的垫层气比例约为37%。图13a展示了注氢结束后盐穴内的气体分布:H2因密度较小聚集于顶部,与垫层气之间形成气体混合带,该带中垫层气饱和度随深度增加逐步升高,垫层气区域则位于残余卤水层上部。图13b显示H2平均饱和度在约地层深度达到约1 930 m后开始下降,至1 940 m后降至0,表明混合带厚度约10 m。从运行角度考虑,CO2虽在建库阶段可实现较高注气量,但其较高的垫层气比例和更厚的气体混合带将显著增加H2与垫层气混合的风险,影响采氢纯度并提高分离成本。相比之下,CH4在有效库容、垫层气比例及混合带厚度之间表现更为均衡,更有利于长期稳定运行。
该研究在注入压力22 MPa、注入气体CH4条件下,对比了圆柱状、倒梨状和椭圆状3种盐穴形状对排卤过程的影响。图14展示了排卤速率从40 m3/h增至80 m3/h时不同形状下的气窜时间与累积注气量。结果表明,倒梨状盐穴的气窜时间和累积注气量显著优于其他两种形状。与圆柱状相比,平均气窜时间延长6.4 d,累积注气量增加210×104 m3;与椭圆状相比,气窜时间延长5.4 d,累积注气量增加154×104 m3。随着排卤速率的提高,3种形状的气窜时间和累积注气量均呈下降趋势。不同盐穴形状通过改变气体在腔体内的可展开空间分布,影响气水界面的整体推进路径。倒梨状盐穴在排卤管柱上方提供更大有效容积,使气体在到达排卤井入口前需置换更多卤水体积,从而延缓气体与排卤井的连通,显著推迟气窜发生。
图15进一步展示了排卤速率为40 m3/h时,不同形状盐穴内气水界面分别在15 d和30 d的变化趋势。结果显示,界面推进特征因盐穴形状而异:倒梨状盐穴呈“上部滞留型”推进,气体优先在上部积聚,界面下降缓慢;椭圆状盐穴呈“分段控制型”推进,上部界面下降较快,进入中部后受几何收缩影响显著减缓;圆柱状盐穴则界面推进相对均匀,缺乏明显的几何调制效应。倒梨状盐穴因在排卤管柱上方形成更大的有效空间,显著增加了气体连通排卤井入口所需的卤水置换体积,从而在相同排卤速率下自然表现出更长的注气排卤持续时间。
此外,图16显示椭圆状盐穴具有最大有效库容和最低垫层气比例,而倒梨状盐穴因注气排卤阶段垫层气注入量较大,导致储氢阶段有效库容最小。随着排卤速率的增加,3种形状盐穴的有效库容均呈下降趋势:圆柱状从597.8×104 m3降至549.8×104 m3,倒梨状从465.5×104 m3降至439.5×104 m3,椭圆状从626.8×104 m3降至596.5×104 m3;而垫层气比例则保持稳定,圆柱状约40.2%,倒梨状约37.3%,椭圆状约34.3%。综合分析表明,盐穴形状通过调控气体在排卤管柱上方的可展开空间,显著影响气水界面推进模式、气窜时机及建库效率。倒梨状盐穴有利于延缓气窜,但因建库阶段垫层气占据空间较大,后续有效库容受限;椭圆状盐穴在界面推进均匀性和空间利用效率方面表现更优。上述结果提示,盐穴储氢工程设计中,几何形态优化不应仅以“延缓气窜”为单一目标,而需综合考虑建库效率与长期有效库容的权衡关系。
为评估盐穴储氢建库阶段(注气排卤、扩容及初次注氢)在操作压力区间内的即时结构稳定性,基于表3所示岩石力学参数开展了地应力数值模拟分析,重点检验盐层及上下封隔层的剪切与拉伸失稳风险。图17a展示了注气排卤结束、扩容结束及首次注氢结束3个关键阶段盐穴周围的剪切安全系数分布。该系数用于快速评估围岩是否接近剪切破坏状态,通常认为接近0时发生破坏。模拟结果显示,3个阶段剪切安全系数均大于0.8,表明整个建库过程中盐层及盖层无剪切破坏风险。Dunham盐层抗拉强度约为2.6 MPa[42-43]。图17b给出了相同3个阶段的最小主应力分布,各阶段最小主应力均未超过抗拉强度阈值,未超过抗拉强度阈值,表明在当前操作压力区间内拉伸破坏风险较低。
图18展示了盐穴在x、y、z 3个方向的位移分布。结果表明,水平方向位移均小于0.5 mm,竖直方向位移小于1.48 mm,整体变形幅度极小,可忽略不计。建库阶段内盐穴围岩瞬时变形较小,未出现显著力学响应,从变形角度进一步验证了所选工作压力区间下盐穴的即时结构稳定性。
此外,图19展示了注氢结束后三种形状盐穴的剪切安全系数与最小主应力空间分布。结果表明:三者剪切安全系数最低值均大于0.9,最小主应力未超过抗拉强度阈值,整体满足安全运行要求。与圆柱状相比,倒梨状和椭圆状盐穴的剪切安全系数及最小主应力分布不均匀性更明显,在局部突出部位出现相对集中的低值区:倒梨状主要位于上部突出部,椭圆状则集中于中部突出部。这表明异形盐穴的突出部位是力学响应敏感区域,也是影响结构稳定性的关键部位,在形态设计及运行中应重点关注。
综上所述,注氢结束后盐穴围岩保持整体稳定、局部应力分布清晰的受力状态,为后续循环注采条件下的长期蠕变分析提供了可靠初始应力场,也为识别蠕变敏感部位、评估局部变形累积及长期稳定性演化奠定了基础。
通过对盐穴储氢建库阶段注气排卤过程的数值模拟,分析了关键参数影响,主要结论如下:
1) 排卤速率是控制气窜与有效库容的主控因素。速率由40 m3/h增至80 m3/h时,气水界面下降加快,气窜时间提前约34%,有效库容下降约9%,垫层气比例稳定在40.3%左右。过高排卤速率易诱发气体锥型突破,导致注气提前终止、库容损失,合理控制速率对延缓气窜、提高盐穴利用率至关重要。
2) 排卤速率受限条件下,注气压力主要影响注气速率与腔体压力,对气窜时机调控有限。压力由22 MPa升至25 MPa时,累积注气量增加约13.6%,但气窜时间变化不大。因后续扩容需排出部分垫层气以恢复至最小工作压力,不同压力下最终有效库容差异较小。
3) 垫层气类型对气窜行为的影响具有工况依赖性。高排卤速率下,CH4、N2、CO2气窜时间相近,但CO2累积注气量远高于其他两者;低排卤速率下,CO2气窜时间早于CH4和N2,随速率提高该差异逐渐缩小。
4) 盐穴几何形态通过改变气体在排卤管柱上方的可展开空间与界面推进路径,显著影响气窜时机、累积注气量及有效库容。3种形状盐穴(圆柱状、倒梨状、椭圆状)中,随排卤速率增加,气窜时间、累积注气量和有效库容均呈下降趋势,垫层气比例基本稳定。
5) 综合比较3种垫层气:CH4在有效库容、气窜时机及气体混合特征方面表现均衡;N2垫层气比例最低(约37%),但有效库容相对受限;CO2虽累积注气量潜力高,但垫层气比例较高(约45%)、气窜倾向更早,可能增加运行期H2纯度控制难度。CO2在建库过程中部分溶解于残留卤水,为储氢与碳封存协同实施提供潜在路径,但其工程适用性需在安全与经济性层面进一步权衡。
6) 该研究系统揭示了盐穴储氢建库过程中注气排卤、腔体扩容及初次注氢的演化规律,并结合地应力模拟初步验证了即时结构稳定性。然而,当前应力分析尚未考虑盐岩蠕变、循环注采引起的应力重分布及疲劳效应,上述因素可能在长期运行中对腔体稳定性产生显著影响。后续研究建议引入多尺度盐穴模型,结合不同初始压力与长期循环工况,通过大规模参数组合模拟,进一步探究该结论在不同工程条件下的适用性。

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2026年第16卷第4期
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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.20250013
  • 接收时间:2025-10-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-07-26
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    1 西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室,四川   成都   610500
    2 西南石油大学石油与天然气工程学院,四川   成都 610500
    3 中国石油冀东油田分公司新能源事业部(供电公司),河北   唐山   063000

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贾虎(1983—),男,博士,教授,主要从事提高油气采收率与储层保护与改造等研究。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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