Article(id=1322942559030485702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941842395889747, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025419, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762617600000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343685157, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1784995200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-26, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343685157, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343685157, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343685157, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322941842395889747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, year='2026', volume='16', issue='4', pageStart='737', pageEnd='948', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784995200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-26', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343514297, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344192960, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322944689019695905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941842395889747, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322944689019695906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, issueId=1322941842395889747, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=749, endPage=759, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322942559420555975, articleId=1322942559030485702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=EN, title=Optimization of fracturing energy storage parameters based on response surface methodology and comprehensive learning particle swarm algorithm, columnId=1322941845239627862, journalTitle=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, columnName=Young Scientists Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=

The G oilfield in the Ordos Basin has entered the middle to late stages of development and is confronted with the challenge of production decline caused by depleted reservoir energy. Fracturing stimulation combined with water injection for energy replenishment is a commonly used production enhancement strategy. However, parameter mismatch in fracturing-induced energy storage in the G oilfield often leads to water channeling and premature water breakthrough in adjacent wells, severely constraining development effectiveness. To address this issue, this study focuses on the integrated optimization of fracturing energy storage parameters in the G oilfield. First, a geological model of a representative well group was established using CMG numerical simulation software, and the mechanism of water injection for energy storage was thoroughly analyzed. Subsequently, the single-factor analysis method was employed to systematically identify key control parameters that significantly affected the 1 000-day cumulative oil production, including fracture-length ratio, fracture conductivity, injection intensity, daily water injection volume, and well shut-in time. Then, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to construct a high-precision predictive model between these key parameters and the 1 000-day cumulative oil production. The reliability of the model was verified through residual analysis and numerical simulation. Finally, the comprehensive learning particle swarm optimization algorithm was introduced to iteratively optimize the identified key parameters with the objective of maximizing cumulative oil production. The application of this integrated optimization strategy significantly improved the development performance. The optimized scheme increased the 1 000-day cumulative oil production by 5.98% compared with the simulation results obtained using parameters optimized solely by RSM. The results successfully determined the optimal parameter combination suitable for fracturing energy storage in the G oilfield, and demonstrated that the integrated optimization method, combining single-factor analysis, RSM, and the intelligent optimization algorithm, effectively resolved the inefficient production problem caused by parameter mismatch in fracturing energy storage, thereby significantly improving crude oil production. The integrated optimization strategy proposed in this study provides a systematic and feasible technical solution for addressing common issues in low-pressure coefficient reservoirs, such as insufficient natural productivity and difficulties in improving development performance, and holds significant application value for the Ordos Basin and similar reservoirs.

, articleAbstract=null, authors=CONG LU, XINLIN WANG, QIJUN ZENG, QIUYUE LI, authorsList=CONG LU, XINLIN WANG, QIJUN ZENG, QIUYUE LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322942564789265114, articleId=1322942559030485702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, language=CN, title=基于响应面法和综合学习粒子群算法的压裂蓄能参数优化, columnId=1322941845415788632, journalTitle=油气藏评价与开发, columnName=青年科学家论坛, runingTitle=null, highlight=

鄂尔多斯盆地G油田已进入开发中后期,面临着地层能量衰减导致的产量下降挑战。压裂改造结合注水补能是常用的增产策略,但G油田由于压裂蓄能参数失配,常引发水窜及邻井过早见水,严重制约了开发效果。因此,研究聚焦于G油田压裂蓄能参数的集成优化。首先,基于CMG数值模拟软件建立代表性井组的地质模型,深入分析注水蓄能机理,进而采用单因素分析法,系统识别出对1 000 d累计产油量影响显著的关键控制参数,包括缝长比、裂缝导流能力、注入强度、日注水量和焖井时间。随后,应用响应面法构建关键参数与累计产油量之间的高精度预测模型,并通过残差分析和数值模拟验证模型可靠性。最后,引入综合学习粒子群优化算法,以最大化累计产油量为目标,对关键参数进行迭代寻优。应用该集成优化策略后,开发效果显著提升,优化方案使1 000 d累计产油量较响应面法优化参数下的模拟结果提高了5.98%。研究结果既成功确定适用于G油田压裂蓄能的最佳参数组合,又表明融合单因素分析、响应面法与智能优化算法的集成优化方法可以有效解决因压裂蓄能参数失配导致的低效生产问题,从而显著提高原油产量。该研究提出的集成优化策略为解决低压力系数油藏普遍存在的自然产能不足和开发效益提升困难等问题提供了一个系统可行的技术方案,对鄂尔多斯盆地及同类油藏具有重要的应用价值。

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卢聪(1983—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,从事油气藏增产改造理论与技术的教学与研究工作。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

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卢聪(1983—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,从事油气藏增产改造理论与技术的教学与研究工作。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

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卢聪(1983—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,从事油气藏增产改造理论与技术的教学与研究工作。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

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Beijing: Science Press, 2016., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322942565200306907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942559030485702, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322942565212889820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942559030485702, companyId=1322942565200306907, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322942565229667037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942559030485702, companyId=1322942565200306907, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室,四川   成都   610500)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322942569457525500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942559030485702, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=3D geological model of fracturing energy storage-imbibition oil recovery, figureFileSmall=en8Q4s+K6PxsiL+/s0J9ig==, figureFileBig=SFHkZdQMcEZXXTe9BRT8/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942569520440061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942559030485702, language=CN, label=图1, caption=压裂蓄能-渗吸采油三维地质模型

注:图中数字编号为井号。

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注:图中数字编号为井号。

, figureFileSmall=d77mIWdU28osfq81VEHWbw==, figureFileBig=D3Uw/6EEMBh3rasizi+9Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942572007662340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942559030485702, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of injection rate on formation pressure and waterflood front, figureFileSmall=zqvn/rWoqp1z7WBrmA7y3g==, figureFileBig=Ost3qd/MLlz+M5cDCZNlzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322942572078965509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942559030485702, language=CN, label=图5, caption=注入速度对地层压力、水驱前缘的影响

注:图中数字编号为井号。

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实验方案名称缝长比导流能力/(μm2·cm)注入强度/[m³/(m·d)]日注水量/m³焖井时间/d
缝长比优化0.20、0.25、0.30、0.35、0.4020300430
导流能力优化0.310、15、20、25、30300430
注入强度优化0.320100、200、300、400、500430
日注水量优化0.3203003.0、3.5、4.0、4.5、5.030
焖井时间优化0.320300410、20、30、40、50
), ArticleFig(id=1322942572796191503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942559030485702, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

压裂蓄能-渗吸采油技术参数单因素优化方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验方案名称缝长比导流能力/(μm2·cm)注入强度/[m³/(m·d)]日注水量/m³焖井时间/d
缝长比优化0.20、0.25、0.30、0.35、0.4020300430
导流能力优化0.310、15、20、25、30300430
注入强度优化0.320100、200、300、400、500430
日注水量优化0.3203003.0、3.5、4.0、4.5、5.030
焖井时间优化0.320300410、20、30、40、50
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因素变量因素符号水平编码
-101
缝长比A10.200.250.30
导流能力/(μm2·cm)A2202530
注入强度/[m³/(m·d)]A3300400500
日注水量/m3A44.04.55.0
焖井时间/dA5203040
), ArticleFig(id=1322942572934603537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942559030485702, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

响应面试验设计因素水平分布

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因素变量因素符号水平编码
-101
缝长比A10.200.250.30
导流能力/(μm2·cm)A2202530
注入强度/[m³/(m·d)]A3300400500
日注水量/m3A44.04.55.0
焖井时间/dA5203040
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试验点序号因素

累计

产油量/m³

A1A2/(μm2·cm)A3/[m³/(m·d)]A4/m3A5/d
10.20204004.5304 135.83
20.30204004.5304 209.93
30.20304004.5304 474.16
40.30304004.5304 613.28
50.25253004.0304 202.57
60.25255004.0304 225.12
70.25253005.0304 538.04
80.25255005.0304 604.07
90.25204004.5204 087.62
100.25304004.5204 443.78
110.25204004.5404 378.59
120.25304004.5404 830.56
130.20253004.5304 070.39
140.30253004.5304 560.65
150.20255004.5304 336.24
160.30255004.5304 806.52
170.25254004.0204 124.88
180.25254005.0204 530.08
190.25254004.0404 247.19
200.25254005.0404 791.39
210.25203004.5303 995.33
220.25303004.5304 492.34
230.25205004.5304 206.64
240.25305004.5304 821.83
250.20254004.0304 044.38
260.30254004.0304 467.58
270.20254005.0304 399.22
280.30254005.0304 828.47
290.25253004.5204 225.90
300.25255004.5204 524.76
310.25253004.5404 455.20
320.25255004.5404 641.75
330.20254004.5204 143.36
340.30254004.5204 538.70
350.20254004.5404 326.79
360.30254004.5404 756.16
370.25204004.0303 947.37
380.25304004.0304 477.57
390.25204005.0304 266.45
400.25304005.0304 910.17
410.25254004.5304 556.82
420.25254004.5304 542.61
430.25254004.5304 548.37
440.25254004.5304 537.24
450.25254004.5304 548.07
460.25254004.5304 427.27
), ArticleFig(id=1322942573089792787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942559030485702, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

响应面试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验点序号因素

累计

产油量/m³

A1A2/(μm2·cm)A3/[m³/(m·d)]A4/m3A5/d
10.20204004.5304 135.83
20.30204004.5304 209.93
30.20304004.5304 474.16
40.30304004.5304 613.28
50.25253004.0304 202.57
60.25255004.0304 225.12
70.25253005.0304 538.04
80.25255005.0304 604.07
90.25204004.5204 087.62
100.25304004.5204 443.78
110.25204004.5404 378.59
120.25304004.5404 830.56
130.20253004.5304 070.39
140.30253004.5304 560.65
150.20255004.5304 336.24
160.30255004.5304 806.52
170.25254004.0204 124.88
180.25254005.0204 530.08
190.25254004.0404 247.19
200.25254005.0404 791.39
210.25203004.5303 995.33
220.25303004.5304 492.34
230.25205004.5304 206.64
240.25305004.5304 821.83
250.20254004.0304 044.38
260.30254004.0304 467.58
270.20254005.0304 399.22
280.30254005.0304 828.47
290.25253004.5204 225.90
300.25255004.5204 524.76
310.25253004.5404 455.20
320.25255004.5404 641.75
330.20254004.5204 143.36
340.30254004.5204 538.70
350.20254004.5404 326.79
360.30254004.5404 756.16
370.25204004.0303 947.37
380.25304004.0304 477.57
390.25204005.0304 266.45
400.25304005.0304 910.17
410.25254004.5304 556.82
420.25254004.5304 542.61
430.25254004.5304 548.37
440.25254004.5304 537.24
450.25254004.5304 548.07
460.25254004.5304 427.27
), ArticleFig(id=1322942573169484564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942559030485702, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=ANOVA model for 1 000-day cumulative oil production of well group 2267,block H,G oilfield, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

方差

来源

平方和自由度均方F值P值

显著

水平

模型1.71×105208.56×10335.65< 0.000 1显著
A13.21×10413.21×104133.65< 0.000 1显著
A24.86×10414.86×104202.14< 0.000 1显著
A31.64×10411.64×10468.20< 0.000 1显著
A43.64×10413.64×104151.70< 0.000 1显著
A51.84×10411.84×10476.55< 0.000 1显著
A1A21.26×10311.26×1035.230.031 0显著
A1A38.03×10218.03×1023.340.079 5不显著
A1A49.31×10219.31×1023.870.060 2不显著
A1A51.08×10311.08×1034.490.044 2显著
A2A31.59×10311.59×1036.620.016 4显著
A2A41.56×10311.56×1036.490.017 4显著
A2A51.44×10311.44×1036.020.021 5显著
A3A41.13×10311.13×1034.710.039 7显著
A3A54.25×10214.25×1021.770.195 6不显著
A4A51.73×10311.73×1037.210.012 7显著
A123.00×10313.00×10312.510.001 6显著
A221.41×10311.41×1035.860.023 1显著
A322.99×10312.99×10312.430.001 7显著
A422.54×10312.54×10310.580.003 3显著
A524.71×10314.71×10319.600.000 2显著
残差6.00×103252.40×102
失拟项5.49×103202.74×1022.650.142 2不显著
纯误差5.18×10251.04×102
总和1.77×10545
), ArticleFig(id=1322942573265953557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258508890079423, articleId=1322942559030485702, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

G油田H区块2267井组生产1 000 d累计产油量ANOVA模型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

方差

来源

平方和自由度均方F值P值

显著

水平

模型1.71×105208.56×10335.65< 0.000 1显著
A13.21×10413.21×104133.65< 0.000 1显著
A24.86×10414.86×104202.14< 0.000 1显著
A31.64×10411.64×10468.20< 0.000 1显著
A43.64×10413.64×104151.70< 0.000 1显著
A51.84×10411.84×10476.55< 0.000 1显著
A1A21.26×10311.26×1035.230.031 0显著
A1A38.03×10218.03×1023.340.079 5不显著
A1A49.31×10219.31×1023.870.060 2不显著
A1A51.08×10311.08×1034.490.044 2显著
A2A31.59×10311.59×1036.620.016 4显著
A2A41.56×10311.56×1036.490.017 4显著
A2A51.44×10311.44×1036.020.021 5显著
A3A41.13×10311.13×1034.710.039 7显著
A3A54.25×10214.25×1021.770.195 6不显著
A4A51.73×10311.73×1037.210.012 7显著
A123.00×10313.00×10312.510.001 6显著
A221.41×10311.41×1035.860.023 1显著
A322.99×10312.99×10312.430.001 7显著
A422.54×10312.54×10310.580.003 3显著
A524.71×10314.71×10319.600.000 2显著
残差6.00×103252.40×102
失拟项5.49×103202.74×1022.650.142 2不显著
纯误差5.18×10251.04×102
总和1.77×10545
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基于响应面法和综合学习粒子群算法的压裂蓄能参数优化
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卢聪 , 王鑫林 , 曾祺俊 , 李秋月
油气藏评价与开发 | 青年科学家论坛 2026,16(4): 749-759
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油气藏评价与开发 |青年科学家论坛 2026 , 16 (4) : 749 -759
基于响应面法和综合学习粒子群算法的压裂蓄能参数优化
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卢聪(1983—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,从事油气藏增产改造理论与技术的教学与研究工作。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

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卢聪(1983—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,从事油气藏增产改造理论与技术的教学与研究工作。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

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卢聪 , 王鑫林, 曾祺俊, 李秋月
作者信息
  • 西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室,四川   成都   610500
作者简介:

卢聪(1983—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,从事油气藏增产改造理论与技术的教学与研究工作。地址:四川省成都市新都区新都大道8号,邮政编码:610500。E-mail:

Optimization of fracturing energy storage parameters based on response surface methodology and comprehensive learning particle swarm algorithm
CONG LU , XINLIN WANG, QIJUN ZENG, QIUYUE LI
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
出版时间: 2026-07-26 doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025419
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综合学习粒子群算法  /  蓄能  /  压裂  /  工艺参数优化  /  响应面法
comprehensive learning particle swarm algorithm  /  energy storage  /  fracturing  /  process parameter optimization  /  response surface methodology
卢聪, 王鑫林, 曾祺俊, 李秋月. 基于响应面法和综合学习粒子群算法的压裂蓄能参数优化. 油气藏评价与开发, 2026 , 16 (4) : 749 -759 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025419
CONG LU, XINLIN WANG, QIJUN ZENG, QIUYUE LI. Optimization of fracturing energy storage parameters based on response surface methodology and comprehensive learning particle swarm algorithm[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2026 , 16 (4) : 749 -759 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025419
随着油气勘探开发技术的持续进步,中国油气开发战略重心已逐步由常规储层向低渗、致密的非常规储层转移[1-7]。致密油资源因规模巨大、开发前景广阔,被视作未来能源接替的重要对象[8-16]。但该类储层受基质渗透率低、孔喉结构微细、连通性差等地质条件制约,普遍存在地层能量供给不足、单井产量偏低等问题[17-19]。以G油田长4+5和长6油藏为例,其埋深浅、物性差、天然能量不足,开发过程中需持续依靠人工能量补充。
压裂蓄能-渗吸采油技术通过联合注水蓄能与生产井压裂,在补能的同时扩大泄油面积。围绕该技术,雷征东等[20]构建了全生命周期能量补充方法,显著缓解了压裂后注入介质易窜流、能量难保持的开发矛盾;向洪等[21]针对加密井形成“二次能量补充”思路;许建国等[22]通过大液量蓄能提升孔隙压力与改造体积;李阳等[23]通过非吸水层压裂实现“本井增能、邻井受效”,现场应用效果显著。
凭借在解决复杂问题方面的独特优势[24-25],人工智能技术得以广泛应用于非常规油气井的压裂参数优化。阳磊[26]通过融合单因素分析与响应面法(RSM),明确了注入参数与累计增油量之间的量化关系;智媛媛[27]通过响应面设计拟合累计产油量与净现值的回归方程。在参数优化方面,陶珍等[28]应用非支配排序遗传算法Ⅱ(Non‑dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm Ⅱ,NSGA‑Ⅱ算法)进行裂缝参数优化;曾凡辉等[29]则采用正交试验与灰色关联理论识别了产能的主控因素;CHITHRA‑CHAKRA等[30]采用高阶神经网络优化注采参数;吴君达等[31]利用神经网络预测剩余油分布并优化注采参数;GUO等[32]使用遗传算法优化压裂参数;王文东等[33]通过随机森林与粒子群算法联合优化井网与注采参数,提升开发效果约12%;曾凡辉等[34]应用支持向量回归与粒子群算法优化页岩油井压裂参数;吴公益等[35]则引入饥饿游戏搜索算法对CO₂水气交替注入参数进行优化。
以累计产油量为目标,综合运用单因素分析、响应面法与综合学习粒子群(Comprehensive Learning PSO,CLPSO)算法优化压裂蓄能关键参数。首先通过三维地质建模揭示蓄能增产机理,基于单因素分析明确主控因素及其合理范围;然后选取关键参数作为实验因素,以1 000 d累计产油量为响应目标,建立响应面模型;最后采用CLPSO算法执行全局搜索,从而确定最佳的参数组合。
G油田位于伊陕斜坡东南部,主力油层长4+5与长6埋深较浅(200~600 m),地层压力介于4.163~4.387 MPa,压力系数稳定在0.86~0.87。受低埋深和低压影响,油藏天然能量不足,多数油井需依靠压裂或后期补能投产。目前主要采用常规注水进行能量补充,但前期实践显示效果普遍不理想,主要表现为含水上升快、邻井见水早。现场数据表明,H区块井网密度高,井间距大多低于200 m[36],布局相对固定。以典型九点法井组为研究对象,重点分析不同注入条件下地层压力与水驱前缘的变化规律,从而揭示渗吸采油机理并指导压裂蓄能参数的优化。
以G油田H区块典型九点井组为对象,通过构建三维地质模型,系统评估压裂蓄能-渗吸采油技术的可行性。建模流程:①首先基于Petrel平台,整合测录井及地层分层数据以构建三维精细地质模型;②将地质模型加载至CMG数值模拟系统中;③采用组分模拟(CMG-GEM)模块开展压裂蓄能-渗吸采油可行性模拟分析。如图1所示,模型包括1口注水井与8口采油井,形成完整九点井网,可有效表征井组开发动态。
依据长6储层实测数据,标定模型关键参数:原油密度介于0.827~0.836 g/cm³,平均0.832 g/cm³;50 ℃下黏度介于2.80~6.98 mPa·s,平均4.46 mPa·s。储层压力系数为0.86(压力梯度介于9.05~9.10 kPa/m),地温梯度为2.98 ℃/hm,地层压力介于4.163~4.387 MPa,该油藏属于常温低压系统。实验模型基础数据如下:原始地层压力为4.8 MPa,原始压缩系数为9.7×10-4 MPa-1,地层温度为25 ℃,饱和压力为3.47 MPa,原油密度为0.826 g/cm3,原油黏度为4.46 mPa·s。结合实验数据构建可靠的油藏高压物性参数体系,确保模拟真实流体运移行为。模型采用精细网格系统,几何尺寸为633.0 m×611.0 m×152.5 m,平面网格为306×317单元,在保障计算效率的同时,准确表征了储层非均质性与油水界面。生产历史拟合结果表明(图2),模型对区块日产液量与日产油量数据拟合精度高,验证了其可靠性与适用性,为后续开发优化与生产预测提供了科学依据。
为系统揭示注入参数对开发动态的控制机制,本研究综合分析了注入量与注入速度对地层压力及水驱前缘演化的耦合影响(图3—图5)。结果表明,注入量与注入速度均与地层压力呈显著正相关,且二者共同作用下表现出明显的阶段性演化特征与空间非均质分布规律。
当注入速度固定为80 m³/d时,随注入量增加,近井地带地层压力逐步升高(从图3a红色曲线可以看出)。注入量达到8 000 m³时,井底压力最高升至16.09 MPa,影响范围扩展至100 m,显著优于其他注入条件。在注入量为4 000 m³时,提升注入速度可使“压降漏斗”形态趋于平缓,高压区范围扩大,压力波传播能力增强(从图3a蓝色曲线可以看出)。机理分析表明,大液量结合高速度注入有效改善了近井区域的渗流能力,促进压力波向外传播,从而强化地层能量补充效果。
同时,数值模拟结果进一步揭示了注入量对地层压力的影响具有阶段性特征(图6a红色曲线):注水初期因储层初始压力低、渗流阻力小,压力上升迅速,压力增幅随注入的持续而逐渐趋缓。注入速度的提升显著加快压力响应速率,形成更大范围的高压异常区(图6b红色曲线,图5c)。相同注入量下,高速注入会加剧压力梯度的空间非均质性,可能诱发近井区域微裂缝发育,干扰稳态渗流场,进而影响驱替过程的稳定性。
在水驱前缘演化方面,含水率随注入速度增加呈阶梯式上升趋势(图6b蓝色曲线)。具体可分为3个阶段:①初期水驱前缘未波及生产井,含水率低且增长缓慢;②前缘推进至井间区域,含水率快速上升;③高注入速度阶段,前缘突破导致油井迅速进入高含水状态,此后继续提高注入速度对前缘距离的增幅有限(图3b)。注入速度的提升虽可加快前缘推进,但超过50 m³/d易引发黏性指进(图5f),加剧储层非均质响应,造成高渗通道过早水淹与低渗区剩余油滞留,反而降低驱替效率。此外,注入量低于4 000 m³时,前缘推进距离随注入量增加显著扩大;超过该阈值后,推进距离增幅趋缓,表明继续提高注入量对扩大波及范围的作用有限。
基于上述机理分析,明确了注入参数对地层压力动态与渗吸采油效果的调控机制。为了将上述机理认识转化为实际生产技术指标,进一步开展参数优化研究,通过单因素分析确定了影响井组累计产油量的关键压裂蓄能参数合理取值范围。具体实验方案如表1所示(5组实验数据),实验结果如图7所示。
1) 不同裂缝缝长比、导流能力
通过数值模拟方法对压裂蓄能-渗吸采油过程进行模拟,分析油井压裂后生产1 000 d的累计产油量变化,分别评估裂缝缝长比和导流能力对开发效果的独立影响(图7a、图7b)。模拟结果表明,随着缝长比增加,压裂1 000 d的累计产油量显著提高。当缝长比超过0.25时,增产幅度趋缓。结合目标区块实际井距(110~200 m),将缝长比控制在0.20~0.30可实现最佳开发效果。在导流能力方面,累计产油量随导流能力增强而持续增长,产油量增幅在导流能力超过25 μm2·cm出现显著下降。因此,将导流能力保持在20~30 μm2·cm有助于实现更优的开采效果。
2) 不同注入强度、日注水量
通常对于整个地层而言,注入速度和注入量是重要参数。然而,由于地层垂向深度往往可达几十至几百米,为了更精确地调控注入过程,引入注入强度和日注水量2个参数。为明确不同注入强度及日注水量的作用效果,模拟了井组生产1 000 d累计产油量变化情况。不同注入强度下的模拟开采结果如图7c所示,不同日注水量下的模拟开采结果如图7d所示。可以看出,在不同注入强度下,井组累计产油量随着注入强度的增加而增加,累计产油量的增幅在注入强度超过400 m³/(m·d)开始明显收窄。随着日注水量的增加,井组累计产油量也同步增加(图7d),并且在日注水量为4.5 m³时,累计产油量曲线出现明显拐点。因此,可以确定注入井的最佳注入强度为300~500 m³/(m·d),最佳日注水量为4~5 m³,此时注水驱油效果达到最佳。
3) 不同焖井时间
为研究焖井时间的影响,设置了焖井时间分别为10、20、30、40、50 d共5组模拟实验,分析井组生产1 000 d的累计产油量变化规律。结果显示:累计产油量随焖井时间的增加呈非线性上升(图7e)。焖井前20 d表现为产能快速恢复阶段,此阶段压力扩散速率较高,累计产量增幅显著;当焖井时间超过20 d,增产效应逐渐减弱,产量曲线趋于平缓。对比不同焖井时间条件下井组1 000 d累计产油量发现,焖井时间20~40 d压力扩散范围与注采系统匹配度最佳,既能保障注入介质有效波及储层,又可避免无效焖井造成的生产周期损失,因此推荐该时间段为最优选择。
响应面法是一种基于数学与统计理论的建模与优化技术,其核心在于通过有限次数的实验构建多项式模型来近似描述多因素系统中复杂的输入—输出关系,从而建立影响因素与响应值之间的定量模型,并识别最优参数组合[37]。该方法通常包括以下关键步骤:①确定关键影响因素及其取值范围;②用Box-Behnken设计(BBD)制定实验方案;③通过回归分析构建二阶响应面模型;④利用方差分析(Analysis of Variance,ANOVA)并结合修正决定系数(R²)、校正相关指数(Radj²)与信噪比等指标检验模型显著性与预测精度;⑤基于所建模型解析因素效应并寻优。本研究选用BBD进行实验设计,该方案适用于多因子、三水平的实验场景,能够在较少实验次数下高效拟合二次模型参数,同时避免极端实验条件,具有良好的工程适用性。
本研究以最大化井组1 000 d累计产油量(Y)为目标,选取由单因素分析确定的5个关键参数作为自变量,分别记为:缝长比(A1)、导流能力(A2)、注入强度(A3)、日注水量(A4)和焖井时间(A5)。各变量的低、中、高水平分别编码为-1、0、1。基于BBD方法,构建了包含5个因素3个水平的实验方案,共设置46个试验点。因素符号与水平编码设置及相应试验结果如表2和表3所示。
基于表3的试验数据,采用回归分析建立了井组1 000 d累计产油量与各自变量之间的拟合方程,即式(1),模型方差分析结果见表4。该模型修正决定系数为0.923 5,说明所选5个因素(A1、A2、A3、A4、A5)共同解释了92.35%的产油量变化。Radj2为0.862 4,与R²较为接近,反映模型回归效果良好,能够解释86.24%的响应值变异。此外,模型信噪比为14.12,大于阈值4,进一步表明模型预测能力可靠,具备良好的工程预测适用性[34]。
Y=4 526.73+178.18A1+239.75A2+101.66A3+195.70A4+113.03A5+16.25A1A2-4.99A1A3+1.51A1A4+8.51A1A5+29.55A2A3+28.38A2A4+23.95A2A5+10.87A3A4-28.08A3A5+34.75A4A5-51.58A12-86.60A22-51.94A32-60.50A42-23.66A52
式中:Y为累计产油量,单位m³;A1为缝长比;A2为导流能力,单位μm2·cm;A3为注入强度,单位m³/(m·d);A4为日注水量,单位m³;A5为焖井时间,单位d。
基于Design-Expert软件生成响应面模型的累计产油量残差正态概率分布(图8a)与残差拟合值分布(图8b)。图8a显示模型残差点近似沿直线正态分布(红线代表数据的实际趋势线或称作拟合线),表明残差满足最小二乘拟合的基本假设;图8b显示残差点在零值线附近均匀、随机地分布,无明显模式(黑线代表残差为零的基准线,红线代表残差的局部趋势)。残差点良好的正态性、随机性及均匀分布特征综合表明,所构建的响应面模型拟合效果良好,具有较高的可靠性。
利用已建立的响应面模型进行优化分析,获得井组 1 000 d累计产油量最优值为4 786.01 m³,对应的最优工艺参数为:缝长比0.25,导流能力25 μm2·cm,注入强度400 m³/(m·d),日注水量5.0 m³,焖井时间40 d。
采用响应面模型优化所得的工艺参数进行数值模拟,井组1 000 d累计产油量为4 618.72 m³,与模型预测最优值4 786.00 m³相比,相对误差为3.50%。该结果表明,所构建的响应面模型具有较高的预测精度。
粒子群优化算法(Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO)作为一种高效的多目标优化工具,已在多个领域成功应用[38]。但该算法在处理多峰优化问题时存在早熟收敛现象,易陷入局部最优解。为改进此问题,LIANG等[39]开发了CLPSO。
假设搜索空间为D维,种群规模为N,每个粒子具有位置和速度2个属性。在迭代过程中,粒子依据个体历史最优解与全局最优解更新自身状态,其速度与位置更新公式如下[40]:
Vmdt+1=ωtVmdt+c1tr1mdtPfmdt-Xmdt
Xmdt+1=Xmdt+Vmdt+1
式中:d为维度数量,d=1,2,…,D;m=1,2,…,N;Vmdt和Xmdt分别为第m个粒子在t时刻速度和位置;ωt为惯性权重;c1为非负的常数,称为学习因子;r1为介于[0,1]独立均匀分布的随机数;fm为粒子m在第d维需要学习的群体中粒子最优位置的编号,Pfmdt为t时刻粒子m在d维的最优位置。
如果粒子在预设迭代次数内未能更新其最优位置Pmd,将以一定学习概率Pc选择向种群中其他粒子的最优位置学习。具体过程为:对粒子m的每一维生成随机数,如果该数大于粒子m的学习概率Pc(m),则保留该维自身最优值Pmd,否则学习其他粒子在该维的最优值Pmd。这一学习机制使粒子能够借鉴多个优秀个体的信息,从而增强全局探索能力,提高算法整体性能。
以式(1)所建立的二次响应面模型作为CLPSO算法的适应度函数,并以5个工艺参数的取值范围作为自变量约束条件,具体包括:A1∈[0.2,0.3];A2∈[20,30] μm2·cm;A3∈[300,500] m³/(m·d);A4∈[4,5] m³;A5∈[20,40] d。算法以该适应度函数值为目标,通过迭代搜索其极大值。CLPSO算法的其他参数设置为:ω∈[0.35,0.95],c1=1.7,D=40,N=80,最大迭代次数为100次,精度为0.001。基于Matlab平台编写算法程序,执行100次迭代优化,得到最优个体适应度变化过程如图9所示。
从图9可以看出,CLPSO算法在迭代约30次后适应度值趋于稳定,最大值为5 137.67 m³,对应的工艺参数为:缝长比0.263 2,导流能力24.27 μm2·cm,注入强度409.46 m³/(m·d),日注水量4.927 m³,焖井时间39.83 d。
采用经CLPSO算法优化后的工艺参数进行模拟分析,结果显示井组1 000 d累计产油量为4 895.11 m³。该结果与CLPSO算法的优化预测值5 137.67 m³相比,误差仅为4.72%。与响应面法优化参数的模拟结果数值4 618.72 m³相比,CLPSO算法使累计产油量提高了5.98%,达到4 895.11 m³,表明CLPSO算法在该优化问题中具有更优的性能。
1) 基于不同注入速度、注入量条件下地层压力及水驱前缘的动态变化特征,揭示了压裂蓄能-渗吸采油技术的增产机理。研究表明:地层压力与注入量及注入速度呈正相关。注入量增加时,地层压力在初期快速上升后趋于平缓,水驱波及范围随之扩大;注入速度的提升显著加快压力上升速率,并扩大井周高压区面积。油井含水率随注入量增加呈现“缓升、陡增”的两阶段特征,而高注入速度会加快水侵突破速度、降低驱替效率。注入量主导含水率的长期变化趋势,注入速度调控水驱前缘的推进速率,二者协同控制含水率的动态演化过程。
2) 通过单因素分析,确定了影响井组累计产油量的关键压裂蓄能参数取值范围:缝长比介于0.2~0.3,导流能力介于20~30 μm2·cm,注入强度介于300~500 m³/(m·d),日注水量介于4.0~5.0 m³,焖井时间介于20~40 d。
3) 以上述5项工艺参数作为实验因素,井组生产1 000 d的累计产油量为响应目标,开展响应面实验并构建相应模型。经验证,该模型预测精度良好,误差仅为3.62%。
4) 采用CLPSO对所建响应面模型开展迭代优化,获得最大累计产油量为5 137.67 m³,对应工艺参数组合为:缝长比0.263 2,导流能力24.27 μm2·cm,注入强度409.46 m³/(m·d),日注水量4.927 m³,焖井时间39.83 d。经验证,CLPSO算法计算得到的累计产油量与模拟结果误差仅为4.72%,模拟生产了4 895.11 m³。与响应面法优化参数下的模拟结果数值4 618.72 m³相比,CLPSO算法优化后的累计产油量提高了5.98%,优化效果更佳,可有效应用于压裂蓄能工艺的参数优化工作。

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2026年第16卷第4期
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doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025419
  • 接收时间:2025-11-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-07-26
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    西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室,四川   成都   610500
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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